rrammar Express For self study or the classroom Marjorie Fuchs & Margaret Bonner with Kenna Bourke| Pearson Education Limi Edinburgh Gate Bee Harlow Bssex CM20 238, England, and Associated Companies throughout the world, wwwilongman,com © Pearson Education Limited 2003 ‘The right of Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorised adaptation from the American English language edition, entitled Grammar Express, First Edition by Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Copyright © Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2001. ‘This edition published by Pearson Education Limited © Pearson Education Limited 2003. Fourth Impression 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. ISBN 978-0-582-77645-6 Printed in Malaysia, PJB Acknowledgements ‘The authors would like to thank Francoise Leffler, Senior Development Editor, and Christine Lauricella, Senior Production Editor, for their commitment and support. Ths peblishers and authors would like to ‘thank the following people and institutions for their feedback and ‘comments on the materi Andrea MeMahon - St Giles College, ‘London; Pippa Sutcliffe - ILA Cambridge; Diane Naughton - Centro de Lenguas ‘Modemas, Universidad de Granada; Sinforoso »s0 Ferndndez-Camufas ‘pening English School, Madrid. We are © © ae grateful tp Permission to reprodeg Ng fog material: ° TPPOduce copy Ace P ff AP/Wide Word ene 182, 1, Page 175; Conpig va Art & Arco Pages 25 ‘i Bettman), 4809 Carmona), 88 © Jenny? ©8 f Woodeock/Reftections cae 195 (© Kevin: (© Tom Steward), ee 290 (© John Springer Colac 804 (© Hulton-Deutsch Collection} Evans International page 206 bottonn = Mary Evans Picture Library page 295 Exposure New York/Stephen Danelian age 18; Katz/PSP pages 62, 235.0 The New Yorker Collection, 1988 Charles ‘Adams page 124; © The New Yorker Collection, 1989 Tom Cheney from cartoonbank.com.All Rights Reserved page 214; © The New Yorker Collection 1964 Frank Modell from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved page 258; Courtesy of the New York State Governor's Traffie Safety Committee page 142; PA Photos/BPA page 192; PEANUTS® UFS page 286; PhotoDise page 66(Jack Hollingsworth), 206(Bronwyn Kidd), 226(PhotoLink), 244(PhotoLink); Tony Freeman/PhotoBait page 324; Powerstock/Superstock pages 162, 202; Reprinted with permission from Reader's Digest. Copyright © The Reader’ Digest Assn. Inc pages 264, 266; Rex Features pages 70, 76; Bob Sacha page 110; © Michael Dwyer /Stock Boston Ine, page 256; Neil Turner/Times Educational Supplements page 306 top. brary) © Kevin evin R Mortis) Chena), Mlustrations s Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65, 160, 191; Brian Hughes page 2, 1885 sk MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul MaGusker pages 88, 98, 294 Andy Myer pages 10, 32, 46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 10°, 6 116, 168, 192, 222, 232, 246, 254,272, 282, 314, 322, 326; Dusan Petricic page 2, 6,8, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 36, 40, 50,55, 60, 66, 74, 84, 92, 96, 106, 120, 128, 150, 14, 198, 236, 250, 278, 308, 918, 3805 Steve Pleydell-Pearce pages 108, 142, 146, 172, 190, 300. ‘Text Information on page 136 is based on the Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Consumer Study Cover by Raven Design{gay} Stative Verbs fiunderstand) Present Continuous and Present Simple ) (1am studying. /1 study.) i] !mperative (Study! / Don't study!) ‘Selffest | Past [pay] Past Simple: Affirmative Statements (EB) (1 studied.) Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions (didn’t study. / Did you study?) Used to (lused to study.) Past Continuous (was studying.) Past Continuous and Past Simple LU] (1 was studying. / | studied.) Selffest 1 Present Perfect and Past Perfect Fell Present Perfect: Since and For (Ihave studied since May. / | have studied for a month.) Present Perfect: Already, Just and Yet (have already studied. / | have just finished. / | haven't studied yet.) Present Perfect: Indefinite Past (have studied.) Present Perfect and Past Simple have studied, / | stuaied.) Present Perfect Continuous a3) - (Ihave been studying.) fa Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous I) (1 have studied. /| have been studying.)