Experiment No. 10 Name of the Experiments Sampling methods Aim of the Experiment: To study the various sampling techniques Bqulpment/A pparatus/Accessoriew/Material ete, required Apparatus: Sampling instruments ‘Theory: Two types of Sampling: 1, Grab Sampling Composite sampling (i) Grab or catch samples * When a source is known to be relatively constant in composition over an extended time or over substantial distances in all directions, then the sample may be said to represent a longer time period or a larger volume both, than the specific time and place at which it was collected When a source is known to vary with time, grab samples collected at suitable intervals and analyzed separately can document the extent, frequency, and duration of these variations Choose sampling intervals on the basis of the expected frequency of changes which may vary from as little as 5 min to as long as 1h or more, * The same principles apply to sampling wastewater sludges, sludge banks, and muds. 8) Composite samples Refers to a combination of grab samples collected at the same sampling point at different times. most useful for observing average concentrations osite samples are v Time-composite samples tees asthe loading or the eficieney of a wastewater calculating such varia treatment plantThe use of composite sample ‘and expense, ‘amples represents substantial ‘saving in laboratory effort + A composite sam; He determintions, " "°P"°Smting a 24-h period is considered standard for most To evaluate the composite sampl wo Of variable or irregular discharges and operations, collect Presenting the period during which such discharges occur. Analyses for ie Sap. Alssolved gases, reskval chlorine, soluble puffle lriperstia; Collect individual portions in a wide-mouth botle every hour every half hour or even every 5 min) and mix tthe end ofthe sampling period or combine in a single bottle as collected A final sample volume of 2to 3 L usually is sufficient for the analysis of sewage, effluents, and wastes, Points to remember:: + There are no universal procedures for sampling + _ sampling programs must be tailored individually to fit each situation + Special procedures are necessary to handle sampling problems that arise when wastes vary considerably in composition * Before a sampling program is undertaken, a detailed sampling protocol must be developed along with a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) Asa minimum, the following items must be specified in the QAPP 1) Sampling plan: F 7 + Number of sampling locations, number and type of samples, time intervals (e.g,, real-time andior time-delayed samples). 2) Sample types and size: oe ea samples, composite samples, or integrated samples, separate samples for Different analyses (e.g., for metals). Sample size (i, volume) required. a ji d chain of custody: ; request sheets, sample delivery to the laboratory, receipt and logging of sample, and assignment of sample for analysis. ce specie eal and equipment to be used (€., manual, automatic, oF sorbent Sampling).5) Sampling storage ang Type o/containers,(¢ holding times, 6) Sample constituents Alist of the parameters to b Preservation (At OF Plat), preservation sade alti aaa be measured 7) Analytical methods: A list of the field and taborator detection limits for the individual re lest methods and procedures to be used * Prompt analysis is undoubtedly the most poodve ssuemnee ates sample deterioration : = + Probable errors due to deterioration o f the sample should be analytical data,