Amino Acid Catabolism & Gluconeogenesis Intended Learning Outcomes + At the end of this lecture you should be able to: * Outline the steps involved in amino acid breakdown * Describe the fate of the amino group + Describe the fate of amino acid carbon skeletons * Outline the glycolysis bypass reactions + Outline the substrates for gluconeogenesis * Describe the Cori and alanine cycles Stucose Amino Acid Metabolism | ae = 3Phosphosiycerate (es) i, | iycine Phosphoenalpyivate [tine TEN Oraloscetate ae Proline ArginineTransamination gooH GooH que Rsnotanstoase GHZ G2 + HEN2 —* 2+ co ee COOH HCNH2 COOH COOH Laminoacid COOH aketoacid «ketoglutarate slutamate + Reversible exchange of « keto (=O) and amino groups (-NH2) + Usual « keto acid is « ketoglutarate, but pyruvate & oxaloacetate will also accept amino groups + aketoglutarate can accept the nitrogen from many amino acids - acts asa sink for nitrogen + ccketo acid (carbon skeleton) degraded in tissue of origin + Nitrogen transported to the liver for conversion into urea, Export of Nitrogen from Brain and Other Tissues Gpom si, GOH cre gre Gye mean G2 HEGNH, Hea boon boon glutamate glutamine + Amino acids deposit their amino groups onto « ketoglutarate + Glutamate is converted into glutamine in ATP requiring reaction + Glutamine exported via blood to the liver for processing Export of Nitrogen from Muscle GooH goon i cee gH Greets i S a» HGNH2 qe. FO H-C-NH2 COOH 0 COOH oon Pyrat boon sanine glutamate a ketoglutarate + The amino group on glutamate is transaminated onto pyruvate + Alanine formed in muscle is released and transported in blood to the liver where it is processed + a ketoglutarate is then recycled in muscleNext steps Two things must now happen:- 1. Nitrogen from glutamine and glutamate must be removed and disposed of as urea. 2. The carbon skeletons of the amino acids must be further metabolised. Deamination CO-NH, cook Oe ch2 cH2. ————> ctutaminase 12 + NH, H-C-NH, HeC-NH, COOH COOH glutamine glutamate + Glutamine is deaminated to form glutamate and ammonia by the ‘enzyme glutaminase.