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 I, N, T, A | I, N,T, A ∈ Sailors ∧ T > 7 ∧ 

 I, N, T, A | I, N,T, A ∈ Sailors ∧ T > 7 ∧
î î

∃ Ir, Br, D Ir, Br, D ∈ Re serves ∧ Ir = I ∧ Br = 103












∃ Ir, Br, D Ir, Br, D ∈ Re serves ∧ Ir = I ∧



   

4Ÿ-*/1L4ŸN3Br4 e /1BD/QBr-*>@52 -*/1E*e ∃ B, BN,C B, BN,C ∈ Boats ∧ B = Br ∧ C = ’red’


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∀ B, BN, C ∈ Boats
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∃ Ir, Br, D ∈ Re serves I = Ir ∧ Br = B 

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∃ Ir, Br, D Ir, Br, D ∈ Re serves ∧ I = Ir ∧ Br = B



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C ≠ ’red ’ ∨ ∃ Ir, Br, D ∈ Re serves I = Ir ∧ Br = B 



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