‘Similarly for basic buffer Kb[NHOH] If INH.CH, Phe 14— Po Buffer Capacity Itis defined as number of moles of acid or base added to change the PM value of buffer by one unit ‘Noof moles acidorbase added (Change inP™ ‘Buffer capacity depends on P* value of acid P** value of base & their concentration. ‘The buffer capacity will be maximum when pre ptr, pore pe Applications of Buffer Solutions Buffer solutions are used to control P* of solutions in chemical analysis, industrial synthetic reactions, enzyme catalysed reactions. They are used in water softening process They play significant role in biochemical processes. Indicators. Indicator is one that changes its color with Pr. ‘They are used to detect end point in a titration Butfer capacity = range at the end point ofa titration PI ‘When HCI taken in conical flask is titrated against NaOH in burette, the P* increases slowly from 0 t0.3.3 upto end point. Butat the end point, The P* increases for 3.3 to 10.7. Then P* gradually increases. PH range at the end point in titration of strong acid & strong base is 3.3 to 107 Titration P* Change atthe end point 4, Strong acid- 3.30 10.7 strong base Hcl - NaOH 2. Weak acid - 7.71097 ‘Strong base (CH, COOH - NaOH 3. Weak bast 631040 strong acid NH,OH - HCI 4, Weak acid = No sharp change weak base oft “The color exhibited by indicator depends on the of the solution to which indicator is added Each indicator shows a sharp colour change ‘above & below two Pr values. This is called P* range. Indicators and the PY ranges Indicator PMrange Coburchange ‘Thymolblue(aci), 121028 RedtoYelow Methylornge «3.1044 RedtoYelow Metytred 42t062 — RedtoYelow ius 851075 RedtoBlue Phenaed 681084 —_YelowtoRed ‘Thymolblue(tase) 801096 YelowtoBiue Phendbhalin 831010 colourless oPink Universal Indicator ‘An indicator that functions over a wide range of is known as Universal indicator. It is a mixture of several acid base indicators. Eg, Amixture of 0.1 gm phenolpthalein + 0.2. gm methyl red + 0.3 gm. methyl orange + 0.4 gm ‘bromo thymel blue +0,5 gm thymol blue dissolved in 500 ml absolute alcohol acts as Universal Indicator. The universal indicator exhibits character colours at different PY values, PHe2 0 Red PNB Green P*-4 Orange P*-10 Blue PX-6 Yellow Salt Hydrolysis ‘When @ salt is dissolved in water it ionises and ‘gives cations and anions. ‘The interaction of anion or cation or both with water to give basic or acidic or neutral solution is called salt Hydroysis. Itis reverse to neutralization. ‘Types of Salts 4, Salt of strong acid weak base Ex: NH,CI, NH,NO,, FeSO, FeCi,. AICI, ete. NH,Cl co NHY + Cr NH. + Ci+H,0.—. NH,OH + Ht + Cr NH, +H,0 >» NHOH +H" ‘These salts undergo cationic hydrolysis, Their ‘aqueous solution is acidic in nature. Salt of weak acid & strong base Ex; CH,COONa, HCOONa, Na,CO, ete., CH,COONa <> CH,COO" + Nat (CH,COO-+H,0 -> CH,COOH + OH- ‘These salts undergo anionic hydrolysis. Aqueous solutions of these salts are basic. Salt of weak acid & weak base Eg: CH,COO NH, ; HCOONH, NH,CN etc, CH,COONH, <= CH,COO" + NH," CH,COO-+ NH,’ + HOH > CH,COOH + NHOH They under go both cationic and anionic hydrolysis. 2) If Ka of weak acid is greater than Kb of weak base then aqueous solution will be acidic. ») If Ka of weak acid Is lesser than Kb of weak (NH),CO,, EANCET CHEMISTRY VOLT 207 aC). AGIOS & BASESbase then aqueous solution will be basic, saturated solution : ©) If Ka = Ko then aqueous will be neutral ik 4d) Salt of strong acid and strong base. ‘When K,, >[4g"JICI"] Solution not saturated 1 Eg: ict Meng 150, ee When K,, <[4g"JICI"] Solution supersaturated and hese salts do not undergo hycrolsis aqueous solutions of these Depereatoy tees iaeny Hydrolysis constants of salts When, =[4g"IICI] Solution saturated 1. Salt of strong acid & weak base Eg: NHC For general elective 4,-8,:4, =[4° F158") Hydrolysis of this salt can be represented as Muerto toon eee (1) K, ts independent ofthe soures'o ion () Hetps to know the solubility of electrolytes, INHOHIH") {Itl) Predicting ionic reactions. INHAIH.O} (0) Quaitative analysis i () Purficaton of common sat sating out of soap Kio)- RESID = and Solvay ammonia soda process Relation between solubility product (K, ) and {H,0) is called hydrolysis constant = K, solubility (8), INHJ[OH] 1. Forbinary electrolyte e.g. AQCI, 8450, I [NH.OH] 2 se For H,0 <> H+ OH VR K=IHIIQH 8) ig, 2, Fortemary elecroiyie ©. Caf, Pb, Dividing fa) We get Ky = Fe & ny Sia fr sat of weok a stow base,» s(@ = & Representation of K, for various eletrolyes. For salt of weak base & weak salt K, = f= ek Ma(OH), Kyle 4087 Common ion effect: The degree of ionisation of an 48:5 Ky ale FCS 1 electrolyte is suppressed by the adtion of another Apel - ‘electrolyte having a common ion. This is known as Sb, sors ‘commen ion effect e.g. ionisation of CH;COOH is Be Ky Of ACI is 28x10" at 25°C. Calculate the suppressed by thé addon of HCl or CH,COONa ‘solubility of AgC!in() Pure Water (Il) 0.1 M: AgNO, {0 Ithelps in controling the concentration of ione solution (0.4 M Nac furnished by weak electrolytes 4501 () Let $ molef be the solubility of Act it ublty of (i) ttefects the solubity of sats: sprcudlieepoe ON Solubility product, temperature and Pressure the saturated solution of a sparingly 282 (Ry = VERIO? =1.67 «10% oie/t Soluble salt has an equilibrium between the excess Of the solute and the ions fumished by it. e.g. (i) ACI Ag*+ Or K, = (4g ICI] Aah 0 Age ager Solubility of AC! wil be equal to Solid dissolved but * ra al (ore i BEI gota undissolved Not jonised ie") (UI) Solubility of AgCI will be equal to. ‘Appling law of mass acton, k= 4e-MCE k 2 eT] Cae" =joe = 20 28x10? Molelt KUAeCl= 48 HCE LK = LA" HCT : fo RAR lgesNaT aon as KOT) Bc Solubility product of S+F, in water is gx 10-” ‘The constant X,. is known 2s solubilty product itis Calculate the solubility in 0.1 M NaF aqueous ‘equa to the product of the concentration of ion in solution ‘Gy. ACIDS & BASES [202] EAMCET CHEMISTRY VOLSol. SrF, Se 428 Solubility of +, wil be equal to K 8x10" Se) = Sx10"" =8x10"Molerlit SEE Or MODEL QUESTIONS Problems on K,, H", OH, Ka, Kb Calculate H* and OH- concentration of 3x10 H,80, Molarity x2 = 3x12 = 6x14 e ee 10 (OM Fay * Gq 70-1 66x10 = 1.68x10-" Calculate H* and OH” ion concentration of a solution containing 0.63 gm of HNO,/100m! of solution = 968 x 1000 Normaity = 9:63 x. Wy "8s Xp [Hy] =0.1=107 {ory The extent of ionization of weak acid is 0.08. Calculate H* concentration in M/20 weak mono basic acid, 20 = 0.067 pete ca = Sime ski Bl ‘Ata given temperature, the (H,O"Jis 10+ motefit ‘What is Kw at that temperature, [HO] = [OH] = 10% molentit kw=[H*}0H] = 10%x104 10-? mole*nit® Ka of an acid is 2x10, the P! is PMs —log ka = log (2x10) 5~log2 5-0,3010 = 4.6900 Pka of 3 acids A,B,C are 4.6990, 3.6990, 2.3010. ‘Arrange them in the increasing strength. It pka decreases, strength of acid increases AcBeC Note in a conjugate acid base pair ka xkb = 10-4; ps p= 14 The Ka of acetic acid is 2x10, the Kb of its 7 ion yg! ka 2x10 5x10* ox10-# 8. P%of acetic acid is 4.6980 thge P ofits conjugate base is Pur pe ” Problems on P" of strong acids & strong basoe 9. Calculate pH when [H*] = 5x10* M pH = log (5x10) = log8 = 0.6990 = 7.3010 10. Caleulate pH when [OH] = 5x10 M log OH] tog 5x10") 2 logS = 12 ~ 0.6990 1.3010. 14- 11.3010=2.6000 41. Calculate pH of HNO, whose concentration is 0.5m oo Molarity x Basicity =0.08x1 = 5x10? pH= log (5x10) = 21095 =2-0.6090 3010 12, Calculate pH of 3x10 MH,PO, (H') = Molarity x Basicity = 3x10-9 = 9x10 pH=— log (9x10) = log 9 - log 8 =3-1lo9 3? =3-2093 =3-2(0.4771) + 23-0.9542 = 2.0458 43. Calculate pH of a solution containing 4gm of Note : If normality of th NaOH in 500CC of the solution, conjugate base is ‘solution is given in the order of 10", 10 then kaxkb = 10" [H"]= acid normality +107 [OH] = base normality + 10-7 EANGET CHEMISTRY VOLT 203 ‘AGy AGIOS & BASES