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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

er
s
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

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om
* 1 2 6 7 7 9 2 9 6 4 *

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan October/November 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Insert

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer any three questions.

The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 1.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 22 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 Insert.

DC (LEO/SW) 49147/7
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Answer any three questions. For

Examiner’s
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan. Use

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200
extraction
(thousand 1000
tonnes)
800

600

400

200

0
chromite

limestone

gypsum

barite

rock salt

mineral

Fig. 1

(i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State two uses of rock salt.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted.

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(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows chromite extraction in Pakistan. For

Examiner’s
Use
120

100

80

extraction
(thousand
tonnes) 60

40

20

0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
year

Fig. 2

(i) Describe the changes in extraction from 1992 to 2008.

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(ii) Suggest why the extraction of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year. For
Examiner’s
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(c) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a quarry in Pakistan.

(i) Use the photograph and your own knowledge to describe the environmental
problems that can be caused by mineral extraction.

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(ii) How can these problems be reduced? For

Examiner’s
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(d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development
in Pakistan?

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[Total: 25]
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2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the climate of Karachi. For

Examiner’s
Use
40 40

30 30
temperature
(°C) 20 20

10 10

0 0

80 80

60 60
rainfall
(mm)
40 40

20 20

0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
month

Fig. 3

(i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May?

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(ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall during the winter season from October to March.

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(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 only, describe the climate of the months from June to For
September. Examiner’s
Use

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(b) Explain the causes of the monsoon at Karachi.

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(c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over the sea and that may affect Karachi.

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(ii) In which months may these occur?

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(iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in For
urban areas. Examiner’s
Use

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(d) Read the article below. For

Examiner’s
Use
The continuing power cuts and load shedding in the expanding commercial city of
Karachi must be addressed. The port city lies on the shores of the Arabian Sea, and
has a windy and sunny climate.

The huge population and many industries generate a huge amount of waste that needs
to be disposed of.

Assess the possibilities and problems for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels
at Karachi.

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[Total: 25]

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3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which shows an irrigation system. For

Examiner’s
Use

Key:
solid rock
loose rocks
and sediment
water table
shafts

tunnel

Fig. 4

(i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4.

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(ii) Name an area of Pakistan where it is used.

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(iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area.

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(iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area.

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(b) Study Fig. 5 which shows the results of a land-use survey in Pakistan in 2008. For
Examiner’s
Use
90 % 10 %

80 % 20 %
cultivated not
cultivated

70 % 30 %

waste forest

60 % 40 %

50 %

Fig. 5

(i) What percentage of land is cultivated?

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(ii) What percentage of land is waste?

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(iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity.

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(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the For
land was not cultivated when the survey was made. Examiner’s
Use

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................

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(c) To what extent could government action increase agricultural production in Pakistan? For
Examiner’s
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[Total: 25]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan. For
Examiner’s
Use

B
A
C
Key:
international
boundary

river

disputed
international
boundary

cotton textile
Arabian Sea 0 400
industry
km

Fig. 6

(i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, B and C.

A ...............................................................................................................................

B ...............................................................................................................................

C ........................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry. For

Examiner’s
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(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008. For
Examiner’s
3000 3000 Use

yarn

2000 2000

yarn output
(million
kg)

cloth
1000 1000

cloth output
(million
sq. m)

0 0
1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

year

Fig. 7

(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown on
Fig. 7.

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(ii) Suggest one reason for the difference in output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and
explain your answer.

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(c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of For
the cotton industry. Examiner’s
Use

Primary .....................................................................................................................

Secondary ................................................................................................................

Tertiary ................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing?

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(iii) Explain why the changes you have stated in (c)(ii) may lead to unemployment.

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(d) To what extent will improvements in education benefit both the rural and urban people of For
Pakistan? Examiner’s
Use

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[Total: 25]

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5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows birth and death rates in Pakistan from 1990 to 2005. For
Examiner’s
Use
40

30

birth rate
births / deaths
per 20
thousand
population

10
death rate

0
1990

1995

2000

2005
year

Fig. 8

(i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005.

Birth rate ...................................................................................................................

Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) By how much has each decreased since 1990?

Birth rate ...................................................................................................................

Death rate ............................................................................................................. [2]

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(iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan. For
Examiner’s
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(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows birth and death rates of a country. For
Examiner’s
60 Use

bir t
50 h ra
te

40

births / deaths
per de
ath
thousand 30 ra
population te

20

10

0
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000
year

Fig. 9

(i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000.

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(ii) Complete the following:

NATURAL = ................................................ minus ................................................

INCREASE [2]

(iii) Study Fig. 9 again. Circle the year (below) in which the natural population increase
was greatest.
1941 1972 1981 2000 [1]
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(c) (i) Explain the difference between emigration and immigration. For
Examiner’s
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(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of international emigration for the
people of Pakistan.

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[Total: 25]

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BLANK PAGE

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BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 © www.statpak.gov.pk
Figures 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 © www.statpak.gov.pk
Question 1 Photograph A Julia Grover © UCLES

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2012 2059/02/O/N/12