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Cash Flow Statement
Cash Flow Statement
Working capital
basis, i.e., Funds
, ,
Flow Statement,
Cash basis, i.e., Cash
and
Flow Statement
g in cash p
A cash flow statement is statement of changes g g
position between the beginning
and end of the period. It is a statement which summarizes the sources from which
cash payments are made during a particular period of time, say months or a year.
In other words, a cash flow statement shows the various sources of cash inflow and
uses of cash outflow and uses of cash outflow during
g apperiod thus explaining
p g the
changes in cash position of the business.
DISTINCT ION BETWEEN FUNDS FLOW
AND CASH FLOW STATEMENT
AND CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Cash position A cash flow statement is mainly concerned with changes in cash
and working position while a funds flow statement is concerned with changes in
capital position working capital.
Usefulness in For short‐term financial analysis, cash flow statement is considered to be
short‐term more useful to management as compared to
financial analysis funds flow statement
funds flow statement.
Method of In funds flow statement, an increase in a current liability or decrease in
preparation a current asset result in decrease in net working capital and vice‐versa. But
in a cash flow statement, an increase in a current liability or decrease in a
current asset (other than cash) might result in increase in cash and vice‐
t t ( th th h) i ht lt i i i h d i
versa.
Schedule of A funds flow statement is generally followed by a schedule of changes in
changes in working capital. But a cash flow statement is not followed by any other
working capital
ki i l such statement.
h
Opening and In cash flow statement, the opening and closing balances of cash and cash
closing balances equivalents are given. But a funds flow statement does
not contain any opening and closing balances.
Legal requirements There is no legal requirement to prepare funds flow statement.
But cash flow statement is to be prepared by every listed company as per
AS‐3, as required by SEBI
ACCOUNTING STANDARD ‐ 3 (AS
ACCOUNTING STANDARD 3 (AS‐ 3):
3):
CASH FLOW STATEM EN T
This AS‐3 has become mandatory w.e.f. 1‐4‐2001, for the following enterprises:
(i) Enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed or going to be listed on a
recognized stock exchange in India.
(ii) All other commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises whose turnover for
the accounting period e ceeds ` 0 crores
the accounting period exceeds `50 crores.
The companies in respect of which AS‐3 is mandatory are required to comply with AS‐
3 under Sec. 211 of the Companies Act, 1956. This means that statutory auditors of such
co pa es a e equ ed to g e a asse t o
companies are required to give an assertion in respect of companies with AS‐3.
espect o co pa es t S 3.
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) requires that all listed companies should
submit a Cash Flow Statement alongwith other financial results of the company, prepared
as per accounting standard AS‐3 issued by ICAI.
CASH, CASH INFLOW AND OUTFLOW
,
As per Accounting Standard (AS‐3) issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India, the term ‘cash’ includes:
1. Cash in hand
2. Demand deposits with banks
3. Cash equivalents These are short‐term highly liquid investments that are readily
convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of
changes in value.
Meaning of Cash Inflow and Outflow
g
Cash flow means inflow and outflow of cash. An inflow, i.e., source of cash increases the
total cash a ailable at the disposal of the firm hile an outflo i e use of cash decreases it
total cash available at the disposal of the firm while an outflow, i.e., use of cash decreases it.
The difference between cash inflows and cash outflows is known as net cash flow which can
be either net cash inflow or net cash outflow.
CLASSIFICATION OF CASH FLOWS
Accounting Standard (AS‐3) requires that cash flow statement should report cash flow
during the period classified by operating, investing and financing activities.
1. Operating Activities: These are the
principal revenue activities of the enterprise.
Cash flows from these activities result from
transactions and other events that enter into
the determination of net profit or loss.
22. Investing Activities:
Investing Activities: These are the acquisitions
and disposal of long‐term assets (such as plant,
machinery, furniture, land and building) and other
investments not included in cash equivalents.
33. Financing Activities:
Financing Activities: These are the activities that
result in changes in the size and composition of the
owner’s capital and borrowings of the enterprise.
TREATMENT OF OTHER ITEMS
TREATMENT OF OTHER ITEMS
Interest and Dividends
(i) In case of a financing enterprise, cash flows
from interest paid and interest and dividend
received should be treated as cash flows from Income Tax
operating activities. Dividends paid should be Cash flows arising from income tax should be
classified as cash flows from financing activities. classified as flows from operating activities unless
(ii) In the case of other enterprises, cash flows arising they can be specifically identified with financing and
from interest and dividend paid should be classified i
investing activities.
i i ii
as cash flows from financing activities while
interest and dividend received should be classified as
cash flows from investing activities.
Non‐cash Transactions
E t
Extraordinary items
di it
There are certain transactions which do not involve
The cash flows associated with extraordinary
cash inflow or cash outflow. Although they do effect
items should be classified as arising from operating,
the capital and assets of an enterprise, they are
investing or financing activities as appropriate and
excluded from cash flow statement for obvious
separately disclosed.
reasons
PREPARATION OF A CASH FLOW
STATEMENT
Preparation of cash flow
statement is similar to
that of funds flo
that of funds flow
statement. In fact, the
basic difference arises
from the definition of
funds In funds flow
funds. In funds flow
statement, fund means
‘net working capital’
while in cash flow
statement it means cash.
statement it means ‘cash’
CALCULATION OF CASH FLOW S FROM
OPERATIONS OR OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Direct Method Indirect Method
• Under this method, cash receipts from operating • Under this, the net cash from operating activities
revenues and cash payments for operating is determined by making necessary adjustments in
expenses are calculated and shown in the cash the net profit (or loss), as disclosed by Profit and
flow statement. The difference between the total Loss Account. Adjustments in net profit or loss are
cash receipts and total cash payments as shown as
h i d l h h f h ff
for the effects of:
f
the net cash flow from operating activities. • non‐cash items like depreciation;
• changes during the period in inventories and
operating receivables and payable;
• all other items for which cash effects are investing
and financing cash flows.
df h fl
Calculation of Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Cash inflows and cash outflows from
investing activities result from acquisition and disposal of long‐term assets, non‐operating current
g q p g , p g
assets and investments. The net effect of cash inflows and outflows is determined and shown as
cash flows from investing activities in the cash flow statement.
Calculation of Cash Flows from Financing Activities: These activities relate to issue of shares and
debentures, redemption of preference shares and debentures, raising of loans and repayment of loans, etc. The
net effect of inflows and outflows of cash relating to these financing activities is determined and shown in the
cash flow statement under this head of Cash Flows from Financing Activities.
OBJECTI VES AND USES OF CASH
FLOW STATEMENT
Useful in cash planning
• A cash flow statement proves very useful to management by providing a basis to
evaluate the ability of a company to generate cash.
Assesses cash flow from operating activities
• Cash provided by operating activities is very important to assess the cash
generated by internal sources.
Payment of dividends
• Availability of profit in the form of cash is also important for dividend
disbursement.
Cash from investing and financing activities
• It provides information about cash provided by operating activities as well as by
non‐operating activities under two heads, namely, investing activities and
financing activities.
Explains reasons for surplus or shortage of cash
• A cash flow statement discloses reasons for increases or decreases of cash
balance.