Chapter 3 Theory and Illustrating Examples This chapter outlines the theory of wave propagation, which is the basis for the first arrival travel ‘time tomographic imaging and clastic waveform modeling methods. Both these methods will be applied to the Hikalisto data to determine the location of the ore-dyke inside the triangular test block. The description of the theory will be started from the gencralized Hooke’s Law (or theory of stress-strain relationship) and the equation of motion, which are the most fundamental equations ‘underlying all seismic methods. 3.1 Basic Theory of Elastic Waveform Modeling Elastic waveform modeling is a way to describe the propagation of seismic body waves in a solid ‘medium e.g. based on the direct solution of the elastodynamic wave equation. In seismology, this ‘method can be used for many purposes, such as for simulating past earthquake events (Nielsen and Olsen, 2000; Miksat, 2002), for investigating the structure of basins (Olsen et al., 1995) and for ‘modeling wave propagations in voleanic structures (Neuberg et al., 2000). The theory underlying this method can be found in many text books, such as Aki and Richards (1980); Lay and Wallace (1995). Applied to the Hikalisto data, this method will be used for a comparison between the seismo- grams of real data and synthetic seismograms of the model resulted from the tomographic imaging method. In other words, one of the main purposes of applying the elastic waveform modeling is to confirm the correctness of derived results from a tomographic imaging method. This section aims to outline the theory of elastic waveform modeling using a numerical Finite Difference method, ‘Whereas the results of elastic waveform modeling will be described and discussed in chapter 5 3.1.1 Generalized Hooke’s Law Propagation of seismic waves assumes that the Earth's materials behave elastically to a certain degree. The degree of elasticity thus determines how well a material transmits a seismic wave. 15Chapter 3. Theory and IIlustrating Examples ‘When a material is subjected to stress c, it undergoes strain ¢ (distortion in volume and/or shape). A medium is said to behave elastically if the material returns to its original volume and shape after the stress is removed. ‘The linear relation between stress and strain is formulated by Hooke! law. Generalized Hooke’s aw works under the assumption of small deformation in a linear anisotropic perfectly elastic solid medium and is given by APA) Ga) * where 043 and ¢ are the ij" component of the stress tensor and the kI‘* component of the strain tensor. Cis is called stiffness tensor, elastic tensor, or the constants of proportionality in the stress-strain relationship of equation (3.1). The relations in equation (3.1) are referred to as a set of constitutive equations. The tensor Cjj4, contains elastic constants and describes the elastic material properties of the medium. The relationship between strain (c) and displacement (1) is given by oj = Cymient, 65,41 1/a a = 5 (Se + x) 7 G2) which is valid for infinitesimal strain, The tensor Cig: is originally a fourth order tensor and has 81 elastic components, Because stress and strain are symmetric tensors (o4j = 032, $0 that Cijir = Cyanr, and ez = e(hy 80 that Casa. = Ciy1x), the number of independent elastic tensor components reduces to 36. The material that has this kind of independent elastic tensor is called triclinic. With additional assumption that a potential exists that allow to derive stress as derivative with strain, the number of independent ‘component of triclinic reduces to 21. Materials which are completely symmetric are called elastic-isotropic materials. This kind of ma- terial has 2 independent elastic tensor components. The components of the elastic tensor can be expressed in terms of two independent elastic moduli and jx (which are known as Lamé’s pa- rameters), as Cagns = Adiga + 1 (Gindjt + Sadi) - G3) If ei; are elements of the strain tensor, ayy are elements of the stress tensor, ¢i is Volumetric strain (sum over repeated index), and di; is O if i # j and 1 if i = j, then the Hooke’s Law for an isotropic, linear elastic material will be: oj = Nigen + Qe, GA) 3.1.2. The Equations of Motion Let us denote the three-dimensional displacement vector by u = u (i,t), where # = [x1, x2, x9)” is a shorthand notation for the Cartesian coordinates. This vector describes the vector displacement of a medium particle from its original position # at time ¢ in global Cartesian coordinates. The linearized equation of motion in differential form is: 5) 163.2 Theory of First Arrival Travel Time Tomography ‘where p is the (spatially varying) density of the medium and f; denote the components of the body force. This equation describes the conservation of momentum. By differentiating equation (3.4) with respect to time and re-writing equation (3.5) as a function of velocity, the equation of motion can be the represented in the velocity-stress form as follows: Ga oea a Ax; Cea ea, PO ~ Om pom Go13 Oe arozs GB.6) and Sar (ca a ot Oxy * Sty “oe Bom _ (Our 4 oes Ge ‘ma ma 8055 _ y(n Eos toe tan) cana (eee at \ Ge; * 2)? cis (aeons at *\ der 23)? 8023 dus | Sun nee te oe where v; = Ou;/8t for i= 1,2,3 are the particle velocity components; 013, 22, 0332 012» 01 23 are the elements of stress tensor. By solving the equations (3.6) and (3.7) using, e.g. a Difference scheme and considering problem-dependent initial and boundary conditions, one can simulate the propagation of elastic waves from a source (earthquake, TNT, hammer, etc) in the elastic-isotropic medium. 3.2. Theory of First Arrival Travel Time Tomography ‘Tomography is a method that has been widely used in geophysies since late 1970s. The use of this method in geophysics was motivated by successful applications in the medical sector in the carly 1970s (Nolet, 1987; Aki, 1993; Lo and Inderweisen, 1994). The use of travel time tomog- raphy became popular, not only in seismology, i.e. to determine the deep structure of the earth on global and regional scales (Widiyantoro et al., 1999; Ritter and Evans, 1997), but also in seis mic exploration, e.g. hydrocarbon exploration (Zhou et al., 1993), as a tool for static correction in 7