A C o m pl e te Pr ac ti c a l In s tr u c ti o n B o o k on

t h e S h e e t M e t a l Ind u s try Ma c h i n e r y a n d ,

T o o l s a n d R e l a ted S ubj e c t s In cl u d i n g
, ,

,
th e O x y A c e t y l en e W e l d i n g
-
an d
C u t ti n g Pr o c e s s
By

L .
B R O E M E L

W it h a Specia l C o ur s e m E l ement a ry an dAdva nc e

d
S heet M et al Wo r k and Pa tt er n D r a f ting fo r
T echnica l an d T r a d e S ch o o l In s t r uc t o r s a nd
S tu d e nt s ; Al s o fo r Re fer ence and S tu d y
by S heet M et a l W o r ker s a nd
Appr en tices
F

By

J . S D A .U G H E R T Y
In s t r u ct o r inSh e t M t l W k S hol f
e e a or , c o o Appl i e d
I d t ie
n C ne g i
us r s, I ti t te of
ar e ns u

Te hno l og y P i tt b gh
c , s ur

C HIC A G O
F RE D ER IC K J D R AKE 8: C O . .

Publ i s he r s
 C OP Y R I G H T 19 1 8

B Y

FRE DE R I C K J . D RA K E

10 t9l 8
 P R E FAC E

f Thi s b ook has been W ritten in re s p onse to a W i d esp rea d

d eman d for a comp rehensiv e work on the machine ry
“
“
4

to ols an d metho d s e mp loye d in sheet m

,

,
etal working .

Th i s d eman d comes from the tra d e as w ell as fr om ,

manual tr a1n 1n g an d technical schools .

R eal i z ing the nee d for a cor r elate d co u rse in p r actical

sheet metal an d p attern d raftin g i n te xt form P rofesso r ,

‘
J S D aughe r ty Instr u c tor in S heet M etal W ork l n th e
S chool of App lie d I n du stries C arnegi e I nstit ute of T ech
,
. .

n ol og y P ittsb urgh P a h as ren d ere d v alu able a s s 1s t an ce

.

by the p re parat i on of su ch a co urse wi th p en d rawings

, , ,

an d illustr ations of actu al p roblems along t h e lines of ,

the bes t s h op m et h od s d er i v e d from years of e x p erience

'
‘

in teaching t h e s ub j ect an d as a p ractical sheet metal

worker The c ourse i s o utline d an d t h e p roblems a r e p re
.

se nte d in s u ch se qu ence that t h e p rocesses an d machin e

o p erati ons are re vi ewe d with each ne w p roblem .

h i s not e xp ecte d that al l the problems gi v en by P ro

“

f es s or D au gherty will be stri ctl y copl ed b u t rather that

'
-

t h ey wi l l m ak e clear th e meth ods an d p rocesses that m a y

'

be app lie d in the constr u ct i on of similar p roblems in

actual practi ce Th e p ro p er sequ ence s o necessar y for
.
,
“

f
s u cces s f u l i n st r uct i on i n sheet metal
p attern d rafting is ,

a n i mp ortant feat u re of this c o urse M any of the p rob .

lems ar e o nly p artly s ol v ed wh i ch p re v e nts the stud ent

' '

fr om co p y i ng fr o mthe te xt an d comp els him to d e v elo p

,

his p ower to think as Well as to d raw I t is d esire d that .

th is co urse may be regar d e d as p resenting the essential s

of sh eet metal work ra ther than as an attemp t t o p r odu c e
,

a seri e s of m od els .
 PRE F AC E

After a p erus al of the corre l ate d cours e m sheet metal

working an d p atte n d rafting attenti on m ay well be
‘

r ,
,

d irecte d to the cha p ters i n thi s b oo k on O y A cetylene .

x -

W el d ing an d C u tt ing E l ect i c W el d i g H an d F orging

'

,
r n ,

a d n W el d in g an d othe r infor mation that d oes not

,

d irectly d eal with sheet me t al w ork an d p attern d rafting ,

bu t incl ud es s ub j ects intimately connecte d With sheet

“

m et al working p ractice Th es e s ub j ects ar e h av ing e xten

.

s i v e i n tro du ction i n the mo d ern sh eet m etal sh o p S chools .

t eaching sheet metal working as an i ndus tri al art s h o ul d

t herefore m t h e pre p arati on of their courses arrange for ,

l ect ures that Will convey to t h emin d of the s t ud ent that

t here a e o the r metho d s for j oining togeth er sheet metals
r

b esi d es ri veting an d so l d e r ing An y on e sch ool t erm .

d oes not p ermit e x ten s i v e p ractice of these proce sses

bu t th e st ud en t sho ul d kno wsomethin g ab out them
,

; ,

t o qualify him for a p lace abreast of h is fell ow Work

’

m e on establi shing hims e lf in the i n du stri al sho p . I f

“

t h e tim e f or l ectu res on these s ub j ects is not afio d ed r ,

it ca be s u ggeste d that th e stud ent rea d up on the

n

s ame .

The princi p al au thor of this book has be en f or m any

y ea r s a cti v e with The P eck S tow W
,
ilco x S o u th
i n g t on C onn for em ost man u factu rers of shee t m etal
“
’

, ,

working machinery He p resents a collection jof d ata on

.

the constr u ction a n d a pp lication of mo d ern sh eet m etal

wo rking m a ch i n es a n d tools d escribing their pur p oses
“

a nd u ses R uth p en d rawings an d oth er ill u str ations in as

p racti cal an d non technical

-
a m anner a s p ossible making ,

t h e instr u c tion gi v en easy t o follow D uri n g eigh teen .

y ears of s er v ice with the m an u f act u rers n a m ed g h e h a s

aine d a broa d e xp erience in sheet meta l W ork i ng machin

‘

g
e r y d e velo p ment an d offers here a so u rce of inform ation
,

o f gr eat v al ue t o all those in te reste d m sh e et metal work ,

an d the labor an d time s aving e qui p ment so necessary for

b ringin g to a finishe d stage of com p le ti on the many
 PRE FAC E T

p roblems that d aily onfront the sheet me tal worker in;

c
‘

the sh op .

The author havin g s pent a l i f etime with the tinsmith

,

a n d sheet metal worker during th at time has visite d ,

many s ho p s the co untry o v er I t is s ur pr l s m g to obser v e .

how limite d is the knowle d ge of a l arge p ercentage of

a pp re ntice an d a dv ance d she et met al worker s reg ar d in g !

th e essentials of machine an d tool co nstr u ction an d appl i

cation Th e refore the s ub j ect of sheet metal workin g
.
,

machi nery an d tool cons tr u ction thei r us es an d a pp lica

It i s
,

t i on i s treate d in t hese p ages in an e x tens i v e way

'
'
.
.
,

s uggeste d that the school instr u ctor make the stud ent
fully a cqu ainte d with all e q ui p ment u se d pom t i n g ou t
”

the adjusting f eatures I n s u ch machines an d fully ,

'

e xp laining their o p eration

It is also recommend e d that the stud ent e ducate him
.

;
“

self on machines an d tools that are not u se d in the schoo l

“

classroo m s o that h e will n ot feel awkwar d or embar

,

r as s ed wh en en t er i n g the commercial fiel d in pu rs u it of

'
'

h i s tra d e to fin d in the sho pwher e he i s em p loye d e qu i p

,
-

men t with which he is nd different from

simi lar ma chines an d to cei v ed his schoo l

An e x amination of the T able of! C ontent s

?
will show that
t h e range of other s ub j ects co ver ed i s su ch as will make a
val u able an d well n s t r u ct i on .

The author is grea tly Th e P rest O L it e - -

C omp an y , I n d ian ap olis I n d ”f ar t h e instr u cti v e co urse

“

given on o xy ac etyl ene wel d ing and c utting an d he feel s

-

grateful in d ee d to the B uffalo F or ge C o mp any B uffalo , ,

N Y f o r e x ercises gi v en on han d forging an d wel d ing

. .
, ,

which w er e p rep are d with the assistance of P rofessor L .

E Nollau o f K entu cky S tate Uni versity ; P rofesso r

.
,

J ames L i t t l efiel d o f the C lev elan d Technical High S chool

, ,

an d M r R obert M S mith S up er vis or of Technical W ork .

,

in th e High S chools of Ch icago .

 P R E FAC E

w
Ackn o l ed g me nts ar e al s o d u e and ar e é h jer eby ten
’
'

d ere d to Th e M etal C lub P hila d el ph ia The A r t M etal

, , ,

C onstr u cti on C o mpany J amestown N Y , Th e P eck . .

w
,

S to W il cox C om p any S o uthi ng t on C onn ; F ol l an s

, ,

b ee B r oth ers C om p any Pittsb u rgh P a an d the F e d eral

, ,
.
,

B oar d f or V o cational E du cati on W ashi ngt on D C for , . .

w
, ,

var i o us c ou rtesi es in con n e cti on ith the p r ep arati on of

th is vol u m e
w
.

The man u facture r s menti on e d a b ov e are al l ell kn own

in te chni cal sch ool an d in du strial fiel d s, and a cor d i al
in vitati on i s e x ten d e d to ou r r ea d ers t o com mun i cate
with them or v isit their large m an u f a ctur i n g p l ant s in ,

p u rs u it of f u r the r kn owle d ge on any of t h e s ub j e cts

‘

cd v ;.

e re d in this bo ok er equ i p m en t r el at i n g th er et o fi
,

I w
t is ho p e d that t h i s ork th e first of i ts kin d ev er
,

a ttem p te d in on e com p l ete v ol u m e i ll pr ove h el p ful t o ,

w
in du strial tea chers s t ud ents a pp rent ices sheet met al
“

workers an d all other s in tere ste d i n sheet m

, , ,

,
etal ork w .

I
ts gr eat a dv ant age is that all informati on of interest to
. w
the in du strial sheet metal orker 1s con t ai n ed i n a single
’

c om p reh ensi v e v ol u me ; a n d as t h e amb i ti on of th e st ud ent

_

d evel ops h e will fin d all these th i ngs of g r eat i m por t an ce

w
.

f or a p ra cti cal orker t o ha v e at his comm an d .

 C ONTE NT S ,

P AGE
THE S H E E T M E TAL I N D U S T R Y

S H E E T M E TAL WORKI N G M AC H I N E R Y .

S H E E T M ET AL WORK IN G TO OL S

S HE E T ME TAL WOR K IN G S C H OOL S H OP P

E Q UI M E NT .

CO R
U SE I N E LE M E NTAR Y AN D AD V AN CE D S H EE T M E T AL
WORK AN D PAT TE R N DRA FT I N G

L
OU T I NE CO R
U S E I N S HE E T MET AL WOR K — E M E R GE N C Y
W AR TRAI N IN G o o o o o o o 0
- 0

VI I
O XY ACET Y LE NE
-
‘

WE LD I NG AN D C U TTI NG .

E L E C TRI C
-

W EL D ING . .
PI P E B E N D IN G

A XII I
PRO PR E T IE S OF T H EI R ALL O YS

P R AC T I C AL G R
E OM E T Y AN D M E NS U RA ON
TI

I N DE X
 ’
SHEET METAL WORKERS MANUAL

S H E E T M E TA L IN D U S RY
T

—
-

E x ten s i ve Us e of S h eet i r on a n d S t eel Th g t

‘

.
1 e r ea er

pa r t o f t h e i r on t on n a g e of t h e many m i ll s al l ov er t h e

d
worl i s r oll ed i n t o s h eets an d Sol d t o m an u f a ctu r er s
us i ng S h eet m et al S h eet m et al h as qu a li ti es th a t m ake i t
.

th e b es t m at er i alf or n u m er ou s pr od u ct s u s ed i n t h e
h e m e, office, an d f act or y , on t h e f ar m , i n r a il r oa d r olli n g
S t ock , au t om ob i l es , pl ea s u r e b oa t s , m er ch a n t ves s el s , et c .

S tr i n g en t fir e l aws ar e r api d l y r epl a ci n g wood with Sh eet

/
s t eel i n m a n y s tr u ct u r es It i s m or e econ om i cal tha n
.

wood ; it i s i n d es tr u ct i bl e, fir epr oof , li g ht I n wei g ht , an d

v er y d u r ab l e, an d t h e fin i s h ed pr od u ct p r es en t s a pl eas i n g

a pp ear an ce .

S h eet M eta l P r od u c ts .
-
The li s t Of
m an u fa ctu r er s
U S IIl g S h eet s t eel an d I r on i n th ei r pr o d IIct S I S l on g an d

i n cr eas i ng A f ew of th em pr od u ct s ar e n am ed
.

eve r

b el ow
.

A cet yl en e g a s m a ch i n es C l o t h es d r i er s
A d v er t i s i n g s i g n s C o m m er ci a l a u t om ob i l e t r u ck s
Ag a t e a n d e n am el wa r e C or n i c e a n d S k y l i g h t s
A s h ca n s C u l v er t s
A u t om o bi l es D a i r y a n d cr ea m er y m a ch i n er y
’
B a k e r s a n d c on f e ct i on er s E l e c t r i c a d v er t i s i n g s i g n s
u t en s i ls E l ev a t o r s
fi
B a r x t u r es F a c t o r y e qu i pm en t B en ch es ,
B e d s t ea d s h an d t r u c k s , l ock er s , s t o ol s
B l o wer s y s t e m s Fi rel e s s co ok er s
B l ower a n d power f a n s Fi r e e x t i n g u i s h er s
B ui l d i n g l a th
'
F i r e pr o of d o or s
C a sk et s F e e d t r ou g h s
11
 S HE E T ME T AL W OR KE R S ’
M A NUAL
g
Fr e i h t c ar s R ef r i g e r a t i n g a n d i ce
G a s k et s m a ch i n e r y
Hea t e r pi pe R o wb o at s
H o s pi t al f u r n i t u r e
.
S i l os
I n cu b a t or s a n d b r ood e r s
‘
S o d a f ou n t a I n S a n d appar a t u s
K Od a k S S t e a m s h i ps
L a m ps S t e el f u r n i t u r e an d C a b i n et s

L a u n d r y m a ch i n er y S t or e b i n s
L oc o m o t i v es S t o r e f r on t s
M et a l b a r r el s S t o v e s , r a n g e s a n d f l i r n a ce s
‘

M et a l s t a m pi n g s Ti n wa r e
M i l k c an s T oy s
M o t o r b oa t s V en t i l a t i n g s y s t em s
Oi l t a n k s V en t i l a t or s
P i pe el bows W a s h i n g m ach i n es
P o r t a b l e g a r a g es W a s h t ub s
P or t a b l e h e n h ou s es W a t er c o ol er s
R a i l r o a d pa s s en g er: c a r s W a t er i n g t r o u g h s
R ef r i g e ra t or s W i n d ow s a s h es

T h e Ti n R oof —A r oof of
. . t In pr ot ect s ou rn a t i on s os t
’
m
t r ea s u red b u il d in g s an d s a feg u ar d s i t s pr i cel es s t r eas ur es
-

’
Am er i ca s f or em os t r es i d ence, t h e W hit e
“

a n d r el i cs
‘

Hou s e f with t i n a l s o th e a d j oin i n g ex ecu tive

I s r o o ed

—
, ,

o ffi ces .N eed l es s t o s ay c t C
r i i al d i s cr i m i n a ti on
,
t akin g
i n t o a ccoun t effect an d appear an ce a s well as pr otecti on ,

fr om th e el em en t s d u r ability an d r eal econ om y l ed t o

,
— ,
’
t h e ad opti on of thi s type of r oofin g f or th e P r es i d en t s
h ome .

Ti n i s n ot com b u s tibl e A t i n r oof i s an un b r ok en

.

S h eet Of m et a l wi th n o cr a ck s or open i n gs of an y ki n d t o
’

a d m it

In a fir e at S cr an ton P a . fl am es s wept acr os s th e r oofs

, ,

o f th r ee a d j oI n I n g b u il d i n g s on L a ck awan n a Ave nue .

Th e cen t er b u il d i n g h a d a t i n r oof Th os e on eith er s i d e .

wer e r oof ed with S l ag B oth of th es e S l ag r oofs cau g ht

.

fi r e a n d b i I r n e d th r ou g h co m m u n i c a ti n g
,
: t h e fir e t o t h e

i n t er i or of t h e b u il d i n g B u t t h e bu i l d In g I n between
. ,

t h em — cover ed wi th t i n — was u n In j u r ed
S uch i n s t an ces m ay be m u lti pli ed hu n d r ed s of ti m es
a n d ar e a m a tt er of comm on kn ow l ed g e Th e fir e r es i s t .
 S HE E T M E T
.

AL I ND U S T RY 13

i n g pr o ti f t i f a m ly tt e t d b fi —
‘

per es o n r oo s r e a p a -

s e y r e

d epar tm en t s , an d by t h e i n s ur an ce u n d er wr i te r s i n t h e
mor e fa vor abl e r at es g r an t ed on b u i l d i n g s cover ed wi th
ti n .

S h eet M eta l F u r n i tu r e — S h eet m et al i s -

no w e x t en
S Ive ly u s ed f or O f office
g r e a t i m p o r fu r n itur e
t a n ce i n .

ever y b u s i n es s a r e t h e r ecor d s , l e tt er s , con tr act s , an d A

oth er p a p er s wh i ch i ns u r an ce cann ot r epl ace S h eet

“

met al fur n i tu r ean d fil es afford pr ot ecti on fr om fir e .

A fir e t es t con d u ct ed by a con g r es s i on al com mi tt ee at

W ash i ngt on , D C , pr oved con clu s i vely th at fir e s ev er e
. .

en ou g h t o S ligh t l y ch ar t h e ed g es of paper s i n a m et a l
.

v er t i ca l fil e u n i t will t ot ally d es t r oy a S i m il ar cab i n et of

’

Wood .

At th e ti m e of t h e g r ea t B al t I m or e fir e t h e B alt i m or e
"
’

T r u s t C om p an y h ad f ou r m et al s t eel cabi n et s i n u s e i n
/

th ei r b an ki n g r oom an d t h e can cel ed ch ecks b ooks , , ,

“

v ou ch er s cou p on s et c
,
con t ai n ed In t h e s t eel cas es wer e
, ,

foun d in t a ct an d per f ectly pr es er ved .

M et al d es ks r epr es en t t h e b es t ar chi tect u r al ta s t e In

their qu i et d i gn ity an d cor r ect pr opor t i on Th ey ar e .

v er y S ub s t an t i a l bu t n O t Cu m b er s om e ; d es I g n ed
,
on

s t r a i g ht s i m pl e li n es f aul tl es s I n d et ail Th ey can be

,
.

fin i s h ed t o m at ch a n y wood tr i m an d ar e a d i s t i n ct a d d i
t i on t o t h e fi i
’

n t er I or S L
n es t
{

B u i l d i n g Tr i m of M etal é —Th e New Yor k M u n i ci pal ,

B u il d i n g i s pr oba bly t h e m Ost c om pl et e an d h an d s om e i n

t h e wor l d ; I t i s fir ep r oo f th r ou gh ou t Wi th al l t r i m of
-

,
’
,

s h eet m et al a n d i n th i s
“
,
a g e Of St eel it I s wor thy of n ot e
th at th er e I S s t eel O ffice equ i pm en t on twen ty t wo fl oor s
w
-
,

i n t en ty fiv e d epa r tm e nt s of t h e m u n i ci p al s er v i ce .

Ar ch i t ect s m or e an d m or e s pecify S h eet m et al In pl a ce

of wood t r i m f or bu i l d i n g s C on tr a ct or s h a v e com e r api d ly.

t o s ee t h e a d v an t a g e of s h eet s t eel ov er woo d as i t a d d s

“

a n e x tr a qu al i ty t o th ei r wor k at n o i n cr ea s e i n l ab or COS t
‘

.
,

It g i ves th em t h e pr esti g e th a t com es wi th h avi n g th e

’
 S HE E T M E T
“

AL W OR K E R S ’
M A NU AL
g oo d con d i ti f b i l d i g b v d nd m k
’

on o a u n o s er e a r e ar ed

u pon a ft er y ea r s of u s e

S h eet m
.

et a l I S a n es s en t i al I n con s tr uctin g b u il d i n g s o f

e v er y d es cr i pt i on Th e a pp ear an ce t es t i s a ti m e t es t—a
.

q u es ti on o f d u
.
r a bil i ty .

It i s i nt er es t i n g t o ob s er v e th a t m et a
"

l lath s as h an d ’
, ,
(

t ri m wer e u s ed ex cl u s Ivel y i n t h e W oolwor th B ui l d i n g I n

-

S t eel B oa ts a n d C a rs — S t eel h as l
r ep a ced wood i n th e
m ot o r boa t , p a s s en g er coa ch , el ectr i c c ar , and as u bway
co a ch . It i s i n g en er al u s e i n t h e m an u f a ct u r e Of au t o
m obil es an d g o es i n t o t h e i n t er i or e qu i pr n en t Of b a t tl e
s h i p s a n d s t ea ms hi ps D u r i n g t h e g r eat W or ld
. a r t on s
‘

w
of Sh eet s t eel h av e b een pu r ch as ed by th e Un it ed S t at es
G ov er n m en t an d i ts m an uf actu r er s f or u s e In m a r I n e
c on s t r u ct i on .

A G ov er n m en t con t r act Wa s r ecen tly awar ded f or

t en t s t ov es Thi s was bu t t h e b eg i n n ing o f b u yi n g
.

f or thi s pu r pos e an d it s eemed pr ob abl e th a t even t u ally

,

t h e G ov er n m en t or d er s wou l d ex ceed s t oves F or .

t h e con t r a ct n am ed ab ou t 5 5 0 t on s
,
of S h eet s wer e
r equ i r e d.

ADVAN TAGE S OF -

ROOF IN G T IN

S om ethi n g lik e hu n d r ed y ear s ag o Am er ica be

a g a n t h e

u s e o f r oofin g t i n — im por t ed fr om E u r ope D om es t i c t i n .

w
/

t fi m d i 1 8 30 i P h i l d l h i
—
p l a e r s t as a e n n a ,
e p a .

D u r a bi l i ty S O f a r n ob od y h as un d e r t a k en t o fix a
,

l i mi t on th e d u r ab i li ty of th e t i n r oof Th e Na ti on al .

A s s oci a t i on of M as t er S h eet M et a l W or k er s i s au th or i ty
f or th e s t at em en t th a t wh er e g ood t i n I S u s ed an d g ood ,

wor km an s hi p t h e r oof ca n be ex pect ed to l a s t as l on g a s

t h e b u i l d i n g s t an d s w ith n o fu r th er att en ti on ex cept
,

p a i n ti n.
g
’
P hil ad elph i a s Ol d es t ti n r oof d at es b ack t o 1835 ,

a cco r d i n g t o i n f or m a t i on I n t h e fil es of t h e Ph i l a d elp h i a
 S HE E T M E T AL I ND U S T RY 15

S h eet M et al W or k er s As s oci at i on I t i s on th e Hor a ce .

B i n n ey r es i d en ce, 2 43 S ou th 4th S tr eet , n ow own ed by

”

th e P en n s yl v an i a R a i l r o a d a n d u s ed f or Office pu r po s es .

Th e pr e s ent r oof i s b el i ev ed t o be t h e s am e a s was l a i d ,

over j s h i n g l es , by t h e l a t e JOS T r u em a n , Q u a k er ti ns m i th , .

'

i n 18 35 or th er eab ou t s Th e r ecor d s of t h e A s s oci at i on

‘

S h ow m an y i n s t an ces of t i n r oof s l ai d th i r ty , f or t y an d
‘

fif ty y ear s a go , wh i ch r em a I n In g ood con d i t i on t od ay .

At B ethl eh em , P a , t h e M or avi an S emi n a r y was r oof ed .

-

Wi th t i n , i n 18 36 Th e r oof i s s t i ll i n g ood con d it i on , at

'
‘

th i s wr i ti n g over ei g hty y ear s a ft er war d s

— .

In New Y or k s t at e, at C h er r y V all ey , s t ood Ju d g e

’
M or s e s office b u i l d i n g , u n t il 1 90 8 , wh en th i s b u i l d i n g
was t ake n d own Th e t i n r oof was f ou n d t o be i n r g ood
.
»

’
con di ti on a ft ty fiv e y ear s s er vI ce
er nin e
'
-
.
J

M any n Ct abl e r oof S fu r n i s h t es t i m on y on t h e d u r ab i l i ty

E v er ywh er e r oofs of t i n i n
g

’
Of t i n a s a r oofin g m a t er i al
i .
,

s er vi ce f or a h alf cen t Ur y a r e t o be f ou n d i n ex cell en t

'

,
.

con d i t i on a n d a pp a r en tly g oo d f or an i n d efin i t e p er i od .

L i g h tn es s — 5 B es i d es affor d i n g l ong t i m e pr ot ect i on

.
-
,
-

fr om th e el em en t s r oofin g t i n , bei n g l i g ht i n wei g ht i m

‘

, ,

l t i t i w ll I th i
”

s o
‘

p os e n u n u s u a s r a n o n s u pp or n g a s n s .

wa y th e t i n r oof a d d s t o th e d ur abil i ty of th e b u i l d i n g
,

In J er s ey C i ty a la r g e ch u r ch was con d em n ed as
“

i t s elf
"
. ,

un s a f e b ecaus e of t h e h eavy wei g ht of i t s s l at e r oof

,
Th e .

s l at e wa s r em ov ed r oofin g t i n pu t on ,
a n d t h e s t r u ct u r e ,

s av ed fr om d em ol i t i on .

R epa i r s E as i l y M a d e —R oofin g r epai rs ar e e as ily an d

.

econ omi ca lly m a de w h en th e r oof i s t i n Th ey can be

’
'

.
,

m a d e i n an y ki n d of wea th er — s n ow
'

r eg a r d l es s of r a i n ,

or t emper a t u r e An d a r ep aI r i n a t i n r oof i s p er m an en t
. .

W i th oth er for m s of r oofin g al m es t wi th ou t ex cepti on , ,

r ep aI r S r equ i r e r emov al an d r epl a cem en t of l a r g e a r eas

’

u s u a lly i n v ol vi n g co n s i d er a bl e e x p e n s e a n d g en e r a lly
l eavi n g t h e r oof i n an i mper fect con d i t i on wh i ch b ecom es ,

a Sou r ce o f fu t u r e t r ou bl e W ith th e u s e of r oofin g t i n .

,
16 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
J
M
_ ANUAL
p e ly l i d f t t r ou bl e an d ex pen s e a r e pr a cti cally
'

pr o r a ,
u u r e

eli m i n a t ed a t t h e ver y b eg i n n i n g .

B a s e P l a tes f or R oofin g Ti n —F or a roofin gt i n t o Wear

'
well th e baSe on whi ch i t i s m ad e m u s t be pr ot ect ed by a
,

p pr o e r ly a pp li e d co a ti n g o f t i n a n d l e a d T h e b a se p l a t e .

m u s t be fr ee f r om ch em i ca l el em en t s wh i ch cau s e cor
I OS l OIl or pi n h ol i n
'
g ,
a n d m u s t b e s o ft p li abl e a n d d u ctil e
, ,
.

Al l th es e n eces s ar y qualiti es ar e d et er m i n ed or g ov er n ed
by t h e pr oces s by wh i ch t h e b a s e pl at e I s m a d e f r omth e
r aw mat er i a l s a n d i t s s ub s equ en t t r eatm en t
‘

.
,

P r acti cally al l th e hi g h gr ad e r oofin g t i n pl at es m anu

f actu r e d I n this cou n t r y t od ay ar e b as ed on t h e m i l d s oft
, ,

St eel pr o d u c ed by t h e op en h ear th pr o ces s -

Th i s s t eel .
,

b ei n g h amm er ed i n t o bill et s an d cu t i n t o con ven ien t s iz es

f or h an d li n g i s r oll ed d own i n t o
‘ ‘
,

t i n b ar s
” 8 i nch es
-

, ,
"

W i d e by 2 0 t o 30 f eet l on g Th e bar s i n tu r n a r e cu t i n t o
.

c er t a i n s iz es t o cor r es p on d t o th e S iz es of b as e pl at es
d es i r ed Th es e pi eces t h en g o t h r ou g h th e f oll ow in g
oper a ti on s to r ea ch t h e s t a ge of fin i s h ed pl at e :
F i r s t th ey ar e h ot r oll ed i n t o pl a t es Of t h e S Iz e an d
’

g a u g e d es i r ed ; T h e n th e y g o th r o u g h t h e s u cce s s i v e

p r o ce s s es o f p i ckli n g w ,
a s hi n g fi r s t a n,
n e a li n g c o l d r o l l ,

i n g s econ d an n eali n g a n d s econ d pi ckli n g

, ,
Th ey a r e .

o n ce mor e th or oug h l y w a s h ed an d a r e th en r ead y f o

’

,
r

ti nn i n g .

V AR IO U S I
K ND S OF S HE E T -

M ETA L
Sp eci al f h as b een mad e t o r oofin g t i n b ecau s e
‘

r e er en ce

of i t s I mp or t an ce t o th e S h eet m et a l wor k er i n t h e a v er a g e

B r i g ht ch ar coal t i n fo r ti n war e m anu f actu r i n g

'

s h op .

n ized s h eet s an d s h eet s h av i n g

a n d oth er pu r pos es
ga l va, ,

a cop p e

m
r ed n i ck el ed
, or p o li s h ed fini s h a l l g o thr ou g h
, ,

t h e s am e pr oces s of an u f a ct u r e a s th e r oofin g t i n pl a t e .

Th ey al l h av e th ei r or i g i n i n th e b as epl at e ma t er i al .

Cha r co al t i n h a s a d ea d bl a ck fin i s h b ef or ei t i s d i pp ed

i npu r e t i n whil e t h e r oofin g t i npl at e I s d i pped In a m i x

,
 I

S HE E T M E T AL I ND U S T RY 17

t ur e of ti n an d l ea d ,
an d th e g alv an iz ed S h eet , so ex t en
S i v el y u s ed t met al s hop i s d ipped I n s pelt er
i n t h e sh ee ,
.

Oth er fin is h es ar e tr eat ed by s peci al m eth od s an d d i pp ed

i n th ei r own s olu ti on s B u t if we cou l d t ak e an y of th es e
.

p l a t es or s h eet s a n d s cr a pe th eir
-

s u r f aces d o wn t o th e ,

b as e pl at e we wou l d fin d th at al l of th em n o m att er h ow
, ,

fin i s h ed or i g i n at e fr om th e bl ack s h eet
,
.

S t eel s h eet s f or s peci al u s es i n pr es s Wor k et c ar e

“ .

.
, ,

p r o d u ced th r ou g h s p ec i a l a n n e ali n g
”
.

Am on g t h e Us efu l Tabl es a t th e en d of thi s vol u m e

“
,

Com pl et e i n f o rm at I on W Il l be fou n d o n wei g ht s an d s t an d

a r d g a u g es of t i n pla t e an d g al van iz ed s h eet s a s well a s ,

o th er d a t a of in t er es t t o t h e s tu d en t .

The s h eet m et al wor ki n g i n d u s t r y t od ay a l s o em pl cy s

v er y ex t en s i vely a l u m i n u m b r as s copper an d z i n c , ,

a l l o f wh i ch a r e ea s y wor k i n g m a t er i al s
,

S h eet s e x cept
” ”
, ,

wh a t i s t er m ed h ar d an d h alf h ar d b r as s W h en
“ “
.

a ttem pti n g t o a pply Sh eet m et a l wor ki n g m a chi n er y t o

o er a ti on s i n b r a s s wh er e t h e b r as s i s h ar d or h alf h ar d
p , ,

i t i s al ways a d vi s abl e t o con f er wi th th e m a chi n er y m an u

f a ctu r er t o s ecur e an ex per t d eci s i on a s t o Wh eth er t h e
,

m a chi n e i s well a d apt ed f or t h e wor ki n g Of b r as s I n i t s

‘
-

S p eci al d eg r ee of h ar d n es s .

Th e s tu d ent a ft er l eavi n g t h e s ch o
,
ol an d es t abli s hi n g

hi m s elf In a s h eet m et al Sh op I S oft en called u pon t o m ak e ,

a r ecom m en d a t i on of t h e b es t eqq m en t an d m a t er i al th e
m ar k et affor d s f or Oper ati on s i n s h eet m et al wor k It Is .

s u g g es t ed th er efor e th a t th e s tu d en t s h ou l d f am i l I ar Ize
, ,
‘

h i m s elf wi th t h e d i ff er en t g r a d es a n d k i n d s of m at er i al s
'
,

s o a s t o be abl e t o s peci f y t h e g au g e an d s p eci al g r a d e of

mat er i al t o whi ch par ti cu l ar m a chi n es or t ool s s h ou l d be

appl i ed .

In ou r ch a pt er on s h eet m et al wor ki n g m achin er y th e ,

ca p a citi es of a l l m achi nes g i v en a pply t o i r on or s oft ‘

s t eel ; a n d a s s h eet s t eel i s m an u f a ct u r ed i n d i ff er en t

d egr ees of h ar d n es s th i s h as a g r eat eff ect on al l m a ch i n
,
 S HE E T ME T AL MA U AL
“

W OR K E R S r
N

er y m a d e f or s h eet m e t a l wo r k i n g Oper a ti on s W h er e .

m at er i a l I s u s ed out s i d e of th e a ver a g e s oft g r ad e s t ock ,

t h e m a ch I n er y m an u f act u r er s h oul d r ecei v et h i s i n f or ma
ti on ,
on whi ch to b as e h i s r ecom m en d at i on s .

R
I M P O TAN C E OF S HE E T MET AL W OR K
S h eet m et al wor k I S an i ncr eas i n g ly im por t an t cog i n
t h e wh eel s of i n d u s t r y B efor e t h e G r eat W ar
.

b ecom e an es s enti al f act or I n pr acti cally ever y b r a n ch of

t h e m et al tra d es . D u r i n g t h e war thi s i n d us try h as s u d
d en l y s pr u ng i n t o g r ea t er pr om I n en ce, bu t h aS b een s er i
ou s l y h a nd i ca pped by t h e l ack of Skill ed m ech an i cs .

A ft er t h e war t h e wor k Of r es t or at i on will u n d ou bt ed ly

A

b r i n g with it a tr em en d ou s n eed f or m en s ki l l ed i n al l ‘
‘

Sh eet m et al t r a d es .

Au tom ob i l e , a er opl an e, a n d t r u ck In ak er s as s well a s

g

m et a l fu r n itu r e, m et al ceili n g , a n d m et a l r Oofin g m an u ‘

f act u r er s , ar e n ow l ooki n g t o t h e t ech n i ca l s ch ool s f or

as s i s t ance S h eet m et a l wor ki n g i s n ow, i n d eed , a m os t
“ ' ‘

f or t i l e vocat i on .

Th a t thi s oppor tu n ity i s r ecog n iz ed by s ch ool offici al s

‘

a n d i n s t r u ct or s i s ev i d en ced by th e n u m b er of t ech n i ca l

a n d hi g h s ch o ol s n ow a d d i n g s h eet m et a l c ou r s es .

A G r owi ng I n d a s tr y — .S h eet m et al wor k I s a l ar g e a n d

w i i d t y i i ti t y w ith
-

g r o n g
?
n u s r . I t s n m a el co n n eC t e d t h e

b u il d i n g t r ad es an d an I n cr eas i n g pr oport i on of t h e cos t s

o f b u i l d i ng ar e S pen t f or cor n i ce w or k , r oofin g , s kyli g ht s ,

o r n am en t al cei l I n g s , v en til a ti n g , h ea t i n g , et c Th e r api d

.

g r o w th o f t h e a u t om o bil e i n d us t r y r e q u I r eS t h e l ab or o f
t h ou s an d s of m en on b od i es an d r a d i at or s , an d t h e i n v
-
en

t i on of s heet m et al b oa t s an d a la r g e li n e of m et al f u r n i
t u r e ar e open I n g u p n ew fiel d s ev er y d ay Tod ay m or e .

th an ever , t h e s h eet m et al wor ki n g tr a d es off er u nu s u al

o pp or t u n iti es t o y oun g men Wh o p oss es s t h e n eces s ar y
t r ain in g . Th e wor k I S not con fin i n g , n ot u n h ea lthfu l and ,

n ot d an g er ou s, a n d t h e wa g es p ai d t o t h e C om pet en t m an
 SH E E T M E T AL W OR KE R S M AN
’
.
U AL “

th es e m en at a l at e d at e of life, t o ou r even i n g t r ad e
,

s ch ool s t o i m p r ov e t h ei r S k i ll a nd en abl e th em b et t er t o

cope wi th or h op pr obl em s
d i n ar y s .

A n ot ed s ch ool i n s t r u ct or con d u ct I n g even i n g clas s es

i n Sh eet m et al wor k h as s t at ed th a t m an y m en en ter h i s
cl as s cl ai mi n g y ea r s of ex per i en ce i n t h e tr a d e a n d d o n ot ,

know Of t h e ex i s t en ce Of m an y com m on or d in ar y t ool s ,

a n d m a ch i n e s u s ed i n d a il y S h o cti e ti l
p p r a c e a n s s en a

m
,

f or of kn owl ed g e f or s u cces s fu l s h eet m etal w or ki n

g
p r a ct i ce A s a.c o n s eq u en ce t h e s ch o ol i ns t r u ct o r i s, f o r c e d
t o g i v e a g r e a t d eal o f v alu abl e ti m e t o a s u bj ect t h at
,
w

m i g ht b e s el f t au g ht with a l os s Of m a n y v alu abl e;h our s

'

-
,

d u r i n g t h e s ch o ol t er m whi ch cou l d be bett er appli ed t o

“

'

t h e actu al wor k of d ev el opI n g th e m a n y p r obl em s i n th es e

'
'

W i th th I s ffor t s h av e b een S par ed i n th e

m In d ,
“
‘

,
In no e -

p p
r e a r a t i o n of t h e i n f or m a t l o n g I v en I n th es e p ga e s p
'
e r
?
t a i n in g t o s h op equ i pm en t Th e au th or h a s a tt em pt ed .

t o qual i fy h i s r ea d er t o h an d l e s u ch equ i pm en t wi th g oo d
'

j u d gm en t a s h e g oes fr om t h e s ch ool i n t o t h e com mer ci al

wor l d an d m oves fr om on e s h op t o an oth er Th e tr a d e .

s ch ool wh i ch h e a tt en d ed m a y h a v e h a d on e typ e of m a

chi n e a n d wh en t h e s t u d en t en t er s t h e S h op a s a n a ppr en

ti ce h e m ay fin d a d i ff er en t m a ch i n e th e oper a tion a n d
”

a d j u s tm en t of W hi ch h e i s n ot f am ili ar with I t i s u r g ed .
.

u p on t h e s tu d en t t o c ar efu ll y p er u s e t h e v al u a b l e i n f or ma

ti on g iven i n thes e p ag es p er t a in in g t o m a ch i n er y an d
'

t ool s a n d oth er S u bj ect s whi ch ar e i n ti m a t ely con n ect ed

With s h eet m et al wor kin g No in s tr u ct or d u r i n g an y on e .

s ch o ol t er m h a s t h e ti m e t o r evi ew the se matt er s i n d et a il

bu t th e pr es en t ati on of thi s com pl et e work per mit s o f

v u a i n t i n g o u r r e a d e r s W i th th e s e m ech a n i c a l a pp l i
a n ces s o th a t th ey m a y t e a ch th ems el ves
,
.

S u b scr ib e t o an y on e or m or e of th eg ood t r a d e j ou r n al s
On s h eet met al wo r ki n g K eep i n t ou ch wi th th e d ev el
.

opm en t of t h e i n d u s t r y I n whi ch y ou ar e s t r i vi n g t o g a i n
 S HE E T M E T AL I NDU S TR Y 21

h ol d y ou r pl a ce as a m as t er F oll ow th e pr og r es s
to
”

or .

o f t h e m an u f a ct u rer Wh o m ak es y ou r f av or i t e t ool s o r
,

ma ch i n es M ai n t ai n a cat al og l i b r a r y of y ou r own R ea d
Q

. .

m ech an i cal b ooks I n ti m a t ely con n ect ed wi th y ou r t r a d e .

W el com e t h e i d ea s of oth er s , an d t r y t o im pr ove u pon

th em E x p er i m en t wi th th e m an y for mu l as g i v en i n
.

th es e ch apt er s Th es e thi n g s will al l h elp t o m ak e y ou an

.

t
er s h eet m et al wor k er
ex
p .

S h eet m et a l wor k i n g i s n ot t h e voca ti on of a j a ck of

al l t r a d es
” bu t an ar t th at if on ce acqu i r ed an d p r a e
,

t i ced wi th an am b i t i on th at d oes n ot d i e on t h e th r es h ol d
“

wh en l eavi n g th e s ch ool wi ll d evel op t r ain ed wor ker s

,

fu lly qu al i fied t o s olve th e s h eet m et al pr obl em s th a t

ar I s e I n ever y Sh op .
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K I N G C
M A HINE RY
SQ UAR ING ’

S HE ARS
M any kin d s of sh ear s a r e m an ufa ctu r ed f or cu tti n g
s h eet m et a l s I n v ar I ou s s h ap es B u t a lth ou g h con fin ed In
.

th ei r wor k t o Squar i n g a n d tr i m m i n g n o oth er s h ear s ,

p r o v e s o v al u a bl e a n d h a v e s u ch a n i m p o r t a n t f u n c ti on

i n m i l l s an d i n t h e s h ops of t h e s m all an d l ar ge s h eet

m et al wor k er an d m an u f a ctu r er as t h e s qu a r i ng s h ea r s .

W h en t i n pl a te S h eet I r on b r as s copper or alu m in u m

, ,

i s or d er ed f r om t h e m ill i n S
, ,

h eet s of l ar g e s iz e th ey m u s t ,
-

be s h ear ed or cu t an d t r i m m ed t o a d es i r ed s i ze f or t h e
, ,

a r ti cl e m a n u f a ct u r ed . W e can n ot s t art th e pr og r es s of
t h e m a t er i a l t h at i s t o be u tiliz ed on i t s way th rou g h t h e
S h Op b ef or e it i s pr op er l y cu t t o a ccu r a t e s iz e f or t h e
“

f or min g an d s ha pi n g oper a ti on s t o foll ow .

Th e s qu ar I n g s h ears wh eth er f oot op er a t ed or d r i ven

w
,

by po er with a b elt or th r ou g h a d i r ect d r i ve m ot or -

,

a r e a lik e i n th ei r Op er a ti n g pr i n ci pl es a n d pr a cti cability ,

ex cep t t h a t t h e cr os s h ea d or g a t e t o whi ch t h e u pper

cu tti n g bl a d e i s f as t en ed on t h e foot p ow er s qu ar i n g
"

S h ear s i s d r a wn d own th r ou g h pr es s u r e b r ou g ht t o b ea r
on a f oot t r ea d l e w ,
h i l e t h e pow er Squ a r i n g s h ea r s ar e

d r i ven with a b elt fr om a li n e s h a ft an d s om et i mes With

a m o t or fitt e d I n d i r ect con n ectI on with t h e d r i vi n g gear s .

On power s qu ar i n g s h ear s t h e s tr ok e of t h e cr os s h ead or

t i t ll d by m f t m ti iti v e

w
g a e s co n r o e e a n s o a n a u o a c p os

cl u t ch . Th e c lu t ch i n th e p o er s qu ar i n g s h ear s i s
tr i pped with a s li g ht d epr es s i on of a foot t r ea d l e an d ,

u n l es s t h e t r ea d l e i s k ept d epr es s ed t h e mot i on of t h e

cr o s s h ea d or g a t e will s t op au t om a ti cally at It s hi g h es t
 SH E E T ME T AL W ORKI NG M A C H I N E RY

p ot aft er
i n mki ng
a on e cu t , wi thou t an y s o t ppa g e of th e
flywh eel .

F oot P owe rS qu ar i n g S h ea r s
‘

.
—W h en
u s i n g t h e f oo t

p ow er s q u a r i n g s h e ar s i t i s t h e us u a l p r ac t i ce to i n s er t
t h e m a t er i a l b etween t h e cu tt i n g bl a d es fr om t h e fr on t
‘

of t h e m a ch i n e, a lth ou g h i t i s cu s t om a r y i n s om e s h op s

t ofeed fr om t h e r ear of t h e m a ch i n e Th el att er m eth od .

of cu tt i n g wi th t h e s qu a r i n g s h ear s I s m or e u s u ally p r ac

ti ced wh en s hor t pi eces ar e t o be cu t fr om s h eet s of g r ea t

Rear
Gauge Gui d e Rod s
Upper CU

ClampmgKn

Fi g ur e i — F oo t
. P owe r S q ua r i n g S h ea r s

l eng th f or th e pu r pos e of al l owm g m or e fr eed om i n

,

oper a t i n g t h e f o ot t r ea d l e ; bu t wh en t h e s h eet ca n be

h an d l ed con ven i ently t h e bes t r es u lt s ar e s ecu r ed wh en

,

i t : I s In s er ted i n t h e us u a l way fr om t h e fr on t of t h e
:
,

mach i n e W h en en t er i n g th e s h eet fr om th e r ear of t h e

.

m a ch i n e t h e fr on t bed g au g es a r e u s ed an d wh er e t h e
, ,

p i e ce t o b e cu t i s l ar g er th a n th e b e d i n t h e m a ch i n e ,

t h e bed g au g e i s car r i ed ou t O n t h e fr on t bed g au g e a r m s ,

p r o v i d e d f o r g au g e e x t en s i on I.n s q u a r i n g a n d t r i m m i n g
s m all pi eces ,
th e mat er i al i s i n s er t ed i n t h e m a ch i n e be
tween th e cuttin g bl ad es fr om t h e fr on t of ma chin e ,
 th el ong bed g au g e or with th e g iti n g th e
”

,
r e ar g a u e, s u
wor k th a t Is t o be s h ear ed .

A r ea r g a ug e fu r n i s h ed With th e s qu ar m g
a t ta ch m en t,

s he o f t wo r od s w
ar s , con s i s t s h i ch ar e f as t en ed t o t h e
cr os s hea d or g a t e of t h e m a chi n e a n d t o w hi ch two a d j us t
a bl e g au g e h ol d er s ar e a tt ach ed Thr ou gh th ese g au g e
.

h ol d er s t h e g au g e I s a d j u s ted t o s u it t h e s iz e of s t r i p t o
be cu t by movi n g th e g au g e t o and fr omt h el ower cu t
,

ti n g bi ad e ; a n d af t er t h e cor r ect pos iti on of th e g au ge

Hhob

Gouge S uppor t ing Rod

Ol d R ds o

F i g ur e 2 ,
— R ea r
L

G a ug e A t t ach m en t f or S q ua r i n g
,

S h ea r s )

Is s ecu r ed it i s m ad eti g ht thr ou g h h an d wh eel s i n th e

g a u g e h o l d er s G. a u g e h o l d e r s a r e p r o v i d e d w i th m e a n s

f or a ccu r a t e an d fin e a d j u s tm en t of t h e g au g e
, Th e .

u h
e

g a u e
g g i d e r o d s a r e i n t en d e d t o a s s i s t v e r y l i g ht S e et s
{

t o fin d th ei r way t o th e f ace of th e g aug e , oth er wi s e th e ,

m at er i al m i g ht s l i p u n d er th e g a u g e whi ch Wou l d r es u lt
,

i n t h e m aki n g of a f al s e or I na ccu r at e cu t S h eet s with

.

u s u al s ti ff n es s will s t r ik e t h e r ear g au g e s t r a i ght an d t r u e

wi th ou t th e ai d of an y g u i d e r od s S qu ar i n g s h ea r s ar e
.

fitt ed With s i d e g u i d es f as t en ed on each en d of th e bed

,

t o fa cilit at e m or e a ccu r a t e s qu ar i n g ; a t r u e cut b ei n g

i m pos s ibl e u n l es s t h e s h eet t o be s q uar ed or t r i m m ed i s
p r es s e d fi r m ly g a a i n s t t h e s i d e g u i d e s at t h
,
e s a m e ti m e
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG M AC H I NERY 25

a ll owi n g it t o s tr i k e even ly Wi th t h e r ear Or fr on t g au g e “

whi ch ever m ay be u s ed .

A g r a d u at ed s cal e i n fr act i on s of i n ch es i s c u t i n th e

bed of t h e s qu a r i n g s h ea r s al on g t h e s l ot i n whi ch t h e
bed g au g e b olt s m ov e Th i s s cal e wh en s ett i n g t h e bed
.
,

g a u e
g ,s m a y b e d ep en d e d u p o n a s acc u r a t e u nt i l t h e

cut t i ng bl a d es a r e g r ou n d wh en th e a ccu r a cy of thi s

,

Scal e i s l os t an d it i s a d vi s abl e t o s ecu r e al l g au g e s et

t i n g s 51m ea s u r i n g fr om t h e cu tt i n g ed g e of t h e l ower cu t
t i n g bl a d e t o th e f a ce of t h e bed g au g e wi th an or d i n ar y
r ul e ; an d a ft er cor r ect ali g n m en t o f t h e g au g e I s s ecu r ed
‘
cl am p th e g a u g e s ecu r ely by t h e g au g e cl am pi n g kn ob s .

F o ot power s qu ar i n g s h ea r s a r e m an u fa ctu r ed i n a wi d e
v a r i ety of s i z es an d ca pa ci ti es W h er e t h e m at er i al t o .

be cu t i s not h eav i er th an No 2 0 g au g e i r on ( U S S t an d . . .

ar d ) ,
t h e m ar ket ofier s a li g ht wei g ht s qu a r i n g sh ear s
wi th cu tt i n g bl ad es m eas ur in g 30 i n ch es I n l en g th Th e -

f Oot power Sq u ar i n g s h ea r s s h own In F i g u r e 1 h as a

c ap a city f or cu tti n g No 18 g au g e i r on a n d l i g ht er ( U S
"

. . .

s ta n d ar d ) ,
an d i s m an u f a ctu r ed I n s ever al s iz es th e ,

cu tt i n g bl a d es m ea s u r i n g 2 2 30 36 4 2 a n d 5 2 i n ch es r e
-

, , , , ,

s pect i v ely . L ar g er S qu ar i n g s h ear s Of th e s am e cap a city ,

th ou g h Som ewh at d i ff er en t i n con s t r u ct i on a r e al s o of ,

f ered i n s i z es 6 2 72 9 6 an d 12 0 i n ch es
, , , Heavi er types .

o f foot p ower ; s qu a r i n g s h ea r s a r e m a n u f a c t u r ed f or cu t
t

t i n g as h eavy a s No 1 6 g au g e ir on ( U S S t an d ar d ) i n
. . .
,

S I z es 30 3 6 4 2 a nd 5 2 i n ch es
, , ,
W h en t h e m a t er i al t o be
“

cu t i s h eavi er t h an No 16 g au ge i r on . a power s qu ar I n g ,

s h ear s s h oul d be u s ed
I

Squ ar in g s h ear s cut fu lly th e l en g th s m en t i oned a n d

ov er r u n a b ou t 1 i n ch a n d t h e h ou s i n g s ar e f ar en ou g h
’

a p a r t th at s h eet s i n wi d t h equ al t o t h e cu tti n g l en g th

can be p a s s ed th r ou g h fr om fr on t t o b a ck with ou t ob s tr u o
*
-

ti on. Th e cap a ci t i es g i ven apply t o I r on or Soft s t eel .

In cu tt i n g s t eel r u n n i n g h i g h er i n car bon t h e h ar d n es s

‘

,_

o f t h e s t ock m u s t be t ak e n i n t o con s i d er a ti on a n d t h e
‘
ex t r eme thi cknes s
,
r ed u ced accof d in gl y .
’
S q u ar i n g Sh ear s-

h ou l d n ever be u s ed f or m at er i al exceed i ng t h e ex t r em e
“

s .

th i ckn es s g I ven by t h e m an u f a ctu r er ev en i f the pi eces ,

to be ou t ar e n ar r ow In s el ecti n g a s qu ar in g Sh ear s i t
.

i s always well t o fig ur e on am pl e l eeway as t h e c apa ci t y ,

~

o f t h e m achi n e I s i n fl u en ced by th e s h ar pn es s of th e cu t

t i n g bl a d es a n d by t h e car e with whi ch a d j u s tm en t s ar e

k ept u p by t h e oper at or
”
.

“
H ol d D own A tt a ch m en t — Foot power s qu ar in g
.

s h ear s I n al l s i zes f or cu tt i ng No 16 g au g e i r on a n d
.
,

th os e f or No 18 g au g e i r on 3 6 in ch es an d l arg er h ave a
.
, ,
“
h ol d d own .
( S ee H o l d D ow n , F i g u r e 4 A c c o r d i n g .

t o th e s tyl e of th e S qu a r i n g s h ear s t h e h ol d d own o p er at es

,

a u t om a t i cally with t h e s t r ok e Of t h e g a t e O r cr os s h ea d
‘

( s ee F ig u r e a n d on s o m e typ e s o f s q u a r i n g s h e a r s t h e

h ol d d own oper a t es i n d epen d en tly by h and In eith er .

ca s e t h e h ol d d own cau s es a u n ifor m pr es s u r e t o b ea r u p on

t h e s h eet of m et al w hil e th e cu t i s b ei n g m a d e pr even tin g ,

t h e d r aWi II g of th e s h eet fr om b etween t h e cu tt i n g bl a d es .

W i th ou t t h e h ol d d 0 wn t h e pr es su r e on t h e mat er i al i s
i n flu en ced with th e h an d s an d u s u ally a ll ows th e ma t er i al
t o d r aw away fr om b etween t h e cut ti n g bl a d es wh en m a k
i n g t h e cu t ca u s i n g ver y i n a ccu r at e a n d u n s a ti s fact or y
,

cu tti n g . Th er ef or e accor d i n g t o t h e s i ze of th e m a chi n e

,

a n d t h e g au g e of m a t er i a l t o be cu t t h e h ol d d own h a s ,

a n i m p or t a n t p a r t On ver y li g ht m at er i al a ccu r at e cu t
.

—
t i n g i s pos sibl e with ou t th e hold d own p ar t i cul ar l y on
‘ ‘

, _

s qu a r i n g S h ear s of s h or t l en g th .

F oot P ower G ap S qu a r i n g S h ea r s — I h ave d es crib ed.

t h e s qu ar i n g s h ear s ( Fi g u r e 1 ) a s h av i n g ho us i n g s f ar
en ou g h a par t th a t s h eet s i n wi d th equ a l t o t h e cu tti n g
l en g th can be p as s ed th r ou g h fromf I Ont t o b a ck wi th ou t
obs t r u cti on a cu tti n g f ea t u r e whi ch i s al s o pr acti ca l
-

With t h e f oot p ower g ap s qu ar I II g Sh ear s ( F i gur e

-
Th e
cons t r u cti on o f g a p s h ear s g a i n s f or th em a n a d d iti on al
t

cu tt i n g a d v an tag e f or cutti n g s h eet of a n y l en g th an d

 S qu ar i n g sh ear s , d r iv
ov ere, a r e m an u f a ct u r ed i n
h ead
l en g th s 30 , 3 6 , 42 , 48 , 6 0 , 72 , 96 , 12 0 , an d 144 in ch es , an dS

i n a wi d e r an g e of c apa citi es .

F i g ur e 4 .
— P o wer S q ua r i n g Sh ea r s , O v er h ea d D r i v e.

Th e m a ch i n e h own i n t h e i ll u s t rat i on h as ity

"

s a ca pac

f
—
or cu ttin g No . 14 g au g e l i g ht er
I r on an d
—
P ower G ap S qua r t n g S h ea r s F i g u r e 5 i l l u s tr at eS a
o

p o w er g p q
a s u a r I n g s h ea r s o f n ew d es i g n w i t h t h e d r i v ,

I n g m ech a n i s m ov er h ea d Th e s am e a d v an t a g es a l r ea d y
.

d escr i b ed a s a pplyi n g t o f oot power g a p s qu ar i n g s h ear s

( F i g 3 t w ith w i h
"

s ee u r e ; a r e r u e p o er g p q
a s u a r n g s ea r s ,
 S HE ET M E T AL W OR KI NG M AC H NE I RY 29

but th ey ar e m ad e wi th a de
p t h of thr oa t or a
g p i n th e
h ou s I n g s of 15 a n d 18 i nch es , a nd I n a r an g e of s i z es a n d
Z

ca p a ci t i es a s m en t i on ed u n d er power s qu ar I n g S h ea r s ,

ov er h ea d d r i v e, F i g u r e 4
‘

Th e ma ch i ne i llu s t r at ed ( g
F i u r e 5 ) h a s a c a p a ci ty -

f or
cu tt i n g No . 14 g au g e I r on an d l i g ht er ( U S S t an d ar d )
. . .

i
i

Gear Guar d ‘

Long B ed Ga u e
'

g B ed Gau e Ar m
g .

F i g u re 5 .
— Po wG
er ap S q u a r i ng
—
Sh e a r s , Ov er h ea d D r i v e.

L E VE R S LIT T ING S HE AR S
S h eet m et al cu tt i n g l ev er s h ear s ar e m an u fa ctu r ed i n
v ar i ous d es i g n s , i n t en d ed f or g en er al S h ear i n g , t r Im m I n g ,
_

an d p ut t i n g , ea ch cl a i m i n g th ei r p ar t i cu l a r a d v a n t ages .

, Th e *

lev er s h ear s wh i ch I am a b ou t t o d es cr i b e m ay be ,
s u mm ed up i n th r ee c l as s es ,
n am e ly ,
th e mb i n ed b en ch
co

littin g s h ear s th e ll S h ear s a n d th e l ever s l i tt i n g

'

an d s
"

,
s cr o

B en ch a n d S l ct t tn g S h ea r s
f — Fi g u r e 6 i l l u s tr a t es a e
. _
g n

er a l u S s u r pas s i n g al l oth er s h ear s i n th e v a

t i l i ty s h ea r

r i ety of wor k p er f or med a n d wh i ch oft en pr ov es a d es i r

,
-

a bl e S nbs t i t ut e wh er e t h e Wor k i s t oo l a r g e or n ot Of s ufi

balance

F i g ur e 6 .
—C o m bi n e d B en ch an d S l i t t i n g S h ea r s , wi t h Il l u s t r a t i on s of
W or k C u t f r om B l a n s t o k i ne L .

c i en t q u an t i ty t o war r an t t h e u s e of cos tly d i es Th e .

l ower cu tti n g bl a d eI s s t a ti on ar y s o th at wh en cu tti n g t o

w
,

l in e th e m ar k m ay be ea s ily foll o ed With a ccu r a cy a n d

t h e li n e s cr ib ed i s a lways expos ed t o t h e vi ew o f t h e op er a
t or p er mitti ng of out s i d e cu t ti n g s t r a i g ht or I r r eg u l ar
'

, , ,

cu t ti ng It al s o all ows f or i n s i d e cu tti n g on a S h eet o f

.

m etal m aki n g a s tr a i g ht or i r r eg u l a r cu t a l on g a s cr i b ed
,

lin e av oi d ing th e cu tti n g of t h e ou t er ed g e of t h e s h eet

,
.
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG MAC H I NE RY 31

Th e u pper cu tti n g bl a d e i s f as t en ed t o a s li d e Wh i ch m oves

i n gu i d eways par a ll el t o t h e l ower cu tt i n g bl a d e by m ean s
of a c oun t er b a l an ced h a n d l ev er an d I s pr ovi d ed wi th a
,

s u i tabl e t abl e a n d a d j u s ta bl e a n g l e a n d m i t er g au g es in ,

a d d i t i on t o h a v i n g a g au g e i n t h e cu tt i n g h ea d or fr a m e

f or s tr ai g ht s l i ttin g .

Th e com bi ned b en ch a n d s litt i n g S h ear s ar e m an u f a c

t u r ed wi th cu tt i n g bl a d es m eas u r i n g a n d 9 i n ch es ,

Uppe r Cufi ln5; Slit pper B lade

B lade

Adj us table St andar d

Fi gur e 7 —S cr ol l S h ea r s .

with a d epth of th r oa t i n t h e cu tt i n g h ea d or fr am e of
a ppr ox i m at ely a n d 1 9 4 i n ch es r es p ect i v ely
1 a n d wi th

a m ax im u m ca paci ty f or cu tt i n g No 1 8 g au g e i r O . n an d
li ght er ( U S S t an d ar d ) , u s I n g t h e s m all er m ach i n e, an d
. .

1 2 g au g e i r on an d l i ght er ( U; S S t an d ar d ) wh en t h e
.

l ar ger ma ch i n e i s us ed .

r l r l
S c o S h ea s r Th e s cr oll Sh ea r s , F i g u r e 7 , h as t h e
l -

s am e cu tt i n g u t i l i ty , a n d i n m an y way s i t r es em bl es t h e
 32 e , I
n S H E E T M E T AL
“

W OR K E R S : M A NU A L

Com b i n ed b en ch an d s l i t t i n g s h ear s , F i g u r e B it h as
ut

a s ma ll er cutti n g bl ad e an d d i ffer s i n r es pect t o ad j u s t

~

Fr ame

Hold Down

Adj us ting Screws

F i g u r e 8 :— L ev e r S l i tti ng S h ea r s .

me t a n d o per ati on of t h e cu tti n g bl ad es ,cl ai m i n g a r

n

a d d iti on a l fea tu r e ov er t h e com b i n ed b en ch a n d s l i tti n g

s h ear s i n h av i n g a tiltin g a n d s wivel fr ame Th e Iowa

”

.
 S HE E T ME T AL W OR KI NG M A C H I NER x 33

cu t ti n g bl ad e i n t h e s cr oll s h ear s i s f as t en ed t o a s li d e ,

whi ch m oves i n g u i d eways par all el t o a fix ed an d s t ati on

a r y u pp er cu tt i n g bl a d e by m ea ns of a h a n d l ev er A s et .

s cr ew i n t h e fr a m e b ack of t h e l ower bl a d e r eg u l a t es t h e

l en g th of cu t an d thr ou g h ea s y m an i pu l at i on of thi s ad
,

j u s t m en t t h e ben efit of a fu ll cu t or a fr acti on th er eof i s .

s ecu r e d . Th e s cr oll s h ear s i s ver y u s efu l i n cu tti n g ci r

cles ova l s i r r eg u l ar cu r ves an d s u ch wor k an d i t s con
“

, , , , .

s t r u cti o n all ows f or cu tt i n g on t h e i n s i d e Of a S h eet o f

met a l with ou t c u tti n g t h e ou t er ed g e Th e fr am e wi ll .
“

r evol v e i n t h e s t a n d a r d an d i s a d j u s t abl e to an y a n g l e

equ i r ed t o s u i t t h e cu tti n g i n pr ogr es s .

Th e s cr oll S h ea r s ar e m an u f actu r ed i n t wo s iz es with ,

cu tti n g bl a d es m ea s u r i n g 4 an d 4 4 i n ch es with a d epth

1
”

of th r oa t i n t h e cu tt i n g h ea d or fr ame of appr ox im at el y
’

10 % and 17 i n ch es r es pecti vely ; an d wi th a m a x i m u m

_

ca p a ci ty f or cu tti n g No 2 0 g au g e i r on a n d li g ht er ( U S
. . .

S t a n d ar d ) .

L ever S l i tti ng S h ea r s — Un li ke th e s h ea r s al r ea d y d e
f

s cr i b ed ( F i g u r es 6 7 ) l ev er s l i tt i n g S h ea r s wi ll n ot cu t
,

f on t h e i n s i d e of a Sh eet wi th ou t cu tt i n t h u t er e d e
g e o g ,

bu t th ey h av e th ei r a d v an t a g es f or g en er al s t r a i g ht S l i t
t i n g a n d ar e s o pa tt er n ed as t o allow of th e s littin g of
S h eet I r on i n a n y l en g th or wi d th
/
S
.

A s er vi ceabl e a n d u s ef u l l ever s l i tti n g S h ear s i s s h own

'

i nF i g u r e 8 A l ower cu tti n g b l ad e of 8 i n ches i s f as t en ed

.

t o a h ol d er wh i ch i s ad j u s abl e f or t a ki n g u p th e wear
“

'

t
of t h e cu tti n g bl a d es an d an u pper cu tti n g bl a d e of t h e
,

s a m e l en g th I S f a s t en ed t o a p l at e r ein for ced by t h e fr ame ,

t h e cu t on a S h eet of m et a l b ei n g m a d e by m ea n s o f a
h an d l eVer In a d d iti on t oh avin g an a d j u s t ab l e s l i tti n g
.

g a u g e a n an g u l ar s h a p ed r o d f a s t en ed t o t h e f r a m e s er v e s

as a g u i d e a n d h ol d d own whi ch f acil i t at es t h e cu tti n g

,

of Sh eet s of a n y l en g th .

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s cr i b ed 1s No 12 g au g e i r on an d l i g ht er ( U S S t an d ar d )
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 S H E ET M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
“

M ANUAL

ROTARY S LI T T IN G S HE ARS

R ot ar y s litti n g s h ear s a r e ex t en s i vel y i n u s e an d offer ed

i n a v ar i ety Of s i z es an d cap aci t i es , bu t i n pr i n ci pl e th ey
“

a r e n ea r l y al l t h e s am e Th ei r con s t r u cti on con s i s t s Of

fl
.

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t h r oa t i s t h e d et er m i n i n g f a ct or as t o th e Wi d th Of a s h eet
‘
“

Of i r on t h a t t h e s h ear s will cu t Th e r ot a t i n g Of t h e cu t
.

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fir m ly a g ai n s t t h e s litti ng g au g e a cl ean s t r a i g ht cu t i s ,

as s ured . Th e f act m u s t n ot be over l ook ed tha t wh en

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s h e a r i n g v er y n ar r ow s t ri ps r o t ar y u tt r h v t nd
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‘

th e s h ear i n g Of per f ect n ar r ow s t r i ps i s m os t i m po r t ant ,

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,
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tha t a r e s o con s tr u ct ed a s t o make a cl ean cut with ou t

'

t wis ti n g o r b u ckl in g t h e m at er i al .

In th e r ot ar y s litti n g s h ear s pr ovI S I on I s m a d e f or t ak

i n g u p t h e wear of t h e cu tt er s and i n s ett i n g t h e cu t ter s,

ca r e a n d g o o d j u d gm en t S h ou l d be ex er ci s ed S O as t o ,

a ll ow them t o r ot at e fr eely ; a n d th ey S h ou l d n ot bi n d or
i

r u b a g a i ns t ea ch ot h er t oo h a rd .
‘

Th e r otar y s l i tt I n g s h ea r s a ff or d s a r api d m ean s f or

s l i tt i n g s h eet i r on u s ed i n cor n i ce f u r n ac e; bl ow p i p e , ,

v en t i l ati o n wor k et c
“

,
an d m ay be u t i liz ed f or con v en i
.
,

en tly cu tti n g i r r eg u l ar cu r v es an d ci r cl eS Of a l ar g e r a d i u s
'
wh en foll owin g a s cr ib ed l i ne i n a fr acti on Of t h e tim e
“

it t a k es t o d o th e wor k with th e or d in ar y h an d s n i ps or
.

with th e b en ch s h ea r s .

F i gu r e 9 s h ows a r ot ar y s litti n g s h ears m ou n t ed on

“

heavy c as t ir on l eg s i nt en d ed f or fl oor u s e Th e r ot ar y y
‘

.
,
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
M ANHAL
Th e capa c it y t y s l i ttin g s h ear s Fi g u re 9 i s
of t h e r o ar
, ,

NO 16 g au g e i r on an d l i g ht er ( U S St an d ar d )
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s h ea r h a vi n g a d epth Of th r e at Of 9 i n ch es a n ty
s d a ca p a ci _

f or cu tt i n g NO 2 0 g au g e i r on a n d li g h t er ( U S S t an d
.
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ar d ) .

F i g ur e / —
101 R otar y S l i t t i n g S h ea r s f o r B en ch Us e .

—
A n g u l a r C u tt ers A n oth er type Of r ot ar y Slitti n g
“

S h ear s i s s h own i n F i g u r e 1 1 Un li k e t h e m a ch i n es i l lu s
.

t r at ed i n F i g u r es 9 a n d 10 t h e cu tt er s i n th es e s h ea r s ar e
,

fitt ed t o a n g u l ar s h a ft s , t h e l ower r ot ar y cu tt er r em ai n
.
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I n g I n a fix ed os iti on w hil e e u pper cu tter m ay be

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ean s of a cu tt er

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,

s h eet Of m eta l with ou t cu tti n g th e ou t er ed ge I n th es e .

S he a r s th e d epth O f th roat I s 8 6 i n ch es ah d it i s cl ai m ed
f or th i s m a chi n e th at it will c u t NO 14 g au g e i r on an d
‘

.
 S HE E T M E T AL WORKI NG
: M AC H I NE RY 37

i
l g h t er ( U S
. S t a n
. d a r d ) I t m e et s t h e
. r eq u i r e m e n t s f o r

an effici en t
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a ct i c a l ea s i ly o p
,
er a t e d m ac h i n e f o r t h e

s l i tt i n g Of th e s h eet m et a l m em b er s S O e x t en s Iv el y u s ed

i n v en t i l at i on fu r n a ce au t o b od y an d f en d er wor k et c ;
‘

, , ,
.

th e a n gul ar pos i t i on Of th e cu tt er s per m itti n g a cl ean

ter Rats mg Hand Wheel

r Rot ary Cut ter

Fi g u r e —
1 1 94 R o ta r y S l i t ti n g S h ea r s wi t h An g u l ar C u t t er s ;

cu t t o b e m ad e In s i d e as on th e ou t s i d e Of t h e Wor k
on th e .

S qu ar es ov a l s S s h a p ed cu r v es or an y s er pen t i n e I r
, ,
-

r e u l ar cu r ve wi th r a d i u s as s ma ll as 2 i n ch es an d l a r g er
g ,

can be cu t i n t h e cen t er of S h eet s wi th ou t cu tt i n g i n f r om

the s i d e l eavi n g th e m at er i a l fl a t an d wi th cl ea n a n d t r u e
,

ed g es . W h er e wor k i s l ai d ou t an d cu t t o l i n e ci r cl es ,
 8 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M N A UAL .

bl an ks 4 i n ch es fan d l ar g er
“

g m ay be cu t fr om s qu a r e
-

I t i s a l s o cl ai m ed f or th es e S h ear s th at c i r cl es as s m all
a s 3 i n ch es i n d i am et er m a y be cu t w h en s heet Ir on n ot
h eavi er th an 18 g au g e ( U S St an d ar d ) I s u s ed . . It i s
fitt ed W
.

ith a h an d cr an k an d fr i cti on cl u t ch pu ll ey h av ,

i n g a pos i t i ve clu t ch Con tr oll ed t h r ou g h a foot t r ead l e

‘

whi ch ar r an g em en t pr evi d es f or b oth power and h an d

d r iv e i n t er ch an g eabl e a t will i n s t an tly aff or d i n g th e
, ,

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whi l e t h e s am e i s pas s in g thr ou g h t h e cutt er s Thr ee .

c h an g es Of cu tt er s peed s a r e i n s t antly s ecur ed th r ou g h

p p
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t h e cu tt er s f as t on li g ht wor k an d S l ow wh en h eavy In a
t er i al i s i n us e .

RO TAR Y r
cIRcU L AR S HE ARS

Th e i
c r cu l ar s h ear s ar e a n eces s i ty In pr acti cally ever y
s h op wh er e ci r cu l ar bl an k s cu t fr om S h eet m et a l ar e us ed ,

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.

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z
,

u ti l i zed f or s t r a i g ht s litti n g an d f or thi s pu r pos e a n a d

,

j u s t a b l e S litti n g g a u g e I s p r o v i d e d i n t h e f r am e O f t h e

c u tti n g h ea d ; bu t t h e cir cu l ar s h ear s w a s d es i g n ed chi efly

f or t h e cu tt i n g Of ou t s I d e ci r cl es or d i s cs fr om ti n p l at e ,
”
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.

—
C on s tr u cti Oh Q Th e c on s t r u cti on an d Oper ati n g pr In cI
p l es a r e t h e s a m e i n n ea r ly a l l c i r c u l a r s h e a r s T h e i r .

m aIn con s t r u cti on con s i s t s of a b as e a n d cutti n g h ea d ,

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x

a h an d cra n k or with a b el t w
,
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fitt ed t o t h e b as e an d I s a d j u s tabl e f or di fier ent d i amet er

ci r cl es by s li d i n g On t h e b as e t o an d fr om t h e cu tt er s .
“

T h e bl an k fr om whi ch th e ci r cl e i s t o m u s t be
‘
 S HE E T M E T AL —
W OR K NI G C I
M A H NE RY 39 .

"

d i ttin g th e ci r cl e Aft er b ein g

to
‘

s qu ar e pr ev ou s cu .

s q u ar ed t r u e a nd Of a cor r ect s i z e n ea r es t t o t h e S I z e ci r cl e

t o be cu t pr ovi d i n g f or a s l i ttl e Wa s t e a s pos s i bl e th e

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a s q uar e bl an k i s i n s er t ed b etween t wo cl am pi n g d i s cs i n
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.
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,

ter S h af t B ear in
g
Cutt ad

Fi g u r e ‘
12 .
—R ot ar y C i r cul a r S h ea r s .

th e ting Of th e cutt er s d r aws

r ota t h e m ater i al thr ou g h
th e m achine cu tti n g a t ru e ci r cl e
,
.

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. t ry ci r cu l ar Sh ear s
th e ro a ,

on wh i ch th e ci r cl e a r m s l i d es a s ca l e g r a d u at ed I n fr a c
,
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.
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d i am eter i s t o be cu t , pr Oceed t o l oos en t h e l ock n u t on

’

t h e ci r cl e ar m an d s et th e s l i d i i rg ci r cl e ar m d r awi n g i t
‘ ‘

t o Or fr om th e cu tt er s u n til th e cor r ect p os I t i on Of t h e

'

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ci r cl e ar m i s Secu r ed I n d i ca t or on ci r cl e ar m ( n ot
.

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,

on t h e s cal e l ock t h e ci r cl e a r m s ecu r ely th r ou g h t h e l ock

,
40 V
SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL

n ut . P l ace th e s qu abl ank b etween t h e cl am pi n g d i s cs

re
'
“

i n a c en t r a l p OS i t i On O f equ al d i s t an ce On al l S i d es of t h e ,

bl an k fr om t h e ou t s i d e d i am et er Of th e cl am pi n g d i s cs
"

I f m a n y of t h e sam e s iz e Of circles ar e to be ou t a ft er
~ “

w
,

t h e cor r ect fir s t s etti n g ad j u s t th e s i n g i n g g au g e S O i t

,

will s tr ike t h e ed g e Of th e s qu ar e bl an k W h i l e r em aIn In g

i n th e cl am pi n g d i s cs Th e m achi n e pr oper ly s et a n y
‘
.
,

n um b er of t h e s am e S I z e ci r cl es can b e cu t accu r a t ely .

C ar e s h ou l d be ex er ci s ed n ot t o all ow t h e cu tt er s t o
h av et oo m u ch cl ear an ce or t o r u b a g ain s t e a ch oth er t oo
'

h a r d ; an d wh en a d j u s t m en t Of t h e cu tt er s f or m or eor l es s
‘
“

c u tt er cl ear an ce i s n eces s ar y t h e l ower s h af t t o whi ch t h e

'

l ower r ot ar y cut t er i s a tt ach ed can be d r awn away or t o

t h e u pper cu tt er by m ean s Of t h e a d j u s tin g cl as p n ut on
t h e l ower s h a ft n ex t t o th e g ea r Aft er t h e cor r ect a d j u s t
;

m en t i s s ecu r ed be s u r e t o f as t en t h e ad j us ti ng cl as p
,

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.
z

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,

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n ev er be t am per ed with w hil e t h e cu tt er s ar e i n g ood

c on d iti on .

R ot ar y ci r cu l ar s h ear s a r e m ad e i n a Wi d e v ar i ety Of
'

S Iz es a n d ca pacI t i es Th e on e illu s tr at ed i n Fi g u r e 12 i s
.

c ons t r u ct ed f or cu tti ng a ci r cl e fr om 2 % t o 2 2 i n ch es I n

d i am et er f r om NO 2 2 g au g e i r on an d li g ht er ( U S
,
. . .

S t an d ard ) _

R i n g a nd C i r cu l a r S h ea r s — TO bett er u n d ers t an d t h e
.
=

r eal s i g n i fican ceb etween t h e or d i n ar y cI r cul ar s h ear s h av

i

i n g p ar a ll el cu tt er s h a ft s an d t h e r i n g a n d ci r cu l ar Sh ear s
a r r a n g ed wi th cu tt er s i n an an g u l ar p os iti on a com par i
’
‘

Son of Fi g u r es 12 an d 13 Wi l l pr ove h el pfu l I h av e a l .

.

r ead y d es cr i b ed th e ci r cu l ar s h ear s ( F i g u re 12 ) as h avin g

“

ll l tt e h ft i t d d f t i d d i c i l
“

p a r a e cu r S a s n en e ,
or o u s e s or c r c e

a n d u n lik e t h os e t h e r i n g a nd ci r cu
” ”

c u tt i n g , la r s h ear s
,

( g
F i u r e 1 3 ) h av e a l o w e r a n g
-

u l a r s h a ft fi tt ed W ith a c u t
t er §whi l e th e u pper cu tte r i s fitt ed t o an al mos t par all el
, .
~
 S HE E T M E T AL ”

W OR KI NG M AC HI NE RY 41

s h af t ; an d i n s t ead of r emai n i n g fix ed it r ai s es an d l ower s

by mean s Of a cutt er r a IS In g cr an k s cr ew whi ch per m i t s
,

of th e cu tti n g i n s i d e Of a s qu ar e bla n k or ci r cl e, as s h ow
’
n
“

i n t h e illu st r ati on .

Fo O d
-
r r i n a r y o u t s i d e ci r cl e c t
u t I n g, t h e r i n g a n d ci r ~

cul ar s h ear s d oes t h e s a me wor k as a lr ea d y d es cr ib ed n

“

Cut ter Rot ary Cutters

Lower C ut

Fi g u r e —R i ng an d C i r cul a r S h ea r s .

de
r i l
c r cu ar s h ear s ( F i g u r e12 ) an d Owi n g to th e cu tt er
r aIS I n g fea tur e i n th e h ear s i t i s n ot S O
r i n g a n d ci r cu ar s l ,

l i mi ted i h t h e wor k per f Or m ed In a d d i ti on t o d oi n g t h e

-

wor k alr ead y d es cr ib ed th e r ing an d c i r cu l ar Sh ear s Ofier s

‘

a l s u i t abl e m ean s f or cu tti n g i r r eg u l ar cur ves wh en f ol

l owin g a s cr ib ed lin e an d f or s u ch wor k t h e s li d i n g ci r cl e

,

a r m i s not u s ed Th e r ot ar y cu tt er s b ei n g Of s m a ll d i ame
.

t er m eas u r in g a ppr ox i mat ely

, i n ch es i n d i am et er an d ,
 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL

s et a n g ul ar iti on th ey will cu t as t r u e an d clean on

In p os ,

t h e i n s i d e as on t h e ou t s i d e of a s h eet of m et al .

Op era ti on — To pr oceed I n cutti n g an ou t s i d e cI r cl e on

.

t h e r In g a n d ci r cul ar s h ear s t h e r ea d e r will ki n d ly r ef er

,

t o d ir ecti on s g i ven u nd er r ot ar y ci r cu l ar Sh ear s ( F i g u r e

To cu t a ci r cl e ou t of a ( 3111316 f or m aki n g a r i n g or , ,

to cu t a ci r cl e fr om t h e i n s i d e of a s qu ar e s h eet of m et al ,

t h e pr ep ar ed bl an k i s cl am ped b etween t h e cl am pi n g d i s cS
I n th e u s u a l Way a n d t h e s li d i n g cir cl e ar m w ith t h e
‘

S h eet m et al bl a n k i n s er t ed i s b r oug ht t owa r d t h e cu t ,

ter s per m ittin g as m u ch of th e ed g e of t h e s h eet m et al

, ”
-

bl an k a s n eces s ar y a ccor d in g to t h e s iz e of t h e i n s i d e
,

c i r cl e th a t i s t o be cu t t o s l i d e between t h e cu tt er s W ith
”

.
, __

t h e pr op er ali g n m en t o f t h e b l ank i n th e ma chi n e s e

cu r ed b r in g th e u pper cu tt er d own on t h e m at er i al by
,

t u r n i n g t h e cr an k s cr ew h ar d enough, s o th at t h e cu tt er s
.

will cu t t h e m at er i al with ou t b u r r in g or b u cklin g t h e

‘

Th e r in g an d cI r cu l ar s h ear s h a s i n a d d iti on t o t h e r egu

—
_

l ar s wi n g i n g g au g e a r i n g g au g e wh i ch s lid es on a r od
'

a l on g t h e ci r cl e a r mf or f acilit a ti n g t h e cu ttin g of r i n g s -«

a nd thr ou g h t h e pr op er s ettin g of b oth g au g es m a n y

q u a n titi es O f t h e s a m e ki n d an d S iz e o f ci r c l es an d r i n g s

c an be cu t a lik e with accu r a cy .

In u s in g thi s m achi n e n ever all ow t h e cu tt er s t o h ave

t oo m u ch cl ear an ce or t o r u b a g ai n s t ea ch oth er t oo h ar d ;
an d w h en a d j u s tm en t of t h e cu tt er s f or m or e or l es s cu tt er
c lear ance i s n ece s s ar y a s ati s f act or y a d j u s tm en t of t h e
,

cu tt er s i s s ecu r ed t h r ou g h t h e a d j u s ti n g c l a s p n u t s n e x t
t o t h e g ear s O n b ot h t h e u pper a nd l ower s h a ft s .

In cu ttin g ou t s i d e ci r cl es of a v er y s m all d i am et er a n d ;

s om eti m es wh en cu tt i n g a Si na l l ci r cl e i n s i d e of a ci r cl e

f or m aki n g a r i n g if on t h e ed g e o f t h e m at er ia l th er e
,

s h ou l d a ppear a b u r r or a b u ckl e thi s i n d i cat es tha t t h e ,

c i r cl e a r m i s i n t oo s t r a i g ht a l i n e w ith th e cen t er of t h e
c u t t er s ; a n d i n s u ch c as e t h e ci r cl e a r m m u s t be s et a
;

_
_
 44
“
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

y til a ad j u s t m en t f or
’
a s n eces s ar un p p
r o er i s s ecur ed
i
‘

a s s u r i n g a cl ean cu t .

R i ng an d ci r cu l a r Sh ear s ar em an u f a ct u r ed I n a wi d e
v ar i ety of Siz es an d v ar I ous cap a ci ti es] Th e m a chi n e .

S h own I n F i g u r e 13 I s i n t en d ed f or b en ch u s e a nd i s ma d e

i n tw o s i z es f or cu tti n g ci r cl es fr om s qu ar e bl an ks
,

t o 2 2 i nch es a n d r i n g s as s m a ll a s
,
i n ch es i n s i d e d i am e
t e a d as l ar g e as 2 2 i ch es ou t s d e d a et er
r n n i i m — f r om NO
2 0 g au ge i r on a n d l i gh t er ( U S S t and ar d ) t h e l ar g er
. .

s iz e m ach i n e cu tti n g ci r cl es fr om s q u ar e bl an k s to
i n ch es an d r i n g s a s s m al l a s i n ch es In s i d e d i am e
t er a n d as l a r g e a s i n ches ou t s i d e d i am et er f r Om No
2 0 g au g e i r on an d li g ht er ( U S S t a n d ar d ) . . .

R i n g a n d Car cn l a r S h ea r s f or P ower — In Fig ur e 14 .

t h e r ot ar y s litti n g Sh ear s with an g u l ar cu tt er s as d e ,

s cr ib ed u n d er F i g u r e 11 i s a g ai n pr es en t ed t o s h ow a

ba s e an d s li d i n g ci r cl e a r ma tt a ch ed t o t h e fr am e of th e
,

c u tti n g h ea d m aki n g a n effici en t r i n g an d ci r cu l ar s h ear s

,
.

S o a r r an g ed , t h i s m ach i n e h as a wi d e r an g e of g en er a l ;

u s efu l n es s f or cutt i n g ci r cl es f r O m Squ ar e bl an ks fr om

1 2 4 t o 6 4 i n ch es d i a m et er and will cut r I n g s with an
3
,

i n s i d e d i am et er of 12 % i nch e s an d ou t s i d e d i am eter of 6 4

i n ch es fr om No 14 g au g e I r on and li g ht er ( U S S t an d
, . . .

ar d ) i n a d d iti on to d oi n g s u ch wor k a s d es cr ib ed u n d er
.

R ot a r y S litti n g S h ears by u t i lizi n g t h e cu ttin g h ea d Th e .

c i rcl e a r mi n t h i s m a chi n e s l i d es t o an d fr om t h e cutt er s

”
“

o n t h e bas e of t h e ma chi n e bu t owi n g t o i t s g r ea t wei g ht

‘

,
'

a cr a n k a n d ch a i n a r r a n g em en t pr ovi d es f or i n s t an t an e
- l
-

Ou S ad j us tm en t of t h e ci r cl e a r m cam l o cki n g l ev er s b ei n g
,

u s ed t o f as t en t h e ci r cl e ar m a ft er t h e d es i r e d p o s iti on
‘ ”

h as b een s ecu r ed .

FOLDIN G M A C H INES

F ol d i n g m achi n es ar e u s ed v er y ex t en s iv y t o f a cili e l r

t a te th e f or m i n g of l ocks or ed g es , a s i n pr ep a r i n g s t r ai g ht
s h eet s of m et a l f or r eceI V I n g a wi r e ; al s O f or t ur n i n g
‘
-
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 45

fl anges at var i ou s an g l es an d t o pr ep ar e l ocks b ef or e

'
,

g r o ow n g I n v es s e
,
l s t a n k s i
p p e c a
,
n s a n d ,
s u ch w o
,
r k , .

T h e mos t popu l ar p a tt er n s of th es e m ach i n es and th ose

’

u s ed m or e ex t en s i v ely m a y b e s u m m ed u p i n th r ee d i s
_.

t i nct types ; n am ely t h e ba r f ol d er s h eet i r on f ol d er an d

, , ,

pp f
i e o l-
d er T h e a d v
. a n
_
t ag e s o f e ac h w i ll b e d es cr i b ed

h er e t h e fir s t a n d m os t i m por t an t of t h e th r ee b ei n g t h e
,

bar fol d in g m a chi n e

, .

0
60
0
- and 90 S har por Clos ed Lock
e n or Wir e Lock
p
Fold in B lade
g

Gauge h and Wh eel

Fr ict ion Ro l ler
Sh oe S e t S c

F i g u r e i ii —B a r F ol d i ng M a ch i ne .

B F ol d i n g M a ch i ne — E x per i m en t s h ave r ov en th e
ar p
h an d Op er a t ed ba r f ol d i n g m a ch i n e a s m or e d es i r abl e f or
r a pi d ex ecu t i on th an a p ower o er a t ed f ol d i n g m a chi n e
p .

Th e t i n wa r e an d t i n can m anu fa ctu r er s i n v ar i ably u s e

th e h an d oper at ed bar f ol d i n g m a ch i n e a s m or e ed g es ,

o n a n u m b er of bl a n k s ca n be f or m ed wi th g r e a t er r a pi d i ty

on a h a
-

n d oper a t ed m a ch i n e th an on a s i m i l ar f ol d er op
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S
’
MA NUAL

cr ated by p ower . Abs ol u t ely p ti on m e n t

cor r eco f t pr o or

t h e f old i n g ba r i s of g r ea t i m por t an ce f or r a pid ex ecu

ti on an d wh i l e t h e m ar k et off er s bar f ol d in g ma ch i n es
,

of n u m er ou s m a kes t h e m ac h i n e i llu s trat ed ( F i g u r e 1 5 )

,

Fi g ur e 1 6 .
—W o r k i n g Pa r ts of
“

B ar F ol d i n g M a ch i n e f

A A — Fr am e I I — S h oe
B B — Ja w JJ — F r i c t i o n R o l l e r
OC T B a r—
DD — W i n g f or B ar LL — Han d l e
E E — B
l ad e MM — S et N u t f o r S cr e w N o 2 3 ”

F F — W ed g e —
.

—
P P
—
Sto p
GG G auge Q Q Cap
E H T—Sli d e RR — G H a n d W h ee l
aug e and Pi n i on

2 0 — W e d g e S c r ew 6 — G ug L k S w
a e oc cr e
2 1— S to p S cr ew 27 — W i n g S c r ew
22 — C a p S cr ew 28 — W e d g e S c r ew
23 S h o e S e t S c r ew 2 9 — K ey W r e n c h
24 ~
B l a d e S c r ew 3 1 — a u g e S pr i n g s
G
—
-

5 4 F r a m e S c r ew

i s r ecog n iz ed by l ar g e a n d Sm all u ser s as m os t effi ci en t

f or t h e S h op wh er e t i m e I s a bi g fact or an d man y th ou
s an d s of bl a n k s m u s t be ed g ed d a ily

In u s I n g t h e wor d ”
l ock I n conn ect i on Wi th a f ol d i n g
m ach i n e i t m ea n s t h e s ame th i n g as a f ol d ed ed g e Th u s
, .

t h e fo l d of a cl os ed l ock i s s m a ll er I n i t s r a d i u s th an th a t
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR KI N G MA C H I NE R Y

of

t o t h
an open
e p p
r e a r a t i o n o f a
or

a t
rou n d l ock
s h ee t o f m et a fll
.

f o r
Th i s will be
l o c
f
k s ea m
s een by r e er r i n g

d I n g w ,
h e r e t w o co r r e s p o n d i n g e d g es a r e t o l oc k t o g e th er ;
s u ch a s wou l d be pr ep ar ed i n th e or d i n a r y s t ov e pi p e
'

or t h e b o d y of a v es s el wh er e a cl os ed or s h a r p l ock i s
_
,

p r ef e r a bl e f o r f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e cl os m g of t h e s ea m i n a h

5 o th e r o p e r a t i o n W h e r e a n .e d g e m u s t b e p r o d u c e d w i th
a r ad i u s s u ffici en t t o r ecei v e a wi r e th e op en or r ou n d
"

l oc k or a s it i s oft en t er m ed t h e wi r e lo ck i s u s ed
, ,
A ,
.

bar f ol d i n g m a ch i n e i s a d j u s t abl e u nl i ke oth er f ol d i n g ,

m a ch in es f or f or m i n g a S h ar p or cl os ed an d an op en or
,

r ou nd l o ck Th e con s t r u ct i on of t h ebar fol d i n g m a ch i n e

.
,

th er efor e cover s thi s wi d e r a n g e of fol d i n g u s efu l n es s ;

,
_
‘
.

wh er eas t h e or d i n ar y type of f ol d i n g m ach i n e i s li mi t ed t o

'
"

for mi n g a cl os ed l ock on ly B y t h e n i cety of t h e wor k “

’
p er f o r m e d a n d i t s g r e a t a c cu r a cy ,
t h e b a r f o l d i n
g m a ch i ne ,

h a s g a i n ed d es er v ed p opu l ar i ty an d n o wel l r eg u l at ed -

S h op S h ou l d be wi th ou t on e of th es e u s efu l m a ch i n es .

Op er a ti on — A fea tu r e of g r eat i n t er es t i s an a d j u s t
a bl e g a u g e g r a d u a t ed i n f r a ct i on s o f i n ch es wh i ch m ov es
, ,

by tu r n i n g a h an d wh eel W h en on ce s et f or t h e s i z e of
-

l o ck t o be for m ed t h e g au g e i s l ock ed th r ou g h ti g ht en i n g
”

w
.

t h e g au ge l o ck s cr e wi th a key wr en ch , aft er wh i ch an y
q u a n t i ty o f bl a n k s m a y b e e d g e d o f u n i f o r m S i z e w it h ~

a ccu r a cy a n d r a pi d i ty Th e we d g e s cr ew i n t h e f ol d i n g
.

bar i s a d j u st ed wi th a k ey Wr en ch an d wh en m ov ed t o t h e
l eft f aci n g th e f r on t of m a ch i n e a wed g e r ai s es t h e
, ,

wi n g f or a cl os ed l o ck wh i l e by movin g th e wed g e s cr ew
t o th e r i gh t; a n a d j u s tm en t o f t h e wi n g i s s ecu r ed f or
“ ‘ '

f or m i n g any con v en I en t open l ock f or r ecei vi n g a wi r e , ,

et c

I n t h e m a n i pu l a t i onwed g e s cr ew an d wh i l e t h e "
of the _

l ock a d j u s tm en t s ar e m a d e th e f ol d i n g bar m u s t be h el d ,

i n a pos i ti on a l i ttl e m or e th a n a r i g ht an g l e wi th t h e ‘

e d ge of t h e f ol d i n g bl a d e
-

Aft er t h e cor r ect ad j u s t m ent .

i s s ecured be s u r e t o f as t en t h e wed g e s cr ew a g a i n wi th
,
 auge Locking S cr ew 0 165 35 Lock

Fi g u r e 1 7 — S h eet I ro n F o l d er .

th e fol d ing bl ad e a d j u s ti n g th e s et s cr ews i n th e s h oes on

,

e ach en d of t h e m a ch i n e will r ai s e a n d l ower t h e j aw -

.

Aft er m aki n g thi s a d j us tmen t be Su r e t o f as t en ag a i n

,

S h oe s et s cr ews s ecu r ely .

Th e bar f o l d i n g m achin e ( F i g u r e 15 ) i s m a d e i n two

s iz es wi th a f ol d in g l en g th of 2 0 an d 30 i n ch es r es pec
,

t i ve y a d j us t abl e f or f or m I g cl osed an d open l ock s 43 t o

l ,
n 1

1 i n ch Wi d e a nd I n con n ect i on wi th t h e open l ocks a s

‘

, ,

f or m ed by t h I s m ach i n e W i r e as l ar g e a s 4 i n ch i n
,
1

d i am et er can be u s ed F or l ock s
. i n ch an d wi d er
No 2 2 g au g e i r on a n d li g ht er m ay be u s ed a n d wh er e
.
,
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG M AC H INE RY 49

t h e mat er i al i s No 2 4 g au g e i r on
. an dl i g ht er th i s m a ch i n e
wi ll for m a l ook as s m all a s i n ch wi d e an d On XX t i n
3/ 32 i n ch wi d e .

S i m i l ar mach i n es a r e m an u f a ctu r ed i n 37 an d 4 2 i n ch
“

”l n th s res ect i vel with a l ock f or m In ity of

e g p y, g capa c
-

6 0 099 Screw

Folding B lade

Fi g u r e 1 8 — Pi p e
. F ol d i n g Ma ch i n e .

to i n ch es wi d e, an d wi ll oper at e on No 2 0 g au g e i r on
an d li g ht er wh en th e l o ck t o be for m ed Is i n ch an d

l ar g er f or m I n g a l ock a s S mall as
,
in ch wh en t h e
m a t er i al i s No 2 2 g au g e i r on and l i g ht er ( U S S t an d
. . .

S h eet I r on F ol d i n g M a ch i n e — Th i s m a chi n e i s con

s t r u ct ed f or g en er a l u s e . In com m on p r a c ti ce g oo d r e
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL

s u l ts c a n be fr om it , bu t f or work d em an d i n g
ex pec ed
t
a ccu r a cy u n if or mity an d a well fin i s h ed l ock the s e p at
, ,

t er n s d o n ot com par e with t h e bar f ol d i n g m a chi n e d e

s cr i bed u n d er F i g u r e 1 5 Th eir con s t r ucti on con s i s t s of
.

a m i l l ed cas t i r on f r a m e hi n g ed t o a m achi n ed; e

-
a s t i r on -

‘
f ol d i n g bar wi t h a St eel fol d i ng bl a d e F or a g au g e a .
,
.

s l o tt ed s t eel s t r i p i s u s ed , wh i ch m oves p ar all el with th e

fol d i n g bl a d e an d i s l i m i t ed i n i ts g au g i n g capa city f or

'

f A t
"

p r o d u c i n g a c l os ed l o ck on ly o
-
1 o i n ch T h e s e .

f ol d er s a r e m an u f actu r ed i n s ever al s 1z es an d u p t o a
m ax i m u m ca pa cit y of No 2 0 g au g e i r on a n d l igh t er ( U S . .

S t a n d ar d ) . Th e m a ch i n e illu s t r a t ed ( F i g u r e In t h e

S iz e of 30 i n ch es with a ca p aci ty f or wor ki ng No 2 2 g au g e .

i r on an d li g h ter ( U S S t an d ar d ) r epr es en t s a si z e mor e

. .
,

com m on ly i n u s e th an a n y ot h er of t h i s t ype o f f ol d i n g

m a chi n e .

P i p e F ol d i n g M ach i n e Thi s fol d er will d o th e s am e

— .

wor k as cl ai m ed f or t h e s h eet i r on f ol d in g m achi n e d e

s cr ib ed u n d er F i g u r e 1 7 bu t i t s cons t r u cti on all ows f or
,

fin i s hi n g a l ock cl os ed ov er m or e th an a s i m il ar l ock
f or m ed wi th t h e s h eet i r on fol d er It pr od u ces a l ock .

r ea d y f or g r oov i n g or s eam cl os m g with ou t t h e a s s i st an ce

of a m a l l et Owi n g to it s pi p e ed g i n g f eat u r e it d i ffer s

’

.
,

wi d ely fr om th e bar f ol d In g m achi n e ( F i g u r e 15 ) an d t h e

s h eet I r O n f ol d er ( Fi g u r e

In ed gi n g or for m i n g a l ock on a s heet of I r on tha t i s

i n t en d ed t o m ak e u p a com m on s t ov e pipe or an y oth er ,

s h eet m et a l p I ece cyli n d r i ca l I n s h a p e with t h e t wo f ol d ,

I n g m ac hi n es alr ea d y d es cr ib ed th e bla n k m u s t be ed g ed ,

or t h e l o ck f or m ed wh il e t h e Sh eet r em a i n s I n t h e fia t -
,

a s a fir s t op er a ti on a n d r oll ed i n t o a cyl n d er a s a s eco n d

, i
op er a t i on ; w h er eas t h e pi pef ol d in g ma chi n e t h e on ly
, ,

f ol d er of i t s ki n d will p er m it t h e s h eet o f met al t o be

,
52 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M A N UAL
f ar th at it s t r i k es a g ai n s t t h e f ol d i n g bar thu s d rawin g ,

t h e f ol d i n g bl a d e ou t of l i n e ; a n d t h e g au g e s cr ew on
t h e opp os it e en d s h ou l d n ot be t u r n ed i n s o f ar th at it

p u s h es th e g a u g e a n d f ol d i ng; bl a d e o u t o f l i n e T h e .

g a u ge s c r ews d es cr ib ed h o l d o r r el eas e a h i d d en g g
a u e

u n d er t h e f ol d i n g bl ad e a n d h av e a n i mport an t p a r t i n
,

a d j u s t i n g t h e m achi ne f or f or mi n g t h e t wo s iz es of l o ck s

r ef er r ed t o

W h en th e g au g e s cr ewn ex t t o th e h and l ever i s s crewed

‘

i n an d th e g au g e s cr ew on t h e oth er en d is u n s cr ewed ,

Fi g ur e —C a n T o p F ol d e r.

t h e g au g e i s h el d u p n ex t t o th e fol d i n g b l a d e an d t u r n s a
i n ch l o ok W h en t h e g au g e s cr ew n ex t t o th e h an d
.

l ever IS un s cr e wed th
an d
e g a u g e s cr ew on t h e ot h er en d
of th e machi n e is s cr ewed i n , t h e g au g e i s h el d d O wn s o as
/
’

to ,
tu r n a 3 i n ch l ock B efor e: ch an g in g th e g au g e th e
s
“

h a n d l ever Sh ou l d be pu s h ed t oward t h e l ef t a s f a r as it
”

will g o, I n or d er t o b r i n g th e s cr ew h ol es t o th ei r proper
p l a ce s A. s t h e s c r ews th a t h ol d o n t h e c a p f ol d i n g b l a d e , ,

an d g a u g e s o m eti m es b e c om e l oos e n ed s ee th at th es e ,

s cr ews a r e t i g ht en ed en ou g h t o ho l d t h e f ol d i n g bl a d e

fr om S pr i n g i n g bu t n ot S O ti ght th at th e fold i n g bl ad e
,

S l i d es h a r d .

Ca n Top F ol d er T ap er ed s h eet m et a l pa tt er n s f or oi l
.
-
_

can b r eas t s f u n n el b od i es et c ar e u s u ally cu t fr om p a t

, ,
.
,
 AL KI NG M AC H I NE RY
'

S HE E T ME T W OR 53

Ser n , a s h ow n i n th e i ll u s tr a t i on
S ( g
F i u r e an d f or

ed g i ng Sh eet m e t al bl an ks wi th a t aper pr epar at or y t o ,

form i n g t h e can t op f Ol d i n g ma ch i ne i s u s ed T ap er ed
,
.

‘
F i g u1 e 2 0
-

é —S q ua r e B ox a d n S q ua r e Pi p e For m i ng M a ch i n e .

She et m et al bl an ks can n ot be fol d ed wi th t h e or d i n ar y

f ol d i n g m a ch i n e d es i g n ed f or s tr ai g ht ed g i n g or f ol d i n g .

Th e can t op fol d er I s m a n uf a ct u r ed I n th r ee s i z es l en gth ,

Of bl a d es 10 13 a n d 1 6 i n ch es r es ect i v ely
, p a n d a s m a d e
r eg u a r ly will f or m a l ock
l a wi d th o f 8 inchof
bu t l ock s 4
/
1
,

of l ar g er wi d th c an be f or m ed wh en th e ma chin e i s s pe /

y
ci a l l m a d e

Th e ca p a ci ty Of t h e can t op fol d i n g ma ch i n e I S NO 2 6 .

g a u g e I r o n a n d l i g ht er ( U S S t a n d a
. r d ) . .

S qu a e o
‘

r B x a n d S q u a r e i p e F or m P
i n g M mokwe — Th e
b od i es of s qu ar e a n d obl on g can s , h eat er pi pe, b ox es et c ,
w1th eith er l ap or l ock s eam s , ar e for m ed fr om the at ~
,

fl .

Gauge Clam

Die B ed

C r os s B ar
'

h epr es s ing S pr ing

‘
e ad l e
F i g ur e 2 1 . S
-
q
_

ua r e Pan and B ox F o r m i hg
'

Ma h i
c ne .

’ '
s h eet i n s epar a t e oper a t i on s with th e Squ ar e box an d

s qu a r e i
p p e for m i n g m a ch i n e S h own i n F i gu r e 20
t abl e iitt ed
.

Thi s m a ch i n e t
I s con s r u c ed t wi th a cas t ir on
wi th a g au g e Th e s h eet t o be for m ed I s i n s er t ed b etween
.

a f or m i n g bar i a n d t h e t abl e Th e d epr es si on of a f oot

.

t r ead l e f or ces t h e for m i n g bar d own on t h e m at er i al ,

cl am p gi n t h e Sam e s e cu r ely a n d w h i l e t h e f,
or m i n g b a r I s

kept d epr es sed t h e b en d i n g l eaf i s r a i s ed wi th a h an d l e

 S HE ET M E T AL :
W OR KI NG C I
M A H NE R Y
—

an d th e fir s t b en d -
m ad e . Th e b en d s ar e m a d e
s u cceed i n g

i n l i ke m an n er an d wh en al l b en d s ar e fin i s h ed t h e for m
, ,

I n g b a r i s r a i s ed a n d t h e f or m ed wor k i s s l i pped j wi t h ou t

i n j ur y fr om on e en d of t h e for m i n g bar
,
.

Th e Squ a r e box a n d s qu ar e pi pe for m i n g m ach i n e i s

mad e i n len g ths of an d i n ch es wi th No 24 ,
.

g a u g e i r o n a n d l i g ht e r ca p a c i ty ; a n d I n l en g th s o f
a n d 36 i n ch es ca p a ci ty No
,
2 6 g au g e I r on an d l i g ht er
.

( U . S . S t an d a r d ) .

Th e S i z e of t h e box or pi pe tha t can be f or m ed i s

d et er m i n ed by t h e s i z e of t h e f or m i n g bar I n t h e m ach i n e .

The f orm i n g bar I n t h e i n ch m a ch i n e m eas u r es

-

1/ 1
2 x 1 5
/ 8 i n c h e s t h e i n ch m a c h-
i n e h as a f o r m i n g b a r
”
,

2 %x l % th e i n ch m a ch i n e f or min g bar m eas u res

-

a n d t h e 36 i n ch m a ch i n e i s equi pp ed with a
-

f or m i n g bar
S qu a r e P a n a n d B ox F or m i n g M wh i n e — F or for m i n g
t h e f ou r s i d es of bl an ks t o m ake a s qu a r e O r i r r eg u l ar

s h a ped box or pa n t h e s qu a r e pan a n d box for m i n g m a

,

chi n e Sh own i n F i g u r e 2 1 wa s d es i g n ed .

Th e bl an k I S fir s t pr oper ly pr epar ed th e cor n er s bem g ,

n ot c h ed with t h e not ch i n g m a ch i n e ( SeeF i gu r e or

f
wi t h th e or d i n ar y h an d Sh ear s Th e n ot ch ed bl ank 18
p l ac e d i n t h e f o r m i n g m a ch i n e b e t w e e n a V s h a
p e d f or m
i n g bl a d e a n d d i e bed a n d al l en d s a r e f or m ed on e en d ,

a t a ti m e by d epr es s m g a f oot t r e
, ad l e .

Thi s m achi n e i s a d a pt ed f or for m i n g fl ar in g an d

s t r a i g ht wor k bu t wh er e th er e ar e v a r i a t i on s i n th e fl ar e
,

d es i r ed ex t r a for mi n g bl ad es a n d d i e bed s a r e us ed F or
”

e ach s i z e of p an or box a n ext r a f or m i n g bla d e i s n eces

s ar y

Th e l en g th o f t h e d i e b e d I s 2 5 i n c h e s an d t h e f o r m i n g
b l ad es a r e m ad e 8 in ch es or l eSS I n wi d th an d fr om 8 t o
2 5 i n ch es l on g W ith thi s m a ch i n e it i s p os s i bl e t o for m
~
"

p a n s a s s h a ll ow a s i n ch a n d a s d e e p a s i n c h es ; a n d
th e l en g th s of pan s th at can be for m ed d epen d s enti r ely
”
u pon th e d epth _
of pequ ir ed
an r W ith Speci al bl a d es
.

an d d i e b ed s a v ar i ety of b en d i n g oper ati on s can be p er

for m ed with thi s u s efu l m a ch i n e .

B r a c e a n d W i re B en d er —4 F ig ur e 2 2 s h ows a b r ace an d
.

W i r e b en d er a m achi n e th a t i s n ot on ly h an d y bu t i n
, ,

d i s pen s abl e t o h ave on th e Sh eet m et a l Sh op ben ch f or

"

{
.

B end ing Plate

B endi
Fl at r f ace

Fi g ur e 22 —B. r a ce and Wi r e B en d e r .

d eal of afl
m aki n g b r aces f or g u tt er s , l ea d er s , cor n i ces , et c A g reat
t I r on up t o 4 i n ch t h i ck an d 2 i n ches I n W I d th
1

i s u s ed by t h e s h eet m et al wor ker , an d t h e pur pos e Of

.

thi s machin e i s t o b en d s u ch s t ock i n an g l es, as m ay be

‘

r equ i r ed , of fr o m 0 t o 90 d eg r ees M an y a good fol d in g

m achi n e, cor ni ce b r ak e, an d vi s e h as been eas ily
 S HE E T M E T AL w0 R K I NG
-

_ C I
M A H NE RY 57

tt em pt to d o s u ch b end in g with th em

fl
S pr ung In an a _
,

i n s t ead of u s i n g th i s b en d i n g m a ch i n e .

Fl a t s teel t o be s h aped i s ins er t ed u n d er t h e at s u r

‘

f a ce of th e ben d i n g pl at e an d I n b en d i n g wi r e t h e b en d
, _

i n g pla t e i s r ever s ed an d t h e wi r e i n s er t ed u n d er on e of
t h e g r ooves . R ai s i n g t h e b en d i n g bar by m ean s Of a
ha n d l ever t h eb en d s ar e ma d e
, —
.

ii Th e b en d i n g pl a t e i s a d j u s t abl e f or tu r n i n g S h ar p or
r ou n d cor n er s a n d I n u s i n g d i ffer en t th i ckn es s es of m et al
,

t h e ben d i n g pl a t e i s r eg ul a t ed by m ea n s of t h e h ol d
‘

w
d o n an d s et s cr ews l oca t ed I n t h e t op an d at th e back
of th e b e n d i n g pl a t e Th e g r ooved s u r f a ce of th e b en d
.

i n g pl at e p er m i t s of t h e ben d i n g of wi r es s u ch as a r e ,

u s ed f or wi r i n g t h e t ops of p an s b ox es et c ,
a n d Severa l
,
.
,

wi r es can be b en t at t h e s am e an g l e I n on e oper ati on

Th e h an d l ever I s i n t er ch an g eabl e a n d m ay be u s ed
i n cen t er or at ei th er en d of t h e m achi n e‘
Th e b en d i n g
.

p l a t e i n thi s m a c h i n e b ei n g m a d e o f c a s t i r on it i s s u g ,

w
'

t d th t a t l h d d p l t b d h t h
'

g e s e a s ee a r e n e a e e u s e er e e

m ach i n e i s i n ten d ed f or wir e b en d i n g m or e ex cl u s i vely

BRAKE S
B ra kes d i ff er ver y wi d ely i n th ei r cons tr ucti on m ech a ,

n i s m an d t h e wor k p er f or m e
,
d fr om t h e fol d i n g m ach i n es
a l r ea d y d e s cr ib ed a n d ar e n ot as l i m i t ed I n th ei r f ol d i n g
a n d for m
, _

in g u s efu l n es s ; h avin g a cap a city f or f or m i n g

l ock s an d an g l es I n a wi d e r an g e —of S i z es an d O f u n us u ally
l ar g e l en g ths Th e f ol d i n g m ach i n e can on ly f or m a l ock
.
f

o r ed g e a s wi d e a s t h e d epth of th e j aw i n t h e m ach i n e
‘

wi ll per m it ; wh er eas th e b r ake all ows th e s h eet of m et al

,

th at i s t o be ed g ed or f or m ed t o pas s thr ou g h t h e j aws

'

?
‘

f r Om fr on t t o b ack with ou t ob s tr u cti on .

A com p ar i s on m ay be m a d e at t hi s t i m e of t h e f ol d i n g
m achi n es i llu s tr a t ed i n Fi g u r es 1 5 an d 17 In oper a ti n g .

t h e fol d i n g m a ch i ne t h e s h eet of m et al t o be wor ked i s

i n s er t ed un d er th e fol d in g bl a d e an d by r a i s i n g t h e fol d
 ’
8 -
5 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

i n g ba r an d pu lli n g th e bar t owa r d s t h e oper a t or th e l ock

Is f or m ed Th e f ol d i n g m achi n e th r owi n g th e S h eet
.

t owar d t h e oper at or i n th e for m in g of th e l ock ; ed ge or ,

a n g l e i s n ot a t a d i s a d v an t a g e wh en wo
,
r ki n g s m all pi eces ,

but wh er e t h e S h eet s a r e l arg e t h e b r ak e i n var i ably pr ov es

‘

a m or e c n v em en t m ean s f or ed g i n g I n oper a ti n g t h e
o .

b r ak e t h e s h eet t o be ed g ed r es t s on a bed an d wh en it

F i gu r e *

23 .
—
O p en Th ro at Fo l d i n g M a ch i n e .

is In a p p
r o er p os i ti on ,
y f or
r ead ed g i ng , th e m at er i al IS

s ecu r e ly cl am ped an d r em ai n s i n a fixed an d s t a ti on ar y

p o s i t i o n wh i l e t h e b en d Is m ad e
Op en T h r oa t F ol d er .
-
Th e t
con s r u c t i on of t h eb r a k e
an d of pth e O en th r oat f ol d er pr ovi d es f or ed i
g gn s h eet
m et al a s d es cr ib ed .

F i g u r e 2 3 ill u st r at es a m od er n type of Open th r oat

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NU AL

th e c a l mp ba r a n d bed , t h e cl am n g bar i s b r ou g ht
i ng m
d own on t h e m at er i a l t h r ou g h t h e d epr es s i on o f a f oot
"

t r ea d l e an d s pr i n g , an d t h e f oot t r ea dl e i s n ot r el eas ed
’

u n til t h e f ol d i n g bar i s r a i s ed a n d th e f or i n g of t h e m
ed g
e,
l ock ,
or an g e l is cOm l et ed h
T e ad j u s t abl e s t op
p i n on th e r i g ht en d of t h e m a ch i n e i s ad j u s t ed th r ou g h
s cr e wA by a k ey wr en ch f or t
s opp n g i t h e pr og r es s of th e
f ol d i n g bar at a n y an g l e. S pr in g pi n g au g es ar e fitt ed
i n t h e f ol d i ng bar w h i ch per mit th e f or m i n g of l ock s fr om
,

it t o 1 3
1 6 i n ch e s i n w i d th o n t h e 30 in ch m a ch i n e a n d ,

fr om 1 6 t o 1 6 in ch es On t h e 42 in ch ma chin e Th e
3 —5
.

open th r o at f ol d i n g ma chi n es i n t h e fl en g t h s m en ti on ed

h av e a cap a ci ty f or oper ati n g on i r on of No 2 2 g au g e an d .

-

li g ht er ( U S S t an d ar d ) As t h e s h eet of m et al th at can
. . .

”
be ed g ed or f or m ed pa s s es t h r ou g h t h e j aws fr cm f r on t
t o b ack with ou t ob s t r u cti on t h e m a chi n e i s pra ct i ca l f or
,

for m i n g a wi d e r an g e of an g l es W h er e t h e an gl e t o be .

f or m ed i s of a wi d th g r eat er th an t h eg au gin g capaci ty

o f t h e m achi n e t h e s h eet a t t h e p oi n t o f ed g i n g i s l a i d
,

ou t W ith t h e pr i ck pu n ch or s cr ib ed with th e s cr at ch awl

a n d t h e a ng l e f or m ed t o li n e Th r ou g h s eparat e op er a
.

ti on s or on e b en d at a ti m e t h e open thr oat fol d i n g m a

, ,

chi ne, i n a d d it i on t o per f or m i n g a v ar i ety of f ol d i n g op

I S a d apt ed f or f or m i n g s qu ar e p i p e /
.

er a t i on s 1 t o
, 2
i n ch es s qu ar e an d t o 2 i n ch es s qu a r e r es pecti v ely Thi s .

ma chi n e al s o cl aim s an a d d iti on al f eatur e ov er t h e or d i

n ar y f ol d i n g m a chi n e as a u s efu l m ea n s f or f or m i n g b oth

s i n g l e an d d ou b l e l o ck s s t r a i g ht or t ap er i n g f
“

— Th e cOr n i ce br ake s h own i n F i g u re 2 4

’

C or ni ce B r a ke ,

l i ke th e op en th r oat f ol d i n g m a chin e ( F i g u r e 2 3 h as
n j aws , a n d t h e s h eet m e t al t o b e fo r m ed r em ai n s s t a
‘

op e fl

t i on ar y an d i n a fix ed p os iti on d e p en d i n g u po n a b en d
“

i n g l ea f or fol d i n g ba r f or eff ecti n g t h e fol d i n g oper a ti on .

Th e Sh eet of m etal b ei n g pr oper ly i n s er t ed I n t h e cor

n i ce b r a k e b etween t h e bed an d t h e cl am pi n g b a r t h e

cl am p i n g bar i s br ou g h t d ow
, ,

n on th e S h ee t by m ean s of
 -
SHE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG M A CH I N E RY _ 61

X
f
f oott ith er en d of t h e m a ch i n e Th e pr oper
r ead es at e l -
]

i t i bn o f t h e m a t er i a l f o r a c or r ect b en d t o be ma d e
p os

bei n g f ou n d , i t i s h el d S ecu r ely cl am ped by m ean s of cam

'

l ev er s pr ovi d ed on b oth en d s of t h e m a ch i n e Th e b en d
,
.

m a d e th eh an d l ev er s ar e thr own b a ck an d t h e wor k r e

,

l eas ed : A s t op b ra ck et i s pr ovi d ed an d wh en s et pr op ,

F i g ur e 25 —F ou r t h L eaf A t t a ch m en t as F i t t ed to C or n i ce B r ak e ,

F i g ur e 2 4 .

No . 2 — S h owi n g th e m a ch i n e s e t r ea d y t o ma k e be nd s wi t h s h eet in
ps
c 1a m
No .3
.

ben d s h a v e
.
—P
o s i t i on o f f r o n t l ea f a f t e r t h e s u a r e a n d
b
een m a d e ; a l s o th e p
o s i ti o n wh en s et t i n g t h e u
u a r t er r o u n d
er o r
q q pp
f ou r t h l ea f
—
S h ows f o u r t h l ea f t h rown a c , a n d wo o d f o b k
.

r ea d y
No 4 . .

T o u s e c or n i ce
k
f o r m a i n g s u a r e en d s a n d
r a e f or
qb k
b
l l et s
k
fi
r m er r em o v ed ,

m a i n g ci r cu l a r o r s e i ci r cu l a r f o r m s
.

m -

P u t t h e f o r m er s o r h a l f r o u n d m ol d s i n pl a ce o n a r o n B of m a p
ch i n e
p
a r on
.

B T ur n t h e a r on
. p B w
S ee t h at t h e f o r m e r i s d o n s o l i d a n d ev en wi t h t h e t o p o f
s t i l l h i g h e r , u n t i l t h e f o u r t h l ea f C r e s t s
p b p
o n t h e i r on l at e a t t h e o t t o m o f f o r m er A

y
t o h ol d t h e f ou r t h l ea f i n p l a ce , a n d t h e
cu l a r wo r E v erk .
T h en s e t t h e c l a m
ra e is r ea d
'

t i m e t h e f o r m er i s ch a n g ed t o a d i ff er en t s i z e
’
D
b k
t o f o r m ci r
.

y ,

ch a n g e t h e f o u r t h l ea f t o m a t ch t h e f o r m er , s et t i n g i t t h e s a m e wa y .

b k
c o m m o n wo r k b k
T o us e t h e r a e f or
s h o wn a t E i n C u t N o 4 t h en wo r . ,
t u r n t h e f o u r t h l ea f
-
k
i t th e s a m e a s a n y o r d i n a r
, ac
br a e
as
y k .

er ly Wi ll s t op t h e pr og r es s of th e ben d i n g l eaf ,
to for m
an y d es i r ed a n g l e .

Th e u n i ver s al r u l e of m ech ani cs th a t ad d i ti on al l ever

age g i v es g r ea t er s t r en g th 1 8 t ak en a d v a n t a g e o f th r ou g h
p r ov i d i n g a f o r c i n g b a r on t h e b en d i n g l ea f ,
r e I n f or ci n g
the le af f or t h e b en d in g of h eavy s h eet s ,
an d thi s a tt ach
 2 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S "
MA NUAL

ily r em oved W h en n ot r equ i r ed In cor n I ce

'

m en t i s eas

wor k wh er e cir cu l ar an d s em i ci r cu l ar f or m i n g m ak e f or
t h e g r eat es t b en d i n g thi s cor n i ce b r ak e W ill t ake car e of
,

s u ch wor k effici en tly .

F or t h e f or m i n g of ci r cu l ar an d s em I cIr cu l ar b en d s
_

with cor n I ce b r a k es wood en for m s ar e always pr ovi d ed

, ,

th es e b ei n g fitt ed a s r equ ir ed on t h e b en d i n g l ea f In , .

—A an
fi

F ew M y F o r m s t h at C a n Mad e
-

F i g ur e 2 6 . of
th e on
_ th e
C o r n i ce B k
ra e
w
.

T h e bea d on gu t t er , a s s h o n i n i l l u s t r a t i o n a t A , i s ma d e wi t h th e
Gut t er B e a d er .
— S ee F i g u r es 7 9 8 0 .

m aki n g i r r eg u l ar b en d s , t h e m at er i al i s i n s er t ed i n th e
m achi n e In t h e u s u al way Th e b en d i n g l ea f bei n g r a i s ed
.

t o a pr oper an g l e, th e s am e as wh en pr o ceed i n g t o for m

a n or d i n ar y l ock or an g l e, an d b ei n g h el d i n th a t p os I

ti on , th e ma ter i al l eft pr ot r u d i n g fr o t h e ed ge of t h e m
—
b en d i n g bl ad es i s s h aped u s u ally with th e h an d s over —
t h e woo d en f or m on t h e b en d i n g l ea f , pro d u ci n g a ci r
c u l a r S h a p e i n t h e s h eet of f m et al con f or m i n g w
‘

ith th e
S h ape of t h e wo od e
”

n f or m u s ed .
 S HE E T M ET AL W OR KI NG M AC H I NE R Y 63

to an attach m en t wh i ch all ows t h e cI r cu l a r f or mi n g to be

eif d m ti cally a s wi ll be s een i n F i g u r e 2 5
t
’

ect e a u o a ,
.

As th e cor n I ce b r ake d oes n ot h ave a g au g e t h e s h eet ,

i s l ai d ou t l pr evi ou s t o f or m In g wi th t h e pr i ck pu n ch or
‘

s cr a t ch a b r eaki n g t h e m a t er i al t o l i n e or pu n ch m ar ks
,

m ad e I n t h e s h eet .

C or ni ce br ak es ar e m an u f a ct u r ed I n a W i d e var i ety of

g
F i ur e 2 7 — C om b i n at i o n Br k
a e an d F ol d e r .

s i zes and c a p ac iti es 96,

b ein g th e Size mos t com
i n ch es
m on l y u s ed i n cor n i ce wor k pr acti ce .

C om bi n a ti on B r a ke a n d P ou ch
-

_
— In pr i n ci pl e th e com
b i n ati on b r ak e an d f ol d er ( F i g u r e 2 7 ) r es em bl es t h e cor
n i ce b r ake
~

bu t i s con s t r u ct ed f or for m i n g l ock s Wi th

,

a r a d i u s s u ffici en t f or r ecei vi n g a W i r e It s fu r th er pr ac .
 64 S HE E T "
M E T AL W OR K E R S M A NUAL

t i cabi l i t y th a t of th e regul ar cor n i ce

.

ex en d s
t f ar
“
as as

b r ake in f or min g s h ar p
,

l ocks ang l es ci r cul ar an d s em I

, ,
i

C I r cul ar b en d s et c
-
, .

In oper a ti on t h e com bi n a t i on b r ake an d fol d er d i ff er s

—
K

Fi gur e 2 8 . E n d V i ew o f b
C o m i n a t i on B r ake a n d
/

F o l d er .

fr om th e b r ake ( F i g u r e 2 4 ) i n th at th e cl a m pi n g
i
’

cor n ce

bar I S b r ou g ht d own on th e ma t er i a l a n d s ecurely cl am p ed

th r ou g h eccen t r ics actu at ed by h an d l ever s fr om eith er
end of t h e m achi n e In thi s m or e m od er n b r ake th i s ar
.
 SHE E T M E T AL l
W OR K I N G MA C HI NE R Y
'

g em en t t m an f ea tu r e m a ki n g t h a
'

r an r epr es en s a on e-

ch an gi n g of p os i t i on s f or t h e cl a m pi n g of t h e wor k u nn ec
es s a r y a f ea t u r e of i n d i vi d u a l i ty n ot t o be f ou n d i n an
, y
o th er b r ak e.
l

A d j u st m en ts a r e pr ovi d ed f or i n t h e eccen tr i c c on
_

n ect i on p er m i tt i n g a m a x i m u m p r e s s u r e t o b e a r on t h e

ma teri al i n t h e m a chi n e whi l e i n t h e pr oces s of for m i ng

,
“

th us pr even t i n g t h e wor k s l i ppi n g fr om a t r u e l i n e This .

ad j u s tmen t i s s ecu r ed th r ou g h l oos en i n g t h e t op n u t A

a nd t i g h t eni n g t h e l ower n u t B f or h eav y s to ck a n d t h e
‘

l
,

re ver s e wh en l i g ht er m a ter i al s a r e u s ed Th e b end i n g ; .

p l a t e m a r ked E i s a d j u s t ed by m ean s of a s u i t abl e wr en ch

p r o v i d e d w i th t h e m a c h i n e a n d m a y b e r a
,
i s e d o r l ow er ed

f or t h e p ur p os e of f or m i n g a cl os ed l ock or an op en l oc k
f or recei vi n g wi r e i n var i ous S i zes u p t o a s l ar g e as
i n ch i n d i am et er,
Th e a d j u s t abl e s t op g a u g e 0 wh en ,
J

p pr o e r l y s e t p r o v i d es ,
f o r t h e f orm i n g o f a n g l e s o f a n y
d esi r ed d eg r ee .

Th e f or m D i s d et a ch abl e, a nd to thi s for m th e f ol d i n g

b l ad e i s a tt a ch ed W h er e s peci al Wor k r equ i r es i t , th i s
. ,

for m m ay be qu i ckly r epl a ced f or s ect i on al S h or t for m s ,

a n d wh en s u ch s p eci a l f or m s ar e u s ed t h e m a ch i n e i s ,

h i g hly a d apt ab l e f or a wi d e r an g e of S peci a l wor k , s u ch a s .

an wer k u p t o 4 i n ch es i n d epth a n d of a wi d th i n accor d

‘

p
s

an c e wi th t h e d epth of t h e
”

a n t o be f or m ed
p .

Th e com b i na ti on b r ak e an d f ol d er h as a n oth er i n d e
en d en t f ea t u r e, c o n s i s t i n g o f a n a d j u s t abl e g a u g e f or
p
g a u g g
i n a n g l es f r om t o 4 i nch es T hi s g au e
g , F ,
i s .

fitted I n s u ch a m a n n er t h at i n t h e pr o ces s o f f or m i n g
an d i n th e ti on of r ai s i ng t h e b end i n g l eaf G t h e
oper a ,
,

g a u
g e F th r ow s b a ck o u t o f t h e w a y p e r m i tt i n g t h e ben d ,

i n g l eaf G to r i s e t o i t s h i g h es t p oi n t w i th ou t an y obs t r u c
ti on
Th i s m a ch i n e has a wor ki n g ca p a city f or for m i n g open
or clo s ed l ock s fr om to i n ch es i n W i d th i n a d d h ,

t i on t o f or m i n g an g l es of an y S i z e on S h eet i r on No 2 4
‘

~
~
.
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’
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MA 1\
f 68; S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’f
M ANu AL

g a u g e a n d l i g h t er S t a n d a r d ), an d h as a wi d e an g l e

m a x i m u m f or m i n g ca p a ci ty On No . 1 6 1 g au g e i r on an d
"

l ight er ( U S S t an d a r d )
“

~
. .

F or corn i ce wor k , wh er e t h e m aki n g of ci r cu l ar a n d

‘
‘

s emi ci r cu la r b en d s i s n eces s ar y , t h e pr op er f or m s a r e

fu r n i s h ed with t h e com b i n a t i on b r ak e a nd f ol d er ; a n d
wh en cir cu l ar f or m s ar e u s ed i n conn ecti on wi th thi s
“

m ach i n e th ey a r e att a ch ed t o th e b end i n g l ea f , G Al l

"

i r r eg u lar b en d s a r e m a d e i n a man n er s i mil a r t o th at

d es cr ib ed u n d er C or n i ce B r ak e ( F i g ur e th r ou g h a
h an d op er a i on
t
.

the t
s ee l cor b r ak e i s pr ef er r ed over b r ak es of al l
ni ce
i r on con s t r u ct i on owi n g t o t h e con ven i en ce it offe
,
r s in

S h i ftin g f r Om on e pl ace t o an oth er , d u e t o i t s l i g h t w ei g ht /

.

A cor n i ce b r ak e i s a n eces s i ty i n ever y well r eg u l at ed S h op -

,

bu t t h e s m a ll S h op c ou l d n ot W ell affor d a b r ake un t i l

t h e m achi n e of s t eel con s t r u cti on was p er f ect ed Th er e .

a r e m an y of th es e m achi n es n ow i n u s e a n d a s i m por t an t ,

p o i n t s r el a ti v e t o th ei r a d j u s t m e n t a nd o p e r a ti o n h a v e

n ev er b een fu lly cov er ed el s ewh er e s ome of t h e ch ar a c ,

t er i s t i c f eat u r es of t h e C hi ca g o s t eel cor n i ce b r ak e w ill

be d es cr ib ed h er e .

S etti n g Up — Th e fir s t i m p or t an t poin t i n se
. ttin g u p
a cor n i ce b r a k e or an y o th er m achi n e f or th a t m a tt er

fl
.
, ,

i s t o ob s er v e car efu lly th a t t h e m a ch i n e S i t s l ev el on t h e

oor a n d t o k eep al l wor ki n g p a r t s well oil ed W h en s et .

t i n g u p t h e Ch i cag o s t eel cor n i ce b rak e i n s p ect t h e l ar g e ,

t r u s s r o d s , s eei ng th at th ey ar e r eas on ably ti ght Thi s i s

“

d on e by ti g ht en i n g t h e n u t s m ar k ed S T an d U i n F i g u r e
‘

2 9 P ar t i cu l a r a tt en ti on S h ou l d be pai d t o th e Sm all
.
,
.

t r u s s r o d i n t h e r ear of th e u pper an d l ower j aws whi ch ,

S h ou l d a l s o be r ea s on ably ti g ht ; On th e l ow er j aw thi s

r od s h ou l d be ti g ht en ed t o t h e ex t e n t of r ai s i n g t h e j aw

ab o ut i n ch ab ove t h e u pper ed g e of th e apr on i n th e

c en t er . Th e r od I s ti g ht ened by m ean s of th e n u t m ar k ed
 S HE E T M ’
E P AL W OR KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 6 99

Z , Fi g u re 30 . This ad j u s tm en t; will allow f or the c am p

l
i n g of th e S ly I n t h e cen t er
h eet s ecu r e .

f
f

Th e pu p r o s e o f t h e t r u s s r o d s a s i d e f r Om ,g i v i n g a d d i
‘
t
t i on al s e gr n t h t o t h e m a ch i n e i s t o m a k e a
,
d j u s t m e n t s s o

t h a t t h e br a k e w ill b en d t h e s a m e i n t h e cen t er as on t h e

en d s .

h eavy m at er i al it i s ad vi s able
w
"

t Ot s et t h e u pper j a b a ck T hi s i
. s d on e by l oos en in g cap

F i g u r e 3 1 1L—
C h i ca g o S t eel
-
C o r ni c e B ra ke ( E n d Vi e w) .

wG w a n d t i g ht en in g s et s cr ew P
i

s cr e an d s et s cr e ,

Fi g u r e 31 I t i s i m
o

w
r

.
p o r t a n t th a t c ap s c r e 0 be t i g ht en e d
a ft er t h e u pper j aw I s s et t o t h e d es i r ed p oi n t Th er e _

ce f or t h e m a t er i a l b et w
.

s h ou l d be en ou g h s pa
'

een t h e u pp er

j a w a n d t h e b en d i n g l ea f w h en t h e l a tt er i s r a i s e d t o a

h or i z on t al pos iti on A d j u s tm en t f or cl am ping t h e m a

~

t er i al i s m a d e by l oo s en i n g b olt F F i g u r e 81 an d tu r n i n g
, ,

t h e eccen t r i c n u t E s h own I n t h e s am e fig u r e t o t h e d e -L

s i r ed p oi n t an d th en t i g ht en i n g b olt F
~
, .
 th at t h e pi n mar k ed L i n F i g u r e 31 i s d ow n t i ght b ef or e

t h e b en d i n g ed g e of th e u pp er j aw cl am ps t h e s h eet I f .

th i s pi n i s n ot d own at t h e pr oper t i m e pl ace a bl ock ,

u n d er t h e r ea r of t h e l eg s at t h e oi n t m ark ed R F i u r e
p g ,

3 1 Th i s wi ll b r i n g th e pi n t o t h e pr oper pos i ti on S h ou l d
. .

s h eet th r ow over f ar th er on on e en d th an t h e oth er ,

F i g u r e 32 .
—S h owi n g M et h od of F a s t en i n g F o r m s .

s et th e ed g e of th e u pp r e j aw ba ck
. on whi ch th e s h eet is

t h r own o v er f ar th es t
th e .

‘
S h or t h eavy pi eces s h ou l d be b en t i n th e cen t er of
t h e b r ake Th i s eq u aliz es t h e s t r a i n
. .

A St eel an g l e bar m ar ked 1 i n F i g u re 33 i s pr ovi d ed

, ,

wi th th e Ch i cag o s t eel cor n i ce b r ake an d I S i n t en d ed t o

i

,
”

bel t on t h e ed g e of t h e ben d i ng l eaf f or b en d i n g h e avy ,

s h eets . Th i s g iv es a d d i ti on al l ev er a g e Th e i n ch bar
.
-

m ar k ed F i g u r e 33 i s m a d e of s peci al car b on s t eel an d

,
‘

i s s o a tt a ch ed t o t h e b en d i n g l ea f th a t it can be r em ov ed

t o a ll ow cl ea r an ce f or m aki n g a n a r r ow r ev er s e b en d .

Thi s bar S h ou l d n ot be r ein Ov ed f or an y oth er pu r pos e .

Th e b al a n ce wei g ht s a tt a ched t o t h e b en d i n g l eaf s h own ,

at each en d of t h e ma chi n e i n F i g u r e 2 9 c an be r a i s ed
”

or lo wer ed t o s u i t t h e con veni en ce Of th e us er .

Fi g u r e 31 a t G an d Q s h ows an ad j us t abl e s t op g au g e
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 71

'

i chi can be us ed ith er e to r eg u a el t th e an g l e of th e b en d ,

d u pli cat e W or k i s d on e, th e be r ai s ed
“

er e or a pr on can

and s et f or
’

cr i m pi n g wor k an d f or m aki n g cu r ves or

m ol d s .

Us e of Far m er s — Th e C hi cag o t l cor n i ce br a ke i s

. s ee

fu rnis h ed wi th for m er s of whi ch th ere ar e five s i z es ,

n am ely 3 ,
1 an d
,
i n ch F or ci r cu l ar or
,
.

i r r eg ul ar b en d s th es e for m er s ar e cl am ped t o th e ed g e o f

Fi g u r e 33 —
S h o wi ng
. H ow St eel Ba rs Ar e U d
se f o r I n cr ea s ed L ev er a g e .

th e apr on ,
as s h own In Fi g u r e 32, h eld mar ked 3, an d ar e

s ecu r ely by m ea n s of fri ct i on cl a m ps m a r k ed 4 Aft er a ,

.

s qu a r e b en d i s m a d e on t h e s h eet t h e f or m er I s pl aced I n ,

i t i d S i b d d h f m i l d
’

p os on a s e cr e a n a n o t er x

or er s p ace on

t h e expos ed p ar t of t h e s h eet wh i ch i s th en pr es s ed d own

“

by h an d Th e s qu ar e b en d can be ma d e on a n u m b er o f
.

s h eet s an d t h e cu r v es b ent a ft er war d , as t h e W i d e op en i n g

Of t h e j aW s p er mi t S t h e s h eets t o p as s O v er t h e f or m er
‘

.
r

I n f or m i n g cor n i ces or oth er s ect i on s of g i r th i t i s ,

a d vi s abl e t o s tar t a b en d nea r t h e cen t er or m ak e a ki n k

‘

on t h e opp os i t e ed g e from t h e b en d m a d e fir s t s o a s t o

fl
,
,

equ a l i z e t h e b u ckl es i n t h e s h eet T h e r eas on f or th i s i s .

th at Sh eet s ar e n ot always p er fectly at an d if on e ed g e ,

i s l eft b u ckl ed Wh i l e t h e oth er ed g e i s s t r ai g ht en ed by

c l a m pi n g i n t h e b r a k e a n d a b en d i s s u b s equ en tly m a d e
‘
72 p S HE E T ME T AL W ORK E R S ’
MA NU AL

i n th e buckl ed t it will s tr ai g h ten ou t t h e b u ckl e an d

par ,

will thr ow th efir s t m a d e b en d out of l i ne:

T he ob s er vi n g m ech ani c will l ear n man y O th er Valuabl e
d et a i l s th r ou g h t h epr a cti ca l u s e of th i s m ach i n e .

Th e s t eel cor n i ce b r ake f or h an d u s e i s m an u f a ctu r ed

i n a va r i ety of S i z es u p t o 12 f t i n l en gt h a n d i n a wi d e
‘
.
'
, .

r a n g e of capa citi es .

S t eel M ot or D r web B ra ke — F i g u r e 34 i l l u s t r a t es a
.

s t ee l m ot or d r i ven b r ake whi ch I S ma d e i n a var i ety o f

,

It i s cl a i m ed f or thi s b r ak e th at it
‘

s i z es and ca paciti es .

wi ll b en d s t eel pl at e 78 in ch th i ck an d of a l en g th Of 12 ft
3 .

S im il a r m a ch i n es ar e m an u f a ctur ed of ver y h eavy ca pa

c ity ,
a r r an ged t o op er at e eith er by ha n d g ear i n g b elt ,

d r iv e or d i r ect m ot or d r i ve
,
.

F OR M I N G MA C H IN E S
Fo
r m i n g m a chi n es , or th ey as a r e s om e
ll ed tim es ca ,

r o l l s a r e a n eces s i ty i n
, ever y s h eetm et al s h op a nd pr ob ,

a bly n o oth er m achi n e i s u s ed m or e ex t en s i v ely Th e .

c ons t r u c ti on of t h e f or m i ng m achi n e i s v er y s i mp l e con

.
,

s i s ti n g o f a l eft a n d r i g ht en d fram e h a vi n g th r ee s oli d

- -

s t eel r olls con n ect ed with r s o p er a t ed by m eans of a

g ea ,

h an d cr an k or wi th a b elt Wh en fitt ed With pu l l eys f or

p o w er d r i v e a n
,
d v e r y o ft en d r i v en w i th a d i r ect m o t or

c on n ect ed with t h e g ea r i n g i n th e m ach i n e Th e f or m i n g .

machine i s ver y u s efu l f or for m in g s h eet ir on i n t o cy l i n

d er s of v ar i ou s d i am et er s S im il ar t o t h e or d i n ar y s t ove
,

_pi p e ,
e lb o w s c a
,
n b o d i es v e s s el s t a n k s et ,
c ,
.

T h e g en er al ty pe of al l f or n ii n g m a chi n es I s S i m il ar
,
‘

t h ou g h th er e ar e man y v ar i ati on s i n th ei r m e ch an i s m In
,

p r i n ci p l e t h e f or m i n g i s d o n e b y th r e e r o ll s T h e t w o

f r on t r oll s g r i p t h e s h eet of m etal a n d f Or ce it ag ain s t t h e

r ea r r oll wh i ch b en d s it a r oun d t h e fron t upp er r oll
, ,

f or m i n g th e cyli n d er Th e s iz e o f ci r cl e th a t can be
‘

f orm ed On a f or m i n g m a ch i n e d epen d s on t h e n ea r n es s of
‘

'
t h e r ear or f or m i n g r oll t o t h e fr on t upper r oll i n t h e
"

_
_
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MAN UAL

m achi n e Th e pr es s u r e of t h e gr i ppi n g r Ol l s , whi ch ar e

.

t h e two r oll s l ooki n g f rom t h e fr on t of t h e m a chi n e, i s

‘

r eg u l a t ed by th u m b s cr ews , a n d th e r ear or f or m i n
‘

g r o ll
is ul a t ed i n th e s am e m an n er ;
r eg

Op er a ti on — Th er e i s n o s et r ul e th a t m ay be a ppl i ed
.
_

for t h e s etti n g of a f or m i n g m a chin e t o s ecu r e a n

y d es i r ed
ci r c e
l Th e a d j u s tm en t s a r e b es t s ecu r ed th r ou g h ex per i
.

m en t s Th e s h eet of m et al t o be for m ed i s i n s er t ed fr om
.

t h e fr on t Of th e m a ch i n e and pa s s ed th r ou gh t h e t wo

Gear St uds f

r Fr ont a pmg R0
R

Fi g u r e 3 5 .
— F or m i n g Ma ch i ne wi t h S ol i d Hou s i n g s .

fr on t gr i ppi n g r oll s s ecu r i n g u n i f or m pr es s u r e o f th e

,

roll s on t h e m at er i al thr ou g h thu m b s cr ews s o th a t t h e ,

s h eets Will r i d e th r ou g h t h e r oll s fr eely Th e s h e et on .

,

p a s s i n
g th r ou g h t h e g pp g
r i i n r oll s wi ll s t r i k e t h e r e a r

or f or m i n g r oll if a d j u s t ed h i g h enou g h th er eb y f or m
,

,
in g ,

a ci r cl e If t h e ci r cl e s ecu r ed i n t h e fir s t ex per i m en t
.

s h ou l d n ot p r ove of cor r ect d i amet er t h e l owe r i n g o f

t h e r ear or for m
,

in g r oll wi ll i n cr ea s e t h e d i am et er
of th e cyl i n d er or by r a i s i n g t h e form i ng roll t h e
,

d i a m et er of t h e cy li n d er wi l l be d ecr ea s ed In for m
In g cyli n d er s of ver y : s m all d i a m et er s t h e bl an k a s
76 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S M A Ni JAL
’

s ar l l y be sli pped o ver t h e fr on t u pp e r r ol l , an d u n es s l

t h e oper a t or is an h an d an d s kill ed i n h i s
ex p er i en ce d
a rt t h e wor k wi ll be thr own ou t of s h ape or m alfor m ed ,

whi ch i s i m pos s ibl e wh er e th e s l i p rol l f or m i n g machi n e

i s u s ed

i n d er
a ft
Th es l i p r oll m ach i n e a l s o a i d s i n f or mi n g a cy l
.

er t h e l ock or ed g e i s t u r n ed o n th e

with t h e fol d i n g m a ch i n e Th e s killfu l oper at or i s abl e t o

.
a t s h eet fl
s l i p t h e s h eet of m et al with th e l o ck t ur n ed th r ou g h t h e

w t m c
‘

g pp g
r i i n r oll s i h ou
-

t as h i n g t h e l o k t o a s g o o d a d ,
o

F i gur e 37 ;. F or mi n g
'

M a ch i ne Sli p R ol l P a t t er n f —
B a ck '
G ea r ed .

t
v an ag e on f or m i n g m ach i n e wi t h s ol i d h ou si n g s a s
th e
on t h e f or m i n g m a ch i n e s li p r oll p a tt e ,
r n ; bu t t h e i n ex

p e r i en ced o p er a t or w ill h av e b ett er s u c ces s w i th a f or m i n g

m ach i n e s l i p r oll pa tt er n wh en h an d li n g su ch mat er i al
, , .

In al l f or m i n g m a ch i n es s ever a l con v en i en t g r ooves of

v ar i ou s wi d th s a r e cu t i n t h e r oll s on o n e en d a n d it i s

b etween th es e g r oov es th at sh eet s pr evi ous ly wi r ed s h ou l d

be r oll ed Th es e g r o ov es ar e cu t pu r pos ely t o f aci l i t at e

fl
.

t h e f or m i n g of cyl i n d er s wh i ch h av e b een pr evi ou s ly wi r ed

i n t h e a t s h eet an d to f or m s t r a i g ht wi re i nt o ci r cl es
,
.

F or mi n g m a chi n es a r e m an uf a ctu r ed i n a v ar i ety o f

l en g th s with r ol l s m ea s uri n g 1 i n ch i n d i am et er an d
,

l ar g er . F or t h e or d i n a r y s h eet m et a l S h ep f or m in g ,

m achi nes wi th s ol i d h ou s i n gs an d s l i p r ol l p att er n ar e

us ed qui t e ext en s i v ely i n l en g th s of 30 an d 36 i n ch es with
,

'

r oll s m ea s u r i n g 2 i n ch es i n d ia m et er For v er y h eavy .

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI NG M A C H IN E RY 77

an d l ar g ewor k roll s a r e s el ect ed m ea s u r i n g fr om

_
to 4
"
i n ch es i n d i am eter , an d f or ex t r a or d i n ar y r equ i r em en t s
f or m i n g m a ch i n es wi t h r ol l s ver y m u ch l ar g er i n d i am e
t er th an4 i nch es ar e of er ed
f .

Fi g u r e 37 s h ows a for m i n g m ach i n e, li p r oll p a tt er n

s ,

b ack g ea r ed an d i n t en d ed f or v er y h eavy wor k W h en .

F i g ur e 3 8 —F or mi n g M ach i n S l i p R
e, ol l P —B
a t t er n ac k G ea r ed
Di t M t D
.
,

r ec o or r i ve .

r equ i r ed t
to t h efl oor t h eh eavy f or m i n g m a ch i n e
s an d on

i s fitt ed to s u i t abl e ca s t i r on fl oor l eg s an d wh en a r r ang ed

-

f or power th e s h a ft i s ex t en d ed a n d a t i g ht pu ll ey or
“

t i ght an d l oos e pu ll ey s ar e fitt ed .

T h e m a ch i n e s h own i n F i g u r e 38 i s th e s am e m ach i n e
as s ho wn i n F i g u r e 37 bu t m o u n t ed ,
on ca s t i r on fl oor -

l eg s , wi th a d i r ect con n ect ed m ot or

-

.
78 Q S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS MA NUA L
’—
.

F u n n el F or m i n g M a ch i n e —F or f or in g coni cal an d m
t a per i n g wor k of v ar i ou s an g l es s u ch as can t ops f u n ,

n el s l a m p s h a d es et c
, ,
t h e fu nn el f orm i n g m a ch i n e s h own
.
,

i n F i g u r e 39 w as d es i g n e
md T w o t ap er ed s t eel r oll s 1 0
i n ch es i n l en g th g r i p th e m at er i al an d a th i r d t aper ed
r ear r oll d oes t h e f or m i n g Th e t wo g r i ppi n g r ol l s ar e
.

F i g u r e 39 .
-
F u n n el F Or m i n g M ch i n e
a .

b r ou g ht t og eth er an d t h e m at er i al i s
l th r ou g h c am ped

th e d epr es si on of a f oot t r ea d l e an d t h e wor k f or m ed by

,

m ean s of a h an d cr a n k Th r ou g h t h e pr oper a d j u s tm en t
.

of t h e th i r d t ap er ed r ea r r oll var i ou s t a p er s can be

for m ed m ea s u r i n g as s m a ll a s
,
i n ch /a t t h e s mall en d of
t h e t ap er a nd a d i am et er of 3 i n ch es a t th el arg e e n d Th e .

th i r d t ap er ed r ear r oll n ot s h own i n t h e illus tr a ti on i s

, , ,

s u pp or t ed by a h ol d er whi ch i s a d j u s t able f or s et ti n g t h e
,
i
L
"

S HE E T M E T A woR Ki NG M AC H I N
L
-

.
E RY -

79

way fr om th e two t a per ed g r i ppi n g

'
—

ll cl os e
ro to or a
an d i s a l s o a d j u s t abl e t o va r i ou s a n g l es t o s u i t t h e
w
,

o r k t o be f or m ed W h er e g ood j u d g m en t i s u s ed i n t h e
“

s et t i n g o f th i s m ach i n e i t i s n ot d i fficu lt t o a , d j u s t an d
o per a t e i t s o as t o s ecu r e a n y n u m b er of t a p er s of u n i f or m

for m i n g m achi n e i s ver y pr a ct i cal f or u s e

l :

on n ot h eavi er th an No 2 4 g au g e ( U S S t a nd
-

. . .

ROOVIN G C
‘

G M A H INE S
i
Gr oov n g m a ch i n es foll ow th e fol di n g m a ch i n es ( F i g
ur es 15 , 17 18 ) an d a r e i n t en d ed f or cl os i n g or g r o ovi n
g

F i g u r e 4 O.— G r o o vi n g
-

F
M a ch i ne .

th e s eam s p vire
ou s ly f ol d i n g m a chin e
p p
r e a r ed wi th th e
i n pi p es ca n s t a nk s et c (_S ee F i g u r e
, , ,
A cl os ed l o ck
.

i s fir s t t u r ned on t h e s h eet of m et al by t h e u s e of th e fol d

i ng m a ch i n e Th e s h eet i s th en r oll ed i n t o a cyl i n d er by
.

t h e f ormi n g ma ch in e ( F i gu r es 35 an d
? wh en th e
cor r es pon d i n g ed es yl i r
”

g as r
p p e a r e d i n t h e,
c n d er a e ,

s n apped t og e th er a nd l a i d on t h e g r o ov i n g h or n i n t h e
 80 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS M AN .
’
UAL
g r oovi n g
‘

mTh e g r oovi n g r Ol l s : i n t h e g r oovm g

ach i n e .

m a chi n e r u n over t h e s eam l en g th i s e , eff ecti n g an oper a w «

‘‘ ’’ ‘‘ ”
t i on call ed g r oovi n g or s eam cl os i n g , an d co pl et _ m
i n g th e l ock as s h own i n F i g u r e 4 1
,
.

Th e b es t m achi n e o f i t s ki n d f or or d ina r y wor k an d

i

wh er e t h e m at er i al t o be u s ed i s n ot t oo h eavy i s s h own ,

i n F i g u r e 40 1t d iffer s fr om th e or d i n ar y gr oovin g
.

m a chi n e i n th at it i s m or e r api d a n d con v en i ent Th e .

op er at or s t a n d s i n fron t o f t h e m a ch i ne a n d d o es n ot h av e
_

t o cha n g e h i s pos iti on wh en i n s er ti n g an d rem ovi ng wor k

F i g u re 41 Sh owi n
-
g S ect i o n of P i p eB ef Gor e r o ov i n g , an d th e Sam e
S ec t i o n Af t er G r o o v i ng , wi t h S m L o t ed
ea ca on th e Ou t s i d e .

or oper a ti n g t h e m a chi n e T h e t r avel i n g car r i a g e

.
,

a r r a n g ed wi th on e g r o ovi n g a n d on e fl a tt en i n g r oll on ,

com pl eti on o f i t s r u n ov er t h e s ea m i n t h e wor k i s q ui ckly

a n d eas ily r e tur n ed t o t h e s t ar t i n g pon t by r el easi n g th e

i ,

l ev er A an d pu s hi n g t h e tr aveli n g ca r r i a g e b a ck by h an d .

Th e ad j u s t abl e s t op B on t h e u pp er bar s t ops t h e tr av :

A
el i g ca
n r r —
i a g e at an y d es i r ed p oi n t t o s u i t t h e l en g th of
‘

t h e wor k t o b e g r o ov ed ; Th e a d j u s t ab l e s t op 0 on t h e
'
‘

l ower bar pr ev ent s t h e wor k f r om s lipping d ur i n g th e

"
‘

p r o ce s s o f g r o ov i n g A l a t ch co n n e ct s a n d h o l d s s e cu r e

t h e upper bar a n d t h e gr oovi n g h or n Thi s l at ch i s th r own

b ack b ef or e t h e w
.

or k can be i ns er t ed i n th e m a chi n e .
 S HE E T M E T AL wmo
'

cm s M AC H I N E RY “

81

W h en t h e wor k i s pr oper ly pl a ced over th e g r oovi ng h or n

‘

th e l a t ch i s cl o s e d pr ev en t i n g a n y p
,
s r i n g of t h e g r o .
o v i n g
h or n wh i l e t h e t r av el i n g car r i a g e pas s es over t h e s eam

fl
.

Th e g r owi n g h or n i s r ever s i bl e a n d i s ma d e wi th a
Ser i es of pl an ed g r ooves a n d a at s u r f a ce W h en i t i s

fl
.

de s i r ed th a t t h e s ea m or g r o ov e a pp e a r O n t h e ou t s i d e of
t h e wor k ( s ee F i g ur e 41 ) t h e at s u r f a ce of t h e g r oovi n g
‘

Upper B ar

Gr oovingHor n

ndar d

Hand 1

Fi g u r e 4 2 .
— G r o o vi n g M a ch i n e , S h o r t H or n .

h or n is s et u p war d u s n g on e of
i t h e g r oov ed roll s t o su it

fl
-

th e Si ze of th e s ea m a
_
s p p
r e a re d i n t h e w o r k ,
a n d on e

att en i n g r oll If t h e s eam i s t o be l o cat ed on t h e i n s i d e

.

o f t h e wor k on e of t h e gr oov es pl a
,

,
n ed i n t h e g r oov1n g
h or n n ea r es t t h e s i z e of t h e s eam i n th e wor k i s s el ect ed
, , ,

a n d t h e gr o ov i n g h or n i s a d j u s t ed s o th a t t h e s el ect ed

g r oo v e i s o n t op U s i n g o n
. e fl a tt en i n g r oll i n t h e t r a v el
i n g car r i a g e pr ov i d ed wi th t h e m a ch i n e t h e fl a t r ol l p a s s
"

,
,

i n g ov er t h e s eam wi ll pr es s i t i n t h e g r oov e pl an ed i n t h e
‘

g r oo v i n g h or n th u s l oca,
ti n g t h e s ea m on th e i n s i d e o f t h e

wor k .
 Th e g r oovi n g m ach i n e , F i gu r e 40 , i s m an ufa ctu r ed i n
l en g th of 30 i n ch es a n d wi ll g r oove wor k i n ch es d i am
t
e er an d l a r g er on m at er i a l as h eavy as No 2 4 g au g e
, .

i r on an d li g ht er ( U S S ta n d ar d ) . . .

F or s m all work es pe ci ally wh er e m an y pi eces of t h e

, ,

s a m e k i n d a r e t o be g r oov ed a s h or t h or n o v
g r o i n g ,

m a ch i n e i s pr ef er abl e Fi g u r e 42 i ll u s tr a t es a g r oovi n g
.

m a ch i ne f or s u ch wor k Thi s m achi ne h as a t aper ed

.

g r o ovi n g h o r n m ea s u r i n g 3 i n ch es at t h e l a rg e e n d an d
1 % i n ch es at t h e s m a ll e n d with a l en gth fo f 2 0 i n ch es
’

.
.
,

T h e g r oovi n g h or n on t h i s m ach i n e i s not r eVer s i bl e a n d

t h e g r oov

fl
e or s ea m l ocat es its elf on t h e ou t s i d e of th e
“

wor k as illu str a t ed i n F i g u r e 41 B ei n g i n ten d ed f or

, .

v er y li g ht wor k a
‘
att en in g r oll i s n ot fitt ed t o t h e t r av
,

el i n g ca r r i ag e .

Th e m a r k et off er s a v ar i ety o f g r oovi n g ma chi n es i n

v a r i ou s d esi g n s a n d ca pa ci ti es h an d oper at ed an d f or ,

p o w er d r i ve bu t
, i n g en er a l pri n c i pl e th ey a r e a l l t h e

s am e .

B N CH E M A H NE S C I

w
‘

Th e b en ch m achi n e i s ah op valu abl e t

as s e in ey
ev r s ,

wh eth er s h eet m et al or k i s car r i ed on m od er at ely or

ex t en s ively I t s Con s t r u cti on com pr i s es a fr ai ri e wi th
.

s h a ft s an d g ea r s a n d r oll s
,
or as th ey ar e s om eti m es ,

ca ll ed f a c s of v ar i ou s s h a pe s T h es h a v e a v er y i m p o r
e
, ,
e .

t an t par t i n t h e prepar ati on of s h eet met al cylin d er s ,

s u ch a s ca n s t a n ks ves s el s et c
, ,
A ccor d i n g t o t h e d es i g n
,
.

of t h e r oll s i n t h e m achi n e t h ey pr epa r e a g r oov e or s ea t

,

i n s h eet m et al wor k f or r ecei vi n g a w i r e com pl et e t h e ,

op er at i on o f wi r i n g t u r n a b u r r or fl an ge pr epar a t or y
A ,

t o d ou bl e s eam i n g an d s et d own seam s pr epar at or y t o

fl
,

d ou bl e s eam i n g i n a d d iti on t o p er for m i n g a v ar i ety of

,

oth er oper a ti ons m a ki n g i m pr es s i on s i n at or i r r eg u l ar

s h a pe d s h eet m et al Th e b en ch m achi n es a
. b ou t t o be
d es cr ib ed ar e cl as s i fied as tur n i n g ma chi n es wi r in g ,
84 S HE E T
'

M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M N A UAL
r ev o u l ti on With th ek t h e r ol ls m ak e a s l i g ht
h an d cr a n ,

cr eas e a r ou n d th e ed g e of t h e cyl in d er Aft er th i s cr ea s e

w
.

i s s ecu r ed t h e cr an k s cr e i s given an oth e r s li g ht t u r n .

In a s econ d a n d thi r d r evoluti on of t h e r oll s s t ar ti n g t o ,

tilt th e wor k u pwar d an d on e or two a d d it i on al r evol u

,

t i ons b r i n g i n g ex tr a pr es s u r e of t h e r oll s t o b ear on th e

,

wor k thr ou g h t h e cr an k s cr ew a d eep g r oove i s f or med ; ,

a nd i n t h e op er a ti on o f t i lt i n g t h e wor k u pwar d i n t h e .

of t u r n i n g t h e g r oove a m pl e m at er ia l i s l eft t o
“

Fi gu r e 44 .
—A ,
A, S ea t s f or Wi r e, M ad e on Tu r n i ng M a ch i n e .

wor k ar ou n d th e wi r e aft er it
l ai d i n th e g r oove m a d e
is
“

f or it P r acti ce i s n eces s ar y t o m ake an effici en t tu r n i n g

w
.

ma chi ne oper at or bu t th e m ach i n e an d t h e or k p er

,

for m ed ar e s i mpl e an d g ood r es u lt s ar e eas i l y att ai n ed

aft er a f ewt r i al s .

Th e tu r ni n g m achi n es d es cr ib ed a r e m ad e i n t wo s i z es .

Th e s m all t u r n i n g m ach i n e h a s r ol l s m ea s u ri n g 2 6 i n ch es
—1— r

d i am et er an d wi ll pr ep ar e wor k f or wi r e as l ar g e as
3
i n ch d i am et er a n d a s s m a ll a s 9 6 4 i n ch d i am et er Th e
6
.

l ar g e s i z e tu rn i n g m a ch i n e h avi n g r ol l s m eas ur i n g 3
, .

i n ch es d i am et er will pr ep ar e wor k f or r ecei vi n g a wi r e

,

as a r g e a s 1 5 / 6 4 i n ch d i am et er an d as s m all a s
l ,

i n c h d i am eter on No 2 2 g aug e i r on an d l i ght er ( U S

. .
 ’

S HE E T M E T -
AL WOR KI NG M AC H I N E RY “

85

S t an d ar d ) L ar g er
. a n d h eav i er t u r n i n g m a ch i n e s o f N o .

1 g g
8 a u e i r on a n d l i g ht er ca p a ci ty a n d f or p p
r e a r
,
i n g
wor k f or wi r e as l a r g e as 1 6 i n ch ar e al s o m an u f a ctu r ed
—
,

an d I n th es e m a ch i n es t h e r ol l s m eas u r e 3 1
4 i n ch es i n
d i am et er .

W i r i ng M a ch m es — Th e
W i r i n g mach i n e Fi g u r e 45 i s , ,

u s ed i n cl os e con n ect i on wi th t h e t u r n i n g m a ch i n e Fi g u r e ,

43 . T h e tu r n i n g op er a t i on h av i n g b een well perfor m ed

C r ankS crew S t u cr e w
Uppe r B

For mi n G a v
W
or m e a r 5 g 3
F i g ur e 4 5 —
W i ri ng
.

( s ee Fi g u r e 44 ) th att h ewi r e
i s t o fit i n t o t h e s e a t o f t h e
-
- -

v es s el as pr epar ed With t h e t u r n i n g m a ch i n e m u s t be
‘

r oll ed i n t o a ci r cl e of a d i a m et er n ea r t h e
-

d i a m e t er o f t h e
'

Th e f or m i n g m ach i n es ( F i g u r es 35
i

v es s el or cyl i n d er
"

.
,
'
'

g r oo v es C u t i n th e i r r o l l s f o r t h e u
p p r os e o f
r e cei v m g s t r a i g ht wi r e a n d f or m i n g i t i n t o ci r cl es Th e .

wi r e r i n g s ecu r ed thu s i s s l i pped i n t o t h e s eat pr epar ed

by t h e t ur n i n g m ach i n e h el d i n i t s pl ace with t h e ai d of
,

a m all et cl os i n g t h e m et al i n t h e cyl i n d er ar ou n d t h e wi r e
‘

o n e or t wo i n ch es ov er t h e h or n i n t h e wi r i n g m a ch i n e
f

s t an d a r d ( s ee F i g u r e 5 5 ) or ov er a b en ch s t ak e .

P r oceed t o ad j u s t th e for m i n g g au g e an d pl ace th e

c yl i n d er with t h e wi r e i n s er t ed b etween t h e r oll s i n t h e
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K E R S! M AN U A E

ma ch i n e ,
ad j u s t i n g th e g au g e i n th e ~ r e ar of t h e m achi n e
ll wil l cl ea r t he ou ter e d g e
d

so th a t th e ed g e o f th e u pper r o

o f th e w ir e Th en d epr es s t h e u pp er r oll by m ean s of

.

t u r n i n g th e c r an k s cr ew bu t n ot t oo h a r d f or ,
th e fir s t
r evolu t i on o f t h e r oll s In t h e s econ d an d th i r d r evol u
ti on of th e r o ll s per m i t t h e u pper r oll t o pr es s h ar d er
, ,

c on t i n u i ng t o C l os e t h e m at er i al l eft by t h e tu r n i n g
-
m a chi n e a r ound t h e wi re ; an d a s a fin i s h i n g oper a t i on
a l l owt h e Wor k t o t i l t u pw
‘

a r d wo r ki n g t h e ma t er i al com
‘

p l e te l y a n’
d c o m p a ctly i n u n d er t h e w i r e ( s e e F i g u r e 4 6 )
c ompl eti n g th e oper a ti on of W i r i n g

Fi g u r e 46 .
—B B M et a l
, ,
C l o s ed A r oun d W i re by W i r i n g M a ch i n e .

Th e wir i n g ti on With t h e wi r i n g m a chi n e i s n ot

op er a

d if ficu l t wi t h a littl e pr act i ce Th e f or m i n g g au g e i n th e

’ “

m a ch i n e h a s a n i d l er r oll Whi ch fa cilit a t es t h e w i r i n g of

cy l i n d er s but per f ect W i r i n g W i th t h e W i r i n g m a ch i n e i s
,

p os s i bl e w ith o r w i th o u t t h e u s e o f t h e f o r m i n g g a u g e ,

a n d wh en n ot r equ
”

i r ed it i s ea s i ly d et ach ed .

T h e wi r i n g ma ch i n e d es cr i b ed h as r oll s m eas u r i n g 3
in ch es d i am et er an d i s pr a cti cal f or W i r e u p t o i n ch
‘

d i am et er wi th a capacity of No 2 2 g au g e Ir on a n d li g ht er
,
.

_
“

(U . S . S t a n d a r d ) T h e m a n u f a ct u
. r er o ff e r s l a r g e r a n d
h eavi er wi r in g m a chin es i n t en d ed f or h eavy wor k an d
u nu s u a lly l a r g e s i ze wi r e h a n d or p ower op er a ,
t ed an d ,

i n s u ch m a chi n es th e r oll s ar e i n t er ch an g eabl e f or p er

for mi n g th e oper a ti on s of W i r i n g or tu r n ing on t h e s am e
 S HE E T M E T AL C I
W OR KI N G M A H NE RY 87
‘

B a r r i ng M ach i n es — W hi l e
l i ttl e pr a cti ce wi ll pr o
a
'
d u ce ver y s a t i s f act ory r es u l t s
a n d m a k e g oo d W i r i n g p os
-

s i bl e w ith t h e u s e o f t'
h e w i r i n g a n d f t u r n i n g m a chi n es a s ,

a l r ea d y d es cr i b ed t h e b u rr i n g m a ch i n e ( F i g u r e 4 7 ) i s
,
'
m or e d i fi cu l t t o o per at e an d a n y a tt em pt t o u s e t h e
, _

bu rr i n g m a ch i n e wi th ou t a t ea ch er wou l d r es u lt I n a
-

was t e of ti m e an d not a littl e s poi l ed wor k A kn a ck i s

‘

F i g ur e 4 7 — B u r r i n g M a ch i n e .

wor k
'

i
r equ r ed h ol d i n g th e In pr
p
o er p tios i
on ,
an d

ft er th i s 1s l ear ned a fpr oper an d u ni f or m s peed i s n eces

‘

a
_

s a r y t o pr o d u ce a n ed ge or fl a n g e w ith ou t b u ckli n g S ee
f
.

F i g u r es 172 177 -

Th e b u r r i n g m ach i n e i s u s ed f or cr ea s i n g , ed g i n g ri m s
-

o f Cover s f or p a i l s b o i l er s ,
et c , and p r ep ar i n g ci r cu l a r
,
.

ed g es of b ott om s an d b o d i es of v ess el s f or d ou bl e s eam i n g .

I n prep ar i n g v es s el s f or d ou bl e s eam i n g a b u r r i s fir s t ,
.

t u r n ed at a r i g ht an g l e on t h e b od y of t h e ves sel ( s ee
"

F i g u r e 48 ) th en on e of n ear ly t h e s am e wi d th i s t u r n ed
88
‘

S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
_ M N A UAL
b ey on d a r ig ht l
a n g e a r ou n d
‘

th e edg e of th eb ott om , Th e
b od y i s s pr u n g in t o th e l as t n am ed bur n -
Th e v es s e l is

Fi g ur e 48 .
—T h r ee p
S uc ces s i v e O er a t i o n s f o r D ou bl e Sea m i n g : al s o a
B ot t om F l a n g e , T ur n ed o n t h e B
u r r i n g M a ch i n e a

Hand C r anK

Fi g ur e 49 .
—S et ti n g D ewn Mach i ne

th en r ea d y f or s etti n g d own ( s ee F i gu re th e
s etti n g d own m ach i n es F i g u r es 4 9 5 2 To tu r n t h e b u r r
, ,
.

on t h e b od y of t h e wor k i s n ot v er y d i ffiCUl t bu t t o t u r n ,
 S H E ET M E T AL W OR KI N G MA C HI NE R Y .
89

even b ur r on t h e b ott om Wi th ou t cr i m p n g
i th e b u r r o r
war pi ng b ott om r equ i r es b oth t each i n g an d pr a ct i ce
th e .

Th e b ur r i n g m a ch i n e wi ll al s o tu r n fl an g es on b ott om s
d i s cs , ha i n F i g u re
’

or as s

Th e m a ch i n e wor kin g capacity of No

d es cr i bed h a s a .

2 2 g au g e Ir on a n d l i ht er ( U S S t an d a r d )
g an d I s m a n
. .
,

s ma ll s i z e wi th r oll s i n ch es d i am et er .

m a ch i n e t h e wi d es t fl an g e or b u r r th a t c an
i n ch -
Th e l a r g er m a ch i n eh a s r oll s m eas
.

es d i a m et er a n d t h e wi d es t fl a n g e or b u r r.

i
F g ur e 50 — E d g e T u r n ed by B u r F i g ur e 5 1 -
E d g es C l o s ed on S et
Ma M
.

r ing ch ine . t i n g D o wn a ch ine

that can be
tu r n ed i s n i n ch A d i ti i l

fl
k c co r n g o s p ec a
-
.

r equ i r em en t s h ea vi er m a ch i n es o f d i ffer en t con s tr u ct i on

fl
,

a r e m a n u f act u r ed f or b u r r i n g or ang i n g v er y h ea vy

m a t er ial wi th s mall or wi d e a n g es a s m ay be pr ef er r ed
,
.

S etti n g D own M a ch i n es — Th e s ett i n g d own m ach i n e

. .
,

Fi g u r e 4 9 I s u s ed t o cl os e t h e s ea ms l eft by t h e b u r r i n g
,
—

m ach i n e ( s ee F i gu r e 4 8 ) pr epar a tor y t o d ou bl e s ea m i n g ;

a n d i f t h e wor k on t h e b u r r i n g m a ch i n e h a s b een w ell
“

d on e th a t of s et t i ng d o n i s n ot h ar d t o l ear n
Th e v es s el i s h el d b ott om u pw
’
w
ar d an d t h e ed g e A F i g
.

ur e 50 of t h e b ott om r u n bet ween tw o r oll s wh en th e

i

1 , ,

cor r es pon d i n g ed g es ar e pr es s ed or cl os ed t i g ht r ead y f or ,

d ou bl e s eam i n g as s h own at B Fi gur e 5 1 Th e s etti n g

'

, .

, d own m a ch i n e F i g ur e 49 i s m or e g en er ally u s ed on t i n
, ,
 S HE E T
“

M E T AL W OR K ERS
’
MA NUAL

w ar e h avi n g s ea m s an d
3
1
-
in ch ,
an d wh er e a q u an tity
of th e ki n d of wor k i s t o be s et d own
s am e .

F i g u r e 5 2 s h ows a s etti n g d own m ach i n e i n t en d ed f or

t h e s am e wor k a s t h e m ach i ne sh own i n F i g u r e 4 9 bu t i n ,

thi s m a chi n e t h e i n cli n ed pos iti on of both t h e u pper an d

l ower r ol l s or f aces all ows th e wor k t o be h el d b ott om u p r

or d own and t h e s eam t o be s t ar t ed i n war d d u r i n g t h e

s etti n g d own o per a ti on thu s f a ci l i t a ti n g t h e oper a ti on of

,

d oub l e s eam in g ( see F i g u r e 6 7 a t B ) W h er e s eam s ar e

‘

C r a nk S c r e w
C r ank S c r ewS t ud

Hand Crank

Id l e r Rol l Ga uge

F i g ur e 5 2 .
—S et t i n g Dow M a ch i n
n e wi t h In cl i n
'
abl e R ol l s .

to be l
c os ed in oth er wor k b es i d es
t an ks, et c, t h e can s ,

n
co s t r uc t i o n o f t h e S ett i n g d aw n m ac hi n e ,
F i g u r e 5 2,

off er s a v er y pr acti ca l m ea n s f ar g en er al s eam cl os i n g .

I t i s fitted with a d j u s t abl e i d l er r oll er g au g es th at g u i d e

'

th e wo m m
'

r k t h r ou g h t h e r oll s , a ki n g f or or e ac cu r a t e s ea m
Cl os in g .

Th e tti ng d own m a chi n e d es cr i b ed i s m a d e i n t wo

se

s iz es N o 2 4 g au g e i r on a n d l i g h t er c a p a city ( U S S t a n d . .

/
.
, _

a r d f
) o er s a m s u p t o 3
8 i n ch _
a n d N o
-
1 8 au
g g e I
,
r on a n d .

li g ht er f or s eam s u p t o inch -
.
 S HE E T ME T AL WOR K E R S MA N UAL ’ “

s h a pe ,
-
suc h as m u d g u ar d s , et c . I t i s s u i t able f or a v ar i e ty
of t i on s wh er e th e wor k m u s t be per f ect ed wi th
“

oper a ,

a n d wh en s p eci a l r oll s ar e fit ted it cover s a w

“

r o ll s , id e
—
fiel d of s h api n g an d f or m i n g u sefu ln es s .

T h e m a c h i n e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i gur e 5 4 i s a com b i n a t i on

s litti n g cr i m pi n g an d b ea d i n g m ach i n e W hen th e wor k

‘

, .

Fi g ure 5 4 .
— C o m bi n a ti o n Sl i tti n g , C r i m i n gp and B ea d i ng M a ch i n e .

’
is n ot ou t o f r
p p
o or t i on t o t h e m a chi n e s c apa c i ty w i r i n g ,

r o ll s an d tu r n i n g
lls a r e s om et i m es fitt edro . T h e fr am e i s
o f one p i ece com pact i n con s t r u ct i on an d occu pi es a
"

, ,

m i n i m u m a m ou n t of ben ch r o om I t s l i m it ed c apa ei t y i s
“

No 1 6 g au g e i r on an d l i g hte r ( U S S ta n d ar d )
.
It h as . . . .

a d epth o f th r o a t of 11 i n ch es i s d r i v en wi t h a b elt fr om
‘

a li n e s h a ft a n d h a s a fr i ct i on cl u t ch oper a ted by m ean s

"

o f a f oot t r ea d l e a n d s pr i n g affor d i n g t h e op er at or fu ll
“

con t r ol of t h e m achi n e as well a s t h e wor k i n pr og r es s A .

 S HE E T M E T AL W O R KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 93

d i p
es crti on o f t h e fr i cti on l t h
c u c a tt a chm en t is g i ven

r e
e n d r F i g u r e 6 5 .

i
W h en so b i n at i on m a ch i n e can b
d es i r ed , th i s com

ar r ang ed t o r un wi th a d i r ect m ot or ; an d wh er e p ower i s

mat a v a i l a bl e i t i s a r r a ng ,
e d W i th a c r a n k f o r h a n d d r i v e .

B e noi t M a ch i n e S tan d a r d s
-

— Th e i llu s t r a ti on s F i g u r es ,

5 6 sh ow t h e s t an d a r d s u s ed i n con n ect i on wi th t h e
,

be n c h m . ac hi n es a l r ea d y d es c r i b ed T h e m ac h i n e s t a
.
n d
a d
r i s f a st en ed s e c u r e ly t o t h e w or k s h o p b en ch by m e a n s

of a s cr ew b u tt on a Th e h or n s h own o n
'

n d h a n d lev er
'

.
, ,

F i g ure 55 . W i ri ng
-
M a ch ine F i g u r e5 6 .
—R eg u l a1 : M a ch i ne
S ta n d a r d . Stand ar d .

th e W i r i n g _m a ch i ne s t a n d ar d i n F i g u r e 5 5 , i s v er y h an d y
'

i n pr ep ar i n g wor k f or W i r i n g; a s d escr i b e
'

d u n d er F i g u r e
45
R evol vi n g S ta n d a r d Th e r evol vi n g m a ch i n e s t an d ar d
.
-

s h own i n F i g ur e 5 7 wi ll h ol d ei ght o f a n y r eg u l a r b en ch

m achi n es u s ed f or per f ect i n g v ar i ou s s h eet m et al wor k i n g

p at i on s a n d wi th t h e u s e o f th i s r ev ol v i n g s t an d ar d a
o er ,

s epa r a te s t a n d ar d f or ea ch m a ch i n e l i k e th os e i n F i g u r es ,

55 an d —
5 6, i s n ot n eces s ar y .
 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E RS "
M AN UAL
Th e l i
r ev o v n g tu r r et m ar k ed 2 h o l d s fou r m achi n es .

F ou r op er a t i on s ca n be com pl et ed wi th ou t ch a g i n g p os i
n
t i On s a n d t h e f ou r m a ch i n es s et i n thi s t u r r et ar e a lwa y s
r ea d y f or a ct i on Th e s t an d a r d i s d es i g n ed with am pl e
r oom f or accom m o d a t i n g f r om on e t o f ou r Oper a t or s .

Th e h a n d l ever 3 h ol d s t h e r evo l vi n g turr et i n a fix ed

s t a t i on a r
y p o s i t i on W h en
_
s o r eq ui r e d Th e m a c.h i n e

m a r k ed 4 ar e ad j u s t abl e t h ey r a i s e l ower an d , ,

F i g ur e 57 .
—R evol vi n g M a ch i n e S tan d ar d .

l
r evo ve to su it ti n g con ven i en ce o f th e s h or t or
th e oper a

t a ll oper a t or as Well a s t h e wor k i n pr ogr es s

, ,

Th e l ower s t a t i on ar y t u r r et m ar k ed 5 h old s _f ou r a d d i
f

t i on al m a ch i n es f or qu i ckly i n t er ch an g i n g wit h an y
‘

m ac hi n e s et i n t h e u pp e r r ey ol v i n g t u r r et T h i s l ower .

t ur r et al s o pr ov i d es f or a h an d y s h elf h ol d i ng oi l can
"
, ,

t ool s et c Th e b r a cket s m ar ked 1 pr ovi d e a h an d y r a ck

"

.
,

f or f a ce wr en ch es an d a d d i t i o a l r oll s m aki n g a pl ace

“
,
n ”
,

f or ev er ythi n g an d everythi n g i n i t s pl ace .

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI N G MA C H INE R Y 95

Th e pr a cti ce t akin g d own an d pu tti n g u p m achin es

of

m an y ti m es a d ay an d th r owi n g th em un d er t h e b en ch
v “

Wh en it i s d es i r ed t o u t i li z e ben ch r oom f or s om e oth er ‘ -

p pu r os e o nl
, y t o fi n d s om e p a r t o f t h e m a chi n e b r o k en

when i t s us e i s m os t r equ i r ed i s a con d i t i o n i n t h e avera g e

fl
,

S h op whi ch th i s r ev olvi n g m a ch i n e St an d ar d en ti r ely

e l i m in ates Th e s ta n d ar d t akes u p a oor s pa ce of on ly

.

r S t ud

g G
r eear

S t and ar d

Ogee B ead RoH

’

s
Fi gur e 5 8 .
—B ea d i ng M a ch i n e .

30 in ch es i n d i am et er , an d h as b een a p pr ov ed by v et er an
S h eet met al Wor k er s a s a m od er n a n d i m pr ov ed m eth od
‘

o f b en ch m a ch i n e op er a t i on .

I G
B E AD N AND C R IM P IN G M A CH INE S

The b ea d in g wag i n g m a ch ine i s u s ed f or m akin g

or s

d epr es s i on s i n i r on s t i ff en i n g an d or n am en t i n g au t om o
,

b i l e m u d g u ar d s pi pe t h e b od i es of ves s el s an d s u ch
‘

, , ,

wor k an d i s v er y Si mpl e t o oper at e S ev er al p a ir s o f

~
.
96
1
“

S HE E T M E T AL WO RK E R S /
M ANU AL

it abl e d es i gn s us u ally a ccom pa n y t h e ma chi

‘

r o ll s of s u

Th e r oll s fu r n i s h ed wi th th e b ea d i n g m a ch i n e S h own
F i g u r e 5 8 a r e of th r ee ki n d s n am ely s i n g l e b ea d og , , ,

b ea d a n d tr ipl e b ea d A ccor d i n g t o th e kind of wor

,
.

t h e d es i g n o f bead th at W ill Sh ow u p on th e w or k m o

a tt r a cti v ely i s s el ect ed and th e wor k t o be b ead ed i s pl a c

i n t h e m a chi ne b etw
,

een t h e r oll s p r es s i n g t h e e d g e ,
:

t h e wor k ag a i ns t t h e g aug e Th e pr oper l ocat i on f or t

-
.

b ead i n t h e wo r k b ei n g s ecu r ed t h e u pp er r oll i s d epr es s ,

~
_

by t u r n i ng t h e cr an k s cr ew Tur n i n g th e ha n d cr a .

Cr ank Scr ew

Co nnect in
g Gear s

:
e B e ad

F i g ur e 59 .
—L i g h t Be ad ing M a ch i n e.

with i g ht h an d an d g u i d in g t h e wor k With th e l e

th e r

h an d t h e wor k r evol ves a r oun d t h e r ol ls com pl eti n g

, ,

i m pr es s i on i n th e m et al t o con for m wi th th e d es i g n i n t
b ead i n g r oll s u s ed th u s or n am ent i n g an d r ei n forci n g t
,

b ody of th e work .

Th e b ea d i n g m ach i n eil lu s t r a t ed i n F i g u r e 5 8 i s m an
f a ct u r ed i n tw o Si z es h av i n g a d epth of th r o a t 12 i n ch
,

a n d 6 % i n ch es r es pect i v ely an d h eav y e n ou g h t o b ea d,

s wa g e i r on o f No 2 0 g au g e a n d li g ht er ( U S St an
. . .

F ig u r e 59 s h ows a b ea d in g m achin e of li g ht ca p
a ci t
 S HE E T MET AL W OR KI NG M AC H I NE RY 97

No 2 6 .
g a u g e i r on an d li g ht er ( U S S t a n d ar d ) m a d e
. .
,
in

w s i z es wi th a d epth of th r o a t O f i n ch es and 4
t
“

o ,

in ch es r es pect i vely F our pai r s of b ea d i ng r olls wi th an

.
,
“

a d d i ti on a l p a i r o f r o ll s wi th t h e s m a ll er m a ch i n e h a vi n g
.

t h e 4 i n ch th r oa t com pl et e t h e r oll equ i pm en t fur n i s h ed

-
,
.

T hi s ty p e of b ea d i n g m ach i n e i s u s ed v er y e xt en s i v ely by

Fi g ur e 6 0 .
'

— H ea v yB ea d ing M a ch ine .

ti n war e m an u f a ctu r er a n d i n t h e s h op of th e s h eet

“

m etal wor ker wh er e t h e wor k t o be b ea d ed or s wa g ed i s

.
-

l i g h t an d o f a u n i f o r m k i n d .

Hea vy D u ty B ea d i n g — F i g u r e 60 S h ows a b ea d i n g
m a ch i n e s u i t abl e wh er e a l ar g e h eav y d u ty m a ch i n e i s -

r equ i r ed Th i s m a ch i n e h a s a d epth of th r oa t of
‘

. _

i n ch es t h e r oll s m eas u r i n g 41 ? i n ch es i n d i am et er ; an d
,
7
 i s back g ea r ed , Wi th a r at i o of g eari n g
"
to 1 It i s .

c l ai m ed th a t i t wi ll m a k e i mpr es s i on s i n s h eet i r on No .

14 g au g e a n d l i g h t er ( U S S t an d a r d ) . Wh en ar r an g ed
. .

f or power d r i v e, th e s h a ft s —
a e ex
r t en d ed an d t i g ht an d
l OeS e pu ll eys ar e fitt ed .

A b ea d i n g m a chi n e of thi s cap a c ity i s v er y mu ch u s ed

i n s h ops wh er e fu r n a ce “

ca s i n g s , l ar g e t an ks ,
an d su c h

S c r ewforS t ud
Cr ank S c

Hand Cr ank

mpin
’

rn
g Rol ls

For Direct Drive Fit Hand Crank H

Fi gu r e 6 1 : -
C r i m pi n g and Be ad i ng M a ch i n e .

p ar ts i
as n tig
o v
o en til a ti n g Sy s tem s m u s t be r ei n f or ced
t h r oug h m a ki n g a s er i es of i m pr es s i on s i h t h e i r on , f or
'
,

whi ch u s e t h e b ead i n g m a chin ei s i n t en d ed T u r n in g an d .

wi r i n g r oll s ar e s om eti m es u s ed on th i s m ach i n e wh er et h e

.

wi r e an d cyl i n d er a r e l ar ge an d th e mat er i al h eavy s pe ,

ci a l alt er ati on s maki n g i t ad apt abl e f or a wi d e r ang e of

Cri m pi n g a n d B ea d i n g 2 3A g rea t d eal O f d es cr i pti ve

-

t
d et a il i s n ot n eces s ar y i n c on n ecti on wi th t h e cr i m pi n g
 AL "
W OR K E R S M A NUAL
'

S HE E T M E T
‘

1 00

wi n g nu st in th e fr on t
b ack of t h e fr am e B y tu r n in g
an d . .

t h es e W i n g nu t s t h e u pp er s ha ft can be t i pp ed as d es i r ed ,

m a ki n g a d eep cr i m p an d s h al l ow b ea d or s h al l ow cr i m p ,
e

a n d d eep b ea d W i th t h e r eg u l ar equ i pm en t as fu r n i s h ed
.
,

wi th t h e cr i m pi n g an d b ea d i n g mach i n e bl an k coll ar s ,

a r e i n cl u d ed a n d m ay be s u b s tit u t ed i n pl ace of b ea d i n
g
r ol l s wh er e cr i m pi n g a l on e i s d es i r ed .

’
C or ni ce M a ker 3 C r i mp er Th e cr i m pi ng m a chi n e
-

i llu s tr a t ed i n F i g u r e 63 com m on ly kn
.

,
ow n a s t h e cor n i ce
’
m ak er s cr i m per i s pr a cti cally t h e s am e as th e cr i m pi n g
,

Fi g ur e 6 3 .
—~C r i m p i n g M a ch i n e
’

m a chi n e h own i n F i g ur e 6 1 bu t i n thi s m achi n e t h e

s ,
,

b ea d i n g r oll s ar e n ot u s ed an d t h e cr i mp i n g r oll s ar e

o r f a ces of th e cr i m pi n g r oll s
‘

a t or ush flfl
a tt ach ed t o th ei r a r b or s i n a ma n n er tha t l eav es t h e e n d s

Th ey ar e thu s
a d a pt ed f or cr i m pi n g cl os e u p t oa b en d or an g l e a s i n
.

c or n i ce wor k et c ,
an d a r e con s t r u ct ed f or cr i mp in g on ly
.
,
.

H ea vy C r i m pi n g a n d B ea d i n g
f — Fi gur e s h ows a

h eavy cr i mpi ng an d h ea d i n g m
.

a ch i n e A s i m i l ar m a chi n e
is m
.

an u f a ct u r ed a n d con s t r u ct ed f or cr i m pi n g only with ,

t h e cr i m pi n g r ol l s a tt a ch ed t o t h ei r a r bor s fiu s h as ,

d es cr ib ed u n d er F i g u r e 6 3 Th e i m pr ov em ent d es cr ib ed
u n d er Fi g u r e 6 1 con s i s ti n g of a wed g e f ou n d b etween
,

t h e r ear b ear i n g s i n t h e fr ame pr ovi d i ng an ad j u s tm en t

,

f or r eg u l a t i n g th e r ela t i ve d epth of cr i m p an d b ead a r e ,

i n clu d ed i n t h e h eavy cr i m pi n g an d b ea d in g m achi n e ,

Fi gu r e
 SH E E T M E T A L WOR KI N G M AC IH NE RY 10 1

Fi g u r e 64 .
-
H ea v y Cr i m p i ng and B ea d i n g
‘ —
M a ch i n e P ower D r i ve .
 02 r S HE E T
'

M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M AN UAL
T hi s m achi ne ti o of
h as a ra A;) t o 1 ,gaea
n d
r w
iill
n g 4 1

m ak e an i m pr es s i on Of a cr i m p ; an d og ee b ea d i n S h eet
m et al 18 g a u g e i r on an d l i g ht er ( U S S t a n d a r d ) Th e. . .

r oll s a r e l ar g e m eas u r i n g i n ch es i n d i am et er A
'

, .

fr i cti on clu t ch Oper at ed by mean s Of a foot t r ea d l e an d

S pr i n g a ffor d s t h e oper a t or f u ll con t r ol o f th e m ach i n e
‘

a s well a s o f t h e wor k i n p r og r es s A d epr es s i on of t h e

.

f oot t r ead l e s t ar ts t h e m a ch i n e a n d wh en not d epr es s ed

Fi gur e , 65 C l utch A t t a ch m en t .

t he l l s s t op i n s t an ta n eo u
ro s ly . Th e wor k IS p l aced in th e
m a ch i n e ov er th e l ower ro ll s an d th e u pper ro ll s ar e
d epr es s ed by tu r n i n g a cr an k s cr ew As t h e . fr i cti on
clu t c h pr ovi d es f or i n s t an t an eou s s t ar ti ng an d s toppi n g
’
of t h e m a chi n e t h e op er a t or s h an d s
,
a r e l eft fr ee f or

g u i d i n g t h e wo rk a n d m an i pu l ati n g t h e c r a n k s cr ew Th e .

m a ch i n es ar e m an u f a ct u r ed f or h an d u s e an d t o fit on
t h e Work s h op b en ch wh er e p ower i s n ot ava il able .

Th e F r i cti on C l u t ch A t ta ch m en t i s a ver y pr a cti cal

d evi ce wh en u s ed with t h e h eavy cr i m pi n g an d b ea d i n g
,

m ach i n e F i g u r e 6 4 a n d i s oft en a ppli ed t o o th er

, ,
 D O U B LE SE AM I N G M AC H I N E S
m
_

A i w of t h e des cr ipti ve
r ev e a tt er u nde r B u r r in g ,

M achin e ( F i g u r e 47 ) an d S etti n g D own M a ch i n e ( Fi g

/

u r e 4 9 ) will pr ove h el pfu l at thi s t i m e 111 u n d er s tan d i ng

’

De pr es s i
Clampi ng

Plate
Flangin G
g
S wive l balance

Cy l i nder Gauge

Co nnect i ng Gear s
Enclos ed

f langed B o tto m

F i g ur e 6 6 . Fl a n g i n g Ma ch i n e .

u s es o f Aft er th e s et
“

th e d ou bl e i
s eam n g m a ch i n e .

t i n g d own m achi n e h a s d on e i t s wor k , th e fl an ge l ef t by i t

.

t t h e b ott om of t h e ves s el t o m ak e both

'

is tu r n ed
“

u p a g ai n s ,

t h e s eam an d th e b ott om ti g ht In r e pa i r s h ops th i s i s

.

s om et i m es d on e with a m a llet ov er t h e en d . of t h e d ou bl e
“

I f m u ch wor k i s t o be d on e a d oubl e
“

s eam i n g s t ak e .
,
 S HE E T M E T AL W O R KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 10 5

s eam i ng m ach i n e wi ll pr ov e a ti m e s av er a n d w ill -

tu r n
o u t b e tt er fin i s h ed work i n a fr a ct i on of t h e t i me th a t
wou l d be r equ i r ed wi th a h an d oper a ti on .

The fl an g e as l eft a n d closed d own wi th th e s etti n g

d ow
,

n m ach i n e i s i ll u s t r a t ed a t A F i g u r e6 7
,
Th i s fl a n g e , .

a t A i s t u r n ed up a ga i nst t h e b o d y of t h e v es s el W i th t h e
d en bl e s eam i n g m a ch i n e m a ki n g t h e s eam an d b ott om
,

t i ght as s h own at C
, .

F i g u re 68 s h ows t h e h or iz on t al d i s c dou bl e s eam i n g

machi n e wh i ch i s m a d e i n s ever al s i z es f or a ccomm od at
,

Fi g u r e 6 7 .
— W or k of th e D ubl
o e S ea m i n g M a ch i ne .

l with
”

i n g v es s e s a d epth up t o 36 i n ch es an d of i
v ar ou s :

d i am et er s
W h er e th i s m a ch i n e i s u s ed i t i s n eces s ar y t o s t ar t th e
s ea m i n w a r d wh i l e s et t i n g d own wi th t h e s ett i n g d own

m a ch i n e a s s h own a t B F i gu r e 6 7 thu s f a ci lit ati n g th e

, , ,

Oper a ti on O f d ou bl e s eam i n g .

In oper at i n g th e h or i z on t al d i s c d ou bl e s eami n g “

m ach i n e a d i s c m u s t be s el ect ed of a S i z e n ear es t t o t h e

“

d i am et er of t h e ves s el t o be d ou ble s ea med Th e v ess el i s

"

.
.

p l a ce d ove r t h e d i s c a n d t h e u p g
r i ht h ol d i n g t h e d i s c a n d ,

t h e wor k over i t i s b r ou gh t i n li n e a n d con t act with t h e

d ou bl e s eami n g r oll Or f ace T h e fl an g e l eft a s s h ow . n in

Fi gu r e 6 7 at B i s t u r n ed u p a g ai n s t t h e b o d y of t h e
, ,

ves s el as s h own i n t h e sam e fig u r e a t 0 th r ou g h fr i cti on ,

a n d pr es s u r e of t h e d ou bl e s ea mi n g r oll b r ou g ht t o b ea r
1 on t h e s ea m by a lly t i k w w h l
"

g r d u a u r n n g t h e c r a n s cr e i e .

th e wor k i s r ev ol v i n g Th e s eam i n t h e wor k m us t n ot

.
»

com e i n con t a ct t oo cl os e or t oo f ar aw a y fr om t h e d ou bl e :
 M E T AL M A NU AL
"
’
10 6 S HE E T W OR KE R S

Crank S cr ewSt ud

Double S eaming Rol l

F i g ur e —
(ES L H o r i z o n t a l Di s c D o u bl e S ea m i n g M a ch i ne
.
fig u r e at C . .

Th e wor k to be d oubl e s eam ed i s pl aced i n th e ma chi n e

“

u pper ro i s th r ow
ll n over to th e l eft , w h i ch places th e r ear
pa t of th e u d ubl m l l i n o i t i o f r th
r
pp er o e s ea i g
n r o p s n o e
‘

fi r s t s t ep . A s li ght d epr es s i on of th e th e

ves s e l m us t be pr es s ed firm ly ag ai n s t th e f ace of t h e l oWer

Th e fir s t Step i n d oubl e s eam i n g com pl eted th e ; u pper

in g ti on whi ch i s per for m

oper a ed i n th e s am e m an n er a
,
s

j u s t d es crib ed .

’
T h e d ou bl e s eam i n g m achi n e M oor e s P at en t h as , ,

s m all t u cki n g wh eel w h ich i s thrown I n po s i tin n to wor k

,

wi th r o lls f or th e fir st s tep or oper ati on Thi s wh eel tu cks .

i n th e e d g e O f th e s eam i n th e ves s el an d ai d s i n ben d i ng

"

Of th e ro ll s ,
bu t l w pr es s u r e of
al o th e , d ou bl e s e
am i ng rolls
on th e s eam to b ear g lly
r a d ua .

Th e d oubl e s eam i n g m a ch i n e d es cr i bed Will oper at e on

N o . 2 6 g au g e I r on an d l i ghter ( U S S t an d ar d ) . Th e
. .

m wi th in ch es
9

ac hi n e ,
a th r oat of 10 ,

wor k
'

W i l l d ou bl e s eam 10 i nch es d eep, 3 i n ch es d i am eter

and l ar g er .

Mlach i n es Of the s am e type ar e m an u fact ur ed f or power

 S HE E T M E T A L WOR KI NG MA C H I NE R Y 109

E LB OW M AC H IN E RY
In m akin g a pi pe elb ow t h e bl an k i s fir s t cu t fr o p at m
t er n , an d i f t h e elbowi s t o h ave a l ock s eam l n th e th r oat ,
th e l on g i tu d i n al ed g es of t h e bl an k a r e ed g ed pr epa r a
t or y t o g r oovi n g or s eam cl os i n g on t h e f ol d i n g m ach i n e
Th e bl an k wi th t h e l ock ed g es 1s th en for m ed an d r oll ed

F i g ur e 7 0 .
— C u r ved E l bo w S h ear s .

in t o a cylin d er wi th t h e f or m i n g m a ch m e an d t h e cor r e
,

s p on d i ng ed g es a r e l ock ed t o g eth er a n d t h e s eam m ad e

t i g ht with th e g r oovin g m ach i ne In t h e cas e of th e r i v

. .

e t ed elb ow i t i s h el d t og eth er w i th r i vet s .

In s om e s h ops t h e elb ow bl an k i s cu t fr om patt er n with

th e h an d s n i p or t h e b en ch s h ear s bu t i n a s h op wh er e
,

m an y of t h e s am e k i n d of elb ows ar e m a n u f actu r ed a m or e :

 10 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’ ~
MA NUAL

r a pi d m ean s of cu ttin g el b ow bl ank s i s u s ed , n am ely , a

- _

d d i h e d h
'

p r es s a n es ,
e r t cu r v e s ea r s .

m
‘

C u r ved E l bow S h ea r s —
’

Thi s achi n e ( F i g u r e 70 ) .

r es em bl es th e s qu ar i n g s h ear s ( F i gu r e 1 ) and i s oper

a d i n th e s am e m an n er bu t l n pl a ce of h avi n g s tr ai g ht
t e_ ,

cutt i n g bl a d es cu rved bl a d es a n d bl o cks a r e fitt ed

,
Ao .

c or d i n g t o th e bl a d es u s ed t h e cur v ed s h ea r s wil l cu t elb ow

«

bl an ks f or 2 3 an d 4 pi ece elb ows with a r an g e o f di am e -

/
, , ,
’

t er s 2 , 3, 3 1
2f 4, 5, 10 , an d

16 i n ch es of 90 d eg r ees or s pec al i l W 1t h m in
”

an g es , a s ea
-

Fi g ur e 7 1 —B
. en ch E l bow E d g i n g M a ch ine .

th e t h r oat or on th e s i d e of t h e elb ow . Th e capaci ty of th e

cu r v ed h ea r s i s No s . 2 2 g au g e i r on a n d l i g h t er ( U S . .

Stan d ar d ) .

E l bow E d g i n g — FM
m aki n g t h e i m pr es s i on or cr ea s e
of t h e elb ow, r eq u l r ed t o l ock t h e cor
i n t h e ci r cu l a r ed g e
"

r espon d i n g s ecti on s t og eth er

,
t h e elb ow ed g g
l n m a c hi n e

s h own m F i g u r e 7 1 1s u s ed

Th e d i ff er en t m ak er s of elb ows h ave t hei r pr efer en ces

a s t o t h e k i n d of s eam th at m ak e s f or t h e best a d j u s t abl e

or t i g h t j oi n t elb ow Th e elb ow ed g i n g r oll s s h own i n .

-

F i g ur e 73, a n d m a r ked l , a r e t h e ones m os t com m on ly

:
'

u s ed W ith thi s elb ow ed g i n g m a chi n e, th ey a re i n t er

.
‘

‘
FFi g u r e 7 1 A s h ows t h e pos iti on of an e
at lb ow s ecti on
Wh en tu r n in g t h e ed g e At B th e illustr a ti on s hows h ow .
“
 -
‘
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

t h e elb ow ed g in g ro ll s ar e u s ed i n p a i r s to ~
_ co
n f or m Wi th

b en ch elb ow ed gi n g
“

Th e m a ch i n e F
( gi u r e is u s ed

us e u f l
wh en it
g
'

i s d es i r ed t o m a k e i al s iz e an d
in
w
an s p ec

u i r ed Th e elbo e d g i n g
.

ch es d i am et er an d ,

i ts ca p ac i ty i s No g h t er ( U S S t a n d . .

t u r er m a ki n g lb ows i n ver y l ar g e qu an t 1t i es mu s t d epen d

e

u pon a power m a ch i n e f or pr od u ci n g with s peed a n d

accu r a cy p er f ec t ed g es on each an d ever y elb ow s ecti on .

Th e power elb ow ed g i n g m a ch i n e d es i g n ed f or m eet i n g

th es er equ i r emen t s i s i llu s t r at ed m F i g ur e 72 .

R i g i d i ty of t h e m ach i n e wh i l e 1n oper a ti on i s an es s en
~

t i al f a ct or i n per f ect el b ow ed gi n g Th e m ach i n e Sh own.

-

comp li es wi th thi s r equ i r em en t a s t h e frame i s a tt ach ed

fl
«
,

s ecur ely _ t o a h eavy ca St i r on pl a t e a n d b oth t h e m ach i n e

‘

a n d i ts pl a t e a r e fitt ed t _o a h eavy i r on oor s t an d a r d .

A n a pr on g a u g e of u n u s u al wi d th m a ch i n ed Wi th a s li gh t ,

c u r v a tu r e i n i t s f ace g u i d es t h e ed g e of t h e elbow th r ou g h
,

t h e r oll s with ex t rem e a ccu r a cy

Th e d epr es s i on of t h e u pp er r oll i s s ecu r ed by m ean s o f
’
a f oot t r ea d l e an d s pr i n g l eavi n g t h e Oper at or s h an d s
,

f r e e f or g u i d i n g t h e elb ow th r ou g h t h e r ol l s Accor d in g ,

t o th e r equ l r em en t s of t h e elb ow man u f a ct urer elb ow ,

ed gi n g r o ll s a s s h own i n F i g ur e 73 ar e u s ed an d i n t er
c h an ge wit h thi s m achi n e T e r olls u s ed mea s ur i n g 3 4
h .
1
,_ ,

i nch es i n d i am et er t r a v el f as t er a n d fin i s h ; an ed g e i n
,

e lb ows o f l ar g e s i zes i n l es s ti m e tha n it Wo u l d t ake w ith

7
r oll s of s m all er d i am et er .

C W i th t h e ll d a th m hi b
p pr o e r r o s a n g u g es i s ac n e ca n ,
e

u s ed a s a t u r ning wi r i n g or b u r r in g mach i ne W h er e
, ,

p ow er i s n o t a v a i l ab l e it i s a
,
r r an g e d f o r h a nd u s e a n d ,

W he n s o ar r an g ed t h e m a ch i n e fit s i n t o a s t and ar d wh i ch
 S H EE T M E T AL WOR K I N G MA C H I NE R Y
-
113

a tt ach e s t o th e s h op b en ch Th e illu s tr a ti on s h ows th i s

. ,

mach i ne fitt ed wi th t i ght a n d l oos e pull eys bu t wh en s o ,

r a n g ed w
p r ef e r r e d i t c an b e ar i th t h e f r i c ti on cl ut ch a t
t a h m e n t s h own i n F i g u r e 65 W h en t h e f r i cti on cl u t ch
.

att achm en t i s u s ed th e pr es s u r e on t h e r oll s i s s ecu r ed

,

wi th a cr an k s cr ew i n s t ea d of a f oot tr ead l e a tt achm en t .

Th e ca paci ty of t h e m ach i n e i s No 2 0 g au g e i r on and .

Lgi ht e r ( U
. S . S t an d a r d ) .

E l bow E d g i n g R ol l s — Th e elb ow ed gi n g r oll s sh own

.

i n F i g ur e 7 3 a r e i n t er ch a n g eabl e f or u s e wi th t h e elb ow

edg i n g m ach i n es s h own 1n F i g u r es 7 1 a n d 7 2

Fi g ur e 73 .
—
E l b ow E d gi n g R ol l s of i V a r i ous Ty pe s .

R olls of t h e type m ar ked 1 pr o d u ce a

'
V -
h a p ed e d g e
s

an d r i g h t an g l e ed g e wh en th e ed g e 1n t h e elb ow i s
‘

a
~

f or m ed as d es cr i bed u n d er Fi g u r e 71 .

R oll s l i k e No . 2 ar e d es i r abl e f or ing i n

ed g si d e an d ou t
s i d e elb ow s ecti on s of r i vet ed elb ows W 1t h t i g ht or l o os e

j oi n t.

R oll s l i k e Nos 3 an d 4 ar e pr e
. fer abl e f or elb ows wi th
r i ve t ed or g r oov ed s eam s an d wh en t h e j oi n t i s t o be
l o os e.

'
Roll s li ke No 5 can be u s ed f or t h e ou t er ed g e of
.

r i v et ed or gr o ov ed elb ows an d w h en u s i n g th es e r oll s t h e

,

i n n er ed g e i s t u r n ed on t h e r egu l ar b u r r i n g m a ch i n e or
wi t h r oll s of d es i gn No 6
’
f

. .

E l bow S ea m C l os i n g — W h en s ecti on s of elb ows ar e

 14 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M A NUAL
’

ly ed g ed a n d
p t th
ut h l ar s eam
r
p po er o g e er , t e c i r cu
be cl os ed , i n or d er t o pr ev en t t h e elbows fr om br e
”
f

a p a r t a t th ei r j o in t s th r ou gh h a nd l i ngL Th i s i s
eith er by m ea n s of t h e elb ow s eam cl os i n m h i by
g a c n e or

h an d With a m al l et over a b enc h s take .

Fg i u r e 7 4 s h ow s a n elb ow s ea m cl os i n g ma chi n e i n

t en d ed f or cl os i n g th e ci r cu l ar s eam s of pi eced elbows

h avi n g ti g h t or l oos e j oin t s Th e r oll s l n th e elb ow s eam
.

ole S eam

Fi g u r e 74 .
—
E l bow S ea m C l os i n g M a ch i ne
.

cl os in g m a ch i n e h aped t o cor r es pon d t o t h e s ea m

“

ar e s

1n t h e elb ow; a n d i n u tt i n g th e elb owt og eth er i n s ec

p
ti on s t h e elb ow t o be cl os ed fits over t h e l ower r ol l t h e -
“

s eam i n t h e elb ow r es t 1n g ov er a b ea d cu t i n t h e r oll Th e .

u p er f em al e r oll i s d epr es s e d by mean s of a f oot t r ea d l e

p
a n d s pr i n g s t a r ti n g t h e elb ow t h r oug h t h e r oll s by pr es
,

s ur e of t h e u pp er r oll on th e s eam Th e elb ow th en r e

w
.

volv es ar ou n d t h e r oll s m aki hg th e s ea m ti ht E lb o

, g
s eam cl os i n g m ach i n es a r e m an u f actu r ed with a m a x i m u m

c a p a ci t y o f No s ; 2 6 a n d 2 4 g au g e i r on a n d l i g h t er ( U S
“

. .
 WOR K E R S
‘ '

’ '
1 16 S H E E T M E T AL M A Ni JAL

i n t h e f r am e of th e m achi ne it will pun ch No . 9 g au g e i r on

an d li g ht er
A h eavi er an d l ar g er pu n ch o f s i mi l ar d es i gn i s m a d e
-

f or pu nchi ng a i n ch h ol e i n
-
i n ch i r on , an d by th e
use of i l
s p ec a pu h es l n t h e h eav1er m ach i n e l ar g er
n c

h ol es can be pu n ch ed fr om ,
to i n ch es 111 d i am et er ,

i n s h eet 1r on r an g i n g i n t h i ck es s fr om
n t o 4 i n ch
1 .

F i gu r e 7 6 s h ows a u s ef ul com b i n ed s h ea r s an d p u nch

'

h avin g a d epth o f pun chi n g g ap of 2 % i n ch es Th i s m a

‘
.

Upper Cuttin B lade g

Lower Cutting B lade

Fi g ur e 76 —C
. o m bi n ed Sh ea r s and P u n ch .

chin e will cen er t sh eet s i n ch es wi d a nd W ill pu n ch a

re,
o r i n ch-
h o l e 1 n 1r on
e
3
6 i n c h thi c k T h e .

cu tt i n g bl a d e i s 4 3 4 i n ch es i n l en g th a n d Will cu t s h eet

i r on i n ch thi ck an d n ar r ow b ar s —3—
a nd 4 i n ch
1 .

C om bi n ed s h ea r s a n d p u n ch es s om ewh a t d i ffer en t i n
con s t r u cti on a r e a l s o b u i lt f or h eavy d u ty w ith a pu n ch ,

i n g cap a city a s g r ea t a s i n ch h ol e i n
-
i n ch i r on an d -
,

wi ll cu t s h eet 1r on No 8 g au g e ( U S Stan d ar d ) a n d bar

/ //
. .

i r on 4 x 11 2 3 8 x % or
1
, ,
i n ch s qu ar e
T h e n ot ch i n g m ach i n e F i g u r e 77 i s con s t r uct ed f or
, ,

no tc hi n g bl an ks of pi eced s h eet m et al war e f or cu tti n g ,

t h e cor n er s o f s qu ar e p an s h in g ed n ot ch es of b ox es an d
, ,
 “

S HE E T M E T AL W OR KI N G M AC H I N E RY

s im ilar wor k Th e d 1es ar e m a d e 1n s ecti on s s o th at th ey

.
,

may be ea s i ly s h a r p en ed an d r es et Th e n ot chi n g m ach i n e

.

h a s a m p l e g g g
a u i n c ap aci t y f o r cutt i n g t h e c or n er s o f
s h ee t m eal bl an ks In a wi d e r ang e of s i z es Th e s h eet .

Punch

Fi g u r e 7 7 .
—N ot ch i n g M ach i n e .

m et al t o be n ot ch ed i s pl a ced i n th e m a chi n e b etween t h e

,

pu n ch a n d d i es , an d by o p er a t i n
g t h e p en d u l u m l ev er

wi th t h e foot t h e n ot ch i s cu t Th e r eg u l ar m ach i n e i s
, .

fitt ed wi th on e s et of d i es m ea s u r i n g 1x 2 i n ch es , a n d can
’

be arr an g ed t o r ecei ve s peci al d i es i n s iz es u p t o 2 x 2 ,

 i nch es . Th e h eavi es t m at er i a l th a t
/ b e us ed on thi s
ca n

mach i ne i s No 2 0 g au g e
. 1r on an d li g hter ( U S St an d . .

ar d ) .

GU T TE R M AC H IN ES
G u tt er b ea d i n g m achi n es ar e u s ed f or for m i n g a b ead
on t h e ed g e o f s h eet g u tt er m et al a n d ar e e a s i ly oper a t ed .

F i g ur e 7 8 .
—G u t t er wi t h B ea d .

A b ea d as m ad e on a g u tt er With th e gu t ter b ea d in g m a
c hi n e i s s h own I n E 1g ur e 78 at A
,
.

A d j u s ta bl e B ea d er — F i g u r e 79 s h e
. ws an a d j u s t abl e
g u tt er b ea d er w hi ch w i l l f or m a b ea d I n g u tt er 30 i nch es

i n l en g th an d will r ecei ve var i ou s s iz ed rod s f or f or m

,

Hand Wheel
Set Lever

Fi gur e 79 —
. A d j u s ta b l e Gu tt er B ea d er .

in ch Aft er t h e b ead i s f o r m ed t h e
'

in g b ead
a to , ,

r ed with t h e s h e et of m et a l a n d t h e f or m ed b ead can be

l i ft ed ou t of t h e m ach i ne an d th e wor k s l i pped from th e

r od Th e m achi n e h as a g au g e or s t op on t h e l eft h an d
“

-
.

en d ,
So th a t a ft er ad j u s ti n g th e j aws an d s etti n g th e
 S HE E T M ET A L WOR KE R S ’
M A NUAL
L

Th e g u tt er t on g s ( 3) h ave a d epth of j aWs o f 14 i n ch

‘

C l am p t on g s ( 4 ) h ave a d epth of j a s of 3 i n ch es
_ w '
.

F i g ur e 1 —
8 . Roo fin g , Gut t er T on g s an d S q u eez m g T on g s .

L T h e s q u eez m g t o ng ( )
s 5 a r e u s ed i n t h e appli c a ti on of

r ol l _ and cap roofin g wi th pr ot ect ed cl ea

,

ts
‘
f
.
 “
(
S HE E T M E T AL V V
O R K I NG
'

MA C H I NE R Y 12 1

Th e re g l au
r t on g s ( 6) Wi ll tu r n On e s I ze l ock
r o ofin g

on ly an d a r e ma d e f ll owi g a g e o s zes
f i
L

I n t h e o n r n 3
4 .
,

i b/
L 2 1 % a n d ,
2 i n c h es .

F i g u r e 8 2 s h ows a d eep th r oa t r oofin g t on g s wi th a n ,

—
D eep t fi
L

F ig ur e 82 . Th r oa R oo ng T on g s .

tu r n dg e
L

ad j u s t a bl e g a u g e a d a p e d t f or ing a ny e fr om

S TAN D IN G S E AM R OOF IN G
'

C ontin u ou s ro ll tin fr om
r oofin g Is us u a lly p p
r e ar ed
t i n pl a t e 2 0 x 2 8 i n ch es f or s t an d i n g s eam r oofin g Aft er .

t h e s h eet s ar e ed g ed t h e cr os s l ock s eam er s h own In F i g u r e

83 Is u s ed f or f as ten i n g th e t i n pl ates t Og eth er an d cl os i ng
a s m g l e or d ou ble l ock As t h e s eam s ar e cl os ed a r eel
.

wind s t h e sh eet i n t o a r oll r ead y t o l ay on the r oof .

Th e r oll of ti n b ein g pr op er ly pl aced on t h e r oof i t i s ,

’
e d g ed with t h e S t ow s or r eg u l ar r oofin g t on g s as s h own ,

in Fi g u r e 84 .

Roofing D ea bl e S ea m er s th e ed g es tu r n ed .
— H av1n g _

wi th th e r oofin g t on g s , as sh own In F i g u r e 8 4 t h e r oofin g

L

d ou bl e s eam er s F i g u re 85 ar eth en u s ed
, ,
.

Th e d ou bl e s eam er s a r e u s ed i n s et s of t wo pa i r s an d
f or m a d ou bl e s ea m I n s tan d i n g s eam r oofin g . Th ey ar e

ter m ed c om m on g a u g e s eam er s wi d e g au g e
an d s eam er s .

Th e com m on g a u g e s ea m er s foll ow th e 1 an d I I
A i n
-
ch
 2 S HE E T M E T AL W O R K E R S MA NU AL
’

“
r eg u l ar r oofin
g t W i th t h eeoofin g j ton g s t
on g s .

t i n u ou s r Ol l r oofin g as l a i d out on t h e r o f fiat i s t u r n e

o
’

, ,

u p a s a l r ea d y s t a t ed a n d i llu s t r at ed i n F i gu r e 84

Pa t en t C r os s Lo k
c Sea m er .

Th e fir s t pa i r o f co mm on g a u g e s e a mer s s t ar t the s eam

in o pera ti on s s h own i n F i g u r es 8 6 an d 87 .

Fi g u r e —
L

E d g es T u r ned , Rea d y f o r D o u bIe S eam

L

'

84. R oo fin g _ ,
12 4 L SHE E T ME T
'
AL W OR K E R S M
' ’
ANUAL
Th e L
fin i s h ed s t a n di n g seam j oi nt i s ill us tr at ed i n
“
‘

u r e 90 wh i ch al s o s h O
,
ws th e m eth od Of att achi n g th e ,
ti

Fi g ur e 8 6
'
.

D ou bl
—F i r s t
e
_
O
S eam i n g
p er a t i o n i n
.
Fi g . 87 . — S econ d O p er a t i o n .
-

— Thi r d p —C p
L

th e
L

F i g ur e 8 8 . O er a t i on . if F i g u r e 8 9 . om l eti n g S ea m .

r oof to th e r o ofin g boa r d s by m eans of th e cl eat . Thi s

cl ea t I s s o a r r an g ed th at t h e il h ea d s do com e in
L

na

with t he t i n f i t s elf Not e h ow t h e

L

r oo . v ar I ou s

C lear S h own by
’

S had e d Cr os s S ect i o
and Dot t ed Li nes .

— S t a n d i ng fi
L L L

Fi gur e 90
L

S ea m R oo
L

. n g J oi nt and C l ea t .

b en d s a n d i n t er l o cki n
g p r o d u ce a n a b s ol u t ely w a t er ti g ht
j o i nt a n d m a k e a t i n r oo f w i th s t a n d
f
i n g s e a m s p r ac t i ca lly
a on e pI eee r o of
-
.
 S HE E T M E T AL W O R KI N G MA CH I N E R Y 12 5

Th e h an d r o ofin g d ou bl e s ea m er s s er v e th e sa me p u r

pos e as th e r oofin g d ou bl e s ea m er s , Fi g u r e 85 , an d in

F i g ur e 9 1 .
—H a n d R oofin g D u bl e
o S ea m er s .

Nails Engage Low

,
er

leaf S hown by
”

S h aded Cr ess Sect ion

and Dot t ed Lines .

F i g u re 9 2 .
—F l a t S ea m R oo fi ng J oi n t a nd F a s t en i n g .

—A d j u s t a b l e
L

Fi g ur e R o o fin g F ol d er
L

Oper a ti on f oll ow t h er eg u l a r r oo fin g t on g s ; bu t t h e s eam s

ar e p er fect ed by h an d wi th a m a ll et a g ai n s t b oth s i d es of
 UAL
fl
‘
12 6 S H E E T M E TAL W OR K E R S ’
MAN
'
~

th ei r at s u r f a ces Th e h and seam er s . r l

a e a s o u s ed in .

s et s of t wo p a i r s S ee F i g u r e 91
‘

LA T SE AM R OOF N I G
L

F i g u r e 92 sho ws th e m eth od of makin g th e flat s eam

r oofin g j oi n t a n d of
fas t en i n g t h e t i n t o t h e r oofin g b o ar d s .

No t e h ow t h e cl ea t i n t er l ocks per m an en tly with t h e s eam

a n d h ow t h e n a il h ea d s h ol d i n t h l e t h b oa r d s
g e c a s t o t e

F i g ur e mi c
a
C om m o n R o o
-
fi ng F ol d er .

ar e pr even t ed fr om com i n g I n con a c t t with th et i n it s elf

fl
.

Th e ed g es h own t r im med fl u s h i n Or d er t o d em on
.
ar e s ,

s tr a t e th at a at s eam t i n r oo f i s pr a ct i cal l y a on e pi ece -

r oo f {th a t a l l s eam s a r e abs ol u t el y wa t er ti g h t

L

L
.

R oofin g F ol d er s — F or fia t s eam roofin g t h e t i n pla t e

.

i s ed g ed wi th t h e wood r oofin g f ol d er .

F i g u r e 93 i llu s t r a t es t h e a d j u s t abl e wo od r oofin g fol d er ,

—
L

h avin g an a d j u s t abl e g au g e f or for m i n g l ocks 1 6 t o 3 -

I n ch an d m a n u f a ctu r ed i n 2 0 an d 30 i n ch l eng th s
,
.

F 1g u r e 94 illu s t r at es th e com m on r oofin g fol d er m an u ,

f a ct u r ed i n l en g th s of 2 8 an d 30 i n ch es an d f or m
, ,
L

i n g l ocks of on e s i z e on ly , n am el y — 5—
in ch ,
.
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K ERS
’
M ANU AL
Th e b en ch pl at e s h own i n F i g u r e 96 will pr ove ver y
"

ha n d y wh er e On ly a f ew s m al l s t akes ar e u s ed an d i s
m a d e i n s iz e _ Thi s pl a t e i s h el d s ecu r ely t c
t h e b en ch wit h a cl a m p an d h an d l e an d h as a ci r cu l aI
'

s wi vel pl a t e i a h i ch t h e s t ak es fit .

F i gu r e 97 s h ows a s tak e h ol d er an d t h e d i ff er en t t ool s

L

ca p abl e of bel n g us ed w ith it Thi s h ol d er enabl es t h e .

F i gu r e 9 7 .
— S t a ke H o l d er Wi t h C om p l et e S et o f S t a kes .

Wor km an t o u s e t h e s t ak es s h own in a n y pos i ti on bes ,

s u it ed t o t h e wor k i n h a n d wi th ou t m i l t i l at i n g t h e b en ch

On e s ak e m ay be s u b s t i tu
,

t
ted f or an oth er with eas e .

No 1 I s th e s t ake h Ol d er NOs 2 an d 9 Sh ow a b eak “

L

”
. .

h or n s t ak e i n t wo pi eces ; NO 10 i s a bl owh or n s t ak e .

No 6 a cr eas i ng s t ak e with h or n ; No; 3 a d ou bl e s eam i n

I

s t ak e ; Nos ; 7 a n d 8 a con d u ct or s t a k e i n t wo pi e ces ; No

'

.
‘

a can d l e m ol d s t ak e ; No 5 a n eed l e c a s es t ak e
-
,
.
-
.

F u r th er i l l u s tr a t i on s of b en ch s t ak es ar e g Iven I n F i g
—

u r es
-

98 , 99, an d 10 0 .
 H A N D T OOLS

S h eet m et al i s s cr i b ed wi th th e s crat ch awl , F 1g u r e 10 1

fi ’

an c u t t o t h e s i z e of t h e p a tt er n as r equ i r ed by m
,

ean s

of s h ear s
Han d s hear s com e in a v ar e i ty Of s h apes . A
s h ear s is s h own i n F i gu r e 10 2 .

Fi g ur e 9 8 .
—B en ch St a k es .

Sta k e ; M ke ; 3 , B l owh or n
1, B ea k h e r n
C r ea s i ng S t a e k 5, Ne e
2 , Cand l e ol d
k
S ta
d l e C as e S t a e ; 6 , S q uar e k
Sta e .
S t a ke ; 4 ,

Han d h ear s or s n aps as s h ow

s ,
n I n Fi g u r es 10 3 10 4 a r e
, ,

m ad e wi th s tr a i g ht an d cu r ved bl a d es Th e s tr a i g ht bl a d e .

s he ar s F i g u r e 10 3 ar e u s ed f or g en er a l s t r a i g ht cu tti n g
, ,

th e s h ea r s s h own i n F i g u r e 104 kn own a s t h e el r cu l ar ,

s n i p e b ei n
-

g m a d e Sp eci a lly f or cu tti n g ci r cl es .

 , 8 .

Fi g u r e 99 —B en ch S ta k es ( C o n t i n ued ) .

1 D ou bl e S ea m i n g S t a k e ; 2 , C r ea s i n g S t a ke, wi t h Ho r n i 3
q
L

'

C opp er
’
,

B
,

k k k
S mi th s
‘
S ua r e S t a e
T u b S t a ke ; 7 , B q
4 , H at ch et S t a e ; o t t om S t a e ; 6 , B a t1
ev e l E d g e S u a r e S t ak e ; 8 , R o u nd H ea d S t a k e .

i d l os t l ever ag e te b al an ce an d h an g t o pr even i
’

a vo ,
a ccu r a

tt i r ed wr 1s t s ; and t h e b ows s o m ad e as t o fit t h e h an d with

-

ou t —
i n j u r y i n cu ttin g al l th es e ar e I m por t an t f eatu r e :
wi th s tr ai g ht tt i n g ed wh i ch llowt h e m at er i al
"

cu g es a to

g
F i ur e 10 2 .
—B en ch S h ea r s .

p a s s fr eel y wh en cu ttin g cu r v es or c h ang i n gth e dir ecti on

F i g u r e 10 6 sh ows a sn ip es peci a lly a d apt ed f or cor n i ce

an d ti n wor k . Th ey ar e m ad e t o cu t ci r cl es s croll s et c
, ,
.
,

F i gur e 10 3 —.1 8 19 Or i g i n a l Pex t o S t r ai g h t S ni . p

v er y ea sily ,
th ey ar e equ ally well a d apt ed f or r eg u l ar
bu t
sni1) W or k . T h e bl a d es ar e r ou n d i n g an d s h ar p p oi n te d
and can be u s ed f or v er y d eli cat e wor k .

S cr ol l a n d C i r cu l a r S n i p — A u s efu l com bi na
. ti on s croll

Fi gur e 10 4 . O r i gi n a l C i r cu l a r
“

Sni p .

h own W i th t h e a i d
”
an d i l
c r cu a r m F i g u r e 10 7
s n 1p_ i s s .

o f t h l s s n i p , wor k can be cu t on a s t r a i g ht li ne ; a n d it wi ll

c u t ci r cl es or t h e r ad ii o f a ci rcl e i n ver y u ch s m a ll er m
d im en s i on s th an i t i s p os s i bl e t o cu t wi th an y o th er sni p .
 Fi g ur e 10 5 .
— Her cu l es b
C om i n a t i on

F i g ur e

F i gur e 10 7 — H a wk s B i l l
’
C o m i na t i o n s cr ol l
b and C i r cu l a r Sn i p
.

m et al . _ Th e bl a d es h awk b i ll ed i n s h ape an d h av e a
ar e -

p ecul i ar cl ear an ce b ev el b etween t h e cu tt i n g ed g es wh i ch

 Fi g ur e 108 —D u b 1 C u t t i g S h a wi t h P i p C i m p
o e n e rs e r er ;

1, C r i m p ed wi t h A t t h m e t F i t t ed t S h
ac n ; 2 Ol d M t h
o ea r s , e od .

F i g ur e 109 — D ou b l e
. C u tt i n g S h ea r s , P o k et
c S i ze .

F i g u re l i d —R a i s i n g H a m m er s .
»
 M E T AL MA NUAL
“

1 36 S HE E T W ORK E R S

Th e d ou ble tting s h ear s ho wi F i gu r e 10 8 com

w
cu S n n

bi n ed with a
‘

p i p e cr l m per ar e well kn o n Th e bl a d e i s
.

po ni t ed a n d r ead i ly i ns er t ed i n a t th e p oi n t th e m et al
d es i r ed t o b eg i n t h e cu tti n g Th e cr l m pi n g a tt ach m en t .

i s d es i g n ed f or cr i mpi n g an y ki n d Of li g ht s h eet m et al

Fi g ur e 115 .
—R i v et S et .

t g
o

oun d Th e pr i n ci pa l ad van a f th es e
"

r or s qu ar e . es r

S h ear s wi ll be cu t ti n g f ea t u r es
f ou n d i n th ei r pi pe bu t
w
,

th ey ar e ell ad apt ed f or cu tti n g off t h e b ottom s of pa il s

w
,

p a n s e t c
,
a n d a
. r e s u it a bl e f or cu tti n g s qu a r e o r k .

F i g u r e 10 9 s h ows a d o u bl e cutti n g s h ear s o f a s mall er _

S i z e i n t en d ed f or li g ht wor k an d w i th out t h e cr impi n g

Th e r es u lt s of th e ol d an d n ew m
,

a tt ach m en t . eth od s of
c u tti n g ar e s h ow n m F i g u r e 1 0 9 at 1 an d 2 r e pect i vel y
s .

F ig u r e 1 1 6 .
— Han d G r o o v er .

R ai s i n g h amm er s o f v ar i ou s Si z es ar e s h own 111 F i gu re

A se tti n g h am m er i s s ho w n in F i g u r e11 1 and a r ve i t

i ng h am m er i n F i g u r e 1 12 m ad e i n a var i ety of S l z es , ,

with fa ces m eas u r in g fr om t o NA ; i n ch es i n c l u s we .

A wi r e ch i s el a n d a l an t er n chi s el with a Set of s oli d ,

a n d pr i ck p u n ch es i s s h own 1 n F i g u r e 113
,
.

—
Hol l ow P u n ch F i g u r e 114 Sh ows a h oll ow pu n ch for
.
,

c u tti ng ci r cu l ar h ol es ou t of Sh eet m et al To avoi d t h e

c hi p pi n g o f e d g es with th e h ol l owpunch th e Sh eet m et al
.

,
,

t o h e pu n ch ed s h ou l d be pl ac ed ov er a bl ock of l ead Hol

‘

.
 S HE E T M E T AL W O R KI N G T OO LS

l Ow fipu n c h es ar e m a d e r eg u l ar ly i n a var i ety of s i zes ,

fr om 4 i n ch es i n clu s i v e an d la r g er s i z es m ad e
‘

1 to ar e
-

s pe c i a lly t o or d er .

Th e r i vet s et s o m u ch use d by th e s h eet m et al wor ker

Fi g u r e 117 — T i n n e r s Hi cko r
.
’
y Ma l l et .

w
~

i s sh o i n F i gu r e 115. I t i s m a d e i n t a n d ar d Si zes and

"

n s

me as u r em en t s as foll ows
Si ze 00 0 1 2 3 ,

4 5 6 7 8
2 13 0 19 1 0 16 6 0 1 4 95 140 5 12 85 1 10 0
‘

size of . . . . . . .

D r i l l g a No . .
“
3 11 19 25 23 36 35
1r on Ri ve ts 1 14 2 1 17
; 1
F or l bs 14 10 12 7 8
-

6 45 3 14 4 10 - 12
1
. . .

5 6 3 7 8 0 1 13 14
’
C Op r . Ins . V
4 .

A s t an d ar d g r oovi n g t ool i s S h own 111 Fi g u r e 116 , ma d e

1
i
i
i n n u m ber s a n d d i m en S1on s a s f oll ows

i W ei g h t
f :
! .

Size of G r ooy e, I n s . 5 16

F i g u r e 1 18 —S t eel
. C i r cu mf er en c e R u l e .

’
F 1g u r e 1 1 7 illu s tr at es
f l tin n er s wh i ch th e use u m all et s ,
a r e m a n u f a ct u r ed i n va r i ou s s i z es
—
.

C cu f e i c e u e
i r m e r o R l A s t eel ci r cu m fer en ce r u l e th at
wi ll p r ove i n v alu abl e f or l ayi n g ou t wor k i n g en er al i s -

s h own i n F i g u r e 11 8 w h i ch i s an ex a ct r epr es en ta ti on s o
,
 SH E E T ME T AL W OR K E R S "
MA NU AL

f ar as s h ow n Th e e n tir e l en g th of t h e r u l ei s 36 i n ch es
, .

Th e u pper li ne i s t h e or d i n ar y r ul e, gr a d u at ed by ei g hth s
o f an i n ch Th e l ower l i n e s h ows at a g l an ce t h e ex a ct
.

ci rcu m f er ence O f an y cyli nd er by Sim ply as cer t ai n in g

t h e d i am et er ; th at i s a v es s el 5 i n ch es i n d i am et er t h e
,

r u l e i n d i ca t es t o be 15 i h i i m f
% n c es n c r cu er en ce .

. .
Fi g u r e 1 19 .
—W i r e G a uge , En gl i s h S ta n d a r d .
 ’
1 40 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE R S MA NUAL

ty of s iz es fr om 4 t o 8 i n che s i n clu s i ve
v ar i e . A cu tti n g
n i pper s f or e e cu tti n g i s s h own i n F i g u r e

Fi gu r e 12 2 .
—
C o mb i n a t i o n Pl i e rs wi t h W i re C u t t er
'

F i g ur e 1 3
£
2 .
—~F l a t No s e Pl i er s .

Fi gur e 12 4 .
—R o u n d No s e P l i er s r

Fi g u r e —C u t t i n g Ni pp er s .

Ti N N E R s I
F RE P OTS
 SHEET M E T AL W OR KI NG T OO LS 14 1

fir ebr i ck an d m ad e i n a most
b s t an ti a l man n er T h e
su .

d r a ft d oor i s i n t wo s ect i on s wh i ch econ om i z es fu el

,
.

F i g u r e 127 s h ows a fir epot s o cons t r u ct ed th a t t h e a s h es

fall i n a p an b en eath t h e co al an d th e fir e i s kept cl ea r
‘

a n d t h e d r a ft l ht m i y b i d
g oo d I t i s .i g a n d a y e a s
l e ca r r e

fr om pl a ce t o pl ace at t h e con ven i en ce of t h e Wor km an .

Fi g
ur e 12 6 .
—C a s t I r on Fi r e p ot. Fi g ur e 12 7 .
—S h e e t I r o n p
Fi r e ot .

F i g ur e 1 28 — S i n gl e Bu r n er Gas F u r n a ce .

G as F u r n a c es — F i g u r e 12 8 i llu s tr ates a g a s fu r n a ce f or
h eati n g s ol d er i n g copper s It i s li g ht i n Wei g ht , con s u m es
.

bu t l i ttl eg a s , econ om i z es tim e, a n d a voi d s d u s t a n d d i r t

fl
.

B y r eg u la t i n g t h e a per tu r e th r oug h wh i ch t h e a i r p a s s es
s o th at t h e am e h a s a blu e a pp ea r an ce , t h e v er y h ott es t

fl ame pr od u ced by g as can be s ecu r ed I t will bu r n eith er .

 or ar tifici al g a s
w th
.

S ol d er i n g C opp er s .
—Fi g u r e 1 30 Sho s e or d n ar
i y

Fi g ur e — D oub1e B u r n er G as Fur n a ce .

F i g ur e 1 30 .
-
S q uar e P oi n t S o l d er i ng C o ppe r .

Fi gur e —R oo_fin g ’
Co pp er .

F i gu r e 1 32 .
—~B ot t o m Co pp e r .

so l d er i n g copper wi th s qu ar e poi nt an d a r oofin g copper ,

W i th Sh i el d a n d h an d l e i s s een i n F i g u r e 131 F i g u r e 1 32 .

r epr esen t s a b ott om copp er a n d a h a t ch et copp er w

,
i th
sw ivel h an d l e i s s h own In Fi g u r e 133
w
, .

A s ol d er i n g copper h an d l e 1s s h o n I n F i g u r e 134 an d
tw
,

o s tyl es o f s ol d e r s cr a per s b ett er n k own as pl u m b er s

,

( s cr a per s i n F i g u r es 1 35 136
,
A u s eful r oofin g s cr aper i s
,
.
-

s h own i n F i ur e 1 37
g .

Th e s h eet m et al wor ki n g t ool s d es cr i bed i n th e f or e

 '

g o i ng p ages a r e t h e on es u s ed i n S h eet m et al W or kin g

a ti ce m o r e th a n a n y oth er ki n d s a n d ar e m an u f a c
p r c ,

t u r ed with s peci al a tt en ti on t o th ei r q u a l i t y S h ape ba l

, ,

a n ce a n d h an g by t h e m ak er s of t h e P eXt o li n e of t ool s

machi n er y H an d t ool s f or t h e s h eet m et al wor k er

.

a r e ma d e i n a fu r th er ex t en s i v e va r l et y f or s peci al pu r

p o s es
, b u t t h os e l n g en e r al us e h ave r ecei ved d u e m en ti on
.
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K I N G S C H OOL S H OP
E Q UI P M E N T

ll o
Fo wi n g i s a co mpl ete equ i pm en t of s h eet m e t al
’
wor ker s t ool s an d m a chi n es s u g g es ed t f or a cl as s of 15

1 S q u a r i n g s h e a r s , 30 i n ch -
.

1 R i n g a n d ci r cu l a r s h ea r s .

1 B a r f o l d i n g m a c h i n e , 3 0 i n ch ;
1 C o rn i c e b r a k e, 4 8 i n ch .

1 F or m n m a ch i n e , s l i p r ol l , 2 x 30 i n ch -
.

1 G r oo v er , 3 0 i n c h
-
.

1 S m a l l t u r n i n g ma ch i n e .

1 W i r i n g m a ch i n e .

1 L a r g e b u r r i n g m a ch i n e ( W i t h ou t r eg u l a r s t a n d a r d s
. To .

fit i n H ol d a l l r ev ol v i n g m a ch i n e s t a n d a r d ) .

1 S et t i n g d own m a ch i n e .

1 E l b ow e d g i n g m a c h i n e ( W i t h o u t s t a n d
. a r d s T o fi t i n .

H o l d a l l r ev ol vi n g m a ch i n e s t a n d a r d ) .

E x t r a pa i r N o 3 f a ces f o r a bov e
. .

E x t r a pa i r N O 4 f a c e s f o r a bov e .

B e a d i n g m a ch i n e
1
1 .

1 C r i m pi n g a n d b e a d i n g m a ch i n e ( W i t h o ut r e g u l a r.s t a n d
ar d s . T o fit i n H ol d al l r ev ol v m g ma ch i n e s t a n d a r d .

1 H ol d a l l r ev ol v i n g m a ch i n e s t a nd a r d
’
.

1 M oor e s d ou b l e s e a m i n g m a ch i n e .

1 B en c h pu n ch .

1 3 0 i n ch g u t t er b e a d er wi t h i n ch r o d -
.

1 M a n d r el s t a k e , s ol i d .

1 M a n d r el St a k e , h ol l ow .

1 B eak h or n s t a k e .

B l owh o r n s t a e k ”
1
1 D ou bl e s e a m i n g s t a e k .

1 N e e d l ec a s e s t a e k .

1 k
H a t ch et s t a e, 13 i n c h -
.

1 k
H a t ch e t s t a e , 9 i n ch
/
.

1 q
B ev e l e d g e s u a r e s t a ke ,
2 1
g x

1 D ou b l e s ea m i n g s t a e k wi t h 4 h ea d s .

14 5
,
1 p ai r ,
b en ch s h ea r s .
15 R i v et i n g h a m m e r s .

15 S et t i n g h am m er s .

15 ’
P l u m b er s s cr a pe r s .

1 R a i si n g h a mmer
2 C u t t i n g n i pper s .

1 N O 3 g r o o v i n g t o ol
. .

1 N o 5 g r o o v i n g t ool
. .

1 N o 0 gr o ov i n g t ool
z
. .

8 S i e 6 , r i v et; s e t s
z
.

8 S i e 4, r i v et s et s
z
.

2 S i e 2 , r i ve t s et s .

15 P r i c k pi l n ch e s .

3 N o 8 s o l i d pu n c h es
. .

3 N o 6 s ol i d pun c h e s
. .

3 N o 4 s ol i d pu n c h es
. .

1 -
i n c h h ol l ow pu n c h .

-
i n ch h ol l ow pu n ch .

1 -
i n ch h ol l ow pun ch .

1 % i nch h ol l ow pu n ch
-
.

1 1 i n c h h o l l ow pu n c h .

1 1 14 ; i n ch h o l l ow pu n c h .

3 -
i n c h W i r e ch i s el s .

15 S c r a t c h a wl s .

60 S ol d e r i n g c opper h a n d l e s .

1 NO? 2 wi r e g a u g e ;
1 S t eel r u l e , ci r cu m f er en c e .

3 a
’
l r s H a wk s b i l l S n i ps
p .

1 C o n d u ct o r s t a k e .

3 1 0 i n ch wi n g d i v i d er s wi t h h a r d en ed p oi n t s .

2 Vi s es .

EQ U IPM E N T F OR S H E E T M E TAL W OR K IN G .

J UN OR I H I G H S C H OOL

1 S qu a r i n g s h 30 i n c h
ea r s , -
.

1 B a r f ol d i n g m a ch i n e , 30 i n ch .

1 C or n i ce b r a k e , 4 8 i n c h .

F o r m i n g m a c h i n e, S l i p r ol l , 2 x 3 0 i n ch
-

G r oo v i n g m a ch i n e, 30 i n ch .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MANU AL ’

S t eel r u l e , c I r c u m f e r en c e
’
1 .

1 C o n d u ct o r s ta ke
n
.

3 10 i n ch Wi n g d i v i d e r s wi t h h a r d e n ed oi
p ts .

2 V i s es .

E Q UIPM E N T F OR E LE M E N TAR Y S H E E T M E TAL W OR K IN G C LAS S

1 B a r f ol d i n g ma c h i n e , 30 i n ch
“

1 F o r m i n g m a ch i n e , s l i p r ol l , 2 x 30 i n ch .

1 S m al l t u r n i n g m a ch i n e
1 W i r i n g m a ch i n e .

L a r g e b u r r i n g m a ch i n e .

—
S t o v e pi pe c r i mpi n g a n d h e a d i n g m a ch i n e ( W i t h ou
t .

—
r e u l a r s t an d ar d s
g T o fi t i n ol d a l l r e v ol v i n g m a c h i n e

—
.

s t a n d ar d .

1 Ho l d a l l r e v ol v i n g m a ch i n e s t a n d a r d
B ea k h o r n s t a k e
i

H
.

B l owh o r n j s t a k e
H
.

l N e ed l e ca s e s t a k e .

H a t c h e t s t a k e , 1 3 i n ch -
.

'
H B ev el e d g e s q u a r e s t ak e , 2 72 x 1
’
\ B en c h l 8 i n ch e s
J

L
p a t es ,
31 x .

—
N M a l l et s , x

M G a s f u r n a c e s , d o u b l e b u r n er .

N pa i r s , 2 pou n d s ol d er i n g c opper s ( 1 l b e a ch )
/
.
. .

M pa i r s , 3 pou n d s ol d e r i n g c o pper s ( l 2 l b ea ch )
- l . .

N N O 9 s n i ps , s t r a i g h t
l

l . .

p a i rs
,
N o 9 s n i p ,
s c i r cu.l a r .

a i r , b en c h s h e a r s
p .

N o 3 r i v et i n g h a m m er s
. .

N O 3 s et t i n g h a m m er s
‘

. .

P l u m b er s ’ s c r a per s .

R a i s i n g h a mm e r s
C u t t i ng n i ppers .

NO 3 g r o o v i n g t o o l
. .

N o 5 g r o o v i n g t o ol
. .

N o 0 g r o o v i n g t ool
’

z
. .

S i e 6 , r i v e t s et s
z
.

S i e 4 , r i v e t s et s
z
-

S i e 2 , r i v et s et s .

P r i ck pu n ch e s
3 N o 8 s o l i d pu n ch e s
. .

3 N o 6 s ol i d pu n c h e s
. .

3 N o 4 s ol i d pu n ch e s. .

1 i n c h h ol l ow pu n c h
-
.

1 i n c h h ol l ow pu n ch
-
.

1 i n ch h ol l o w pu n ch
-

/
.

1 7
g
— i n c h h o l l o w p u n c h
w
.
'

1 l i i n c h h ol l o p u n c h .
 S C H OO L SH O P E QUIPM ENT 149

1 1 % i n ch h ol l ow pu n c h
‘
-
.

1 /
l z i n ch h o l l o w pu n ch
l -
.

3 V2 i n c h wi r e ch i s el s
-
.

12 S cr a t c h a wl s .

12 S ol d er i n g c o ppe r h a n dl es .

1 S t e el r u l e , c i r cu m f e r en c e .

1 C on d u c t o r s t a e k .

3 1 0 i n ch wi n g d i v i d er s wi t h h
~
ar d en e d poi n t s .

2 Vi s e s .

DI NCH av 3 0 m .

B E N H 2 3 FT 5 7 30 114

F i g ur e 13TA .
—
S u g g est ed A r r a n g em en t of
‘
Sh eet M eta l W o r ki n g Cl a s s
R oom .
 C ONTE NT S

SHE E T ME T AL W OR K
‘

AND
* ’

C HAP TE R

I Tr a n s f er r i ng P a t t er n s t o M et a l

11 C u t t i n g P a tt er n s an d T em pl a t e s .

III F ol d i ng E d g es an d S ea m i n g

IV F or mi ng , G r o ov i n g , B ea d i n g , an d Cri m pi n g .

VI Dou b l e H em m ed E dge .

W ir ing
~

P r o c es s ;

N ot ch i n g an d B i
ur r n g .
9

Do u
bl e S ea m i n g , P e en i n g , an d R ai s i n g 20 7
’

R a d i a l L i n e D ev el opm en t s

P i t ch e d C o v er s an d Fl a r i n g Ar t i cl es
P a r a l l el L i n e D ev el opm en t .

XI I I Pi pe I n t er s e c t i on s an d T ee J oi n t s

XI V E l bo w s

R et u rn an d F a ce M i t er S . . 1 2 8 5 30 1
-
F i gu r e 1 38 -S i m lep P tt a er n s or Te mp
l a t es _ A r r ows
. S h ow P p er
ro
Di M
,

r ect i o n to C ut et a IS
-

wi t h t h e S h ea r s
 W ORK A ND PAT T ER N D R AFT I NG

g i v e a p ri n t of t h e p att er n on th e
r O bt ai n i n g a g oo d i m pr ess i on , th e
th e met a l by tr a cin g
‘

on ov er

t r an s fer i s u s ed f or th e c
of h eaper
m at er i als s u ch a s ti n p l a t e z i n c bl a ck i r o n a n d g a l
w
, , , ,

v an i Eed i r on . Th e pr oces s i s a s f oll ows : P l a ce t h e d r a

i n g paper d i r ectly on t h e m et al th en g o ov er t h e ou tli n e ,

of t h e pa tt er n wi th a S h ar p t a per i n g pr i ck pu n c h t a ppi n g ,

i t li g htly wi th a s m all h amm er m aki n g s l i g ht i n d en t a ,

3ti on s on th e m et al a t t h e r i nci al oi n t s of th e d r a w i
p p p n g .

Th i s meth od wi ll be u s ed th r ou g h ou t th i s cou r s e an d i s ,

i n g ener al u s e i n t h e b es t comm er ci al S h ops ,

.

Th e p r i ch p u n ch u s ed i n th i s wor k S h ou l d be ab out f ou r
i n ch es l on g by T 73 i n ch I n d i am
5 -
et er t h e en d bei n g f or g ed
,

t aperi n g t o a s h ar p poi n t as S h own i n F i g u r e 139 ( J )

,
.

m i s t ak e often m a d e by t h e s t u d ent i s t o Str ike th e pu n ch

t oo h eavily wi th t h e h am m er d r i vi n g th e poin t thr ou g h
,

t h e met al . Th i s i s h a d pr act i c e and S h ou l d be av oi d ed .

S i m p l e P a t t er n s — Th e fir s t wOr k of t h e s tu d en t Will
”

be t o d r aw t o fu ll s i z e on paper t h e s et o f S im pl e p at ,

t er n s s h own on e h al f S iz e i n Fi g u r es 138 an d 139 th en ,

to tr an s fer th em t om et al u s i n g I C br i g ht t i n or l i g ht
, ,

g a l v a n i z ed i r o n n o t h e a v i e r t h a n N O 2 8 g a u g e .T h e s e .

p a tt e r n s
,
o r ,
t em p l a t es a r e
,
t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e m et a l i_n

t h e f oll owi n g m an n er T o t r an s f er p a tt er n A s et t h e
_ ,

- d i vi d er s equ al t o t h e r a d i u s i n n t ake a s m al l pi ece ,

i

of s cr a p m et a l an d d es cr i b e a ci r c l e A m i s t ak e i s oft en
.

m a d e by th e b eg i n n er by pr es s i n g t oo h eav i ly u p on t h e
W i n g d i vi d er cau s i n g a d eep d epr es s i on i n t h e Cen t er of
,

t h e ci r cl e . Q

P att er n s B C an d s i m i l ar for m s ar e tran s f er r ed by

, , ,

k th h a t h m t l P l
“

p r i c i n g r o u g t h e p pa e r p t er n s t o t e e a a c e .

t h e p att er n on t h e m et al i n a pos i t i on t o h av e a s l i ttl e

-

wa s t e of m at er i al as pos s i bl e pl a ci n g a wei g ht on t h e , __

t k it f m m v i n g ; l i g ht p r i c k m a r k s a r e
“

p pa e r o e e p r o o
 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUA L

Fi g u r e 1 3 9 — S i m p l e
“

Pa t t e n s
r , C o n t i n u ed . J, a Pr i ck P u n ch .
 C HAP TE R II
C U TT I N G PA T T E R NS A N D TE MP L AT E S

H an d S h ea r s S h eet .
-
met al
tt er n s ar e cu t fr om p a

m et al by m ean s of s h ear s or s n i ps of va r i ou s s h a es a n d
p
s i z es . Th e s h ear s l n g en er al u s e f or l i g ht wor k 1s kn own _

or s n i p h av in g a l eft h an d
‘

as th e s t r a i g h t h an d s h ea r s , ,
-

cu t t h e l en g h f t h e cu t com m on ly b ei n g i h
, t o n c es ,

kn own as No 8 an illus t r ati on of Whi ch 1s s h own m F i g

.
,

S h eet M et al W or ki n g
“
u r e 10 3 ( Thi s s h ear s ,

W h en t ak en 111 th e r i g ht h an d h as t h e l owe r bl a d e on t h e
,

l eft si d e of t h e s h ear s an d cu t s at t h e l eft s i d e of t h e

,
"
u pper Jaw Th e po s iti on of t h e j aws en a bl es t h e s h eet
w
.

m eta l wor k er t o f oll o t h e cutti n g li n e a ccu r a tely a s it i s

a lw
,

ays l n fu ll Vi ew .

An oth er s t r ai g ht s h ear s kn own a s L y on p a tt er n s n 1p

W
, ,

s h own i n F i g u r e 10 6 i s ell a d a pt ed f or r eg u l ar w
, or k .

Th e j aws a r e poi n t ed a n d r ou n d ed per m itt i n g t h e m et al ,

t o p as s fr eely W hen cu tti n g cu r v es s cr oll s a nd ci r cl es , ,

.

C i r cu l ar s n i ps s h own i n F i g u r e 10 4 ar e well ad apt ed

, ,
‘
f or cu tti n g s m all ci r cl es a n d open i n g s of var i ou s s ha pes
1n s h eet m et a l Th e popu l ar s i z e i s No
. W ith a l en g th .
-

of cu t of 3 i n ch es .

A b en ch sh ear s s h own m F i g u r e 10 2 i s u s ed f or cu t
, ,

ti ng h eavy m a t er i al Thi s t ool i s m u ch l ar g er th an t h e

.

o r d i na r y h a n d s h ea r s W h en m u s e it is f ast en ed i n th e
.
‘

b en ch by i n s er tin g t h e pr on g i n th e b en ch pl at e F i g u r e ,

95 or a h ol e of th e pr oper s iz e cu t i n th e ben ch f or thi s

,

u s e T hi s s h ea r s h as a r 1 g h t h a n d cu t with t h e l ower
p p r o .
,

bl a d e on th e r i ght s i d e of t h e shea r s Not e th e d i ff e r en ce .

i n t h e p os i ti on of t h e u pper bl a d es 1n th e r i g ht h an d
s h e a r s m F i g u r e 1 0 3 a n d t h e r i g h t h a
,
n d b enc h s h ea r s m
F i g u r e 10 2 .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K AND P A TTE RN D R AF T I NG

Th e d ou bl e utti n g h ear s h own m F i g u r e 10 8,

“

c s ,
s is

a d apt ed to cu tt i n g off r ou n d d s qu ar e pi pes b o tt oms of

‘

an ,

l A h ol e i s pu n ch ed i n t h e t i cle
‘

p a i s ,
ca n s , et c . ar t o be
cu t , a n d l ower bl a d e 1n s er t ed af ter wh i ch
th e p oi n t of th e ,
_

t h e cu tt i n g i s d on e i n t h e r eg u l a r m an n er l eavi n g t h e ,

ed ges c l ean a n d s m ooth

t al wo
.

S qu a r i n g S h ea r s — F ig u r e 1 S h eet M e r kin g
”
.

M ach i n er y ) s h ows a m od er n s qu ar i n g s h ear s wh i ch i s

‘

r ecom me n d ed f or th i s cou r s e i n cu tti n g s t r i ps s qu ar 1n g ,

t i n an d m aki n g l on g s t r a i g ht cu t s acr os s s h eet s o f m et a l

'
_
-

wh en s h ear i n g ma ter i al f or th e con s tr u cti on pf pi pes an d

,

a r t i cl es cyl i n d r i ca l i n f orm .

F i g u r e 14 0 .
—
H ow t o C ut C i r cl es to Av oi d W as te
‘

of -
M et a l .

I f th e s h ea r s cu tt i n g m at er i al
d o n ot r es pon d in
h eavi er g a u g es wi thi n t h e r a t ed
capa ci t i es cl al m ed by t h e

m an u f a ct u r er t h e bl ad es s h ou ld be s et f ar th er a p ar t
, .

Th e l ower bl a d e mu s t be s et b a ck f r om t h e u pper th ou g h
“

n ot f a r en ou g h t o bu r r t h e e d e o f t h m t i l T h is
'

g e a er a .

ad j u s tm en t c an be m ad e by r el eas m s l i htly t h e bed

g g
“

b ol t s th at f h ol d th e bed of th e s h ear s t o t h e l eg s a n d by ,

l oos en i n g t h e t wo fr on t bed s cr ews Th e bed c an th en .

be s hift ed on i t s s eat t owar d s or away fr om th e u pper

“

cu tt i n g bl a d e u n ti l t h e
p p
r o er pos iti on i s s ec u r ed ;
T h e b l a d es can be eas ily r em o ved f or g r in d i n g an d ,
 M E T AL W OR K E R S M A NU AL
'
’
S HE E T

wh en d u ll th ey s h ou l d be t
r e ur n ed to the f a ctor y f or
g r i nd m g . Af t er b ei n g g r ou n d th ey ar e f as t ened s ecu r ely
to th eir fr am es an d ad j u s t ed s o th a t th ey w i ll cu t pa per
t h een t i r e l en g th .
“

C u tti n g C i r cl es an d C a r ves W h en cu ttin g c1r cl es

‘

~ -
. _

fr om m et al , as s h own i n Fi g u r e 138 , p att er n A, t ak e th e

‘
'

s tr a i g ht s h ear s , F i g u r e 10 3 , i n t h e r i g ht h an d , s t a r t t h e
‘

cu t a t n on t h e s cr ib ed l i n e, an d m ak e a con ti n u ou s cu t

a r ou n d t h e ci r cl e i n th e d i r ec ti on of t h e a r r ow s h ow n m

Fi g u r e 14 1 .
—D i r ect i o n of C ut Sh o wn by A rr o ws .

na . W h en s ever al ci r c l es ar e t o be cu t fr om a lar ge pi ece

o f m et a l ca r e s h ou l d be t ak en t o avoi d was t e of m at er i a l
,
'

by s cr i bi n g th e ci r cl es t an g en t t o each ot h er u pon : t h e
m et al a s s h own l n F 1g u r e 140
, .

Aft er th e ci r cl es h av e b een m a r ked on t h e m et a l l n th i s

man n er cu t t h e met al in t o s qu ar es by f ol l ow1n g th e

,

d ott ed li n es a an d b a ft er whi ch th e cl r cl es a r e cu t i n th e
, g

u s u a l m ann er ; c a r e b ei n g ex er ci s ed i n h avi n g ea ch ci r cl e

a ccu r a t e a n d t r u e .

W h en cu tti n g cu r ves th e cu t sh ou l d be con ti n u ou s

,
.

S h or t cu t s s h oul d n ev er be m a d e s toppi n g an d s t ar ti n g , ,

a g a i n at d i ff eren t point s on t h e li n e wi ll r es u lt i n a n ,

u n even p a tt er n with r ou g h ed g e s con tai n i n g s li v er s a n d

 16 0 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’{
MA NUAL
0

’
p u n c h of ; th e r equ i r ed s 1z e 1s pl aced u pon th e ci r cl e an d —

s t r u ck With a h eavy ma ll et or h am m er u If t h e pi ece of

“
{ '

m etal r em al n s i n t h e pu n ch i t can be r emov ed by s tr iki n g

,

th e pun ch li g htly wi th t h e h am m er Holl ow pu n ch es ar e .

m a d e i n var i ou s Si z es .

Wh en an open l n g 1s t o be cu t i n a pl ec e of li g ht m et al
a s at a i n p a tt er n I F i g u r e 139 pl ace t h e m et a l u p on a
, ,

bl ock of l ea d th en by u s in g a h oll ow pu n ch or s m all thi n

,

ch is el cu t a h ol e in t h e m eta l l arg e e n ou g h t o i n s er t th e
,

r
“

'

p o i n t o f t h e l o W e r b l a d e o f t h e ci r cu l a r S h e a s i n t h e

op en i n g ; th en cu t al on g t h e li n e i n t h e d i r ecti on of th e

F i g u r e 14 3 .
—N ot ch ed P at t er n s , th e S h a d ed P or ti o ns B ei ng t h e No t ch es .

w m an n er ,
“

Th e t l is
ci r c e cu t in t h e u s u al
"

ar r o . ou er

Wh i ch com p e es l t th e p a tt er n .

C u tti n g E l bow P a tt er n s — W he n
c u tt i n g elb ow p a t
.

t er n s or s i m i l ar f or m s , a s Sh own i n H , F i g u r e 1 39, t h e
’

s t r a i g ht cu t s b t o c, c t o ct, d to e, ar e m a d e with t h e
s t r a i g ht S 111pS , OI u p on t h e s qu ar e
‘
s hear s Th e u pper
cu r v e of t h e p a tt er n i s c u t by u s i n g th es t ra i ght s h ear s ,

St a r ti n g at e an d m aki n g on e con ti n u ou s cu t en d in g at b .

I n u s i n g t h e h an d s h e ar s , a m ad e by
,
 EE T M E T AL W ORK AND PAT T E R N D R AF T ING '

SH 161

th e s t u d en t tting b ey on d th e s t oppin g poin t s h own

in cu

on t h e p a tt er n Th i s ca n be avoi d ed by a lways com p l et

.

i n g th e cut wi th t h e p oi n t of th e sh ear s W h en c u tt i n g .

fr om a t o b ;F i g u r e 141 t h e en d of t h e S h ear s s h oul d be

, ,

d i r ectly u p on p oi n t b Wh en m akin g t h e final cu t Th e .

p o i n t o f t h e s h ea r s i s a l s o u s e d i n n ot ch 1n g p a tt er n s , a s ,

s h own m A a n d B F i g u r e 143
,
W h en cu tti n g ou t th e
.

s h a d ed p or t i on of p a tt er n s th e en d of t h e S h ear s bl ad e
f
,

S h ou l d never ex t en d b eyon d t h e poi n t m i n t h e pa tt er n .

Fi g ur e 144 .
— Pl a n and E nd E l eva t i on of Sh ea r s .

H i n ts on th e C ar e an d Us e o f H a n d S h ea r s
.
—Th e f ol
l owi n g s u g g es ti on s a r e offer ed on t h e u s e an d car e of th e
h an d s h ear s an d sh oul d be f ol l owed car ef u lly by t h e
“

s t u d en t or wor km an :

W h en u s i n g t h e S h ear s th e bl a d e s h ou l d be h el d i n a
v er ti ca l pos i t i on m ak i n g s t r a i g ht u p a n d d own cu t s
‘

.
.
,

Nev er twi s t th e Sh ear s s i d ewi s e wh en cu tt i n g a s thi s ,

-

cau s es th e ben d i n g of t h e ed g e of th e m et al l eavin g a ,

.
 AL W OR K E R S M A NUAL
"
‘

162 SH E E T M E T

bu r r ed wh i ch r equ i r es ad d iti on al work

ed g e,
"

in fl att en i n g
it ou t wi th a m all et on a s t ak e or l evel pl at e ‘

K eep t h e S h ear s s h ar p bu t d o n ot gr i n d , t oo fin e an
e
ed g e .

Th e b olt an d n u t j om t h oul d be oi led fr equ en tly an d

S ,

th e n u t ad j u s t ed so th e S h ea r s will wO r k eas i ly a t a l l

tim es .

Never us e th e cu ttin g ed g es of s h ear s f or guttin g wi r e ,

bu t lwa ys u s e
a in s t ead t h e cu ttin g n i pper s Wh i ch ar e
m a d ef or thi s pu r pos e ,

S qu a r i n g S h eets of M eta l —In pr epar in g S h eet s o f t i n.

f or r oofing pu r pos es an d con s t r u cti n g v ar i ous s h eet m et al

a r ti cl es w h i ch r equ i r e th e S h eet s t o be per fectly s qu ar e
With t h e ed g es tr u e an d
,

.a n d ex a ctly t h e s a m e S iz e ,

s t r a i g ht t h e s h eet s can
,
be s qu ar ed v er y r ap i d l y an d
a ccu r a t ely on t h e s qu a r 1n g Sh ea r s F i g ur e 1 A pl an an d ,
.

e n d el ev at i on of th e s qu a r i n g s h ear s a r e S h own m Fig u r e

144 wh er e a i s th e fr on t g au g e b t h e l ower cu ttin g kn i f e

“

, , ,

a n d c th e s i d e g au g e .
wh il e us ed in tai n wor k i s mos t common ly u tiliz ed t o
cer ,

s tr en th en s h eet m et al f or m s
g W h en us ed f or t hi s pu r
.

p os e it i s k n own a s a d ou bl e h em m ed ed g e Th i s ed g e i s .

14 6 —D ou bl e
. H em m ed E d g es .

f or med i n the f ol d er i n th e s a me m an n er a s th e s i n g l e !
"

ed ge . Aft er t h e l att er i s f or m ed , th e Sh eet i s t u r n ed ov er ,

—W i r e Ed g e
-

Fi g ur e 14 7 . ,
, O p en an d C l o s ed .

t h en th e si ng l e ed g e i s pl ace d i n t h e m a ch i ne agai n s t t h e
g au g e a n d th e op er a t i on i s r epea ted
Wi r e E d g e .
—It is o ft en n eces s ar y t o i n c r ea s e th e
 S H EE T ME T AL W OR K AND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG 16 5

s tr en g th t l
of ar i c es m ad e f m h m t l by i l i
‘

-
r o s e et e a n c os n g a

wi r e i n cer a n o f e r ed g e
t i th i s Th e e d g e s f.
or t hi s p u r

r ou n d ed as s ow m
‘ n i 1 4 7 T
p o s e m u s t b e h i n F g u r e o f or .

r ou n d l ock f or s et t h e g au g e on th e
’

an open or W i r i ng,

F i g ur e 1 4 8 .
— Or d i n a r y L a p S ea m s .

— F o l d ed S eam, Co n s i s t i n g Ho o k ed
-

Fi g u r e 1 4 9 . of Two S i n g l e E d g es
T o g et h er .

fol d erequal in Wi d th t o two h alf tim es th e an d on e -

d i am et er of th ewi r e t o be u s ed Usi n g t h e wr en ch l oos en

w
.
,

t h e l ock s cr e t o t h e r i g ht on t h e b ac k of t h e m a ch i n e ,

a n d by m ovi n g th i s s cr ew t o t h e r i g ht or l eft i n t h e Sl ot
 ’
S H E E T M E T A L W OR K E R S MA NUAL
7
166 : 1

the W i ng i s r a i s ed o r l o er ed w
j us tin g t h e m a chi n e In ad

w th
5 .
,
‘ '

lo er e W in g equ a l i n W i d th t o t h e d i amet er of W i r e t o

be u s ed f a st en
,
t h e l o ck s cr ews fir mly th en tu r n t h e ed g e ,

in t h e u s u a l m an n er .

L ap S ea m —In F i g u r e l 4 8 .
’

is s h own th e or d i n ar y l a p
S eam , a s u s ed in th e con s r t ucti on of sma ll cyl i n d er s ,
s q u a r e p i es
p , cor n i ce m i t er s , et c . Th i s s e am i s u s u al ly
So l d er ed or r i ve ed t . When th i n m et al i s s
u ed an d th e
s eam i s t o be so l d er ed ,
a ll owf r om to f or l appi n g .

F ol d ed S edan —Ih .i l m aki n g th i s s eam , a s n g e ed g e i s

tu r n ed on t h e met al ed g es a r e h o o k ed t og eth er ,
a nd t h e

a s S h own i a i g u r e 14 9 aft er wh i ch t h ey a r e h amm er ed ,

d own W i th a wood en m all et

”

S eam s th a t ar e m al l et ed .

d own s m ooth a r e s t r on g er a n d ea s i er t o s ol d er th an wh en
u n ev en S ea m s of thi s ki n d ar e u s ed i n l ayi n g fiat s eam
.

ti n Ofin g
a n d copp er r o

mt e i
.

Gr ooved S ea m — W ith li g ht l t h e g r ooved s eam

. a r a ,

i s t h e u n iver sally u s ed m eth od of j oi n in g t h e ed ges of

fl
S h eet m et al Th i s s eam i s fr equen tly u s ed i n j oi n i n g t wo
.

a t S h eet s of m et al m aki n g l on g it u d i n a l s eam s ; i n r ou n d

-

a n d s quar e pi pes a n d v er ti cal s i d e s eam s i n s h eet m et al

,

ar ti cl es h aV i n g a fl ar i ng or cyl i n d r i cal s u r f a ce An illu s

fl
.

t r at i on of thi s s eam S h owi n g th e con s tr u cti on i s s een i n , ,

F i g u r e 15 0 W h en j oi n in g t wo at pi eces of met al by
. .

this m eth od s et t h e g au g e on t h ef ol d i n g m ach i n e t o th e

,
'

W i d th of th e ed g e r equi r ed a nd t u r n a s i n g l e ed g e on
‘

t h e s h eet s as s h own at A H ocki n g t h eed g eS t og eth er a s .

s h own a t B t h e s eam i s l a i d on th e h or n of t h e g r o ovi n g

,

m achi n e ( Fi g u r e Th e r oll s r u n over t h e s eam

l eng th wi s e com pl et i n g th e s eam a s s h own at C W h en
, "
.

t h e g r oovi n g W h eel i s r u n Ov er t h e s eam an off s et i s m a d e

"

, i h t h e upp er S h e et e a t m wh i ch pr ev ent s th e s eam fr om ,

com i n g ap ar t Th e s eam i s fini s h ed by pl aci ng it on a

.

m an d r el s t ak e p ou n d i ng i t with a W eed en m all et cl os i n g

, ,

i t d ow n a n d le avi n t h e s eam ti g ht an d s m ooth

, g .

A owance f or G r ooved S ea m
l l — Th e amou nt of m ater i al .
 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

T ak e t
a s ri p o f m et al Si x i n ch es l ong A ft
. er cu tt i n i
g t
i n t o t wo p ar t s , t u r n an ed g e On e ach pi ece G r oove th e
.

s eam an d clo s e it d ow n with a woo d en m allet Th en m eas f

u re t h e l en g th of t h e s t r i p a ccu r at el y , an d th e d i fier en ce

b etween th i s d im en s i on an d th e l en g th of th e pi ece b efor e

s eami n g w ill be th e am ou n t of m at er i al t o be ad d ed f or
‘ “

t h e s eam .
 C HAP TE R IV
F ORMI N G , G ROOVI NG , R E AD I N G , AND OR i M Pi N e
"

Thi s ha pt er W ill t r eat of th e var i ou s pr oces s es u s ed i n

c

t h e con s tr u ct i on of con d u ct or pi pes s tov e pi pe fu r n a ce

, ,

d u ct s Al th o u g h wor k of th i s ki n d i s ch i efly
'

pp i e,
a n d a i r .

u s ed i n b u i l d i n g con s t r u cti on an d h ea ti n g a n d v en t i l at i n g

S ys t em s 1 t h e f oll owi n g wi ll a
, pp ly a s w e ll t o f or m i n g a n d
s ea m i n g s h eet m et a l a r t i cl es cyli n d r i cal i n f or m wh er e ,

t h e l on g i tu d i n a l s eam i s m a d e with t h e u s u al g r ooved

s eam

fl
.

W h en con s tr u ct i n g pi pes a n d cyl i n d er s t h e s tu d en t

m u s t r St fin d th e f ci r cu m f er en ce by m u lt i ply i n g t h e
-

d i am et er by a n d t o thi s d i m en s i on a d d t h e am ou n t
'

o f m a t er i al n eces s ar y f or m aki n g t h e g r oov ed s eam as ,

s h own i n F i g u r e 15 0 Th i s W i ll g iv e t h e ex act l en g th t o
.

cu t t h e m a t er i al .

—
C on s tr u cti n g Sh eet M eta l P i p e W h en con s tr u ctin g
.

p pi es a n a ll ow a n ce s h ou l d be m ad e f or t h e th i c kn es s Of
m et al u s ed Thi s i s neces sa r y t oper m i t t h e S m a ll en d O f
t h e j oi n t t o fit s nu gly i n t o th e l a r g e en d of t h ea d j oi n i n g
j oi n t of pi pe Th e u s u a l m eth od i s t o cu t th e s m all en d
.

of t h e j oi n t l es s i n ci r cu m fer en ce th an t h e l ar g e en d
wh en u s in g t i n pl at e an d li g h t i r on u p t o No 2 6 g au g e
”
.
,

an d 4 1 f or No 24 t oNO 20 g au g e Th e b es t pr act i ce i s
. . .

t o m ak e a d i ff er en ce of s even ti mes t h e thi ckn es s of t h e

m et al b etween t h e l ar g e an d s m all en d of pi pe .

W h en m a kin g pi pe it i s cus t om ar y t o place t h e Sh eet s

of m et al on a b en ch b ehi n d th e s qu ar i n g s h ear s ( F i g u r e

‘
Th en s et th e fr on t g au g e b ack fr om t h e cu tti n g
bl ad e of th e s h ear s h avm g th e l eft en d of t h e g au g e equ al
,
"
t o th e l en g th Of th e l ar g e en d of th e pi pe an d th e r i g ht
'

169
 met al th en p as s ed b etween t h e s h ear s bl ad es Th e
is .

s tud en t S h ou l d ex t en d h i s fin g er s a n d pr es s d ow n upon

t h e m i d d l e o f t h e S h eet wh il e h ol d i n g i t fir m ly a g ain s t t h e
g a u g e a n
,
d th e n cu t t h e j o i n t N o t ch on e cor
. n er o f t h e

s ma ll en d Th i s n ot ch W ill Sh ow whi ch 1S th e s m all en d

.

a ft er t h e p i p e i s f or m ed u p .

A ft er a l l t h e s h eet s h ave b een cu t th e j om ts ar e pl aced ,

beh ind t h efol d i n g m achin e ( Fi g u r e 15 ) with t h e n ot ch ed

F i g ur e 15 1 —I n s e r t i n g t h e S h eet B
et ween t h e R ol l s of a F or mi n g
M a ch i n e, t o F o r m a C y l i nd er .

en d t o th e r i g ht of t h e m a chi n e ,
an d th e i
S ng l e ed g es ar e

t urn e d as S h own i n F i g u r e 145 .

F ar m i ng C y l i n d er s .
—
Th e n ex t s t ep i n t h e con s tr u ct l on
v

o f t h e f pi pe 1s t o f or m i t i n t o s h ape on t h e f or m i n g
'

m a chi n e ( g
F i u r es 35 ,
Thi s m achi n e i s eas ily a d j u s t ed
by m ean s of t h e j u s tin g s cr ews on ea ch en d of t h e
ad

machi n e, an d t h e r oll s ca n be s et f or f or mi n g an y d es i r ed
“

S l z e Of cyli n d er Th e upper f r ont r oll i s Sl i g h tl y named

/
,

t o a ll owt h e fol d ed ed g e of t h e s h eet t o pa ss b etween t h e

.

r oll s With ou t cl o s i n g t h e l o ck Th e Sh eet with t h e fol d ed

.

e d g e on t h e u n d er S i d e 1S i ns er t ed 111 th e ma chi n e j u s t f ar

e n o u g h t o all ow th e f r o n t r oll s t o g p
r i t h e ed g e as s h ow n ,
,

l n a F i g ur e 15 1
,
Th en h ol d i n g th e h an d l e Of t h e m a chi n e
.
 is th en b r ou g ht f or war d all owin g th e g r oovi ng r O
, l l t o r un
o ver t h e s ea m l en g th wi s e com pl et i n g t h e s eam a s s h own
,

i n b F i g u r e 15 3
,
Th e car r i ag e i s r etu rn ed t o th e s t ar t
.

i n g poi n t by m ean s of a h an d l e It h as t wo r O l l s on e f or . ,

g or o v i n g a n d o,
n e f or fl a tt en i n g t h e s ea m at t h e s am e

C ou n t er s u n k G r ooved S ea m — Thi s s eam is u s ed ex en t

s i v el y i n th e ti on of s t ove p1pe fu rn ace p1pe
con s r u c t , ,

an d oth er S h eet m et a l ar ti cl es Th i s m eth od of g r oovi n g

.

p l a c es t h e s ea m o n t h e i n s i d e l eav i n g an u n b r ok en s,u r
!

F i g ur e 1 5 3 .
—P i p e
4
S ea m H o o k ed e
T og t h er a nd G r o ov ed .

f ace on t h e ou s i d e of
t th e ar ti cl e ,
as s h own 1n a , F i g ur e
15 4 .

W h en m akin g thi s s eam on th e i mpr oved g r oovin g ‘

ac hi n e
‘

F i,g u r e 4 0 r e m ov e t h e ,g r oo v i n g w h ee l f r om t h e

t r av el i n g car r i a g e l oos en t h e s et s cr ew th en tu r n t h e
, ,

r ever s ibl e g r o ov1n g h or n br 1n g 1n g u pwar d On e of t h e

,

g r o ov e s whi ch i s p l a n e d i n t o t h e h or n a s s h Ow n m b , ,

F i g u r e 15 4 Th e cyli n d er 1s pl aced on t h e g r oovi n g h or n

fl
.

with th e l ooked ed g es d i r ectly ov er t h e pl an ed g r oove .

T h e tr aveli n g car r i a g e con t ai n in g t h e a t r oll i s b r ou g ht

f or wa r d whi ch pr e s s es t h e s eam i n t o t h e g r oov e an d th u s
,

c om pl et e s t h e oper a ti on .

i n g m a chi n e .
S h own m F i g u r e 42 , i s u s ed fo r s ea min g t i n

imet al W e
h r
'
e a s m a ll s e a m c an be e
m pl oy e d t o ad v a n t a g e .

w
»

I n s e e me a
h t t l S h o p s n ot e u i
q pp ed i th a g r o ov i n g
 SH E E T M E T AL W O R K A ND PA T T E R N D R AF T I NG 1 73

m a chi n e, wh en i t i s r equ i r ed t o s ea m a r ti cl es m ad e fr om
'

bl a ck a n d g al v an i z ed i r on i by h an d t h e
u
a r t i cl e t o be

g r o ov e d i s p l a c ed on t h e h o ll o w m an d r el ( g
F 1 u r e

or t h e s ol i d m a nd r el s t ake Th e ed g es ar e h Ooked t i g htly

‘

.
_

t og eth er f or th ei r en t i r e l en g th Th e h a n d g r o ovi n g t ool

“

, .

F
( g i u r e 1 1 6 ) i s p l ac ed a g a i n s t t h e ed g e o f t h e s e a m a n d
s t r u ck with a wood en m a ll et ( F i g u r e 1 1 7 In th i s way
t h e s eam i s g r ooved a t o n e en d f or s ever al i n ch es The .

oth er end i s th en g r ooved i n t h e s am e m an n er a f t er w hi ch ,

F i g u re 15 4 — . 7a , S ea m G r o o v ed In si de Pi p e ; b, G r o o ve i n Hor n of G r oo v ~

i ng M a ch ine .

th e en tir e s ea mis g r oov ed by s t r i ki n g j th e ha n d g r oov er

wi th th e m allet wh i l e m ovi n g it al on g t h e s eam C ar e .

m u s t be t aken th at ;t h e g r oover d oes n ot cu t or m ar k t h e

fl
~
_

m et al on ei th er s i d e of t h e s eam Th e s eam i s com pl et ed

-
.

by att en ing i t d own clos el y wi th th e wood en m all et

”

RE AD IN G AN D OR I M P I N G

In tin g ar t i cl es cyl i n d r i cal i n f or m fr om li g ht

con s r u c t
S h eet m et a l th ey a r e u s u a lly r ei nf or ced by b ei n g b ea d ed
,

or Swa g ed u pon t h e b ea d i n g m a ch i n e S h ow n i n F i g u r es
”
‘

5 8 5 9 W h en m aki n g cyl i n d er s or pi pe of l a r g e d i am e
,
.

t er s ever al b ea d s ar e u s u ally pl aced cl os e t og eth er n ea r

, ,
 74 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE R S ’
MA NUAL

th e e nds of th e cyli n d er Th is t en d s t o st r en g then th e

form
.

b od y,
k eep gl n i t r ou n d i n .

Th e b ea d i n g m ach i n e i s fu r n i s h ed wi th s ever al Set s of

r oll s co n s i s tI n g of t h e Si n g l e b ea d og ee b ea d t r i pl e b ea d
, , , ,

a n d th e tr i pl e coffee p o t b ea d r oll s Th e S I n g l e a n d o g ee .

bead r olls a r e g en er all y u s ed I n b ea d in g t h e end s of pi p e

a n d l a r g e cyli n d er s m a d e fr om s h eet i r on Th e tr i pl e .

15 5 — Be a d ing a y
C l i n d er .

Fi g ure 15 6 .
—
P l a i n La p Pi p e Jo i n t ; S h o wi n g Cri m p ed ”
E dge .

b ea d an d co ffee pot b ea d r oll s ar e u s ed I n Swag i n g ar ti cl es

Of ti n war e b oth r ou n d an d fl ar i n g I n fo r m W h en m ak
, .

i n g pi p e of v a r i ou s s i z es a S i n g l e or og ee b ea d 1s u s u ally
,

m a d e on th e s m a ll en d of t h e pi pe Th i s b ea d s er ves t o
»

s t i ffen t h e pi p e and a i d s i n k eepi n g t h e pi pe s t r ai g ht

" ”

wh en r 1vet i n g t h e j oin t s t ogeth er .

Oper a ti n g t h e B ea d i n g M ach i n e — W h e
n b ea d i n
g pp
1 e

t h e g au g e i s m ov ed b a ck a b ou t i n ch or 2 i n ch es fr om
t h e b ea d i n g r oll a n d f as t ened by m eans of t h e S et sc r ews .

Th e s m a ll en d of t h e pi pe i s th en i n s er t e d b etween t h e
r ol l s with t h e e
,
n d r es ti n g a g a i ns t t h e g au g e Th e r oll s .
 CHAP TER v f

Th e pr oces s of s ol d er i n g con s i st s of Wel d i n g t og eth er

p i eces of m et al by m ea n s of a n o th er m et a l of l ower m elt
i ng p oi n t . S oft s ol d er i n g m ay be t aken t o m ean th e
u n iti n g of pi eces of m et a l w ith fus ibl e a l l oy s of ti n a n d
l ead .

In th e p er a ti o n of s ol d er i n g , w h i ch i s d on e by u s i n g
o
s ol d er I n g copper s f or a ppl y m g t h e h ea t , t h e s ol d er m u s t

be fu s ed t o t h e p1eces Whi ch a r e b ei n g j oi ned . Thi s i s

d on e by r a IS In g t h e t em per atur e of t h e S el d er a nd th e
p a r t s t o b e s o l d er e d t o t h e f us i n g p o i n t T h e s o l d er i s

a ppli ed a n d s wea t ed I n by h ol d in g a h ot s o l d er i n g copper

1 n con t a ct with t h e s eam u n ti l a cor r ect fu s i n g t em p er a

t u r e h as b een a tt ain ed , with th e r es ult th at th e m et al s

fu s e t og eth er i nt o on e h omog en eou s m as s , m aking a per
feet j oi nt at ever y poin t .

Th e a b s olu t e n eces s ity of h eatin g th e par t s t o be s ol

d er ed an d r a i s in g th em t o t h e cor r ect fu s in g t em per atu r e
c an n ot be t oo s t r on g ly em ph as iz ed .

F l u x es W h en s ol d er in g tw o p1eces of m et al tog eth er ,

fl
-
.

a p er fect b on d can n ot be m ad e u nl es s ox i d e1S k ept Ou t of

t h e j oi n t; a n d a u x m u s t be u s ed t o pr even t ox i d at i on
'

Wh i l e th e s ol d er i n g oper ati on i s g om g On Th e b as i s of
' "

fl
.

al l g oo d fl u x es i s zi n c chl or i d e .

M an y s h eet m et al work ers pr epar e th ei r own u x by _

cutti n g zin c i n m u r i ati c aci d Th i s i s d on e by pu ttin g

.

m
/

p i ec es o f zi n c i n to a bo tt l e o f u r i a t i c ac i d u n til t h e a ci d
s t o s b oili n g a n d b u bbl es ceas e t o r 1s e T h i d t
“

p e a c e a s
“

a wa y t h ez in c, lib er ati n g hyd r ogen d ur l n g t h e pr oces s

”
.
,

Thi s a ct i On con ti n u es u ntil th e aci d i s cu t or ‘

kill ed
"
 SH E ET M E TAL W OR K AN D PAT T E R N D R ART i NG , 1 77

In oth er wor d s ,
un ti l
hyd r og en i n t h e a ci d h as
al l th e
been g i ven al l t h e Z i n c i t Wi ll eat
fi
W h at i s l eft i n t h e . ,

bottl e i s n o l on g er mur i a ti c a ci d but i s kn own as chl or i d e

“ ’
‘

r
,

fl
of zin c .

M u r i a ti c aci d i s t h e com mer ci al n am e f or hyd r ochl or i c

aci d a nd i s oft en u s ed i n i t s r aw s t a t e as a u x f or s ol d er
‘

fl
,

i n g g alva n i z ed 1r on and z i n c .

“
C hl or i d e of z i n c or ki ll ed aci d
, i s u s ed a s a ux ,

when so l d er In g cl ean g alvan ized 1r on zin c copper a n d

fl
, , ,

b r as s W h en th e m at er i a l t o be s ol d er ed i s t i n pl a t e ,

b r i g ht copper or l ea d r os In 1s u s ed as a u x an d wh en
, , ,

m el t i n g h as a t en d en cy t o pen et r at ei n to t h e l ock or s ea m .

Th er e a r e Sev er a l ki n d s of s ol d er i n g s alt s an d n on cor r o

S i ve fl u x es on th e m ar k et tha t a r e b ei n g u s ed w

r es u lt s by t h e s h eet m et a l t r a d e
,
i th g oo d
A t oo s tr on g u x wi ll fl
fl
.

i d o h ar mt o th e wor k an d t o t h e s old eri n g t ool s W h a t ev er .

ux i s em pl oy ed sh ou l d be d i l u t ed with wa t er t o t h e weak
es t con d i t i on f or t h e w or k o n h an d .

S ol d er — P r acti cally al l s ol d er s u s ed by th e s heet m et al

.,

worker ar e com b i n ati on s of t i n an d l ead Th e qu a lity of .

t h e s ol d er mu s t n ot be ov er l ook ed
.
S ol d er S h ou l d be pu r .

ch as ed f r om a r el i abl e d ea l er w h o will fu r n i s h a g ood

a r ti cl e h avi n g th e cor r ect pr opor t l on s of l ea d a n d t i n
J
.
,

Th e s ol d er g en er ally u s ed 1s compos ed o f h a lf t i n an d h alf

l ea d comm on ly call ed h alf and h al f It melt s at ab ou t
,

370 d eg r ees Fah r en h eit A better ow1n g

.
-

s ol d er

h avin g m Or e r es i s t an ce t o s tr es s i s com pos ed of 6 0 per

’
on e

,
fl
.

cen t t i n an d 40 p er cen t l ea d It melt s a t a b ou t 340 .

-

d eg r ees F T h e l att er i s t h e b es t pos s ibl e combin a ti on

with t h e obj ecti on h ow
.
,

ev er ,th a t it i s v er y cos tly

‘

.
,

—
S ol d er i n g F u rn a ces F u r n aces f or h eati n g s ol d er i n g
.

copp er s ar e m a d e t o b u r n g as oli n e g as oi l a n d ch ar coal , , , .

Th e fir e pot S h own i n F i g u r e 12 6 i s well a d apt ed f or

b u r n i n g ch ar coal G as fu r n a ces as S h own i n F i g u r es
.
,

12 8 1 2 9 ar e m os t g en er ally u s ed ; th ei r g r ea t es t p oi n t of
,

s u pe r i or ity b ein g i n th e con ti n u ou s s u pply of fu el .

 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W ORK E R S MA NU AL

SOLDE RI N G CO PPE R S
S ol d er i n g copper s of d i ff er en t S i z es , s u l tabl e f or d i fier
en t kin d s of wor k ( F i g u r es 130 1 33 ) Sh ou l d be i n clu d ed
5
* ‘

i n ev r y S h op equ i pm en t , an d can be Obt a i ne d i n v ar i ou s

e
wei g ht s .

A s m all copp er s h ou l d not be us e d on h eavy wor k , as

Fi gu r e 15 7 ~ . a, ppe f o
S o l d er i ng C o r r T i n wa r e , App l ied to Ve
r t i ca l
S ea m ; b,B o tt m
o Co pp er .

it ca n n o t t i h h eat to a ll ow t h e s ol d er to ow
con a n en ou g

a n d s wea t in t o t h e j oi n t as i t s h ou l d W h en th e s m all .
-
fl
"

copper i s a p li ed t o t h e m et a l it b ecom es ; cool ; q uI ckl y

”

p , ,

with t h e r es u l t th at t h e wor kman was tes m u eh t i m e i n

'

tr yi ng t o keep t h e coppers h ot or i n Sol d er i ng with r el a

'

t i v el y col d coppers whi ch m ean s poor wor k Aft er s el ect

‘

.
,
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

l d er an d s om e r oS 1n u pon a rboa r f t b r i ck Th e
d
’ ‘

so -

br so ,
.

copp er I S fil e d i n t h e u s ua l m an n er th en h ea t ed j u s t h ot
,

en ou gh t o m elt s ol d er . I t i s n ex t t ak en and r ubb ed on

t h e s ol d er an d r os i n u n til t h e s ol d er ad h er es t o t h e cop

fl
a

p e r. T h i s m e th o d of ti n n i n g i s g e n er a ll y u s e d w h en

s ol d e r i n g t 1n a n d i f r os i n i s bei n g u s e
,
d as a u x
K eepi n g t h e p oi n t of th e copper b r i g ht and cl ean a t
“

a l l t i m es i s of v ita l i m p or t ance Never a ll ow an ox i d e or

. .

s ca l e t O f or m on t h e p oi n t s f or copp er ox i d e 1 s a l m os t a
,

n on con d u ct or O f h ea t an d a n ox i d i z ed s ol d er i n g copper
g i v es u p i t s h ea t S o p o or ly a s t o b e p r a cti c a lly u s e l es s I f .

a s ca l e be a ll owed t o for m on t h e p oi n t it fl ak es off a n d ,

c au s es s er i ou s t r ou bl e i n t h e s ol d er i n g A copper can .

n ev er r em a i n i n g o od con d iti on if i t 1s ov er h eate d W h en .

a co pp er i s a ll owed t o becom e r e d h ot i t s u s eful n es s i s

g o n e u n til i t h as b ee n r e t i n n ed .

D i ppi n g S ol u ti on — .W h en u s i n g ch ar coa l ga s oli n e or , ,

g a s f o r h e a ti n g t h
,
e p o i n t o f t h e c o pp e r b eco m es d i s c ol
or ed Us i n g a n ea r th en fr u it j a r m i x a s olu ti on com pos ed
.
,

of ou nce of p owd er ed s al a m m on i ac an d on e q u a r t of

wa t er ; Aft er t h e s al am m on i ac h as b een d i ssol ved the

s o lu ti on i s r ea d y f or u s e Th e poi n t of t h e h eat ed cop
‘

p e r,
W h e n t a k e n f r om t h e fu r nace i s d i pp e d q u i ckly i n t o
,

t h i s s olu ti on Th i s f aci lit a t es th e s ol d er i n g oper ati on by

.

m ak i n g t h e ti n n ed s u r f ace b r i g ht a n d cl ean
‘

M E T H ODS LDE R IN G
'

OF S O

m
S ol d er g F l at S ea m s

l ap
i n

eth od of s ol d er i n g a

In
—
fl
In F i g ur e 15 8 i s s h own th e
a t s eam h a v i n
q
.

1
g g i n ch t o i n ch
th i s ca s e t wo p i eces of g al v an iz ed i r on ab ou t
/ -
__

fl
.
,

by 8 i n ch es ar e u s ed as s h OWn by a a n d b M u r i at i c aci d

fl
, .

i s em pl oyed a s t h e u x a n d car e m u s t be t a k en th a t t h e

u x I S a ll owed t o en t er t h e s ca m t h e W i d th of t h e l ap an d ,

n ot m er ely b r u s h ed ov er t h e ed g e of th e se a m with ou t _

a ll owi n g t h e acid t o p en et r at e
-

Th e s eam Is n ow t a ck ed
.

with s ol d er as s h own a t x Th e s eam i s th en s ol d er ed i ts

.
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K ”

A ND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG 181
_

enti re l en g th by p l a ci n g t h e copp r e d i r ectly u pon t h e

s ea ma nd l d er i n g fr om t a ck to
so t ack , b ei n g car eful
al w a y s t o a ll ow t h e s o l d er t o co o l b ef or e s ol d e r i n g f r om
o n e t ac k t o a n ot h e r I n p l ac
. i n g t h e co pp er d i r ec t l y u p o n

t h e s eam a s S h own at c Fi g u r e 15 8 t h e s ol d er I S d r awn

.
, ,

i nt o t h e s eam i t s fu ll wi d th s oaki n g it th or ou g hly as ,

S h own at d .

Fl at l ock ed s eam s ar e s ol d er ed i n t h e s am e m an ner by

-
,

p l a ci n g t h e co pp e r d i r e ctly u p on t h e s ea m a s S h ow n a t ,

—M et h o d

flp
F i g ur e 1 5 8 . of S ol d er i n g a Fl at S ea m .

F i g ur e 15 9 H avi n g app li ed t he ly
‘

th e
'

a, . ux r op er ,

h eat ed copper d r aws t h e s Ol d er i n t o th e s eam , fu s i n g t h e

-

var i o u s m et al s an d m aki n g a co mpact m ass ,

as s h ow n at b .

An i m pr oper way of pl aci n g th e copper on t h e s eam is

sh o wn at c ; l d er i n g copper e r es t i n g on t h e ed g e
th e so ,
'
of t h e s eam al l ows bu t l i ttl e s ol d er t o s wea t i n t o t h e j oi n t
,

a s Sh own at d r esu ltin g I n a poor ly Sol d er ed s eam

,
.

W h en s ol d er ing a g r ooved s eam on t h e i n s i d e of S h e et

1 82
”
S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

m et al ti cl es a m i s t ak e i s oft en m ad e by wo r km en a n d
ar ,

s t u d en t s i n pl a ci n g t h e copper on th e s cam i n t h e s iti on

p o

S h ow n at e F i g u r e 1 5 9 W h en pl aced I n thi s pos iti on

t h e copper i s h el d on t h e wr on g s i d e of t h e s eam d r aw
.
, ,

1n g ,

t h e s ol d e away f
r r om i t
n s ea d of
,
o h
i t t e s eam Th e cop
n ! .

p er s h ou l d b e h el d d i r e ctly u p on t h e s e a m h ea t i n g it ,

th or ou g hly an d d r a win g t h e s ol d er i n t o th e j oi n t .

S ol d er i n g V er ti ca l S ea m s — Upr i g ht s eam s i n r oo f
.

fl as hi n g cor n i ce g u tt er s an d oth er wor k Wh eth er l apped

, , ,

— L I m p o p e M et h o d
Fi g ur e 159 S ol d er i n g Fl at
pp Seam s of
‘

o c k ed

fl
. an r r
P l a ci n g t h e C o er I s S h o wn at 6 .

l ock ed , m or e d i fi i cu l t t o s ol d er th an at Seam s
‘

or ar e . .

Th e or d i n ar y l apped v er t i ca l s eam i s S h own at a , F i g u r e ,

15 7 W
. h en u p g
r i ht s eam s a r e t o be s ol d er ed ,
no m a tt er

wh a t m et al i s u s ed , t h e s ol d er i ng copper S h ou l d be for g ed
wed g e S h ape, b ein g abou t in ch wi d e an d 4 in ch thi ck
1
-
,
-

at t h e p oi n t wh en com pl et ed Th een d an d t op s i d e on ly
.

ar e tin n ed as s h own by t h e S ha d ed por ti on i n b F i g u r e ,

15 7 .

W h en t h e en d an d u pper f a ce on ly a r e t in n ed t h e ,

s ol d er can be ea s ily con t r oll ed wh en a ppli ed t o t h e s eam .

If t h e four s i d es of t h e copper wer e ti n n ed m u ch of th e

s ol d er wou l d r u n t o t h e u n d er s i d e a nd aw
,

a y fr om t h e

s eam an d r es u lt I n a wa s t e of t1m e a n d m at er i al
,
.

Wh en s ol d er in g v er tica l s eam s t h e h and l e m u s t be ,

18 4 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL
 A
ND P T T E R N D R A F T I NG
‘

of so l d er i s pl aced on t h e ben ch, o n e

—
es ti n g i t on t h e ed g e of th e m ar bl e
’

y r

s om e s mall tool u n d er i t Th e en d of .

wi th th e pom t of t h e copper
‘

ti n n ed a s mall p or ti on of t h e
,

e t o t h e copper Wh i ch i s th en ,

a ppl i é d
f
t o t h e p ar t s t o be s ol d er ed .

S TR I PPIN G OR N AM E N TS ANi) PA T TE R N S
W h en t
con s r u ctin g d en t i l s b r a ckets l et ter s fig u r es
I

, , , ,

m en t s m ad e fr om s h eet m et al t h e p ar t s a r e
"

,
“

by th e m eth od of s t r i pp m g Th e n ex t .

ex er ci s e i n s ol d er m g wi ll be t o s t r i p t h e pi eces cu t fr om

p a tt e r n s A a n d 1 F,
i g s 1 3 8 1
. 3 9 i n W-
h i ch t,
h e s t u d en t
ob t ai n s pr a ct i ce i n s ol d er i n g wor k of th i s k i n d Us i n g .

l i g ht g alv an i z ed 1r on as t h e m a t er i al s et t h e g au g e on th e ,

s qu a r i n s h ea r s ( Fi g u r e 1) an d cu t St r i p s i n ch i
g n -

wi d th an d equ al i n l en gth t o t h e ci r cu m fer en ce of t h e

ci r c l es h avi n g th em per fectly s qu ar e on th e en d Th e
s tr i ps ar e n ow for m ed
.
,

i n t o a ci r cl e on th e f or m i n g
m a ch i n e ( F i g u r es 35 36 ) i n t h e s ame m an n er a s an y
,

i
.

pp e o r cyl i n d e r .T h e p a tt er n o r f ace o f t h e o r n a m en t
i s th en pl aced on t h e mar bl e s l ab Th e ci r cu l ar s tr i p s
.

a r e pl a ced d ir ectly on t op of t h e p att er n s fl u s h wi th t h e ,

ou ter ed g e an d ar e S ol d er ed on t h e i n s i d e
,
A m i s t ake .

o ft en m ad e by t h e St u d en t 1s t o Wr ap t h e s t r i p a r ou n d t h e
—~
o u t er ed g e of t h e p a tt er n W hen th i s i s d one t h e or n a
.
,

m en t wh en v1ewed f r Om t h e fr ont wi ll S h owt h e ed g e o f

‘
'

t h e s tr 1p

fl
. .

W h en s ol d eri n g wor k of th i s ki n d h ol d th eStr 1p 1n ,

p o s i t i on w ith t h e l e f t h a n d;
g u x t h e j oi n t w i th a l i ttl e

m u r i at i c aci d th en tr an s fer a s m all d r op of s ol d er fr om

,

t h e en d of t h e ba r t o th e s eam w ith a poi n t ed copper ,

t ackin g it ab ou t an i n ch ap ar t i t s en ti r e l en g th ; a ft er

i n s tr u cti on s f or s ol d er in g at s eam s fl
whi ch s ol d er th e s eam b etween t a cks as d es cr ib ed m th e
_
,

.
 CHAP TE R VI
D OU B L E HE M ME D E D GE

In F i gu r e 1 6 1 h own s everal cake cutt er s of var

ar e s

l ou s for m s m a d e o f br i g ht t i n ( s ee F i gu r e
, Th e
U pper ed g e cf t h e b od y a n d ed g es of t h e h an d l e a r e r e1n
f or ced by a d oubl e h em Th es e s i mpl e a r ti cl es can be.

m ad eof S cr ap m a t er i a l Th e s t r i ps f or th e b ody ar e cu t
/
.

l z i n ch wi d e an d equ al i n l en g th t o t h e c1r cu
l -
m f er en ce

F i g ur e 1 6 1 -
C a k e C ut t e r s of Pat t e r ns S een i n F i g u r e 1 38 .

of t h e pa tt er n s B
, ,
F ,
F i g u r e 1 3 8 T o E
t h l s l eng h
t .

in ch 1s a d d ed f or a l ap s eam wh er e t h e en d s ar e j om ed
-
.

H wag on S h ap ed C a ke C u tte r
- — In F i g u r e 1 6 2 a r e .

s h own a pla n Vi ew, s i d e Vi ew, a n d p a tt er n of t h e h ex a g on

S h a ped cu tt er C ,
F i g ur e 138 . To fin d t h e l en g th of mat er
1 al , _
r eq u 1r ed s et t h e d i vi d er s equ a l to t h e l en g th of on e
s i d e as 1 2 i n t h e pl an S t arti n g at on e en d of th ef met al
-
.

s t r i p m a r k t h e l en g th of each s i d e by Sp a ci n g w
,
ith th e
d i vi d er s m aki n g a li g ht i m pr es s i on on th e m et al at e ach
,

p o i n t L i n e
s d
. r a w n th r ou g h t h ese p o i n t s a cr oSs t h e s t r i p ,

as s h ow n in A 1 2 34 5 6 1 will mar k t h e c or n er s wh er e
, ,
 18 8 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MANUA L

t h e m et al i s b en t wh en f or m ed i n t o s h ape ; 8 in ch 1s /
1 -

a d d ed f or a l a p s eam a s s h ow
,
n a t x Th e l ap i s n ot ch ed
.

-
i n ch on t h e u pp er cor n er T hi s I S d one t o all ow f or a
.

1 4 11811 d ou bl e h em, w
hi h c Wl ll be t u r n ed on th e u pper

ed g e of th e s tr i p Th e patt er n o
.
f r t h e h an d l e i s c u t 1 %
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 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K AND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG 189

s et th e g a u g e on th e f ol d in g m a ch i n e ( g
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.

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 C HAP TE R V I I
‘

W I R I NG P R OC E S S

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tiffen ed by h avm g b an d i r on r i vet ed t o th e t op ed g e a s

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W 1r e or 1ron r o d of s u i t abl e s iz e i n cer t a i n of th ei r e d g es .

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.

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th e W i r i n g op er a t i on a n d t h e m eth od u s ed i n l ay l n g ou t .

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i s l a pped an d s ol d er ed Th e h an d l e i s d ou bl e h em m ed on
.

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f or t h e b od y an d h an d l e ar e s h oW n i n F i g u r e 166 . Th e
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p a tt e r n A f o r t h e b o d y I S c u t 8 % i n c h e s l o n g by 1 %
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wi r e ; th en 1 % + T g 1fi i n ch es , i s th e wi d th of p att er n ;
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th e inch l ap1s n ot ch ed
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i n ch at th e u pper cor n er t o
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al l oWf o r tu r n i n g t h e wir e ed g e .

T h e open or r ou n d ed g e f or t h e W 1r e 1s n ow tu r n ed on
t h e f ol d er as s h own at c a pi ec e of wi r e equ a l i n l eng th t o
“

a b i n pa tt er n A i s l a i d u n d er t h e e d g e an d t h e m eta l
“

cl os e d over t h e W 1r e f or ab ou t on e in ch fr om t h e en d .

Th i s i s d on e wi th th e h am m er Ov er th e h or n on t h e s t an d
a r d o f t h e W i r i n g m achi n e .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

W i r i ng —
F i g u r e 16 7 i s s h own a s ect i on a
M a ch i n e In .

Vi ew Of t h e W i r i n g ma chi n e u s ed t o co mpl ete t h e op er a

,

t i on .H ol d i n g t h e wor k D i n a hor i z on t al pos 1ti on pl a c ,

l ower r ol l B with th e wi r e ed g e h el d

Fi g ur e 16 7 —
. S e c t i on a l V i e w of W ir i ng M a ch i n e .

F i g ur e 16 8 .
— W i r i ng M a ch i ne in O p er at i o n .

sa
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 SHE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

W h enfor m i n g cylin d er s i n ver y s m all d i am et er s m ad e ,

f r om s ti ff Or h eavy m et al d o n ot a tt em pt to s ecu r e t h e
,

cor r ect d i am et er by p as s i n g t h e wor k On ce thr ou gh t h e

r O l l s bu t f or mit g r a d u al l y by p a s s i n g th r ou g h s ev er al
, ,

t i m es .

— In wi r i n g v er y h eavy m at er i al or
_

W i r i n g by H an d .
, _

wh en th e s h eet of m et al i s g r eate r i n len g th th an t h e

f o l d i n g m achine m a ki n g it i m pos s i bl e t o t u r n t h e ed g e
,

f or wi r e on t h e f ol d er th e wir i n g oper ati on i s per f or m ed

,

b y h an d a s f ol l oWs :
Af t er m a r ki n g th e Wi r e all owan ce on th e met al by
"

m ean s of t h e d ivi d er s or s cr at ch awl , l ay t h e s h eet W i th

t h e s cr ibed lin e d ir ectly ov er t h e ed g e of t h e b ench or
s om e oth er s t r a i g ht ed g e T ake th e m a l l et and b end th e
.

m et a l t o an an g l e of 90 as s h own a t a F i g ur e 16 9 Tu r n
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t h e s h eet Over on t h e b en ch an d by m ean s of t h e mall et

b r i n g t h e ed g e t o t h e pos it i on s h own at b Th e W i r e i s .

t h en l a i d u n d er th e ed g e a n d th e m etal i s b en t cl os el y
_

o v er t h e W i r e a s s h own a t c Th e oper ati on i s com pl et ed

.

by r u n n i n g t h e wor k th r oug h t h e W i r i n g m achi n e ( F i g u r e

4 5 ) i n t h e u s u a l m an n er Th e r i g ht an g l e b en d a, F i g u r e
.

1 69 can al s o bem a d e onth e cor n i ce b r ak e ( F i g u r es 2 4

, ,

an d th e W i r i n g oper ati on com pl et ed as d es cr ib ed

 C HAP TE R V I II
N OT C HI NG A ND B U R R I NG

E ver y h eet m et al wor k er u n d er s t an d s th e

ex per i en ced s

i mpor ta n ce of n ot chi n g p att er n s pr ope rly f or W i r i n g an d

s eam i n g .S peci al a tt en ti on s h ou l d be g i ven by th e s tu
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,

t a ken th a t th e cor n er s ar e n ot ch ed i n s u ch a m an n er th a t

F i g ur e 1 70 .
—Sh eet M eta l C u p, N o t ch ed a nd Bu r r ed .

Wh en th ewor k i s f or m ed
g
u p an d s eam ed , th e not ch ed cor

n er s W i ll fit ly t og eth er W ith ou t Over l appi n g or l eav

’

sn ug

i ng an open i n g ex pos i n g t h e W i r e at t h e en d of th e s ea m .

In t
con s r u c tin g s h eet m et al ar ti cl es i n t h e for m o f a
cyl i n d er h avi n g a Wi r e i n s ert ed i n th e t op ed g e an d t h e

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, ,

l o er end i n cl osed wi th a b ott om of t h e s am e m at er i al i f ,

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be n ot ch ed f or W i r i n g an d s eam i ng i n s u ch a m an n er th at
Wh en fin i s h ed t h e a r ti cl e will pr es en t a n ea t appear an ce .

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b ur r i n g pr oces s es th e m aki n g of a s h eet m et al cu p s h own ,

i n F ig u r e 170 Thi s i s th e n ex t probl em g i v en i n t h e

.

197
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL
“

g r ad ed s er es i th t W e a e o l owi n g
f l i Th es e _ cu ps ar e m ad e
-

a r x

u p i n d iff er en t s i z es a n d f or var i ou s pu r pos es .

‘

Th e m eth od of con s t r u cti on a n d p a tt er n s f or th e cu p

a r e s h own i n F i g u r e 1 7 1 i n whi ch th e s ec , t i on a l v i ew a t
E s h ows t h e con s tr u ct i on A No 12 W i r e i s i n cl os ed i n .

t h e t op ed g e a t kit t h e b ott om wi th a s i ng l e ed g e a t m m
,

i s s li pped ov er t h e b od y an d s o l d er ed on th e i n s i d e Th e .

p a tt e r n 0 f o r t h e b o d y i s a r e ct a n g u l a r p i ec e o f 1 0 b r i g ht
t i n eq u a l i n l e
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.

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,

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.

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.

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t h an t h e all owan ce f or cov er i n g th e wir e A con ti n u ou s .

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t h e W i d th b ei n g on e an d on e h a lf ti m es t h e W i d th o f t h e -

e d g e t o be t u r n ed Th e cor n er s g an d h wil l th en fit t o
.

n es s o f m et al on t h e l ow
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e d g e a ft er t h e g r oov ed s eam i s com pl et ed .

A ft er th e patt er n h as b een pr oper ly n ot ch ed s et th e ,

t h f l d r ( F i g u r e 15 ) i n ch th en l
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n er s th a t h av e b een n ot ch ed f or wi r e f aci n g t owa r d t h e

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.
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T h e bu r r i n g m achin e hown i n Fi g u r e 47 i s u s ed f or
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v ar i ous pu r pos es a n d i s well ad apt ed f or t u r n i ng s m all

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,

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, .

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_ .

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.

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exper i en ced wor km a n wi ll t u r n t h e ed g e as s m all as pos

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,

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.

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.
,

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.

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bu r r i n g an even ed g e On a ci r cul ar pi ece of at pl at e,

,

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Th e a tter n f or t h e cu p b ott om wi th an all owan ce f or a

p
Si n g l e ed g e i s s h own i n B , F i g u r e 17 1 Th e b ott om i s $ 1111
.

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a c i r cul ar p i e c e o f m et a l h a v i ng an ed g e i n ch i d e w
t u r n ed at a r i g ht an g l e To fin d t h e s i ze of t h e b ott om ,
.

m eas u r e th e d i am et er of th e b od y , an d t o thi s d i m en s i on
a d d twi ce t h e W i d th of t h e b u r r t o be tu r n ed by m ean s
of th e s m all bu r r i n g m ach i n e .

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i s cut fr om m et al ,
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‘

/
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-
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on th e m a ch i n e a s can t in ch fr om t h e ed g e of th e u pper
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t h e cen t er with t h e fing er s ex t en d ed on t h e l ower s i d e

, .

W i th t h e h an d i n thi s pos iti on h ol d ing t h e ed g e of t h e ,

b ott om fir m ly a g ain s t th e g au g e all ow th e m et al t o p as s

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een t h e th u m b a n d fin g er s W hil e r evol vn g 111 t h e m a

chi n e Aft er th e fir s t r evol u ti on an d Wh i l e th e m ach i n e

.

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F i g ur e 1 72 .
-
Bu rrin
g an E d g e on Cu p B o t t om f

is t u r n in g , th e b ottomi s g r a d u a lly r a s edi un til th e ed g e i s

t u r h ed t o t h e r equ i r ed an g e l

fl
.

Th e cor r ec t pos iti on of th eh an d

whi l e b u r r in g ed ges
on at cl r cu l a r pi eces of m et a l i s s h own i n Fi g u r e 172 .

Th l s m eth od of h ol d i n g t h ed i s c will k eep th emet a l fr om

war pl n g o u t of s h ape whil e tu r n i n g th e ed g e Th e bot .

m i s t h en s l i pped over th e b od y an d t h e cu p s ol d ered on

'

tO f

th e 1n s i d e, aft er whi ch th e h and l e i s s ol d ered i n pos iti on ,

co mpl etin g t h e pr obl em .

W hen con s tr u ctin gar t l cl es m a d e fr om t i n pl ate s h ar p

‘

w
:

ll l ki k w i kl i l l f t n a pp ear; oh t h e m et a l
‘ “

p a r a e n s or r n es o e

a fter b ein g f or m ed on t h e r oll s Thi s ca n be a voi d ed if

“

.
 ’
S H E E T M E T L W OR A K E R S MA NUAL “

t o th e t op h a n.d l e i s d
Th e
ou bl e h em m ed a n d t h e b o d y , _

i s gr ad u at ed int o f ou r par t s and m ar k ed On th e met a l by

m ean s of t h e b ea d i n g m a chi n e ( F i g u r e 5 9 . .

Th e d i m en s i on s o f t h e m ea s u r e a n d m eth o d of obt a i n

i n g th e pa tt er n f or t h e l i p ar e s h own i n F i g u r e 17 F i r st
‘
-

d r awth e el eva t i on A t o t h e r equ i r ed s i ze Th en d r aw .

th e s id e vi ew of th e l i p B a s s h own by a bcd ex t end in g t h e

“

lin es u n til th ey i n t er s ect at 6 W ith f as cen t er d es cr ib e .

t h e h alf s ecti on of t h e t op of th e m eas u r e as Sh oWn by

e -
_

65 d ; d ivi d e thi s s em i ci r cl e i n t o equ al p ar t s as S h own Th e .

Fi g u r e 1 73 .
—
O e
n -
Q ua r t M ea s u re wi t h Fl ar i n g Lip .

l ip is fr u s tu m of a r i ght con e wh i ch
an i n t er s ect ed ,
”

be d evel oped by t h e r a d i al m eth od .

If t h e t i me i s l i m it ed a n d on ly a f ew pi eces ar e
‘

‘
a l s h or t m eth od s wh i ch can be a p
”
q u i f ed th er
,
e a r e s ev e r

p i
l e d t o t h e s a
_
m e p u r p os e A h a pp r ox i m a t e
pa tt
. er n d e
'
vel op ed by on e of t h e s h or t m eth od s i n co m m on us e i s
s h own i n C F i g u r e 174 an d m ay be pr od u ced a s f oll ows
-

, ,

D raw a cen t er l i n e as AB a n d on it fix a con ven i en t p oi n t

-

'

0 W ith th e com pas s es s et t o a r a d i u s equ al t o ed i n t h e

el eva t i on A s cr ib e th e a r c d bd ; s t ar ti n g fr omt h e p oi n t b
.

" “ “

s p a ce off a d i s t a n ce d d on ea ch s i d e equ al t o O ne h alf t h e _

-

ci r cu m f er en ce o f t h e t op o f t h e m ea s u r e, as S h own by t h e
,

fig u r es 1 t o 9 i n th e h alf s ecti on i n t h e elev ati on -

D r aw .

a li n e fr om 6 e x t en d ed th r ou g h d , a n d pl a ce t h e Wi d th of .

t h e b a ck o f t h e l i p a s s h own from d to c _
Nowt ake th e .
~

d i s t an ce of th e fron t of t h e l i p a b an d pl ace it as s h own

 SB EE T M E T AL W O R K A ND
'

PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG 205

fr om!;
’

to a . D r aw a l i n e f r om c t o d an d b i s ect i t to ob
2&

t ai n t h e cen t er poin t m ; F r om m a t r i g ht an g l es
'

u
to ca ,

Fi gu r e 1 7 4 —'Pl a n of M ea s u r e wi t h F l a r i n g L i p, and P a t t er n s f or L i p .

d r aw a lin e t r li n e AB at n Th en
i n t er s ect i n g t h e cen e .

with n as cen t er an d n o as r ad i u s d es cr i b e t h e ar c ca c
‘

, ,

whi ch wi ll com pl et e th e n et p att er n f or t h e l i p Ad d an .

‘
 "
20 6 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

all owa n ce f or a l a p Seam on th e en d Vg

an d i n cha e d
-
g e

f or a s i n g l e h e m on t h e t o p . A ft e r th i s ed g e h as b ee n

p l ace d o n a

o f t h e m a l l et
a tfl
t u r n ed i n t h e b u r r in g m a chin e ( Fi gu r e: 47 ) th e l i p i s
s

.
t a k e a n d t h e e d g e cl o sed d o n

Th en t h e l i p i s for med on t h e bl Owh or n

by m ewa n
“

s t ak e pl a ced i n positi o
,
n on t h e t op of t h e m ea s ur e a n d ,

s ol d er ed on t h e i n s i d e L i ps f or m eas u r es of lar ge d iame

.

t er a r e u s u a lly W i r ed at th e t op ed g e a n d t h e all owan ce

f or wi r e i s m a d e i n t h e u s u al m an n er .

A n oth er s tyl e of l i p i s s h own by d bg h i n el evati on an d ,

i n cl os es ab ou t th r ee fou r th s of t h e ci r cu mf er en ce of t h e
m eas u r e Th e t op i s cu t off as Sh own by t h e d ott ed l i n e
Th e m
.

ag . eth od of l a y i n g ou t t h e p a tt er n f or a l i p o f th i s

f or m i s s h own i n D an d i s obt ai n ed a s f ol l oWs : D r aw

,

cen t er li n e AB S et th e com pa s s es t o a r a d i u s e qu al t o
.

th r ee qu ar t er s of t h e d i am et er of t h e t op of m ea s u r e .

W ith a as cen t er d es cr ib e th e ar c bod

,
Nex t S et Off t h e
.

wi d th cc an d mak e th e d i s t an ce cm equ al t o on e ha lf t h e
,
-

d i amet er of th e m ea s u r e W ith m as cen t er an d m e a s

"

r ad i u s d es cr ib e an ar c i n t er s ecti n g t h e a r c bd
,
C u t o ff
.

th e en d Of t h e p a tt er n as s h own m aki n g f g eqnal i n wi d th

’

t o g h i n t h e el ev a t i on Ad d all owances f or wi r i n g or h em
.

m i ng t h e t op th u s compl eti n g t h e appr ox i mat e patt er n

“

"

f or t h e l i p
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUA L

1 7 63 — E l ev a t i o n P a t t en Q u a r t Cove Pai l
'
,

F i g ur e . and r s of On e -
r ed .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K AND
”
PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG

In Fi g u r e 17 6 _ a r e s h own t h e el ev a ti on , p att er n s , a n d

d i m en s i on s of a one qu ar t cover e d pai l -

Thi s i s a r eg u l a r .

t k s i ze a n d wi ll all ow two b od i es t o be cu t fr om a 10 x 14
s oc ,

s h eet o f t i n wi th ou t was t e Th e bod y h a s a No 12 wi r e

‘

. .

i n cl os ed i n t h e t op wi th a i n ch g r ooved s eam on t h e
,
-
.

s id e . Th e cov er i s r ai s ed i n t o s h a pe fr om t h e fl at met al ,

h avi n g a fla r i n g h oop att a ch ed th a t fit s on t h e i n s i d e of

th e p ail Th e w
. i r e b a il or h an d l e i s f as t en ed t o th e ear s ,

whi ch ar e m a d e of m all eabl e i r on r i vet ed t o th e b od y

-

Th e pat t er n A f or t h e b o d y i s cu t on t h e S qu ar i n g s h ear s
F
( g i u r e 1 ) t o t h e r eq u i r ed s i z e T h e cor n er s a r e n o t ch
. ed
-

a n d t h e ed g es t u r n ed f or wi r i n g a nd s eam i n g Th e b od y .
,

i s th en wi r ed for m ed an d t h e s i d e s eam g r ooved on t h e

, z

. m a ch i n e .

T H E D OUBLE S E AM I N G P ROC E S S

Aft er th e b od y h as b een . com pl et e wed ,

‘
ar e
‘

rea d y f or
t h e bot t om wh i ch is j oi n ed t o th e b od y by th e pr oces s of

F i gu r e 1 7 7 .
—B u r r i n g E d g e on B ot t om of
‘

P ai l , Sh o wi n g C o r r e ct P os i
t i on o f th e Han d s .

d oubl e s eam i n g ti ons ar e cl ear ly Sh ow

. Th e op er an at

B C, ,
F i g u r e 176 Th e s ecti on al d et ai l a t B S h ows an
ed g e t u r n ed a t a r i g ht a n g l e t o t h e bod y Th e b ott om i s .

’
h ook ed ov er t h e ed g e on t h e b od y a s S hown at C Th e l a s t
x

.
,

Op er a ti on an d fin i s h ed s eam i s s h own at D .

B u r r i n g E d g e on B od y — Th e fir s t oper at i on b ur r in g ,

t h e ed g e on t h e b o d y i s s h own i n F i g u r e 177
,
Th i s ed g e .
 2 10 S HE E T M E T AL WOR K E R S MA NUAL ’

is tur n ed by m ean s of th e s m a ll bu r r i n g m a ch i n e ( F i g u r e
‘
’

4 7 ) as f ell ows z S et t h e g a u g e o n t h e m a ch i n e t h e r e
"
- “

q u i r ed wi d th f or t u r n i n g a VS i n ch ed g e Th e n h e
-
l d th e
wor k i n th e l eft h an d an d pl a ce t h e ed g e a g ai n s t t h e
.

is held fir m ly b etween t h e r olls Th e ed g e i s the n b u r r ed

by all owin g th e wor k t o r evolve between th e thumb an d

fin g er s wh i l e h ol di n g i t ag a i n s t t h e gau g e a s it p as s es
th r ou g h th e m a chin e Th e ed g e i s b r ou g ht t o a r i g ht
.

an g l e t o th e b od y by s li htly r a i s i n
g g t h e l eft h a n d W h i l e

i t i s b ei n g b u r r ed ; _ Th e cor r ect po s iti on of th e h a n d s d u r

i n g t h i S oper a ti on i s s ho wn i n F ig u r e 1 77 f

E d g e A l l owa n ce f or B ottom — Th e p at t er n f or th e bot

t om a n d th e a ll owan ce f or ed g es ar e s h own a t E F i g u r e
-

-
v
, ,

1 76 . Th e d i am et er of t h e b od y i s sh own a t C a n d t h e ,

a ll owan ce f O r a V S i n ch -
e d g e on t h e b o d y a t b a; s m a ll e r ,

e d g e tu r n ed on t h e b o tt om i s s h own at a

W h en m
.

a k i n g a d ou bl e s eam an ex per i en ced wor km an

,

ll always tur n th e ed g e on t h e bott om s m all er th an t h e

e d g e t u r ned ou t O n t h e b od y Th i s will a ll ow t h e ed g e t o
.

be d ou bl ed ov er with ou t bi nd i n g a g ai n s t t h e s i d e d u r i n g
t h e op er a ti on Nev er tu r n wi d e ed g es f or d ou bl e s eam i n g
. .

A s ma ll ed g e i s m or e eas ily s eam ed an d will h ave a n ea t er

a ppear a n ce w h en fin i s h ed .

A ft er t h e ed g e h a s b een t u r n ed O n t h e b o d y o f t h e ar

ti el e th e d i am et er of th e b ott om i s u s ually fou n d by

,

m eas u r i n g fr om ed g e t o ed g e th r ou g h t h e cen t er ; t o th i s
" -

d imen s i on ad d tw i ce t h e wi d th Of th e ed g e t o be tu r n ed
“

Th e b ott om i s now ou t fr om m et al an d t h e
“

o n t h e b ott om .

ed g e b u r r ed on t h e s m a ll b r r i n g m a chi n e (Fi g u r e 47
?
u .
_

whil e h ol d in g t h e b ott om i n th e pos iti on s h own i n Fi gur e

’

1 72 Th e bott om i s th en h oo k ed over th e ed g e On th eb od y
' ‘

as s h ow
.

n at C F i g u r e 1 7 6
,
Th e ed g e i s n ext cl os ed d own
t i g htly by m ean s of th e s etti n g h am mer ( F i g u r e 11 1 ) or
t h e s etti n g d ow n m achi n e ( F i g u re
 MA NU AL
L

’
S H E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S
“

whi ch will tu r n d own an d com pr es s tl i e ed ges m akin g a ,

tig ht s m ooth j oi n t r ea d y f or d ou bl e s eam i n g

. .

An i mpr oved s etti n g d own ma chi ne i s Sh own i n F i gu r e

Thi s m a ch i n e i s well a d apt ed f or s et t i n g d own t h e
l
'
’
52
l

e d g es on b oth s tr a i g ht a n d fl ar i n g a
,
r ti cl es Th e i n cl i n ed .

p o s it i on of b o th r oll s allows t h e w o r k t o be h el d w ith .

F i gu r e P i a —Op er a t i ng t h e S et t i n g D own Ma ch i n e .

Fi g u r e 1 8 0 g—D ou b l e S eam i n g on S t a ke .

b ott om u p or d own an d th e oper ator can s t ar t th e

,

s e am i n wa r d whil e s etti n g it d ow n t o fa cilit at e d ou bl e

S eam i n g .

D ou bl e S eam tn g by H an d — Th e fin a l oper a ti on of th e
.

do u bl e s eam i n g pr o ces s i s s h own i n F i g u r e 180 Th e bo d y .

p f t h e ar ti cl e i s s li pp ed ov er th e n d of th e d ou bl e s eam
e
i n g s t ak e an d th e ed g e ben t over b y m ean s of th e Wood en
-

ma l l et i n th e H ol d t h e b od y fir m ly
On t op o f th e s t ak e wi t h t h e l eft h an d i n t h e pos i ti on
s h own i n t h e ill u s t r a ti on ; th en t u r n i n g t h ei ar t i cl e s l owl y ,
 S HEET ME T AL W OR K AN D PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG

t ike an in war d bl ow with th e m all et ben d i n g t h e ed g e

s r ,

a t a n ang l e of 4 5 Wh i l e m a ki n g on e r evol u t i on of t h e bot

°

t om ; l com p l et e t h e oper at i on by h am m er i n g t h e s eam

“

d own t i g ht; an d s m ooth wh i l e h Ol d i n g t h e m all et i n a

v er t i cal p os i t i on
-

Wh en ’
d ou bl e ti cl es th e d ou bl e s eam
s ea m i n g s m a ll ar ,

i n g s ta
”
k e s h own i n F i g u r e 99 i s well a d apt ed f or t h e
W or k F or s eam i n g la r g e wor k or ar t i cl es m a d e fr om
‘

h eavy mat er i a l t h e d oubl e s eam i n g s take wi th fou r h ea d s

,

s h own i n F i g u r e 10 0 will pr ove v er y s u it abl e f or a va

‘

D ou bl e S ea mi n g by Ma ch i n e —D ou bl e s eam i n g m a .

c
hi n es ar e m a d e i n v ar i ou s s tyl es and i f wor k i s t o be con ,

t t
s r u c ed i n l ar g e quan tit i es a m ach i n ef or th i s pu r pos e i s
i n d i s pen s abl e Th e m achi n e s h own i n Fi g u r e 6 9 i s
.

a d a pt ed t o m an y k i n d s of Wo rk a n d m an y s h eet m etal ,

wor ker s pr efer th i s type of s eam er f or g en er al u s e

m
.

C on s tr u cti n g C over s — W h en con s tr u ct i n g a cover a d e

.

f r om li g ht m et al it m u st be r em em b er ed th at t h e fir s t r e
,

q u i r e m e n t i s th a t it s h a ll be r i g i d a n d s t r on g e n ou g h t o

h ol d i t s s h ape with ou t War pin g a ft er th e h OOp h a s b een

a tt a ch ed t o th e r i m Th e h oop i s m a d e fl ar i n g i n s h ape
.
,

s th a t i t can be fitt ed s n u g ly O n th e i n s i d e of t h e ar t i cl e
o

fl
.

Cov er s of l ar g e d i am et er ar e g en er a lly con s t r u ct ed i n th e

‘

f or m of a at con e, wh i l e t h e s m all er S iz es ar e ei th er m a
fl
-

chi n e s t am ped or r a i s ed i n t o s h a p e fr o m t h e a t m et a l by
m ean s of t h e r ai s i n g h am m er Sh own i n F i g u r e 1 10 R ai s .

i n g h am m er s can be obt ai n ed i n d i ffer en t s i z es an d wei g ht s

‘

s u i t abl e f or t h e wor k i n h an d
“

Tem p l a te f or H oop — Th e m eth od of l ayi n g Ont t h e pat

.

t er n s an d th e con s t r u cti on of th e on e qu ar t p ai l cover i s -

s h ow
_

n i n F i g u r e 18 1 A d et ai l ed s ect i on s h owi n g th e con

.

s tr u cti on i s g i v en at A Th e t em pl at e or p a tt er n f or
.
, ,

s cr ibi n g t h e ar c o f t h e fl ar i n g h oop i s s h own at B an d i s

m a d e i n th e foll ow
,

in g m an n er
Usi n g a pi ece of h eavy t i n 2 0 i n ch es l on g t u r n a d Oii bl e ,
 S i PE E T
-
M E T AL W OR K E R S ’ -

MA NUAL

h em one s i d e ; l ocat e p oi n t s ;d d
‘

on . h f r om
an e i n c es
h em m ed ed g e a s s h own by ef ; th en wi th t h e t ramm el
“

,
,

p o i n t s u s i n g a 36 i-
n ch r a d i u s s cr i b e an ar c fr om d t o e
-

, , .

T h e m et a l i s n ow o u t on th i s li n e an d a _ h ol e ,

un h d e r n e e n d f or h an g i n g t h e t em pl a t e on t h e
p c e n a o

wall f or fu tu r e u s e T hi s t em pl at e can be us ed f or m ar k
.
.

F i g ur e 1 8 1 — P a t t er n s
. and C on s t r u ct i o n o f On e -
Qu ar t Pa i l C o v er .

ing ou t h oops of an y d i am eter

F or l ar g e cover s t h e h oop
.

c a n be m a d e i n t wo or m or e p i eces

Th e h oop f or t h e on e q u ar t p a i l cov er i s mad e fr om on e

-

p i e ce o f m e t al ,
eq u al i n l en g th t o t h e ci r cu m f er en c e o f t h e

b od y , a n d i s l ai d ou t d ir ectly on t h e m et al as Sh own a t C ’ .

'"

W h eth er on e or a d oz en pi eces a r e r equ i r ed s et th e poin t s ,

of th e w i n g d i vi d er s e qual t o th e Wi d th of t h e h oop Th en
s t a r t at th e l owe r ed g e of t h e s h eet a n d ma r k t h e W i d th o f
each h o op by m ak i n g a l i gh t i m p reS S i on on t h e m et a l w ith
t h e p oi nt of t h e d i vi d er s a s s h own at m m on b Oth en d s o f
,
 ”
S HE E T M E TAL W OR K E R S M ANUAL
’

l ap i s so Vg ld
i n er ed
c h e d,g eai s b u
-
r r e d on th e u pper e d g e ,

a s Sh own i n t h e d r awi ng a t a a i n F A patt er n f or t h e .

cov er s h own a t E i s s i m ply a ci r cul ar pi ece Of met a l t h e

d i am
, , ,

et er of w hi ch i s f oun d i n th e s am e m an n er a s t h e p at
t er n f or th e p ai l bo tt om s h own a t E F i g u r e 176 Aft er ,
:

t h e d i m en s i on h as b een as cer t a i n ed by thi s m eth od cu t ,

t h e m et al V 8 i n ch l a r g er i n d i am e t er to a ll w
o f er t h e ,

t ake u p d u r i n g th e r ai s ing pr oces s

-
.

LT H E R AIS I N G PR OCE S S .

Th e R ai s i n g B loch — In con s tr u ct i n g g s h eet m et al b all s ,

or n a m en t s f or cor n i ce wor k cu r ved m ol d i n g s a n d cov er s

fl
, ,

f or v ar i ou s ar t i cl es t h e s h eet m et al wor ker i s of t en r e

”

,
.

q u ried t o r ai s e, or b u m p t h e wor k i n t o f or m f rom th e a t

,
-

m et a l by mean s of t h e r ai s i n g h am m er an d r ai s i n g bl ock
”

.
,

Th e r a i s i n g bl ock i s m ad e fr om s om e s u b s t an ce g ivin g
r es i s t an ce t o t h e bl ows and a h ar d wood or l ea d bl o ck i s
,

g e n er a lly u s ed f or thi s u
p pr os e T h e t r un k o f a h a r d wo o d .

t r ee ab ou t 3 6 i n ch es hi g h an d 12 in ch es i n d i am eter
, ,

h avi n g s ever a l s h all ow ci r cu l ar d epr es s i on s of v ar yi n g

d epth an d d i am et er cu t i n on e en d i s well a d apt ed f or
, ,

thi s wor k .

Wh en r ai si n g s m all for m s l ea d bl ocks ar e g en er ally ,

u s ed ca s t i n a s ha p e s i m il a r t o th a t s h own a t A F i g u r e
, ,

182 . Th es e l ea d bl ock s ar e ab ou t 9x 12 i n ch es i n s iz e an d
a b ou t 4 i n ch es hi g h Th e d epr es s i on i n t h e t op i s ma d e by
.

h am m er i n g with th e r ou n d en d Of th e r a i s in g h am m er .

W h en r a i s i n g a cir cu l ar d i s c or cover always s tar t at /

th e out er ed g e wor kin g i n war d i n cou r s es t owa r d th e

,

cen te r g r ad u a lly t u r n i n g t h e d i s c as ea ch bl ow i s s t r u ck
,
.

A m i s t ak e oft en m a d e by th e s tu d en t an d Wor km an i s t o
s t r ik e t oo h ar d W hil e r ai s in g th e cen t er , whi ch r esu lt s
i n th e cu r v e b ei n g of g r eat er d epth th an r eqi i i r ed ;
In b u m pi n g cu r ved m ol d in g s an d r ai s i n g t h e s ecti on s of
a s h eet m et al b all , t h e r ai s ed
i
‘

ar e of t en s h ow fl
s m ar k s an d
_
'
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K A ND P T T E R N A D R A F T I NG

d en tS ma de by h am m er
th e . To o bt ai n a s m oo th r oi 1n d
,

Su rf a ce ,
t h e wor k i s p l aced on th e r ou n d h ea d Stake s h own
“
i n F i g u r e 99, an d d r es s ed ev en ly by m ean s of th e wood en
m all et .

R a i s i ng P ai l
C over —
H aV1n g
t h e p ai l cover E , F i g u r e
r 1 8 1, cu t f r om m et al , we a r e n ow r ea d y f or t h e r ai s i n g
p r o ces s F i r s t h a mm e r a c i r cu l a r d epr ess i on i n ch es

m
fl
.
,

i n d a et er an d i n ch d eep i n t h e t op of a l ea d bl ock
i

-
.

Nex t pl a ce t h e
,
at d isc of m et al ov er t h e d epr es s i on i n
the bl o ck, i n t h e pos i t i on s h own a t 1 , F i g ur e 18 2 , a n d

with th e r ai s i n g h am m er s tri ke bl ows al l a r ou n d th e ed g e

o f t h e ci r cl e, h amm er i n g ou t a n y wr i n kl es th a t may f or m
d u r in g t h e op er a ti on . Th i s wi ll r a i s e th e m et a l t o t h e
s h ape s h Own a t 2 Th e n wi th t h e cov er i n t h e p os i t i o
.
,
n

s h own i n 3 s t r i ke an oth er cou r s e of bl ow

,
s ar ou n d i n s i d e

o f t h e fir s t cou r s e C on ti n u e th i s pr oces s u n til t h e cov er

.

i s b r ou g ht t o t h e s h ape s h own at 4 Th e cen t er i s th en .

r a i s ed by st r i ki n g l i g ht bl ows Wi th t h e h ammer Wh i e
l
h ol d i n g t h e cover i n th e pos i ti on s h own at 5 Th i s com .

p l et es t h e o p er a t i o n a s s h o w ,
n a t 6 W h en r a i s m g. c ov e r s

m a d e fr om l i g ht m a t er i a l t wo or m or e of th em c an be ,

p l a ce d t o g e th er a n d r a i s e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e .

T u r n i n g M a ch i n e — F i g u r e 43 s h ows a tu r n i n g m a
_

chi n e b ett er kn own t o t h e s h eet m et al wor k er a s th e

”
,

Th es e m a chin es a r e fur n i s h ed wi th r oll s

“
th i ck ed g e .

o f d i ffer en t thi ckn es s s u it abl e f or a l a r g e v ari ety of wor k

‘

, ,

a n d a r e Well a d a p t ed f or t u r n in g ed g es on h eavy m a t er i a l ,

p pr e a r i n g t h e e d g es o f fl a r i n g a r t i c l es f o r W i r i n g e d i
g gn ,

p i ec e d elb ow s a n d m
,
a k i n g a d e p r es s i o n o r b e a d o n t h e

m et al wh en m ar ki n g t h e wi d th of a fl an g e t o be t u r n ed on
a cyli n d er or cover .

F l a n g in g th e C o ver — Aft er th ecover h as b een h am

.

m er ed or r a i s ed i n t o s h ape i t Will be n eces s ar y t o tu r n a ,

wi d e ed g e or fl an g e on th e r i m t o all ow f or j oin i n g th e

fl
,

h o op an d cover by m ean s of a s in g l e s eam s h own at A ,

F i g nr e Th e fir s t s t ep i n an g i n g i s t o s et t h e g au g e
 MANUAL
1

2 18 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’

on t ur nin g m a chin e ( F i g u r e 43) Z a b ou t

th e '
i n ch fr om
t h e ed g e of th e u pper r oll Nex t pl ace t h e ed g e of t h e
”

s
.
, .

cov er a g a i n s t t h e g a u g e b r i n g d own t h e up
—
r r oll a nd
pe , ,

r evo lve th e wor k i n t h e m a ch in e m akin g a d epr es s i on

'

,
- .

o r b ea d as s h ow n at n u m b er 1 F i g u r e 183 T h en i n v er t
-

.
,

t h e cOver a n d pl a ce t h e fl an g e on t op o f t h e s qu ar e s t ak e ,

i n th e p ositi on s h own at 2 ; a ft er Wh i ch t h eed g e 1s h am

m er e d d own even ly by m ea n s of t h e woo d en m all et Thi s .

—;M et h o d C ov

fl
Fi g u re 183 . of F l a ng i n g a Pai l er .

co mpl et es t h e o per ati on l ea v1n g a at S u r fa ce

, i n ch
,

wi d e a r oun d t h e ed ge of t h e cov er a s s h own a t n u m b er 3 .

B y m ean s of th e s mall bu r r 1n g m a chi n e (F i g ur e a

i n ch ed g e i s t u r n ed on th e cover , as s h own at n u mb er 4
‘

-
.

Th e cov er i s n owh o ok ed over t h e ed g e b u r i ed on t h e h oop ,

a n d t h e s e am cl os ed d ow n by m ean s o f t h e s ettin g h am ,

m er .

Th e f or t h e m ad e fr om f m et al
‘

r l ng cov er 1s a p 1 ece o

i n ch es l on g an d in ch 1n W i d th ,
as h own at G
s ,

F i g ur e 1 8 1 . A s in g l e ed g e 1s t u r n ed on b o th s i d es a n d ,
 2 20 S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE RS
’
MA NUAL

th e St ake abou t nd b en d to a n an g l e of
in ch a as

s h ow n a t n u m b er 2 B oth en d s of th e b a il ar e n ow i n
.
«

s er t ed i n t o th e open i n g i n t h e ear s an d b en t in t o s h ape on

th e cr eas i n g s t ak e a s s h own a t n u m b er 3
,
.

Fi gur e 185 —B en d i n g H oo k on vVi I e Bai l S h o wi n g Us e of C r ea s i n g

i
,

Stal e .

An ill u s t r ati on h owi n g thi s m eth od of f or i n g th e

s m
h ook on th e en d of a Wi r e b ai l i s s een i n F ig u r e 18 5 .

I n F i g u r e 99 1s illu s tr at ed anoth er type of cr eas i n g s t a k e ,

—M W1th St e
Fi g ur e 186
q el
‘
et h o d of Fi nd i r g Po s i t i o n f or E ar s th e
é ua r e .

t aper i n g h or n on on e en d ,wh i ch 1s ver y u s efu l i n

:

h a vm g a

f or mi n g s m al l fl ar in g ar ti cl es
P l a ci n g th e E ar s —W h en r i vetin g kettl e ear s o n a s h eet
.
'

m et al ar t i cl e ci r cu l ar i n for m on e of t h e ear s i s pl aced

“

, ,
,
 S HE E T M E T AL W O R K A ND PA T T E R N D R AF T I NG 22 1

w
0

d i r ectly o ver th e s eam W h er e t h e t o en d s of th e m m

a r e Jom ed t o g eth er ; Th e oth er i s pl a ce d on t h e oppos i t e
s i d e a n d t h e p os i t i on l oca t ed by m ea s u r i n g fr om t h e s eam .

a_ d i s t an ce equ al t o one h alf t h e c1r cu m f er en c e of t h e

-

b od y ; Th i s poi n t i s u s ua lly m ar ked on t h e m et al b ef or e i t “

is for m ed i n th e roll s .

If t h e p os i t i on of t h e ear i s n o t m ar k ed on t h e m et a l
b ef ore b ei n g for med in t o s ha pe, i t can be fou n d by th e
m e th od s h own In F i g u r e 186 . L et th ec1r cl e M r epr es en t
t h e t op of t h e a r t i cl e . P
l a ce t h e s teel s qu are on th e ci r

cl e i n t h e p os i t i on s h own by t h e s oli d li n W i th th e
‘

es .

ou ert g
ed e of th e bl ad e on th e s eam h ee l
at a , an d th e
t ou chi n g t h e ci r cl e at 0 m ar k t h e m et al wh er e th e ou t er
,

ed g e of t h e bl ad e i n t er s ect s t h e ci r cl e a t b Th i s g i ve s .

th e r equ i r ed poi n t f or r iv eti n g th e ea r No m eas u r em en t s

.

a r e n ecess a r y by thi s meth od Th e s qu ar e coul d be pl aced

.

i n t h e pos i t i on s hown by t h e d ott ed li n es obt ai n i n g t h e ,

s a m e r es u lt .
 R AD I A L L I NE D E vE L OP M E N Ts

Th e pr obl em s i n h apt er will t ea ch m a s im pl e

thi s c
,

p g r o r es s w e m a n n er t h e c on s t r u c ti o n a n d m e th od of d e w

v el opi n g t h e p a tt er n s f or t a p er l n g f or m s th a t h a v e f or

a b a s e t h e ci r cl e or a n y o f t h e r eg u l a r p oly gons 111 wh i ch

,

l i n es d r awn f r om t h e cor n er s t er m i n at e i n an apex ov er

t h e cen t er of t h e b a s e .

P atter n s f or t a per m g f or m s a r e d eveloped by th era d i al

m eth od by m eans of r a d i al li n es con ver g i n g t o a comm on
,

cen t er . W h en d evel opm g s u ch p att er n s fir s t d r aw an ,

el ev a t i on s h o win g th e t r u e l en gt h of t h e ax i s an d t h e tr u e ,

l en g th of t h e r a d iu s with wh i ch t o d es cr i b e t h e s tr et ch
o u t a r c o f t h e p a tt er n Th e s t r et ch ou t m u s t be d es cr i b ed
.

wi th a r ad i u s equ al t o t h e l en g th of t h e tr u e ed g e of t h e
s oli d ,
as s h ow n by A C F i g u r e 18 7
,
Th en a pl an vi ew
.

m u s t be d r awn fr om whi ch t h e l en g th Of th e s tr et ch ou t .

ca n b e obt a i n ed as s h own by D E E G i n F i g u r e 18 7
, .

Th e s i m pl es t f or m s of t aper i n g ar ti cl e a r e t h e con e a n d
p y r a m i d a n d th,
es e a r e a pp li ed i n t h e c o
,
n s t r u cti o n o f
ch i m n ey ca ps v en til a t or h ea d s pit ch ed cov er s et c
’

.
, , ,
.

Th e s h eet m et a l wor k er i s fr eq u en tly r e qu i r ed t o con

'

1
s t r u ct an a r t i cle i n th e f or m o f a fr u s t u m or pl a n e s ec ,

ti on of a con e an d th e m eth od u s ed 1n d evel opi n g t h e p at

’

t er n 1s S 1m pl y t o d evel op a p att er n f or th e en t 1r e con e

a n d th en cu t off t h e u pp er por ti on l eavin g th e d es i r ed
,

fr u s t u m

fl
.

Th e b od i es o f well kn own t a per m g a r ti cl es s u ch as t h e

'

f u r n a ce h ood fu n n el d i pper , co ee pot s tr a i n er b u ck et

, , , , ,

p a n
,
et c a r e. b f
,
thi s ch a r a c t er a n d w h e
,
n d ev el o i
p g n th ei r

222
 224 ! S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MANUAL

pa tt er n s th ey a r e t r eat ed a s t h e fr u s tu m s of con es a s ,

r ef er r ed t o ab ove;

—
P att er n f or C on e a n d E r n s tu i n In F i g u r e 187 i s
s h own th e m eth od of d evel opm g t h e tt i ht
p a er n f or a r g
h con t ai n s th e pr i n ci pl es appli cabl e t o al l
p y r a m i d s a n d c o n e s .

D r aw t h e el ev a t i on A B C T h en d es cr ibe a ci r cl e t o
‘

r epr es en t a
p l an V 1 e w o f th e b a s e as s h o w n by DE E G .

D i v i d e on e h a lf of t h e ou tli n e of th e b as e l n t h e pla n i n t o
a n um b er of eq u al p ar t s as s h own by th e fig u r es 1 t o 7 ;

fr om t h e ap ex A of t h e con e as cen t er with a r a d iu s equ al ,

t o t h e t r u e l en g th o f t h e s l an t h ei g ht o f t h e con e as s h own
by A C d es cr ib e t h e s tr et ch ou t ar e C H On an y con
, .

v en i ent p oi n t on t h e s t r et ch ou t l ocat e pom t 1 and d r aw

’
-

a l i ne fr om 1 t o A .

Th en s et d i vi d er s equ al t o thel en gth of on e of th e

s pa ces i n t h e pl an an d s t ar t i n g a t poi n t 1 m a r k ofi s p aces
, t ,

e qu a l t o twi ce t h e n u m b er of th os e on t h e pl a n as s h ow n

by 1 7 1 , whi ch will m ake t h e s tr et ch ou t equ al i n l en g th

- - -

t o t h e ci r cu mf er en ce of t h e b as e of t h e con e F r om t h e
en d p oi n t th u s l o ca t ed d r aw a li n e t o t h e apex A a n d
'
‘

th en a d d an a ll owan ce f or s eam i ng Thi s comp l et es t h e

_
.

f h i ht W h d d i l l w f
1

p a tt er n or t e r g con e e n
. a n g a o a n ce s o r

s eam i n g fl a r i n g wor k , car e s h ou l d be t ak en th a t t h e a d d ed

lin es ar e d r awn par all el t o t h e ed g e lin es of th e n et pat

‘
"

t er n .

W h en t h e fr u s tu m of a con e i s d es ir ed as s h own by
”

’
,

ni n B C F i gu r e 18 7 th en th e d i amet er of f t h e s m all e n d
,

o f t h e f r u s t u m will be equ al t o m n a n d th e r a d i u s t o d e ,

s cr i be t h e u pp er ed g e of th e p att er n w ill be equ al t o An .

With A as cen t er an d a n as r a d ius d es cr i b e t h e ar c op

l ,

"

,
,

a s s h own by t h e d ott ed li n e T h en 0.
p 1 7 1 w ill b e t h e - -

p a tt er n f or t h e f r u s t u m O f t h e c on e .

—
P atter n f or a S quar e P y r ami d Thi s d evel opm en t i s
J

s h own i n F i g u r e 1 8 8 a n d t h e s am e pr i n ci pl es u sed i n d e

v el opi n g th e p att er n f or a con i cal s h aped obj ect ar e ap -

Fi g u r e
-

18 8 ,
—P a t t er n f or 3
. S q uar e Py r ami d .
 ’
«
226 S H E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MAN U AL

p h ca bl e t o t h e d ev el opm ent s of py r a m i d s havin g a b as e

m
with an y n u b er of s i d es In thi s cas e we h ave a s qu ar e .

p y r am i d
Dr a wth l va ti on
e e e as s h own by AB C an d t he pl an
v1 e w as s h own by 1 2 - -
3 4, a ccor d i n g t o th e d i m i
en s on s

g i v ent h e fi
in g u r e N ex t d r aw t h e t wo d i.a g o n a l 11nes
1 3 a n d 2 4 , i n t er s ecti n g i n t h e cen t er a t 711
-
W h en th e .

pl a n V 1e wis p l ac ed t h e pos i ti o
1n n a s s h own , t h e l i n e A C

111 t h e el ev a t i o n r epr es en t s t h e t r u e l en th of on e o f t h e
g
cor n er s of th e py r a m i d W ith A as cen ter an d A C a s.

r a d i u s t h e s t r et ch ou t a r c i s d es cr ib e
=
d i n t h e s am e m ann er .

a s i n t h e cas e of t h e con e i n t h e pr ec ed i n
/
gp r obl e m A f t e r .

s etti n g t h e d i v i d er s t o t h e wi d th o f on e s i d e o f t h e b a s e ,

a s 1 2 i n th e pl a n s t ar ti n g a t 1 m ar k off on th e s t ret ch
-
, ,

o u t li n e s pa ces equa l t o 1 2 394 1 i n pl an ; con -

n ect th es e
- -

p o i n t s by s t r a i g ht li n e s as S h o w n a n d d r a w hl i n e s f r o m ,

h p oin t t o t h e apex A com pleti n g th e d evel op

1

e ac ,

m en t
P a tter n f or a H ex ag 0 na l P y r am i d Th e d evel opm ent
"

—
o f thi s pr obl em a s s h own m F i g u r e 189 d oes n o
,
t d i ffer ,

fr om th at of t h e pr eced i n g pr obl em ex cept th at t h e l in e ,

AD i n t h e el ev a ti on i s n ot t h e cor r ect r a d i u s with wh i ch

t ms t r i ke t h e s t r et ch ou t ar c an d it i s th er efor e n eces sar y ,

to d r aw a li n e th a t will r epr e s en t t h e tr u e l eng th i n t h e

e l ev a ti on Th i s 1s f ou n d as foll ows
. .

F i r s t d r aw t h e pl an a n d el ev a ti on accor d in g t o t h e
“
*

d i m en s i on s g iv en i n t h e d r awi n g F r om t h e cen t er m .

d r aw t h e li n e m n at r i g ht an gl es t o 6 1 i n th e pl an
“

- -
.

F r om 711 a s cen t er with t h ef r ad i u s m 6 d es cr ib e an ar c

1

i n t er s ecti n g li n e m n at a F r om a er ect th e p er pen d i c .

l
u ar li n e i n t e r s ec ti n g t h e b as e li n e B D o f t h e e l e v a t i o n e x

te d ed
n a t g F .r o m g d r a w a l i n e_
t o t h e a p e x A w h i c h ,

w be i i h p l d i l “
ill t h e t r u e l en g th o f i i 6 n t e a n a n s a
- s o ,

th e r a d l u s w ith wh ch t o d es c
i r ib e t h e s t r e t ch o u t a r c -
.

W t A d t h
1

i h thi s r a d u s an d t h e a pe
i x as ce n t e r es cr ib e e
,

s tr et ch ou t li n e
-
.
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MANUAL

P atter n s f or th es e pr obl em s s h ou l d be d e vel oped , an d

m od els m a d e f r om s h eet m et a l , t h u s g 1v1n g; pr a cti ce i n
“ ‘

con s t r u ct i on Th es e m od el s wi ll at on ce s h ow an y er ror
.

i n t h e pa tt er n whi ch
th er wi s e be over l ook ed
m i g ht o .

R ect a n g u l a rP i tch ed C over S h eet m et al wor ker s are .

-

f r equ en tly r equ i r ed t o con s t r u ct or n a m en t s i n cor n i ce

wor k a h ood ca n opy or a cover f or an ar ti cl e s qu ar e or
“

, , ,

r ect an g u l a r i n f or m Th es e ar ti cl es ar e u s u al l y m a d e i n
.
-

t h e f or m of a s qu a r e or r ect an g u l ar pyr am i d h avi n g a

.

S h or t h ei g h t or ri s e t o t h e a pex .

P a tt er n s f or work of thi s kin d a r e u s u ally laid ou t

d i r ectly on t h e m et al by a s h ort m ethod m whi ch n o el e
v a ti on i s r equ i r ed a s t h e t r u e l en g th of th e r ad i u s f or
,

d es cr ibin g th e s t r et ch Ont ar c 1s fou n d 1n t h e pl an F i g

u r e 1 90 s h ows th e d evel opm en t o f a p a tt er n f or a r ect a ng

u l ar p1t ch ed c ov er by thi s m
,
eth od .

Th e h a lf el ev ati on an d s ecti on can be om itt ed _Th ey “

wer e d r awn i n thi s cas e t o S h ow th e con s tr u cti on a n d

m eth od of con n ec ti n g t h e h oop B t o th e cover s h own at
A Th e h oop i s a s t r i p of m eta l of th e r equ i r ed wi d th ,

h avi n g a s i n g l e h em on t h e l ower ed g e a n d an ed ge t u r n ed
t o a r i g ht a n g l e on t h e u pper s i d e f or s eam i n g a s s h own ,

i n th e s ecti on
Th e l en g th wi d th a n d h ei g h t of cover b ei n g kn ow
.

'

n
‘

w
, ,

fir s t d r a a pl an t o th e r equ ir e d s iz e a s s ho wn by 1 2 3 4 ,
- - -
.

N ex t d r aw t h e d i a g on al l in es i n t er s ect i ng l n t h e cent er
‘

a t m whi ch li n es r epr es en t t h e hi ps of t h e pit ch ed cov er

,
.

i n pl a n B i s ect t h e li n e 1 2 an d l oca t e t h e p oin t a th en

‘

w
-

w
.
,

d r a f a lin e fr om a: t o th e cent er i n s h o in g t h e pos i t i on

’

o f t h e s eam B efor e d es cr ibi n g th e s t r et ch ; Ou t ar c f or

.

‘
t h e p att er n fin d t h e t r u e l en g th of o ne of t h e h i p li n es i n -

t h e pl an an d u s e th at d i m ens i on a s th e r a d iu s f O r de

s cr i bi n g t h e s t r et ch o u t
r -
.

To fin d t h e r a d iu s d r aw t h e li n e m 0 a ,
t r 1 gh t an gl es t o
t h e h i p l i n e m 3 i n t h e pl a n -
Th e h ei g ht of t h e cover as .

S h own by a d 1n t h e el ev ati on i s m a r k ed on t he li n e i h 0 at
Fi g ur e 190 .
— P a ’tter n 1

f or a R ect a n g u l a r Pi t ch e d C o v er .
 22 3 0
r

S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE R S ’
MA NUAL ‘
.
u

NoW d r aW —
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n .
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a li ne fr om n to 3 , n 3i s t h e tr u e
l en gt h in e m3 i n t h e pl a
of th e l r ad i u s f or
’

n an d i s t h e

d es cr ibi ng t h e s t r et ch ou t .

Aft er s ett i n g th e d i vi d er s equ al t o n 3 i n pl an with ,

a s ce n t er d es cr ib e a ci r cl e on t h e m et al St ar tin g a t an y .

c on ven i ent p oi n t on t h e ci r cl e as p oi n t 3 s pace off t h e ,

l en g th Of th e en d an d s i d es Of th e cover a s s h own by
—
1 2 3 4 1n th e p att er n
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F r om 1 2 as cen t er s with a r a d iu s
.
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i n t h e pl an , d es cr ib e s h or t a ar cs on th e p a tt er n as s h own
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w
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Th e tr u e l en g th of th e S eam li n e 1s s h o n by t h e d ott ed
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l i n e g f i n t h e patt er n Th en with g f as r ad iu s an d g as
-
.
-

ter
_

S en d es cr i b e a r cs a t a . C on n e s t ra i g ht
l in es an d d raw l i n es fr om th em to
h i s com
p l et es t h e n et p a tt er n t o w h i ch a ll ow a n ces f or S e a m i ng j
,

a r e a d d ed a s Sh own

A ft er th e p att er n h as been c ut fr om m et al n o t ch th e
’ ‘

c or n er s a n d t u r n ed g es o n t h e f ol d er Th e p att er n i s .

f or m ed by pl a ci n g t h e m et al on th e h at ch et s t ake an d
b en d in g on th e h i p li n es t o t h e r equ i r ed an g l e Th e l ap
s ea m 1s r i vet ed or s ol d er ed
a a n d t h e h oopi s a tta ch ed t o ,

t h e cov er a s s h own a t b i n t h e el i s th en ,

cl os ed d own by m ea n s of t h e Se
«
p i eti n g

f
C on s tr u c ti on o a F l ar i n g P an — .I n F i g u r e 1 91 i s 1

s h own a p er s p ecti v e v i ewof a fl ar in g pan th e f or m of,

wh i ch i s s een t o be th e par t or .
fr us tu m of a con e It i s .

C b i ht i a d i t t h f l l wm
1

to be m a d e o f I r g t n , ccor n g o e o o g
‘

- f

d i m en s i on s
1

A No 12 . wi r e i s in cl os ed
i n th e t op ed g e an d t h e :b o tt om
m i w
[

i s d ou b e s
l e a m ed t o t h e b o d y ? T h e b o d y i s a d e n t o

i f r h t f i T h m b f
1

m 1 0 14 t
1

p eces c ut o a x s e e o n e n u e r o .
 th e str et ch out of twi ce th e n u m b er of Sp a ces con t a ined 111
’
t h e qu a r t er pl an , a s s h own by t h e fig u r es 1 7 1 on t h e
w
.

ar c RS F r om K d r a
. a l i n e th r ou g h S ex t en d i n g it
,
,

u n til it i n t er s ec t s t e a c NO at 0 ;
h r a f
Ad d l ps or s ea m ;

i n g an d W 1r 1n g a s s h own by t h e d ott ed li n es
,
Th i s com .

p l et es t h e h a lf p a tt er n f o r t h e p a n .

A on e h alf el eva ti on an d a quar t er pl an Of th e t op o r

-

bott omi s al l th at i s r equir ed t o fin d t h e s tret ch ou t a n d

Fi g u r e 1 92 .
—D evel o p m en t of Pa t t e
rn f or a Fl a r i n g Pa n .

r ad us i f or d es cr ibi n g th e p a tt er n f er t h e f r u s um o f
t a
“

a - «
c on e . Th e a ll owan ces f or i
s eam n g a n d w1r 1n g ar e m a d e
i n th e s am e m an ner as f or t h e s tr a i g ht wor k d es cr i b ed 111
h a pt er s
1

p r ev 1 ou s c .

—
W i r i n g F a i ng A r ti cl es Ar ti cl es i n t h e for m o f a
r
1

l f
.

f r u st u m of a con e, s u ch as a coffee pot or l i qui d m ea s u r e ,

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K AND PA T T E R N D R A F T I NG

whi ch h ave
or

in g
tOp of
a wi r e in s er t ed i n t h e ed g e of
t h e b o d y a r e wi r ed wh i l e i n th e
,

for m ed in t o s h ape W h i l e fl ar i n g ar t i cl es
-
fl th e
at
sma

b efor e be
s u ch a s pa i l s
ll en d

, ,

p a n s e,
t c h a v
. m , g a w i r e i n cl o s e d i n t h e l a r g e e n d a r e ,

Wi r ed af t er t h e b od y h as b een f or m ed u p an d s ea m ed t o
g e th er ; A fl a r i n g a r ti c l e i s t o b e W i r e d a l
“

w a y s b efo r e

S eami n g t h e bo tt om t o t h e b od y .

Tu r n i n g (1 W i r e E d g e — H avi n g com pl et ed th e p att er n

‘

f er t h e on e qu ar t pan F i g u r e 1 92 t r an s fer it t o m et al
”
, ,

a n d cu t t wo pi eces f r om a s h eet of 10 x 14 b r i g ht t i n .

Notch t h e u pper cor n er s f or wi r i n g an d t h e l ower cor n er s -

f or s eam i n g as d es cr i b ed i n C ha pt er V I I I
, ,
P l ace th e .
‘

t wo pi eces t og eth er an d for m the

m
i n t o a s em i ci r cl e o n

—T u r ni n g Wi r e M
1

Fi g u r e ~
a E d ge On th e -
F ol d i n g a ch i n e.

th e for mi n g ro ll s ( F i g s . 35 , Nex t tu r n th e ed g e,

f or t h e s i d e s eam s on th e fol d i n g ma ch i n e ( F i g u r e
and th en g r o ve t h e
o l t h em d own by m ea n s
s ea m s a n d c os e

o f t h e m all et on t h e m and r el s t a ke .

Th e n ex t s t ep W 111 be t o t u r n t h e e d g e f or th e wi r e .

Th i s i s d on e on t h e s m all tu r n m g m a ch i n e ( F i g u r e 4 8 )
i n t h e foll owi n g m an n er
Havin g m a d e a n al l o an ce of 14 i n ch t o th e ed g e ofw '

t h e pa tt er nf or a No 1 2 w1r e s et t h e g au g e on t h e m a ch i n e
.
,

i n ch fr om t h e cen t er of t h e d epr es s i on i n t h e l ower r oll .

Th en pl a ci n g t h e u pper ed g e of t h e pan a g a i n s t t h e g au g e
‘

br i n g d own t h e u pper r oll a n d r evolv e t h e wor k i n t h e

m a ch i n e m ak i n g a d eep d epr es s i on or b ea d on t h e m et al
, .
 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL x is

Ru n th e wor k thr ou g h th e ma chi n e s ev

e r al ti m
'

es , g r ad u a l

q u ried a n g ,
e whi ch will b r i n g the s i d e of th epant o a ver
l
t i cal pos iti on a lm ost t ou ch in g th e u pper r oll
, .

W h en t i l r n i n g a w i r e ed g e on t h e t u r n i n g m a chi n e it ,

i s oft en a d i fficu lt m att er t o keep t h e wor k c1r cu l ar i n

1

N
-

f or m ; th i s d ifficul ty c an be o ver com e by p u l l i n g th e wor k

t p as s es th r ou g h th e m a
'

an d ,
r ou n d i n g it i n t o s h a pe as i
c hin e .

Th e i
ed g ng oper a ti on an d th e p os iti n of
o
th e wor kma n
whi l e op er a ti n g t h e m ach m e i s s h own m F ig u r e 193 .

F i g u r e 1 94 .
—W i r i n g a Fl a r i n
g A r t i cl e , S h owi n g Cor r ect P os i t i on of
th e Ha n d s .

sa me th at d es cr ib ed i n Ch apt er VII; ex cept tha t

as th e
Wi r e i s f or m ed i n t h e r o ll s b ef o r e b ei n g i n cl os ed i n th e

h l th m f f h p f t h
1

inc o ge
n r a n t h e c 1r cu e r e n ce o t e t o o e p a n

a d f m it i l i h e On t h e f o r m i n g r o ll s ( F i g
n o r c r cu a r n s a
p
ur es T h e n p l a ci n g o n e e n d o f t h e W i r e at t h e

i
s de o f a v er ti c a l s ea m a n d u n d e r t h e w i r e e d g e c l os e ,

t h e m e t a l ov e r t h e w i r e f o r a s h e r t d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e

en d by m ean s o f t h e ha m m e r a n d t h e h or n o n t h e s t a n d a d r

of t h e m ac hi n e or s om e s uit abl e s t ak e.
,
j ,
2 36 S HE E T M E T AL W O R K E RS ’
MA NUAL

Th e v er t i ca l
"

h eig ht is i n ch es T h e d iam et er o f th e
.

t op i s 5 i n ch es ,
l ower
an d t h e open i n g i n th eb od y m ea s

u r es on e 1n ch i n d i a met er Th e s pou t i s 2 i n ch es l on g
.
,

h av i n g a i n ch ou tl et t h e s eam b ei n g l a pped an d
-

s ol d er ed .Th e b o d y 1s m a d e l n on e pi ece h av i ng a i n ch ,

g r o ov e d s e a m o n t h e s i d e .

Th e b o d y a n d s pou t ar e m erely two f r u s t um s of con es

a n d t h e p a tt er n s a r e d ev el oped i n a s i mi l ar m a n n er by

th e r a d i a l m eth o d a s s h own i n F i g u r e 1 96 In th i s fig .

u r e t h e fu ll el ev a t i on i s d r awn
,
but 1n ac tu al pr a cti ce,

F i g ur e 1 95 .
— C om m o n F u n n el , i n
F r us t u m s
W h i ch
of C o n es
B ot h
.
‘

B od y an d S p out Ar e

—
m u ch ex t w k can be avoi d ed by d r awi
ra or ly h alf ng on n
o e-

of t h e el eva t i on as s h own on on e s i d e of t h e cen t er l i n e

_
, ,

AB . Thi s 1S d one t o S imp l i fy t h e wor k and t o avoi d th e

d r awi n g of u n n eces s a r y l i n es
A To d ev el op t h e p att er n s
.
,

ex t en d t h e s i d e l i n es of t h e b o d y a n d s p ou t u n t i l th ey i n
-

te r s ect t h e c en t er l i n e a t M a n d G F or t h e p att er n f or
’

w
.

th e b od y pr oceed as f oll o s
W ith 9! a s cen t er an d r ad ii equ al t o GF an d GE d e
I

s cr i b e th e a r cs cc an d ff of t h e p a tt er n On t h e ar c 6 6 .

Step off f ou r tim es t h e n u m b er of s p ac es con t a in ed l n th e

q u a r t er p l an 0 ; th e n d r a w li n es t o t h e c en t e r 9 A d d .
‘

l aps f or Seam i n g and wir i n g .

Th e p att er n f or t h e S pou t i s d ev el ope d i n a s im i l ar
"
 S H EE T MET AL W O RK A ND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG

m an ner , with a l a p ad d ed t o t h e u pper ed ge an d S i d e f or

-

s ol d er i n g .
—
”

Af t er th e pa tt er n h a s b een cu t fr om m et al , n ot ch t h e
c or n er s , a n d t u r n t h e ed g e f or t h e S i d e S ea m on th e fol d
'

1n g m a chi n e: W h en th e ou tli n e of th e p a tt er n i s a s em i
'

— P a t t er n s B p D p by
i

Fi g u r e 1 9 6 . f or F u n n el od y a nd S ou t , ev el o ed th e
R a d i al M et h o d .

ci r cl e or l ar g er pl ace t h e wor k i n th e fol d er an d ben d

,

t h e ed g e t o a r i g ht an g l e th en fin i s h t h e op er at i on by
,

m e an s of th e m all et on t h e h atch et s t ake Th e p a tt ern s .

ar e n ow f or m ed on t h e bl owh or n S take aft er whi ch th e

-

s i d e s eam of t h e b od y i s g r ooved an d t h e u pp er ed g e i s

wi r ed i n th e s ame m an n er as d es cr ib ed i n t h e pr eced i ng
2 38 S HE E T
'

ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

bl m . Th i s s l i pped f ov er t h e l ower en d of th e
”

p r o e e s p ou t

fun n el an d s o l d er ed h own at h
i n p os it i on,
‘

as s
-

'
F l a mn g L i qu i d M ea s u r e — An oth er appli cat i on of t h e
. .

p r o c es s e s of w i r i n g a n d s e a m i n g o f fl a r i n g a r ti cl es i s t h e

con s tr u cti on of fl ar i n g m ea s u r es Th es e m ea s u r es a r e
.

u s ua lly m a d e fr om b r i g ht t i n h av i n g a wi r e i n cl o ed I n , s
t h e u pper e d g e an d th e b ot tom d ou bl e s eamed t o t h e
,

b od y
"

W h en con s tr u cting m eas u res of s mall s iz e th e u pper ,

e d g e of th e l i p an d s i d e ed g es O f th e h an d le a r e u s u ally
h emm ed i n t h e s ame m an n er as t h e onef qii ar t li pped
,

m ea s u r e d es cr ib ed i n C h a pt er V I II F or t h e l ar g er .

m eas ur es, g r e at er s tr en g th i s obt a i n ed by wi r i n g th es e

e d g es . AS th ey m u s t h ol d a g 1v en qu antity wh en com _

l d h t t y i i d i d l m
'

p et e t ,
e g r ea es a c cu r ac s r e q u r e
,
n e v e o p g
t h e p att er ns an d i n m aki n g th e a ll owan ces f or W 1r 1n g an d
s eami n g .

DI M E N S I ON S or F LAR I N G ME AS URE S

wor km en an d f or d i er en t pu r pos es t h e foll owin g fl

W h i l e th er e ar e v ar l ou s pr opor ti on s u s ed by d i ff er ent

s ch ed u l e i s on e th a t i s com m on ly u s ed by S h eet m et a l
,

wor ker s i n com m er ci al S h ops Th e t abl e pr es en t ed g ives .

t h e h ei g ht b ott om an d t op d i am et er s f or fl ar i n g li qu i d
,
»

meas u r es fr om
"

pi n t t o 5 g a ll on s .

H ei gh t
fi

H
1 Pl n t 21 31 1

G al l on Sl
é
1 5

, 7
1 2 40 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL
“

th e us u a l m an n e r nd
“

t h e patt er n f or t h e b od y i n al
’

ad d
‘

l owan ces f or wir in g an d wn by th e par t

s ea m n g , as s h o
i
‘

p a tt e r n D Th
. e p a tt er n E f o r t h e l i p i s l a i d ou t by th e
S h or t meth o d s h ow n I n F i g u r e 174 a n a ll owan ce f or a No
, .

14 wi r e b ei n g a d d ed t o th e u pper ed g e Th e p att er n f or .

t h e h an d l e i s S h own at F Th e l en g th Of th i s p att er n 1S
.

f ou n d by S p a cIn g th e ou tli n e of th e h an d l e a s s h own by ,

a bc i n t h e el ev a ti on t o th i s d i m en S1on a d d la ps at ea ch
,

en d f or s ol d er i n g .

Th e h an d l e 1S s tr en g th en e d by In cl os in g a No 13 wir e .

i n th e s i d e ed g es Aft er t h e p att er n s h ave been cut fr om

.

m et al n ot ch th e cor n er s an d tur n ed g es on t h e f ol d i n g
, ,

m a chin e ( F i g ur e 15 ) f or W Ir In g t h e h an d l e an d s eam i n g
t h e b od y . Th e ed g e f or W i r e 1s n ow t u r n ed on t h e u pper
ed g e O f th e b od y an d l i p by m ean s of t h e s m all tu r n in g
m a chi n e ( F i g ur e an d w i r ed 1n t h e u s u al m an n er on
t h e wir i n g m a chi n e ( F i g u r e 45 )
Nex t f or m th e b od y l i p an d h an d le i n th e for m i n g r oll s
,

w
'

g
‘

( g
F i u r es b u t d o n o t p l a c e t h e i r e d ed e s i n t h e

g r oo v es o n on e en d o f t h e r o ll s w h e n p a s s i n g t h e w o r k
th r ou g h th e m achi n e Th e b ott om i s d ou bl e s eamed t o
.

t h e bO d y th e l i p an d h an d l e Sol d er ed i n pos iti on com

, ,

p l et i n g t h e p r o bl em .

F l ar i n g ar ti cl es i n t h e f or m of a fr u s tu m of a con e ,

s u ch a s m eas u r es p an s t ap er i n g pi pes et c
, ,
can be eas ily
,
.
,

S ha p ed On t h e f or m i ng r oll s .
 C HAP TE R XI
'

P IT oE E D C OV E RS AND F L AR I N G AR TI CL E S

Th e p robl em s I n t h i s ch a pt er a r e s o m e of th e m a n y
a r ti cl es m a d e by t h e s h eet m et a l wor k er i n w hi ch t h e
p a tt e r n s a r e d ev el op e d by t h e r a d i a l m e th o d d es cr ib ed In

Ch apt er X .

In F ig u r e 198 i s s h own a Sh eet m et al can cylin d r i cal i n

-

3
f Or m wi th a pit ch ed cover i n cl os i n g t h e t op These can s
, .

Fi g u r e m eg —S h eet M et a l W aste C an Wi th P i t ch ed C ov e r .

ar e mad e fr om t i n an d g alvan iz ed 1r on i n a var i ety of ,

s i zes an d f or d i ffer en t pu r pos es Th e pit ch of t h e cover

.

ca n be v a r i ed a t t h e pl ea s u r e of t h e wor km an .

Th e mm of th e al s o be m a d e fl ar in g I n S h ap e
cove r ca n

an d fitt ed t o t h e i n s i d e of th e ar t i cl e 1n th e s am e a n n er
—
m
as t h e on e qu a r t p a i l cov er S
-
h own i n F i g u r e 1 8 1 AS t h e . .

s h eet m et a l wor k er i s oft en r equ 1r ed t o con s t r u ct ca n s a n d

w
,

t an ks th at wi l l h ol d a g i ven qu an tity , th e foll o in g t abl e

2 41
2 42 S HE E T M E T AL "

W OR K E R S "
MA NUAL

i s pr esen t ed , g l vm g t h e S Iz e, d i am eter, an d
-
h ei g ht f or
can s fr om 1 t o 2 0 0 g all on s 1n capa city ;

DIM E NS IONS or C A N S AND T AN K S

D i am et e r . H ei g h t
244 . SI IE E T M E T AL -

, W OR K ERS
’
MA NUAL

wh i ch i s i n th e f or m of a compl et e con e a nd i s m a d e i n
t wo pi eces .F ir s t d r aw th e h al f el ev atio n a s s h own by
,

AB C . M ak e AB equ al t o t h e a ltitu d e an d B C equ a l t o

on e h a lf t h e d i am et er of t h e cover
-
W ith B C a s r a d iu s ;

a n d H a s cen t er d es cr ib e t h e ar c F G ; th en HF G will
,

r epr es en t a on e q u a r t er l an v i ew of t h e cover W ith

p
m a s cen t er an d r a d i u s equ al t o A C d es cr ib e t h e ar e n o ,

of t h e h alf p a tt er n K On thi s ar c s t ep off tw

. i ce t h e ,

n u m b er of s p aces con t a i n ed i n t h e O n e q ua r t er pl aIi th en ,

d r aw li n es fr om n o t o m an d a d d laps f or s eam i n g as
, ,

s h ow
"

n .

Aft er t h e ed g es h ave b een t u r n ed on t h e ba r f ol d er ,

t h e two p1eces a r e for m ed by h an d and j o ined t og eth er

With a g r ooved S eam Th e cover 1S n ow fla ng ed a n d
.

s ea m ed t o th e r i m as S h ow ,
n at E Th es e oper a ti on s a r e.

fu lly d es cr ibed i n C h a pt er IX T h e r i m of th e cover I S .

s i m ply a ci r cu l a r band of m et a l h avi n g t h e l ow er e d g e

,

wi r ed an d th e u pper ed g e b u r r ed as s h own at D and E

‘

, ,

F i g u r e 199
Us e of S teel S qu a r e Alth ou g h t h e d r awi n gs f or thi s
-

p r o bl em a r e t o b e m a d e on t h e d r aw i n g bo a r d i n a ct u al ,

p r a cti ce m a n y w or k m e n l a y o u t t h e p att er n b y m ea n s

o f th e s t eel s qu a r e an d d i v i d er s d i r ectly u pon t h e S h eet

p it ch ed cover s of an y d i am et er h ei g ht or .

As s u m i n g th a t a pit ch ed cov er 14 i n ch es i n d i am et er
a d 3
n i n h
c es hi g h i s t o b e m a d e In t w o p i e c es t o Obt a i n,

th e p att er n by thi s m eth od pr o ceed as foll ows : At 8 i n

F g u e 99 s S ow
i r 1 i h n t h e s e cti o n o f a s t ee l s q u a r e P l a c e .

o e po
n i n t o f t h e d i v i d e r s On t h e v er ti c a l a r m o f t h e

s qu a r e at 3 ,
w ch
hi i s t h e h e i g ht o f t h e c o v e r a n d t h e ,

o th e r p o i n t a t 7 w
,
hi c h 1 s o n e h a lf t h e d-
i a m et e r ; t h e d i s

t an ce s h own by th e lin e m n will be th e t r u e r a d ius with

whi ch t o d es cr ib e th e s tr et ch Ou t a r c o f th e p tt
a e r n ;

W h a r a d u s equ a t o 3 7 a
it i l n d w ith ,
a n y p o i n t a s m i n
,
 i
F g u e z oo.
r — H a 1t E leva t i o n and D et a i l s of R ou n d V en t i l a t o r H ea d .

m, and a d d l aps f or S eam i n g , wh i ch Will com pl ete t h e on e

h alf p att er n f or t h e cover .

R ou n d Ven ti l a tor -
H ea d —
ti l a t or h ead wh i ch i s
A
. v en

u s ed f or a v ar i ety of pu r pos es a nd wi th equ al effici en cy

,

as t h et op f or a s m ok e j ack or a v en til a t or ca p i s s h ow
‘

n ,
—

i n Fi g u r e 2 0 0 Th e pr opor ti on s ar e var i ed s om ewh at by

.
 —
”
i
F g ur e -
201 . Ob l on g
'

Fl ar i n g P an wi th S em i ci rcu l a r E nd s .
“

i
open n g . T he h alf s ecti on s h ows th e c on s tr u cti on an d
-

m eth od of as s em bli n g t h e d i ffer en t p ar t s .

To con s t r u ct t h e ven til at or fir s t d r aw t h e el ev at i on fu ll

fl
,

s i z e m a ki n g it f ou r ti m es l ar g er th an t h e Sca l ed d r awi n g .

Th e l ower an g e B h a s a n I n cl i n at i on of 45

fl
an d th e
°

p it ch o f t h e u pp e r h o o d A i s a t a n a n g l e o f 3 0 Si n ce

t h e u pp er h ood i s S Im pl y a at con e an d t h e l owerfl an g e

.

t h e f r u s tu m of a con e th e d evel opm ent o f th ei r p at t er n s

,

n eed s n o ex pl a n a ti on a s t h e m eth o d h a s b een f u ll y d e

,

s cr ib e d I n C h apt er X .

F l a r i n g Obl on g Ar ti cl es w i th S em i ci r cu l a r E n d s
Fi g u r e 2 0 1 s h ows a fin i s h ed v i ewof a fl ar i n g obl on g p an
.

With s em 1c1r cul ar end s Th eb od y 1s m a d e i n t wo pi eces

.
,

h av1n g a W i r e i n cl os ed i n th e t op ed g e an d th e b ott om
d oii bl e s eam ed i n t h e u s u al m ann er Ar ti cl es of thi s
'

f or mar e m a d e i n v ar i ou s S 1z eS an d f or d iffer en t pu r pos es

,

.
2 48 S HE E T ME T AL WOR KE R S MA NU AL

Th e d imens i on s of ill u s tr ati on ar e

t h e pa n sh o wn i n th e
'

as foll ows : Top 1 1x 15 i n ch es bott om 8x 12 i nch es ver

1
v

, ,

ti cal h ei g ht 4 4 i n ch es
1 Th e m eth od of d eveIOpi n g th e
(

tt r n i s s h own I n F i g u r e 2 0 2
pa e

D r aw t h e el ev a ti on AB C D accor d ing t o t h e g iv en d i

m en S 1on S n ex t d r awt h e pl an of t h e t op an d b ott om t h e ,

Sem i ci r cu l ar en d s b ei n g s tr u ck fr om t h e cen t er s 0 arid o

,
"

,
’
Wi th t h e r a d i i oE an d o G e qu al t o on e h alf th e w i d th of - -

t h e t op an d cbott om D i vi d e th e out er ar e i n t o a con

‘

v en i en t n u m b er of equ a l s p a ces as Sh own fr om 1 t o 1 1 ,

.

F r om 0 er ect th e per pen d i cu l ar li n e om th en ex ten d th e ,

— Ob l o n g wi t h Q ua
-

Fi g u r e 2 0 3 . Fl ar i ng ,
Pan r t e r C i r cl e
-
C o r n er s .

lin e B C i n th e el evati on u n til i t i n t er s ect s t h e h u e o m

. at

E , w hi ch i s th e cen t er with Whi ch t o d es cr i be t h e ar cs . of

t h e p a tt er n . W ith E as
t er a nd fr a d i i equ al t o E B an d
cen

E C d es cr i be t h e ar cs ol a a nd of
, Now fr om an y poin t on.
,

t h e ou t er ar c d r aw a li n e fr om 6 t o t h e cen t er E
,
S t ar t .

I n g at p o i n t 1 s tep off t h e s t r et ch ou t of th e p a tt er n
, ,

m aki n g it equ al I n l en g th t o t h e s em i ci r c l e as s h ow n fr o m ,

1 t o 1 1 i n t h e pl an F r om poi n t 11 d r aw a l i n e t o t h e
.
,

i n t er s ect i n g th e l ower ar c at a T h en at r i g ht
'

cen t er E
‘

, .

a n g l es t o t h e li n e f 1 a d r aw th e li n es 1 1 1 2 an d a b ma ki n g -
,

u w
l

,
th em e q a l t o t h e s t r a i g h t s i d e of t h e p l a n a s S h o n by ,

t h e fig u r es 1 1 an d 1 2 i n t h e pl an .

Th i s compl et es th e p att er n w i th t h e excepti on of th e

,

a ll owan c es
.

f or s eam i n g an d W i r i n g S i n ce thes e al .

l oWan ces d iff er i n n o way fr om th os e of pr eced i n g pr ob

F gu e 2 0
i r 4 —.P a t t er n f or b
O l on g Fl ar ing Pa n wi t h Q u ar t e r - Ci r cl e
C o r n er s .
 ,
2 50 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

l em s th ey n eed n o ”
fu r th er ex pl an ati on Th e pa tter n f or
w
,

t h e b o tt om i s l ai d out by m er ely ad d i ng an al l o a n ce f or
d ou bl e Sea m m g t o t h e ou tli n e of t h e bott om s h own ln th e
p l an V i ew .

Obl on g A ti cl e w
r i th Q u ar t er -
C i r cl e C or n er s —An oth er
a pp l i ca ti on of t h e pr oces s es of d ou bl e s eam i n g an d wi r in g
i s t h e co n s t r u ct i on of a fl a r i n g a r ti cl e h av i n t i ht
.

g s r a g
s i d es a n d qu a r t er ci r cl e cor n er s
-
S i n ce pr obl em s of this
.

f or m fr equ en tly occu r i n t h e s h eet m et al t r a d es t h e con , _

_

s t r u ct i on a n d m etho d o f d evel op i n g th e p a tt er n s s h ou l d

be th or ou g hly m as t er ed by th e Stu d en t a n d wor man .

T h e com m on f or m of thi s a r ti cl e 1s s h own m F i g u r e 2 0 3 .

Th e b od y 1s ma d e l n t wo pi eces ; t h e t op ed ge i s W ir ed an d
t h e b ot tom a tt a ch ed by a d ou bl e s eam Th e m eth od of ob _
_ .

t ai n in g t h e pa tt er n i s s h own i n F i g ur e 2 0 4 .

F i r s t d r aw th e pl an an d el eva ti on 1n a ccord an ce w ith

t h e d i m en s i on s s h own on t h e d r awi ng Th e quar t er ci r .

c l e cor n er s of t h e t op a n d b o tt om a r es t r uck fr om t h e fou r

cent er s s h own by a i n { th e pl an t h e r a d iu s of th e a r cs f or
'

t h e cor n er s of t h e b ott om , as s h own by aj , b ein g

"
‘

i n ch es D r aw t h e per pend i cul ar li n es a m an d am th en ,

ex t en d t h e s i d e AD of t h e el ev ati on u ntil i t i n t er s ect s th e

lin e a m i n th e p om t E whi ch g iv es th e h ei g ht of t h e
m
, __

c on es por ti on s o
,
f wh os e fr u s tu s a r e t o f or mt h e cor n er s
of th e fin i s h ed ar ti cl e Nex t by th e lin e E b d ivi d e t h e
.
, ,

p l a n i n t o t w o e q u a l p a r t s t h e n ,
d i v i d e o n e of t h e o u t e r

q u a r t e r c i r cl es i n t o a c o n v e n i en t n u m b er o f e q u a l p ar t s ,

as s h own by t h e fig u r es 1 t o 5 .

To l ay ou t t h e h alf pa tt er n f or t h e b od y fir s t d raw th e
-
,

lin e H 1 equ al 1n l en g th t o H 1 i n t h e pl an an d a t r i g ht ,

an g l es t o thi s li n e d r aw t h e li n es H e an d l e equ a l i n
,
,

l g
e n th -

t o A E i n t h e el e v a t i b n M a k e H
. J a n d 1 K e q u a l
t o t h e s l an t h ei g h t of t h e s i d e Sh own by Al ) i n el ev a ti on
”

Th en Wi th 6 an d c as cen t er s and r a d ii equ al t o 6 K a n d

6 1 d es cr ib e t h e ar cs 1 5 an d E u al s o t h e ar cs H G a n d
, ,

Jt S t ar ti n g at poi n t s H an d 1 s t ep off t h e s tr et ch out ,

-
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

of th e ar cs of th e patt er n , m aki n g 1 5 an d H G equ al i n

l en g th to t h e q u ar t er -
i
c rc e s l h own ln th e p la n by t h e fig
u r es 1 to 5 .

G , d r aw li n es t o th e cen t er s 6 an d a ,
1

F r om pom t s 5 an d

a n d a t r i g ht an g l es t o th es e l i n es , d r awt h e li n es G E a nd

td on t h e l eft , an d 5 b a n d u c on th e r i g ht , equ al I n l en g th
t o on eh a lf t h e s tr a i g ht en d of th e p an , s h ewn by E C i n;
”

t h e pl an .C on n ect th es e poi n t s a n d a d d l aps f or W 1r 1n g

a n d s eam l n g Th e patt er n f or t h e b ott om i s f ou n d by
.

m er ely a d d in g t o th e ou tlin e of th e bo tt om s h own l n t h e

p l a n t h e a ll o w an c e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e d o u b l e s e am
—
.
,

P a tter n f or F r u s tu m of R i gh t C on es f Th epr obl em s i n '

r a d i a l d ev el opm en t s u p t o thi s poi n t h a v e b een w h a t we

m i g ht call a r ti cl es i n t h e f or m of a con e an d t h e fr u s tu m
of a con e h av in g th e u pper an d l ower b a s es pa rall el or m
t h e s a m e pl an e W h en con s tr u ctin g fl ar in g r oof coll ar s ,
.

g u tt e r o u tl e t s ,
a n d v a r i ou s a r ti cl e s 1n t h e f o r m o f a con e

h avi n g t h e u pper or l ower en d cu t by a pl ane oth er tha n

p a r a ll e l t o i t s b a s e,
t h e d e v e l op m e n t 1 s s o m e w h a t d i ff er en t .

F i g u r e 2 0 5 S h ows t h e m eth od of d evel opi n g th e p att er n “

f or th e fr u s t u m of a r i g ht con e cu t by t h e pl an e r ep ‘

r es en t ed by t h e li n e D 9 F i r s t d r aw t h e el evati on of t h e
.
_

con e AB C , a n d d i r ectly b el ow it t h e pl an V i e w F As
‘

,
both h a ves of th e con e ar e s ym metr i cal , it w
‘ l ill b e n eces ,

s ar y t o d i v i d e on ly on e h a lf O f th e Ou tli n e of t h e pl an E
-

i n t o equ al s paces , a s s h own by t h e figu r es 1 t o 9 Nex t

‘

r epr es en t t h e cu tti n g pl a n e D 9 by a li n e d r aw _
_
n a t an
« .

a ng l e of 4 5
°
with th e b as e li n e B C m akin g t h e p oin t D
on e i n ch fr om B F r om t h e v ar 1ou s pom t s i n t h e pl an
.

er ect li nes i n t er s ecti n g t h e b a s e of t h e con e fr om 1 t o 9

‘

Fr om th es e poi n t s on t h e b as e li n e d r awr ad i al l i n es t o ,

t h e a pex A i n t er s ectin g th e li ne D 9 a s sh own

,
F r om .

th es e poin ts of in t er s ecti on on th e lin e D 9 an d at r i g ht

an g l es t o th e a x i s li n e A G d r a w li n es as s h ow
,

n i n t er s ect
,

i n g t h e Si d e of t h e con e A C .

Th en u s i ng A a s cen t er wi th A C as r a d i us d es cr ib e
“

,
 S HEE T M E T AL woRK AND PAT T E R N D R AF TI NG 253

th e s tr et ch -
ou t ar c. F r om 1 , d r aw a li n e t o t h e apex A ,
an d s t ar t i n g fr om poi n t 1 ,
s t ep off on t h e a r e twi ce t h e

h own i n th e pl an E , by th e fig u r es
‘

n um b er of s pa ces s

1 9 1
- -
. F r om i t d r aw r ad i al lin es t o t h e a pex
th es e p o n s

A Th en u s i n g A a s cen t er with r a d ii equ al t o t h e var

.
, ,

1ou s poi n t s whi ch ar e s h own i n th eir t r u e l en g th on th e g

206 .
— H al f “

Pl a n an d E l ev a t i o n Of a Fl ar i ng Roof -
C ol l a r .

lin e A C, d r a w
in t er s ectin g s i m il ar n u m b er ed r ad i al
ar cs
11n es i n th e pa tt er n Th e i r r eg u l ar cu r ve 1s n ow tr aced
.

thr ou g h poin t s t hu s Obt ai n ed Wh i ch com pl et es t h e d e ,

s i r ed d evel opm en t .

—
E l d r i ng R oof C ol umn Th e pr i n ci pl es u s ed i n d evel op
i n g th e patter n f or th e in t er s ect ed con e s h own i n F i g
'

.
2 34 S HE E T M E T AL WOR K E R S MA NUAL

ur e 20 5 li cabl e
a r e a pp ,
no m att er at g wh a t
l e or pan
oi n t
t h e b a s es of th e con e a r e i n t er s ect ed Th e workman wi l l
a pply th es e pr i n ci pl es i n d ev el op i n g t h e patt er n f or a .

fl ar in g r oof coll ar s h own by E E GH i n Fi g u r e 2 0 6 A .

r oof coll a r of thi s k i n d 1s comm on ly u s ed by p l um b er s an d

s h eet m et a l wor k er s t o s ecu r e a wa t er t i g ht j oi n t w h en

fl as h i n g a r ou n d s t a cks an d ven t pi pes tha t ex t en d th r oug h
th e pit ch ed r oof of a b u il d i n g .

F i r s t d r aw t h e cen t er l i n e AB an d th en d r aw th e r oof
w
,

lin e M N at a n an gl e of Nex t d r a t h e ou tl i n e of t h e
v er ti cal pi pe s h ow n by C D T U and m ak e t h e u pper b as e
o f th e coll a r E E a t an y con ve n ieiih d i s t ancefr omt h e r oof
line At a pr oper an g l e d r aw th e s i d e l in es of th e colla r
.
,

th r ou g h th e poin t s E E ext en d ed u n til th ey m eet at th e

a pex J .Nex t d r aw th e h or l z on t al li neH K an d ex t en d ,

th e s i d e li n e J G i n t er s ecti n g th e l i n e HK at K as s h own
, ,

by th e d ott ed lin es Th en JKH will r epr es en t a r i g ht

.

con e whi ch 1s cu t off on t h e li n es E E an d GB Th e pat .

t er n i s n ow d evel oped 1n th e s am e m ann er as t h e pr evi ou s

p r o b l em .
 F i r s t d r a w th e lev ati on AB C D E V Th en b el ow th e
,
e .

el eva ti on d es cr i b e a ci r cl e r epr es en t i ng t h e pr ofil e or

p l a n
“

,
s h own at E f A s e a ch h a lf Of t h e p at t er n 1s s y m
m et r i cal d r aw a li n e th r ou g h th e pl a n E an d d i vi d et h e
'

, ,

u pp er h a lf of t h e c1r cl e i n t o a n u m b er o f equ al p ar t s a s

s h ow
,

n f r om 1 t o 7 .

F r o m th es e poi n t s per pen d i cul ar li n es a r e d r awn i 1i

ter Sect i n g th e m it er li n e C 7 a s i nd i cated = Th en at r i g h t .

'
Fi g u r e 2 0 7 —
Pa t t er n s f or TWO -
Pi e c ed 90
°
b
E l ow .

l
a n g es to th e l ower ar m of lb ow E 7 d r aw th e
th e e -
,

ou t l i n e G H a n d u p on t h i s l i n e s t ep Off t wi ce t h e
‘

s t r et ch ,

n u m er of s pa ces 1n d i ca t ed 1n t h e pl an w h i ch w ill g i v e
b ,

w w
“

t h e c i r cum f e r en ce o f th e e lb o as s
,
h o n by t h e p o i n t s

1 7 1 on t h e li n e G H
- Fr om th es e poi n t s an d at a r i g ht
.

a g e
n l t o G H m
,
e a s u r i n g l i n e s a r e e r ec t ed a n d i n t er s e c t e d
by l ik e nu m b er ed lin es d r awn at a r i g ht ang l e t o th e
c yli n d er f r om s i m il a r n u m b e r ed p o i n t s of i n t er s ec ti o n o n
 S H EE T M E T A L WORK PAT T E R N D R A F T I N G
‘
f
A ND 257

th e mi ter l i n e C - 7 in th e eleva t i on . A l i n e tr a ced thr ou g h

t thu s Obta i n ed wi ll be t h e p att er n for th e l ower a r m
'

p oi n s
fl
a
y
of th e el bow a s s h own by G H L K J
,
.

Th e m an n er of l ayi ng ou t t h e pa tt er n f or t h e u pper
ar m of th e elb ow m ay n eed s om e ex pl an a t i on Th e i r .

reg nl a r cu r ve t r a ced th r ou g h th e poi n t s of th e p att er n

‘

i s th e O n ly on e r equ i r ed f Or b oth pi eces of t h e elb ow .

Th e s tr et ch ou t of bOth pi eces b ei n g of equ al l en gth ex ,

t end th eout er l i nes of th e patt er n t o M an d N as point ed

Fi g u r e 2 0 8 .
— R ou n d C on d uc t o r El bo w .

an d -
m ake J M L N equ al i n l en g th t o th e l On g
an d

s i d e of t h e u pper a r m a s s h ow
‘

n by A 7 i n t h e el ev a t i on

w
.

Dra a l i n e fr om M t o N , th en JK L NM wi ll be t h e p at

ter n f or th e u pper ar m of a two pi eced elb ow All ow

an ces f or s ea m i n g o r r iv eti n g mu s t be a d d ed a s i n d i cat ed
Thi s m eth od of d evel opmen t i s a pp li cabl e t o any p i eced
e lb ow no m a tt er wh a t an g l e 1s r equ i i ed
n
.
,

C o d u ct or —
E l bow An a r ti cl e Oft en
. re q u i r e d t o be
m a d e u p fr om ti n pl a t e, s h eet copper , a n d g al v am z ed 1r on ,
i s a r ou n d con d u ct or elb ow, s h own m F i g u r e 2 0 8 It .

i s us u al ly m a d e at oth er th an a r i g ht an g l e, t o all ow f or
d r a i n a g e pu r p os es .
258
1
J

S HE E T M E T AL WOR K E RS MA NUAL ’

F i g u re 2 0 9h ows th e el eva t i on an d pl a n vi ew Of a t wo
s

ed c n d ct or elb ow t h e ci r cl e r epres enti n g t h e pla n

w
ec o u
p 1 ,

o r p r ofil e b ei n g 3 i n ch es i n d i am eter D r a th e el evat i on

’

. . .

a d l
. n e t D E E b e t h e r e q u i r e d-

a n g l e T
'
h e mi t er li n e o f a .

F i gur e —E l eva t i o n and Pl a n of T wo -

Pi e ced C on d u ct o r E l bow .

twop 1eced lb ow i s al vv f ou n d by bi s ect m g th e l

‘

-
e ay s an g e

an d is Obt a l n ed as f oll ows

W ith E as cen t er an d an y con v en en i t r ad u si d es cr ib e
t he ar c mnW i th a s li g htly l ar g er r ad i us a n d m an d n
.
“

a s c en t er s d es cr i b e two ar cs i n t er s ecti ng at H T h en
’

.
, ,

d r aw t h e li n e H B whi ch i s t h e bi s ect or of th e a n g l e D E F
‘

, ,

a n d E B i s t h e r equ i r ed m it er l i ne o f t h e
,

Th e u pp er h alf of t h e pl an 1s s pa ced i n to a n u m b er of .

equa l p ar ts an d f r om th es e poin t s v er ti cal l i n es a re

,
F i g ur e 2 11 —M e th od of Obt ai ni n g Pa t t er n tor Pi p e an d O p en i ng
R o of Pl a te .
 o

S HE E T ME T AL W OR K A ND PA T T E R N D R AF T I NG 2 61

i A d i t i i d i t d by h e i l O
’

p pe a n t s s ec on ,
n c a e t c r c e a t E n e .

half of t h e ci r cl e i s d i vi d ed i n t o a conven i en t n u m b er of
equ al p a r ts , an d fr om th es e poi n t s par all el lines ar e
d r awn , i n ter s ecti n g l i n e B C as s h own
th e r Oof
W e ar e n ow r ea d y to d evel op t h e pa tt er n f or t h e pi pe
A which 1s a cyl i n d er h avin g on e end cu t a t an an g l e o f
{

45 1 D r aw t h e s t r et ch ou t l i ne a b at r i g ht a n g l es to t h e
°
-

ver t i cal s i d e of t h e pi p e an d obt a i n t h e p a tt er n m a

_ ,

mah n er s im il ar t o th e d evel opm en t of th e l ower ar m

o f t h e t wo pi eced elb ow s h own i n F i g ur e 2 0 7
-
.

Th e patt er n f or t h e open i n g i n t h e r oof pl ate i s d e

-

ve l oped l n t h e followi n g m an n er
F ir s t d r a w
l i n es a t ri g ht ang l es t o t h e r oof B C f r om
th e poin ts 1 t o 7 Th en at r i g ht an g l es to th es e l in es
.

Fi g ur e 2 1 2 .
— C o m m o n H a nd S cOop .

i
d r a w th e l GH th r ou g h th e cen ter of th e r oof pl at e
ne

D On t h e l i n e G H pl a ce h alf of s e
. cti on E as s h own by

E , a nd d iv id e th e h a lf ci r cl e int o t h e s am e n u m b er of
_ e qu a l s p a ces t o cor r es p on d t o th e h al f s ecti on E F r om -
.

th es e poi n t s i n F d r awl i n es par all el t o G H , i n t er s ectin g

s im ilar n umb er ed l i n es th at h ave b een d r awn f r om t h e
p oi n t s on t h e li n e B C A l i n e t r
. a ced th r ou g h th e poi n t s

thu s Obt ai ned will be t h e pa tt er n f or t h e open i n g i n t h e

r oof pl a t e .

H a n d S coo — A typi cal han d s coop com m on ly u s ed

p .
, ,

1 s r epr es en t ed i n F i g u r e 2 12 Th e illu s t r ati on s h ows th a t

.

t h e bO d y i s i n t h e f or m of an i n t er s ect ed cyli n d er a nd ,

t h e h an d l e an d t h e b r ace ar e t h e fr u s t u m s of t wo r i g h t
 _ . S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NU AL
“

c on es . Th i s pr obl em , as p t will r equi r e th e d e

r es en ed

v el o pm en t O f pa tt er n s by b oth t h e p ar all el lin e an d rad ia l

m eth od s In t h e con s t r u ct i on o f t h e p a tt er n s no i ‘

pr n e

F i g ur e 2 1 3 ,
.
—
P a t t er n s f or B od y , Br ace , an d Ha n d l e Of Ha n d S coo p .

b i pl es a r e em p o
l y ed oth er th an th os e u s ed i n pr ev mu s
p r o bl em s a l r ea d y g i v en i n t h i s c ou r s e .

To obt ai n t h e p a tt er n s fir s t d r aw t h e s i d e el eva t i on
,

a n d h a lf s ecti on t o t h e d i m ens m n s sh ow n i n Fi g u r e 2 13 .

D ivi d e t h e ha lf s ecti on i n t o a n u m b er of equal s pa ces a s

.

,
 C HAP TE R XIII
P I P E I N TE R S E CT I ON S AND T E E JOI NT s

—
y

P ip es f t h e S a m e D i o m oter Fi g u r e 2 14 s h ows t h e 7
‘

o
f
.

m eth od of d eVel opm g t h e p att er n s f or a T ; or t ee

j oi n t , o r th e in t er s ect i on of t wo cylin d er s of t h e s am e
d i am e
t er i g h t a n g l es D r aw t h e h alf pl an an d e l eva
at r

t i on m
.

,
aki n g b oth p1pes 3 i n ch es i n d i ame t er M a k e th e .

h ei g ht Of _ t h e ver ti ca l p1pe A 6 i nch es an d t h e s h or t s i d e

_
,

o f t h e h or i z on t a l pi pe i nch es Dr aw t h e h al f s ec
.

t i on of th e h or 1z on t al pipe B an d d i vi d e it i nt o a n u mb er
o f e qu a l p a r t s , as s h ow n l n 1 to 7 i n D Th e n d ivi d e t h e
.

h a lf p la n i nt o t h e s am e n u mber of s pa ce s p l ac i n g t h e , ,
1

n u m ber s 1n th eir p r op er p os iti on s a s sh own , .

In t h e h alf s ect i on D of t h e h or iz on t al pi pe t h e: poi n t s

_

1 a n d 7 ar e on t h e t op a n d bott om whil e t h e pom t 4 i s

'
'

o n t h e l on g s i d e Of th e pi pe a n d w h en l ookin g d own u pon

'

t h e en d of t h e v er ti cal p i pe poi n t 4 will i n ter s ect t h e

,

v er ti ca l p 1p e on t h e s i d e as s h ow n by p oi n t 4 i n t h e h a lf
‘
+

p l a n N o.w d r a w h or iz on t a l li n es f r om t h
, e p o i n t s i n s ec
“

t i on D whi ch ar e i n t er s ect ed by v er ti cal lin es d r awn fr om

,

s im il ar n u mb er ed poi n t s i n t h e h alf p l an C L i n es t r aced .

t h r ou g h th ese p oi nt s of i n t er s ecti on will gl ve t h e m it er

-

l i n e Th e t wopi pes b ei n g of t h e s am e d i am et er , t h e m i t er
.

1 s r epr es en t e d 0 11 t h e d r awi n g by s t r ai g ht li n es at a n
“

a n g l e of s h own by a bc .

To Obt a i n t h e p a tt er n E f or t h e h or iz on t al pi pe B ,

d r awth e s t r et ch ou t li n e m oi u pon wh i ch s t ep off t W 1ce

,

,
.

5
t h e n u m b er o f s p a ces cont a i n ed i n t h e h a lf s ecti on D .

F r om th ev ar i ou s p oi n t s on t h e s t r e t ch ou t l i n e of th e pat
t er n d r aw h or iz on t a l m ea s u r i n g li n es w hi ch i n t er s ect
by ver t i c al li n es d r awn fr om s i m il ar n u m b er ed p oi n t s
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K A ND .
P AT T E R N D R AF T I NG 2 65

on t h e m i ter l i n e who . Tr a ce a li n e t h r oug h th es e i n ter

t h e d es i r ed pa tt er n i s se

Fi g u r e 2 1 4 .
—~D ev el o pm en t of P a t t er n s f o r a T or Tee J o i n t .

Th e patt er n E f or t h e ver ti cal pi pe A i s s im ply a r ec

t a n g u l ar pi ece of m et al , t h e wi d th b ei n g
, eq u a l t o t h e

h ei g ht of t h e pi pe an d th e l en gth equ a l t o i ts ci r c um
 SHE E T M E TA L W O R K E R S ’
MA NUAL

f er en ce . Th e p a tt er n f or t h e open mg t o be cut i n pat

t er n F , t o r ecei ve t h e pi p e B , i s l ai d o u t i n t h e f ol l m g
m a n n er
_ U pon t h e upper ed g e t h e p att er n , ss h own by t h e
of
'

lin e oh , l ocat e p oi n t 1, w
wh i ch i ll be t h e cen t er of th e
op en i n g On ea ch s i d e of poin t 1 s t ep Off t h e S p aces
.

s h own f r om 1 t o 4 i n t h e h a lf pl a n C , W h i ch will g i ve
t h e l en g th of t h e o pen l n g F r om th es e p oi n ts o n lin e
01 6 d r aw v er ti ca l l i n es , whi ch i nt er s ect by h or i z on t al
l in es d r awn fr om s i mi l ar n um ber ed poi n t s on t h e mit er
l i n e a bo i n th e el ev ati on A li n e tr aced t h r oug h th es e .

—T
‘

Fi g ur e 2 15 .
-
J oi n t in Pi p es of D i fie r e
nt Di a m e t er s ,
A
n gle Of
‘

90
0
.

p o i n s t
o f i n t er s ecti on will g i ve t h e patt er n f or th e Open
‘
ing . An a ll owa n ce a d d ed f or s eam i n g i s sh own by t h e
d ott ed li n e d r awn par a ll el t o t h e ou tl i n e of th e Open in g .

A ft er t h e pat ter n f or th e ver t i cal pi pe h a s b een t r an s

f er r ed t o m et al t h e op en i n g i s cu t on t h e d ot ted l i n e by
, ,

m ean s o f t h e ci r cu l ar s n 1ps Us i n g t h e poi n t s of th e . _

s t rai g h t s n i p s t h e l ap i s th en n ot ch ed m ak i n g th e cu t s
, ,

a b ou t i n ch ap ar t a r ou n d t h e en t i r e openin g
-

fl
,
.

Th e p1p e i s n ow f or m ed u p a n d s eamed i n t h e u s u al
“

"

man n er Th en u s m g t h e at p li er s b en d th e n ot ch ed
‘
— —
.
,

l ap ou t war d t o fit i n s i d e t h e h or iz on t a l p i pe wh i ch i s
”

s l i pped ov er t h e fl a n g e th u s m a d e an d can be s ol d er ed or “

r i v et ed 111 p os iti

W h en con s tr u ct ed fr om b l ack i r on th e sh or t s tu b i s ,
 3

S H E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

th e h or iz ont al p1pe 1s 3 i nch es Aft er th e Ou th n e of t h e .

s m a ll pi pe B h a s b e en d r awn l n t h e pl an v i eW, d r aw t h e -

h alf s ecti on C an d d i vi d e i t i n t o a n u mb er of equ al s pa ces .

Th en d r aw h or iz on t al li nes fr om th es e poi n t s , i n t er s ect

i n g t h e l a r g e ci r cl e A a s s h own i n t h e d r awi n g Nex t
w
.

dr a t h e h alf s ecti on F on th e en d of t h e s m al l pi p e i n
t h e el eva ti on whi ch m u s t be a d u pli ca t eof t h e h alf ci r cl e
,

C i n t h e pl an a nd i s d i vi d ed i n t o th e s am e n u m b er o f
,

s pa ces t h e poi n t s b ei n g n u m b er ed i n th ei r pr oper pos i

,

ti on .

F r om th es e poi n t s l n s ecti on F d r awh oriz ontal li n es

-

“
wh i ch a r e i n t er s ect ed by ver t i cal lin es d r awn f r om s 1m
‘
‘

i l ar n u m b er ed poin ts on th e l ar g e cir cl e A i n t h e pl an .

A cu r ved li n e t r aced th r oug h th es e poi nts of in t er s ecti on

W ill g ive t h e m it er li n e b etween t h e t wo p i pes ;
To d evel op t h e pa tt er n f or th e s m all pi pe d r aw t h e ,

s tr et ch ou t li n e a b a n d pr oceed i n t h e s am e m ann er a s

ex pl a i n ed 1n t h e pr evi ou s pr obl em .

Th e patt er n f or t h e open in g i n t h e la r g e pi pe i s oh
-

t a i n e d i n t h e Sam e m an n er a s t h e open i n g i n t h e v er ti cal

p pi e s h o w n m F i g u r e 2 14 Th e s t r e t.ch ou t o f t h e o p e n

i n g i s s h own by t h e fig u r es 4 1 4 i n t h e pl an - -
Th e s p a ces .

b ei n g un equ al i n W i d th th ey m u s t be t rans fer r ed s epa

,

r ate l y t o t h e s t r et ch ou t li n e of t h e p att er n .

J om m g t h e P cp es — Th e t wo pi pes ca n be j O1n
. ed t o

g e th e r b y t h e m e th o d d es cr ib ed i n t h e pr ev i ou s p r o bl em ,

bu t if it i s d es i r ed t o mak e a m or e su b s t anti a l con n ect i on ,

t h e m eth od com m only u s ed by t h e s h eet m e t al wor k er

wh en j oi n in g two pi pes of u n eq u al d i am eter s i s s h own
i n F i g u r e 2 15 a n d t h e j oi n t 1s mad e l n th e foll owi n g m an
, ,

n er :

t ur n
m ean s
a fl
Aft er th e s m all pi pe h as b een for m ed
an g e a

of th e
'

r ou n d ed
_

b ou t 4 i n ch wi d e
1

g hend
a m m erof
a n d th e r i v et i i i
u p a nd s eam ed
_

on t h e cur v ed en d ,
'
,

by

s qu a r e s t ak e A coll ar i s n ew i n s er t ed i n t h e en d a n d
. _ ,

r i v et ed i n s ever al pl a ces ab ou t in ch ab ov e t h e fl an g e “

.
 2 69

s li g htly ll er i n l en g th th an t h e c1r
s ma

e s t u b a n d s h ou l d be W i d e en oug h t o
’

,
a n d ex t en d a b ou t i n ch b ey on d t h e
i t h as b een tr im med par a ll el t o t h e

ed g e of t h ed an d i n
th e co ll ar is no c

s er ted i n t o t h e open i n g of t h e l ar g e pi p e; t h e n ot ch ed e d g e

f t h e coll a r 1s now b en t ov er a n d fitt ed cl o s ely a g a i n s t

o ”

t h e i n si d e of t h e pi pe by m ea n s of t h e h am mer B y thi s .

Fi g ur e 2 17 — T.
-
Joi nt of 45
°
A ng l e .

meth od th e l ar g e pi pe h l d fir m ly b etween th e t wo
'

1s e
-

fla n g es Of th e sma ll er p p
1 e .

Th e pr i nci pl es us ed 111 th e d e v
el opmen t of t h e pa tt er n s
in thi s pr obl em ( Fi gu r e 2 1 6 ) a r e appl i cabl e n o m att er ,

W h a t d i a m et er s t h e pi pe s a r e Or w h eth er th e s m all p i p e
,

i s pl aced i n t h e cen t er or a t on e s i d e of t h e v er t i cal pi p e .

Th e pi pes ca n a l s o be pl a ced a t a n y a n g l e a n d d i ffer i n

-
'

p r o fil e

T J owt at a n An g l e of 45 — F i g u r e 2 17 s h ows t h e fin
°

i s h ed vi ew of a T j oi n t b o th pi pes h avi n g th e s am e d i am e
,
 2 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL
co r d in g t ot h e d i m en s i on s s h own on th e d r a wi n g , m ak i n
g
t h e a r m s A a n d B a t a n a n g l e of Th e m it er li n e a b
i s obt a in ed by bi s ect i n g t h e an g l e ca d , as s h own .

Th e pi pes b ein g of t h e s am e d i am et er , h alf s ecti onof

a

th e a r m A s h ow at D , is al l th at is r equ i r ed D vi d e
i

n , .

F i g ur e 2 2 0 .
; E l eva t i on an d P ar ti a l D ev el o p m en t of Patt er n f o r Y J oi n t
-
.

th e h alf s ect i on i n t o a n um b er of equ al p ar t s b ein g

D
'

ca r efu l t o pl a ce a p oi n t on t h e q u ar t er ci r cl e a s s h own -

by po1n t 4 D r aw par a ll el li nes fr om th es e poi n t s i n t er

.

s ect i n g t h e m it er li n es f b a n d be a s s h ow n At r i g ht .

an g l es t o t h e ar m s A an d C d r aw t h e s t r et ch ou t li n es g h
,
-

a n d in n a n d com pl et e t h e p a tt er n s as d i r ect ed i h t h e pr e
,

c ed i n g pr obl em s .

C h i m n ey C a p — F 1g u r e 2 2 1 sh ows t h e el ev a ti on of a
v en t i l a t or h ead or chi mn ey ca p t h e pi pes be i ng of t h e
, ,
 M E T AL
'

W OR K A ND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG
“
'

e er t ; Th i s 1s t ed as a t est pr obl em a s
pr es en ,

th e d ev el opm en t of t wo pr obl em s d es cr i b ed
p t er . T h e a r m s A a n d B f or m a T j oi n t a t a -

r i g ht a n g le s i m i l ar t o Fi g u r e 2 14 w
,
h i l e t h e ar m s B a n d C
,

a r e j o i ned a t oth er th an a r 1g h t an g l e s i m il ar t o t h e pr ob
,

1
l em s hOwn i n F i g u r e 2 18 .

{ —E l eva t i on o f V
—
F i g u r e 2 21 C h i m n ey C a p, ti l a t or
°

a or en

D r a w the el ev at i on an d h alf s ect i on s as s h own i n t h e

d r awin g Th en d ev el op th e p a tt er n s f or t h e ar m s AB C
. .

Th e m eth od of d evel opm en t h as been fu lly ex pl a i n ed i n

p r ec ed i n
g c a s es ,
s o th a t no f u rth er d em on s t r a ti on n eed
_
_
be g i ven .
 C HAP TE R XIV
ELB o ws
An illu s tr ati on of a f ou r -
lb ow whi ch i s
p 1 ece 90
°
e ,

u s ed u n i v er s a lly l n h ea t i n g an d v en til a t i n g wor k i s s h own ,

m F i gu re 2 2 2 E l b ows of thi s f or m h avi n g a s m all r a d ius

.
,

l n t h e 1n n er cu r v e or t h r oa t a r e comm on l y m ad e u s e o f
-

_
_ , ,

i n s t ovepi pe w or k, fu r n acewor k an d i n d uct v , vor k wh er e f

F i g ur e 2 2 2 .
— F ou r e
pi ece 9 0
°
El b w
o .

a bl a s t i s n ot u s ed E lb ows h avm g a l ar g er a d iu s i n th e
.

th r oa t ar e g en er ally u s ed f or maki n g tu r n s 1n gr a i n con

yey er s ex h au s t a n d bl ow pi pi n g work
'

I_n pr oj ect s of
"
- —
,

th i s kin d an elb ow h avi n g a s h or t r ad iu s sh ou l d never

b e u s ed if i t can be avoi d ed .

Th e d r awi n g s s h own i n F i g u r e 2 2 3 con ta i n al l t h e n eces

’

s ar y d et a i l s f or d ev el opm en t of t h e p a tt er n s f o r elb ows

”

'

a t an y an g l e h avm g a n y n u m b er of pi eces Th e W or k
‘

,
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL

m a n s h ou l d f oll ow t h e i n s t r u cti on s car e u l

f ly ,
an d mem o
r 1z e th e con s r u c t ti on of th e pr obl em
F ou r P i ece 90 E l bow F i g ur e 2 2 3 s h ows th e m eth od
— °
-

of obt a i n i n g t h e pa tter n s f or a f ou r pi ece 90 elb owh av

°
-

i n g a d i am et er of 5 i n ch es , t h e l en g th of t h e r a d i us f or
t h ei nner cu r ve of t h e elb owb ei n g 3 i n ch es F i r st d r aw .
“

t h e r i g ht an g l e s h own by t h e d ott ed li n e B A C Nex t on

m
.

t h e li n e A C l ay OE a d i s t an ce of 3 i n ch es fr o A to B .

W i th A as cen t er an d A b as r a d ius d es cr ibe th e q uar t er

“

ci r cl e be whi ch g i ves th e r equ i r ed cu r ve f or t h e th r oat

wan d
, .

M ak e bC equ al 5 i n ch es th e d i amet er of th e elb o

with AC as th e r ad iu s an
, ,

d A a s cen t er d e scr ib e t h e ou t er
ar c B C .

Th e j oi n t lin es of th e elb ow s h own by D E E are fou n d

, ,

by d i vi d i n g t h e ou t er ar c B C i n to equ al par ts on e l es s i n
nu m b er th an th epi eces r equ 1r ed l n t h e elb ow i n thi s cas e ,

i n t o t h r ee s pa ces s h own by B m m m an d m C
,
E a ch of
, , .

th es e s pa ces i s bi s ect ed an d lin es d rawn f r om th es e p oi n t s

,

t o th e a pex A wi ll r epr es en t t h e j oi n t or m it er li nes of t h e

elb ow . Th e ou tl i n e of th e d i Eer en t pi eces of t h e elb ow
i s n ow com pl eted by d r awi n g li n es t an g en t t o t h e ar cs
e b an d B C as s h ow ,
n i n th e d r aw in g .

Th e ab ov e m eth od can be u s ed i n obt ai n i n g t h e m it er

l i n e f or an elb ow of an y an g l e or of an y d es i r ed n um b er
of pi eces Aft er th e el ev ati on h as been com pl eted d r aw
t h e h alf secti on G an d d i vi d e it i n t o a n u m
,
.

b er Of equ al
F r omth es e poi n t s
,

s p a ces a s Sh own by t h e fig u r es 1 t o 9
, .

d r awv er t i cal li n es i n t er s ecti n g th e m it er li n e AF i n t h e

el ev a ti on

w
.

Th e p a tt er n f or th e fi r s t s ecti on of th e elb o 1s d ev el
oped by d r aw in g t h e h or i zon t al lin e JK u pon whi ch pl a ce
th e s t r et ch ou t of twi ce th e n u mber of s pa ces con t ai n ed
“

i n t h e h al f s ecti on G F r om th es e p oi n t s On t h e s tr et ch
.

ou t li n e d r aw v er ti cal li n es Whi ch i n t er s ect lines d r awn

,

fr om s imi l ar n u m b er ed poin t s on t h e m it er li n e AF 1n t h e
ele v at i on Th r ou g h th ep oi n ts th u s obt a i n ed t h e i r r eg u ,
 W OR K A ND PAT T E R N D R AF T I NG
‘

.
2 77

er n m ay be h own by eL e
tr a ced , as s ,

s t h e pa tt er n f or pi ece NO 1 of t h e elb ow
“

. , .

cu r ve i s t h e On ly on e n eed ed a n d i s u s ed ,
'

th e patt er n s f or t h e en t i r e elb ow.

—

Th e p a tt er n s f or t h e Secti on s n u m b er ed 2 3 an d 4 ar e
w
,

fi n
{ al l y f l ai d ou t d i r ectly on th e m et al, i n th e f oll o i n g
A pi ece of m
-

m an n er etal equ a l i n l en g th t o t h e s t r et ch

ou t o f th e p at ter n i s pr ovi d ed an d p at t er n L i s t r a n s
,

fer r ed to t h e met al by th e u s u al m eth od of pr i cki n g a s ,

de Nex t t ake t h e l en g th of t h e
'

s cr i b ed i n C h apt er I
_
.
,

wi d e s i d e of s ecti on 2 as s h own by E F i n th e el ev ati on

’

, ,

2 2 4 —Fi v e pi e
i
F gu r e .
-
ce 60 °
E l bow .
 M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL
’
’
‘

2 78 S HE E T

s crib ed on t h e m et al by m ean s of th e s cr at ch a wl whi ch ,

com p l et es t h e p a tt er n f or p i ece N o 2 s h o w n a t M .
,

Th e patt er n s f or pi eces Nos 3 and 4 a r ecom pl et ed by

.
.

f
'

l h d d tt L h i
‘

c t o ft t
~

p a i n g e cu r v e e g e ~
p a er n 0 11 e p o n s g g; 2

Fi g u r e 2 2 5 .
—E l ev a t i on of F i ve -
pi e ce 60
°
E lbow .
’

t hen ib e t h e i r r eg u l ar ur ve on t h e m et a l nd t
“

s cr c ,
a con n ec

t h e pom t s h h wi th t
a s r ai g ht l i n e ,
c om p e l ti n g t h e patt er n s

N an d 0 .

Th 1s m eth od of g r ou p m g t h e p a tt er n s pl aces t h e s eam s

 ’
"
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

h eel an d t h r oat of t i on s 2 3 a
th e m i d d l en d 4 s h ou
s ec ld , , ,

be t ake n f r om t h e el ev a t i on Th es e di m en s mn s a r e s h own
.

by n o: an d bb i n s ecti on No 3 an d cann ot be ch an g ed ,

wh en on ce t h e ar c D E r epr es en ti n g th e i n ner cu r ve of
w
,

t h e elb o h a s b een d escr i b ed on t h e d r awin g

,
.

S qu ar e or r ect an g u l a r pi pi n g , or d u c
-
t Wor k , h as b ecom e
ver y i mpor t an t p a r t of t h e s h ee
‘
‘
a s
t m et al tr ad e, an d i s ,

l ar g ely u s ed i n th e ins t all ati on of h eati ng an d ven til atin g

“

F i g ur e 2 2 6 —R e c ta n g u l a r D u c t
. 90
°
E l bow .

sys tem s A cu r ved elbow of t h e s tyl e g en e

. ra
,
lly u s ed i n

thi s cl as s of wor k 1s s h own i n F i g u r e 2 2 6 Thes e elb ows

,
.

a r e m a d e i n f ou r pi eces
_ con s i s ti n g of t h e t wo s i d es t h e
, ,

h eel an d th e thr o at Th e h eel 1s th e ou t er a n d t h e th r eat

, .

t h e m n er cu r ve .

W h en l ayi n g ou t t h e p a tt er n s f or d u ct e lb ows o f th i s
- f
S HE E T M ET AL W OR K AND
’

PAT T E R N "

O
D R AE T I N
’
 ’
M E T AL W OR K E RS M ANU AL
:

82 1 S HE E T .

s tr uct i on lb ow an d t o d e s cr i be an e as y a n d
f d u ct
‘ ‘

o a e , .

q u i c k m e th od f o r s e a m i n g t h e co r n e r s o f elb ows an d !

s quar e or r ect a n g u l a r p i pes b

y t h e m e th o d co m m o n ly
kn own i n t h e t r a d e as t h e Pi t tsbur gh s eam ;
“ '

R ecta ng u l a r D u et 90 E l bow — I n F i g ur e 2 2 7 i s s h own

°
.

t h e meth o d o f l ayi n g ou t t h e pa tt er n s f or a 90 r ect an

°

g u l a r elb ow m wh i ch t h e t u r n i s m a d e on t h e Sho r t s i d e
,

o f t h e pi p e D r a w t h e el eva t i on A an d pr ofil e B a ccor d

.

i n g t o t h e d i m en s 1on s g 1v en on t h e d rawi n g F irs t d r aw .

t h e ri g ht an g l e s h own by 1 a 8 W i th a as cen t er an d ( L7
-
.

as r a d i u s d es cr i b e t h e qu ar t er ci r cl e 1 7 w
,
h i ch r epr es en t s
t h e i n n er cu r v e or th r o a t of t h e elb ow Nex t m a k e 7 8 . _

equ a l t h e n ar r ow s i d e of t h e elb ow an d w ith a as cen t er ,

a n d 0 8 a s r a d i u s d es cr ib e t h e a r c 1 8 Th i s i s th e ou t er -
.

cu r v e or t h e h eel
,
t h e s tr a i g ht p ar t s s h own by x l an d
,
- f

y 8 a r e a d d e d t o t h e q u a d r a n t t o m a k e a n e a s y co n n e cti on
w th a St ai g ht d u ct An all owan ce of 4 i nch as s h own
i r .
1
,

by t h e d ott ed lin es i s n ow a d d ed t o t h e h eel an d th r oat

,

f or s eam i n g ; th en t h e el eva ti on A will al s o be a p a tt er n

f or t h e t wo s i d es o f t h e elb ow .

Th e p a tt er n s f or t h e h eel an d th roa t s h own a t C an d D ,

a r e s i m ply r ect an g u l a r pi eces of m et a l equ a l l n l en gt h t o

t h e s t r et ch ou t s s h ow n by x Y l n t h e el ev a ti on Th e W i d th .

i s equa l t o t h e wi d e S i d e of t h e elb ow t o wh i ch 1 i n ch h as
b een a d d ed o n each s i d e f or s eam i n
,

g as s h o w n by a b e ,
,

in

P r i ck m ar k s
'
ar e m ad e at th ese poi n t s f or b en d i n g pur
h OW by d ots h l en d of t h e p a tt er n s
p o s es ,
as s n on ea c
—
,

“
T h e P i t ts bu r g h S ea m
’ In F i g u r e 2 2 8 i s s h own t h e
.

m eth od of b en d i ng t h e ed g es of t h e p at t er n s f or s eam i n g -

, .

Th e oper a t i on s ar e p er for m ed on th e cor n i ce br ake ; an d

“

t h e v a r i ou s b en d s a re s h own by : t h e l ett er s a be, l n t h e

Th e fir s t ti on i s s h own at B I n s ert i t hé s h eet

'

op er a .

i n th e b r ak e an d b r i n g d own th e u pp er cl am p on t h e p r i ck
m ar k s h own at a th en r ai s e t h e l ower b en d i n g l ea f b r i n g
“

, ,
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

mg b etween th e b en d s Th e p a r ts are as Sen ibl ed by i n

.

se t
r i n g t h e l
éL-
i n ch e d g e of t h e s i d e p a tte r n i nt o t h e

p o ck e t e d g e o f t h e th r o a t a n d h e e
.l T h e p r oj e cti n g ed g e e

s h own a t E ,
i s th en h am m er ed ov er wh i ch compl etes t h e
,

s ea m a s s h own a t E .Th i s s eam kn own as

,
t h e P itt s b u r gh
’ ’
s eam\ i s u s ed l n t h e S h eet m et a l t r a d e t o g ood a d v a n t a g e

f or var i ou s pu r p os es .I t i s eas i l y con s t ructed an d m ak es

a ti g ht r i g i d j oi n t
, .
 CHAP TE R XV
‘

R E T U R N AND F AC E M I TE R S

Thi s ch apt er tr eat s of t h e m eth o d of obt ai n in g patt er n s

f or m i t er s b et ween s h eet m et a l m ol d 1n g s Th e pa tt er n s .

a r e d ev el oped by t h e p a r al l el m et h o d d es cr i b ed i n pr e

Vi ou s ch apt er s .An y pr ofil e o r s h ape may be u s ed an d i n ,

or d er t Oi ll u s t r at e t h e a ppl i ca ti on of t h e pr i n ci pl es un d er

lyin g t h e d evel opm en t as appl i ed t o m ol d in g s a n u m b er ,

of pr act i ca l pr obl em s a r e pr es en t ed
“

S qu ar e R etu r n M et er — In F i g u r e 2 2 9 i s s h own t h e
.

i llu st r a ti on of a s qu ar e r etu r n m it er s u ch as Woul d ,

F i g ur e 2 2 9 —S q ua r e R et u r n Mi ter .

em p ol yed wh en a m ol d i n g wa s m a d e t o r etu r n ar ou n d th e
cor n er of a b u i l d i ng F i g u r e 2 30 S h ows t wo m eth o d s of
, ‘

obt a i n i ng t h e p att e rn kn own r es pecti vely a s t h e l on g

,

an d t h e s h O Th e S h or t met h o d i s th e r u l e g en
”

r t m et h o d
'
‘

w
{

er al l y em pl o y d b y h h t m a l k b ly
"

e t e s e e e t or e r u t c a n on ,
x

be u s ed wh en t h e m i t er i s on e of t h a t i s a s qu ar e ,

m it er Th e l on g m eth od can be u s e d f or obt a i n i n g t h e‘

m
.

tt t b t w l i t w h t
"

p a e r n s f o r a m i er e ee n o d n g s n o m a t er a ,

a ng l e i s r eq u i r ed .

T o d ev el op t h e p att er n by the l on g m eth od pr oceed as ,

2 85
f ol l Ows : Fi r s t d r aw ful l S i z e d etail of t h e pr ofil e or
a -

s ec ti on ,
th e d i m en s i ons b ei n g t a ken fr om th e S ecti on

3 2 -

I fl

F i g ur e 2 30 . L
-
on g a n d S h or t M et h od s
R et u r n Mi t
of
er .
b
O tai n i n g Pat t e rn f or S q ua r e

w A i n F i g u r e 2 30 whi ch i s d r a w i n ch
,

ho to a 2
’

s n at ,
n -

’
l bu th er fi l m ay b e u s ed i f d es i r ed D i vi d e
"

s ca e ; t an y o p r o e .

t h e cu r ve in t o a n um b er of equ a l s p a ces , pl aci ng a s u ffi

“

2 88 S HE E T M E T AL WOR KE R S
’
MANU AL f

fil e, h own
.

an d n u m t h e ep oi n t s i n t h e u s u a l m ann er ,
b er s
by th e fig u r es 1 t o F rom th es e poi n t s a t fr i g ht an g l es
t o th e s re ct h ou t lin e d r aw m ea s u r in g
t -
,
i n t er
s ect by v er t i ca l li n es d r a w n f rom Si m ila r n um be r ed p oi n t s

on t h e pr ofil e A A l i n e t r aced th r ou gh t h e poi n t s th u s

.

l ocat ed will com pl ete t h e p att er n whi ch i s s im i l ar t o p at ,

t er n F th a t was obt a in ed fr om t h e pl an an d d evel oped

,

by t h e l oi i g metho d .

Ou ts i d e and I n s i d e M i t er s — F or t h e pu r p os e of ill u s .

t r at i n g t h e d i E er en c e b etween a n out s i d e mit er a n d an

i n s i d e m it er a s k et ch Of a r oof pl an r epr es en t i n g a
,

hi pped r oof fi
,

i s s h own i n F i g u r e 2 31 W h en con s t r u cti n g .

m ol d i n g s an d g u tt er s t h e workm an i s often r equ i r ed t o

,
'

d evel op p a tt er ns f or m i t er s r et u r n i n g ar ou n d t h e ou t er ‘

an d i n n er an g le s of a r oof lV Ii t er s f or t h e ou t er an d i nn er
.

a n g l es a r e call ed ou t s i d e a n d i n Si d e mit er s a nd ar e p l a ced

‘

— ,

a s s h Own i n t h e s k et ch P atter n D s h own by a bed i n

“

.
,

Fi gu r e 2 30 i s t h e patt er n f or an ou t s i d e m it er whil e
, ,

t h e oppo s it e cu t s h own by d ef o i s t h e p att er n f or a n

, ,

1n s 1d e m it er I t wi ll be s een th a t b oth p a tt er n s a r e pr o
.

d u ced by a s i n g l e m i t er cu t an d it i s i m por t an t t o kn ow ,

th at thi s i s al s o t r u e wh en d evel opi n g patt er n s f or mit er s

a t a n y an g l e

w
.

Octa g on R etu r n M i t er — F i g u r e 2 32 S h o s t h e m eth od

.

o f obt a i n i n g t h e p a tt er n f or a n oct ag on r et u r n mit er a n d ,

"
i s al s o appli cabl e f or m it er s at any an g l e Th e o ct a g on
“

mi t er i s o f ten em pl oy ed i n t h e con s t r u cti on of r oof

f

fin f i al s an d cor n i ces an d al s o freq u en tly O ccu r s i h m ol d

'

, _

i n g s an d g u tter s p as s in g a r ou n d pa r ts of a b u il d i n g oct a
g o n a l i n f orm .

Th e patt er n f or a n oct a g on al r etu r n m it er 1s d eveloped

fr om a pl an Vi ew of th e m ol d i n g by t h e lon g m eth od ,

s h own i n F i g u r e 232 whi ch 1S d r awn t o a 2 in ch s cal e

,
-
.

. F i r s t d r aw a f ul l s iz e s ecti on of t h e m ol d i n g s h ow n a t A , ,

t aki n g t h e d i m e n s i on s f r om th e s cal ed d r awi n g Nex t

‘

e xt en d t h e W a ll li n e of th e pr ofil e an d d r awt h e o ct ag on a l
- ,

.
 S H EET M E T AL W OR K A ND PAT T E R N D R A F T I NG 2 89 ,

l
a n g e of w
s h o n by m i i o whi ch w ill r epr es en t t h e
,
.
“

wa ll l i ne in th e pl an C B i s ect th e an g l e m n o an d d r aw
.

t h e m i t er l i n e R N Th e cu r v e m t h e pr ofil e i s d i vi d ed
"

i nt o a n u m b er of equal s p aces an d t h e p oi n t s n u m b er ed
a s s h ow n by t h e fig u r es 1 t o 1 5 i n s ect i on A F r om a l l .

F i g u r e 2 32 —P a t t e r n f or O cta go n R e t u r n Mi t er .

p o i t
n s on t h e p r ofil e d r aw v er ti ca l l i n es i nt er s ecti n g t h e
m l t er l i n e R N i n t h e pl an .

- —
Th e s tr et ch ou t of th e m ol d i n g i s n o p l ace d u p o n t h ew
li n e a b, wh i ch i s d r awn a t r i g h t a n g l es t o t h e wal l l i n e:
"

M N i n t h e p l an M li ea s u r i n g 1a r e d r awn
fr om th es e
n es
‘

p o i n t s
,
wh i ch a r e i n t er s ect ed by h or i z on t a l l i n es d r a wn

fr om s imi l ar n u m b er ed poi n t s on t h e m i t er li n e A l i n e .

t r a ced thr ou g h th es e i n t er s ect i on s wi ll com pl et e th e p at

t ern as s h own at G S h ou l d an i n s i d e m i t er be r eq u i r ed
,
-

.
“

th e opp os i t e cu t of pa tt er n G i s u s ed a s s h own b y p a t
‘

t er n H
l

,
.
 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

M ol d ed G u tt er I n Fi g u r e is ho w
F

s n a fini s h ed
wf
-
.

Vi e o a m ol d ed f a ce gu tt er Or e ave t r ou gh ,
m it er .Th i s
1 s s 1m l y a s q u a r e r et u r n m it er , an d it i s i m m a t er i al wh a t
p
'

F i g u r e 2 33 .
—
M ol d ed F a ce G ut t e r , or E a v e T r ou g h Mi t e r .

F i g u r e 2 34 .
-
S ec t i o n an d Pl an of M ol d ed
‘

F a ce G u t t er .
’

p r ofil e or s h ape t h e g u tt er h as , —th e m etho d of d evel opin g

t h e p a tt er n is t h e s am e
l d raw
.

In Fi g u re 2 34 1s s h own a 2 i n ch s ca e in g g i v i n g
 EE ET M E T A E
-

S W ORK AND PAT T E R N D R AFTI NG 2 93

F a c e M i t er s .
-
Th e m eth od d evel opi n g t h e pa tt er n
of

fO
r a f ace m i t er i s s h own m F i g u r e 2 3 6 Th i s pr oces s i s .

em pl o y ed wh en d evel opi ng t h e p a tt er n s f or mi t er s i n
p a n e l m o l i
d g p
n s i c t
,
ur e f r a m e s a n d g a bl e m ol d i n g s al s o
, ,

t o obta i n t h e m i t er cu t wh en t h e r et u r n m ol d i n g o f a
d o r m er wi n d ow b u tt s ag a i n s t a m an Sa r d mo of or o th er
“

i n cl i n ed s u r f a ce As m ay be s een fr om th e d r awi n g , th e
.
‘

m eth od of d evel opm en t i s s i m i l a r t o th at d es cr i b ed f or

t h e r etu r n m i t er Fi g u r e 2 30 ,
Th e on ly d i fier en ce 1 s 111
.

t h e pos i t i on of t h e s tr et ch ou t l i n e a b i n t he p a t ter n f or
t h e s qu ar e f ace m i t er s h own a t B
,

_
I n t h i s ca s e t h e .
’

s t r et ch ou t l i n e i s pl a ced i n a h or i z on ta l p
l os i t i on a t t h e

l eft of t h e pr ofil e wh i l e t h e s tr et ch ou t f or t h e s qu ar e
,

r etu r n m i t er F i g u r e 230 i s pl a ced i n a ver t i ca l p os i ti on

, ,

a b ov e t h e pr ofi le .

W h en d evel opi n g t h e pa tt er n s f or m ol d in g s t h e s h eet ,

m et a l wor ker m u st a lways be car efu l t o pl a ce th e s tr et ch

o u t li n ei n i t s pr oper p os i t i on or i n s t ea d of h a vi n g a f ace , ,

mit er as i n d i ca ted i n F i g u r e 2 36 h e wi ll h ave a r et u r n

'

w
,

m i t er as s h o n i n F i g u r e 2 30
, 1

In F ig u r e 2 36 t wo p r ob l em s i n f ace m it er s ar e pr e
s en t ed a n d t h e d r awi n g s a r e ma d e t o a s ca l e of 3 i n ch es

t o t h e foot
"
P r oblem 1 s h ows th e method of obt ai n in g th e
.
-

p a t t e r n f o r a s q u a r e f a c e m i t er by t h e s h o r t m e th o d .

D r a w t h e pr ofil e A an d pl a ce th e s tr et ch ou t li n e a ll t o
,
-

t h e l eft of t h ep r ofil e T h e oper a ti on s i n t h e d ev el opm en t

.

o f th e p a tt er n a r e t h e s a m e as d es cr i b ed i n F i g u r e 2 30

a n d n eed n ot be d es cri b ed fu r th er .

P r obl em 2 F i g ur e 2 36 , s h ows th e d evel opmen t of an

,
.

‘
oc ta g on a l f a ee ni i t er Th e pa tt er n s f or f a ce m i t er s a t
'
-

oth er t h an a r i g ht a n g l e ar e d ev el op ed by t h e l on g
“

me th od , an d t h e m i ter l i n e i s f ou n d i n th e el ev a t i on In
w
.

f
"

p r o bl em 2 t h e el e v a ti on i s s h o n a t t h e r i g ht o t h e -

p r o fi l e .

F i r s t d r aw t h e r equ i r ed an g l e C AD Wh i ch i s bi
“ “

s ect ed i n t h e u s u a l m an n er t o obt a i n t h e m i t er l i n e AB ..
 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL
Nex t ,
f r O m t h e v a r i ou s poi n t s on t h e pr ofil e, d r aw h or l
z on ta l l i n es i n t er s ecti n
g t h e m it er li n e as s h own At .

r i ght a n g es l t o th e li n e B F i n th e l
e ev a ti on ,
d r aw t h e
t
s re c l in e G H Upon thi s lin e p l ace t h e s t r et ch
t h -
ou t .
.
"

out of th e pr ofil e s h ow n by th e fig u r es 1 m 1 3 M eas ur i n g

‘

»
.

li n es ar e n ow d r awr i f r bm th es e poin t s wh i ch ar e i n t er
‘ ’

s ect ed by li n es d r awn fr om s 1m i l a r n u m
,

b er ed poi n ts on
t h e mit er li n e Th r ou g h th e poi nt s th u s obt ai n ed t r ace
.

M ol d ed P an el . d evel opm en t Of t h e fac e m it er d e

;s i n pr ev 1ou s
or 1 b ed r obl em s l ea d s n atu r al l y t o t h e b
p p r o
!

:
l em of t h e m ol d ed p an el , s h own i n F i gu r e 2 37 .

Fi g u r e 2 3 7 .
—
O bl o n g M ol d ed P a n el .

Th e m eth od of obt ai n i n g th e pa tt er n f or an o bl on g
‘

p a n el i s s h o wn i n F i g u r e 2 38 -

F i r s t d r aw a s ec ti o n o f .

j
t h e p anel m O l d A , as i nd i cat ed by th e s h ad ed p or ti on
o f th e d r awi n g Th en d i vi d e t h e cu r v e i n t o a numb er of '
.

e qu a l s pa ce
‘
s a n d n u m b er ea ch poi n t on th e s ecti on , a s
-
.

s h Own b y t h e fig u r es 1 t o 8 Th r ou g h th es e poi n t s d r aw
.

lin es par all el t o E B , i n t er s ecti n g th e m it er li ne ni B as

s ho n w
F r om t h e p oi n t s th u s ob t ai n ed on t h e m i t er l i n e,
.
°

-
‘
’

d r aw li n es p ar al l el t o B C , i n t er Sect i n g t h e m i t er l i n e n C
’ '

w
~
.

At r i g ht an g l es t o B C i n th e el eva ti on , d ra t h e s t r et ch
out li n e a b, u pon whi ch pl a ce al l of th e d i vi s i on s con
-

t a i ned i n t h e pr ofil e A Th r ou g h th e p oi nt s on t h e
“

s tr et ch ou t l i n e, d r aw h or iz ont al m eas u r in g lin es , w hi ch

"
 S HE E T M E TAL ‘

W OR K E R S ’
MA NU AL

,
a n or n am en t al
'
lvani zed 1r on or s h eet
fin i s h m a d e fr om g a

c oppe r .A pl a i n fitti n g s o u s ed i s s h own i n Fi g u r e 2 39

an d i s call ed a r oo f fin i al Th e b ed y s quar e i n f or m .
, ,

i s m a d e i n f ou r pi eces an d 1s comm on ly us e d t o pr ov d e
i

a fini s h a t t h e ap ex of a s qu ar e to w er or as an or n a m en t ,

i n cor n i ce con s t r u cti on .

1

Th e m eth od of l ayin g ou t th e patt er n f or a s qu are

fin i al i s s h own i n F i g u r e 240 , whi ch i s d r awn t o a s cal e
t
o f 2 i n ch es th e foot Th e pr ofil e can b e ch an g ed t o
.

Fi g u r e 2 3 9 — S .
*

q ua r e R oo f Fi ni al .

.
‘
a ny s h ape bu t
,
t h e d ev el opm en t wou l d b e th e s am e in
e v er y ca s e .

F ir s t d r aw th e t er lin e AB a n d con s t r u ct th e el eva

'

cen

t i on s h own at D t h e b a ll C b ein g 3 i n ch es i n di am et er
"

,
.
,

D i vi d e t h e pr ofil e i n t o a n u m b er Of equ al s pa ces a n d n u m

b er t h e p oi n t s a s s h own by t h e fig u r es 1 t o 1 0
,
Th e fin i al .

bei n g s qu a r e i n f or m t h e s i d es ar e j oi n ed t og eth er at a n
,

an g l e of and t h e m i ter on t h e cor n er i s s i mply a

f or whi ch th e p a tt er n can be d ev el
”

s qu a r e r et u r n m it er

o ped by t h e s h or t m
,

eth od i n t h e f oll owi n g man n er

P l ace th e s tr et ch ou t of th e pr ofil e D u pon th e cen t er

-
”

l l u a A B whi ch i s ex t en d ed b el ow t h ee l eva ti o
,
n At r i g ht .

a n g l es t o AB d r aw th e m eas u r i n g li n es w hi ch ar e i n t er -
-

,
Fi g ur e 2 40 .
—La y out of Pa t t e rn f or a S qua r e F i h i al .
 M E T AL W OR K ER s M A NU AL ’
‘

f
suEE T

ected by l in es d r awn fr oms i mi l ar

”

d p oi n t s i n
num b er
e

el evat l on Now, m eas u r 1ng f r om th e c en ter lin e,

"

th e
‘

,
,

i
’

t r an s fer th es e p o i n t s t o t h e o pp o s -

t e s i d e o f t h e pa t t er -
n -

_
.

Fi g u r e 2 4 2 .
—
Co n d u ct o r H ea d wi t h I
‘

n cl os ed Top .

by m e n s of th e d i i d er s
a vT r ace a l i n e t h r ough th e
.
f
p oi n t s thu s obt ai n ed , c om pl eti n g t h e p a tt er n f o r on e s i d e
F i g ur e 2 44 .
— Ha l f E l ev ati o n , Sect i o n , a nd P l an of a S qu are Vent i l a t o r .
 . S HE E T M E T AL W OR K A ND PA T T E R N D R AF T I NG

h own m Fi g u r e 2 43 Th es ev en ti l at or s
”

s qu a r e ven t i l at or S .

a r ef u s u a l l y ma d e fr om s h eet c opp er or g a l v a n 1z ed i r on
“
'

a n d a r e l a r g ely u s ed i n s kyli g ht con s t r u ct i on a n d ven ti

l a ti n g wor k .

I n F i gu r e 2 44 i s s h own t h e h alf el evat 1on al s o t h e h a l f ,

s ect i onal a n d pl a n vi e w of a s qu ar e ven ti l a t or whi ch 1s ,

d r awn t o a Scal e O f 3 i nch es t o t h e f oot As i n t h e p r e .

ce d l n g pr obl em ( F i g u r e th efir s t St ep i s t o con s t r u ct

th e pr oper el eva t i on bu t i n a ct u a l s h op pr act i ce t h e h a l f
,

s ect i on a l v1ew 1s a l l th a t i s r equ i r ed f or t h e d ev el op men t ,

o f th e d i ffe r en t pa tt er n s ) L et 0 r epr es en t t h e h ood of t h e

ven t i l ator a n d D t h e fl an g e wh i ch i s j o i n ed t o t h e s qu a r e
,

bas e s h own at E .

T h e h alf ti on a l V 1ews h ows th e pr ofil e of t h e d i ffer ent

‘

s ec
-

s ect i on s al s o t h e m eth od u s ed i n j oi n i n g th e fl an g e a n d
,

b as e whi ch i s s h own at a Th e pos i t i on of th e b an d

'

.
,

i ron b r a ce u s ed 1n con n ectin g t h e h ood an d baSe of t h e

_

ven tila t or i s s h own a t F A ft er th e fu ll s 1z e el ev a t i on

.
-

h as b een d r awn om i t t h e pl an v i ew an d d evel op t h e p a t

, ,

t er ns f or t h e h ood fl ange an d b a s e qf t h e ven til at or by

, ,

t h e S h or t meth od sh own i n F i g u r e 2 40
“

.
 E ME R E NC G Y WA‘

R TR AI N I N G
Th e foll owm g c ou r s e i n s h eet m et al wor k , a s r ecom
-
.
_

mend ed by th e F ed er al B oar d f or Vocati ona l E d u ca

ti on W as hin g t on D C i s in t en d ed t o g 1ve t r ai n i n g l n
"

, , . .
,

g e n er a l s h e e t m et a l w o r k s o l d e r i n g b r az i n g an d g en er
,
a l , ,

r ep a i r S h eet m et a l pa tt er n d r a f t i n g i s n o t i nclu d ed
. .

M u ch of t h e wor k 1n t h e ar m y 1s m th e n a tu r e of r epai r s
t o eq u 1pm en t S ki ll i n t h e u s e of th e s o l d er i n g 1r on 1s a
. .
.

p r i m e r eq u i s it e .

U N I T S 1 s oL D E R 1N G -
.
-

Or a l I n s tr u cti on a — E x pl a i n t h e u s e of flu x es , cl ea n i n g
’

o f p a r t s t o be s ol d er ed ; ca r e of s ol d er i n g i r on , a nd t h e t i n

n 1n g of t h e s am e
“

C au t i ons : Avoi d br ea th l n g f u m es fr om t h e a ci d s
_ , .

K eep a ci d s an d fu m es awa y fr om; s t eel t ool s .

M a r i a ti c aci d w .
—Us ed ra .
’

C u t or boi l ed a ci d — M u r ia ti c a ci d with al l th ezi n c

.

th at will d i s s olv e D i lu t e wi th 2 5 per cen t wat er .

f or or d i n ar y wor k
—
.

’
Ni tr i c aci d Us ed t o cl ean q u i ckl y As s oon as par t .

i s cl ea n d i p i n col d Wa t er t o s t op a ct i on
,
Avoi d
th e a ci d fu m es .

S a l a m m on i a c
x
— S ol i d an d s ol u ti on r Us ed t o cl ea n .
«

t h e s ol d er i n g 1r on
_ .

— Us ed t o s ol d er l ead an d s om e
“

R OS i n p ul ver i z ed
,

tim es t i n
)

f
—
T a l l ow T o s ol d er le
r ad .
 ‘

304 S H EE T M E T AL .

W OR KE R S ’
MA NUAL

f a ce to th e cas t i r on s o as to he
at th e p a r t as m u ch as

p os s ibl e T.h i s m eth o d 1sft en li ght p1eces

o u s ed t o Sol d er ,

p a r ti cu l a r ly b r a s s t o f ace p l a
'
t es o f ma,ch i n e
s i n s t ea
l
d o f ,
,

h ol d i n g th em i n ch u cks Th i s i s d on e t o av oi d Spr i ng
.

i n g t h e pi ece .

S old er b r as s t o ca s t i r on as a b ove . It m ay ber emo ved

with th e h ot i r on Or a t Or ch
L es son 7 .
‘

-
S ol d er cr acks 1n cas t
i r on ; f or ex a pl e, a m
c r ac k ed wa t er j a ck et Of a g as
—
_ en g i n e F i l e o ut a V
-
1

wh er e t h e cr ack i s u s i ng t h e ed g e of a h alf r ou n d fil e ;
“

fl
-

cl ea n w ith r a w aci d ; was h wi th wat er an d u s e cu t aci d as

a ux . A s pec i a l s O l d er m a d e fr om 70 p er ce nt t i n an d
3 0 p er cen t l ea d will h ol d b ett er th an t h e or di n ar y h alf
a nd h a lf s ol d er
-
.

( N t S l d t m b i l e t k d d i t i
"

4
e n a u o o a n s a n
o o e r 1
g r a a or s s
--
.

S ol d er i n g t an k s 1s not d ifficu lt f o r
‘

f r equ en t y r equ i r ed
l .

on e wh o i s s k i ll ed 1n t h e u s e of th e s ol d er i n g i r On H ave
t h e wor k cl ean b e
a ci d f or a

C au ti on
fl f or e att em
u x on g a lv a
p
n iz ed 1r on
ti n g

It i s ver y 1m por t an t th a t t a
t o s ol d er U s e

n k s or c an s th a t
r

.
aw .

h ave con ta i n ed g as oli n e S h ou l d be th or ou g hly cl ean ed ,

.

W as h ou t with h ot wat er and all ow t o d r y bef or eatt em pt

'

i n g t o d o a n y s ol d er i n g G et t an ks an d cans f rom a j u n k
.

d e al er f or pr a cti ce .

L es s on 8 M en d s ev er al t an ks L ar g e h ol es may r e
.
-
.

q u i r e a p a t ch .

L es s on 9 — T es t r a d i at or s a n d s ol d er th e l eaks
. F or .

t h is pu r po s e a t an k l ar g e en ou gh t o t ak e m a r a d i at or
-
m u St be pr ovi d ed I t s h ou l d con t ai n W a t er en ou g h t o
.

co ver t h e r a d i a t or b ei n g t es t ed P lu g th e i nl et an d .

o u tl et p i p es an d cIO s e u p th e ca p ti g htly B y for ci n g .

a 1 r m a t t h e o v er fl ow pi p e th e l eak s ar e i n d i cat ed by

bu bbl es .

C au ti on I f com pr es s ed a 1r 1s u s ed t h e oper at or m u s t
.
,

be car eful n ot t o u s e pr es s u r e th a t wi ll b u r s t t h e thi n

r a d i at or s ecti on s R ad i a t or r ep a i r call s f or gr ea t s ki ll
.
 . t
{ O U T LI NE CO U RS E I N S H EE T M E T AL W OR K 30 5

an d i ng en u i ty tr ea tm en t h j ob s peci a l
‘ “

as ea c r eq u 1r es .

Oft en t h e S ol d er i n g I r on m u s t be g i ven a s p ec1al s h ap e .

Th e f ol l owm g pr oced u r e m a y be f oll owed on t u b u l a r

r ad i a t o rs : H ea t t h e tu b es wh er e th ey ar e s pl i t wi th a ,

bl ow t or ch A pply cu t a ci d s ever a l t i m es Wi th a s qu i r t
.

ca n R i n s e off H ea t ag a 1n a n d apply cu t aci d

. P ou r a
. .

l ad l eful of m elt ed s ol d er over th e tu b es an d cat ch i n a

‘
x

p a n .

U N IT S 2
- —AVIA T ION
. W OR K
A th or ou g h m as t er y of t h e l es s o n s on s ol d er i n g i s n eces
sary P u t s peci a l em ph as i s on L es s o n s 8 a nd 9
.
~ .

—
(

L es s on 1 W r ap wood en p1eces, s u ch as foun d i n t h e

,

air p l a n e ,-
wi th c opp er w i
-

r e
.
a n d c o a t th i
-

s w i r e w i th s o l d er

t o form fe r r u l es B e s u r e th at t h e en d s of t h e W I r e a r e
.

s ecu r ely f a s t en ed .

L es s o n 2 — Tip wood en par t s wi th Sh eet met al

m
z Th e .

et al m u s t be cu t ou t In pr oper s h ap e s om et i m e s S h a p ed : ,

by peen I n g t o fit n eatly m u s t be t a cked on an d t h e j oi nt s

, ,

a n d ta ck h ea d s th or ou g hly s ol d er ed .

P att er n s f or s h eet m et al ti ps m ay o f t en be qu i ckly

m ad e by fol d i n g p a p er ar ou n d th e pa r t t a ki ng u p t h e ;
,

s l ack i n th e p a p er by f ol d s cu tt i n g t h e p a per a n d fitti n g

”
,
“
by t h e cu t an d tr y pr oces s - -
.

L es s on 3 M a ke s ev er al wi r e s pli ces a s d es cr i b ed i n
"

-
. _

G over n m en t S p eci fica t i on s an d Si g n a l C or p s M an u al s

f or Ai r pl an e C r ews
,

-
B e s u r e th a t t h e s ol d er r u n s en t i r ely
.

th r oug h ever y p ar t of t h e S pli ce R em ov e al l t r ace of

‘

a ci d s o as t o a v oi d cor r o s 10 n
,
Av oi d h eat i n g t h e wi r e .

t o a p oi n t wh er e t h e col or s s t a rt as th i s s oft en s a n d
‘

_
, ,

weak en s t h e W I r e D o n ot Us ea bl ow t or ch . .

L es s on 4 — M ak e u p wi r e l oops as d i r ected on p a g e s 1 8
”
.
_

“
and 1 9 Not es on R i g g i n g f or ; Ai r M ech an I cs
, ( S ee .

s econ d an n u al r epor t o f t h e Na ti on a l A d vi s or y C om m i t

t ee f or Aer on au t i cs 1 91 6 p u bl i s h ed by G ov er n m en t , ,

P r i nti n g Office W as hi n g t on D C ) Th es e l oops a r e oft en

, ,
. .
 30 6 S HE E T M E T AL W o R K ER s ’
MA NUAL
—
wi r e and
”

d t ob e on each en d o t d is f of an ex ac
‘ i
’

r equ 1r e a
f

”
x

t an ce apar t Th e l a s h i n g m u s t be s ol d er ed th or oug hly

.
'

( N o t e —M u
'
c h pr
. act i ce i s r e u
q ri ed i nthi s Wor k I t w i ll '
.

r equi r e pr evi ou s ex per I en ce as a t i n Sm i t h or e x cepti on al s

m echa n i cal ability Ai r pl a n e s h eet m et al Wor ker s ar e ex

.
-

ect ed t o be abl e t o wel d s m all p ar t s by th e ox y a ce

\
'

p t y l en e e

wel d i n g pr o ces s ) .

—
U N I T S 3 R RAZ IN G -
.

B r az m g iti n g p a
1s u n r t s by h a r d s ol d e r or s p el te r It ,
.
:

i s u s ed wh er e m or e St r en g th i s r equ ir ed W h a t i s known .
“
-

a s s il v er s ol d er i s s om et i m es u s ed Thi s comes i n th i n
‘
‘

s he et f or m S pelt er 1s av ail abl e i n g r an u l ar an d w ir e

'

'
.

f or m .

L es s on 1 — B r a z e two s t r I ps of s h eet i r on or St eel i B eVel

.
e

t h e en d s of t h e p1 eces so as t o m ak e a un if o r m ly thi ck l a p

j oi n t wi th a l ap of ab ou t i n ch C l ean wi th r aw
’

or

a ci d ; W as h w ith wa t er ‘
Th e pi eces s h ou l d be h el d t o .

g e th e r w ith a c l a m p fi x t u r e or r i ve t P u,t a p i ec e o f s i l ,
.

v er s ol d er betw een t h e l app ed p i eces Have a p air of ‘

h eavy pl i er s r ea d y t o pin ch th e j oi n t t og eth er f wh en

'
“
' "

h eat ed Heat t h e j oi n t with a bl ow t or ch or a p a i r o f

.
“

__

br a z m g t on g s W h en t h e Sol d er m elt s r emove t h e t ong s

“

. _

or t or ch a nd qu I ckl y cl os e t h e j oi n t wi th t h e pl i er s Fin .

i s h t h e j oi n t t o a u n i f o r m t hi ckness wi th a fil e
'
‘

L ess on I 2 B r a z e a s t eel tu b e i n t o a fitt i n g H av e t h e

.
-
.

j oi n t fit cl osely s o t h e m olt en s pelt er will b e d r awn i n t o

"

t h e j oi n t by capi ll ar y att r a cti on : D r ill an d r i v et t h e

_

p i e ce s t o g eth er a ft e r cl e a n I n g a s I n L es s on 1 H e a t w ith ,
.

a bl ow tOr ch Th e wor k s h ou l d be s u r r ou n d ed by fir e
"

br i ck t o r et a in t h e h ea t It i s an a d va n t a g e t o h av e a
‘

. _

be d of cl ea n cok e or ch ar coal t o wor k on —

Th e g as fl am e .
_

W Il l i gn i t e th i s cok e a n d h el p s ecu r e an ev
“

en h eat ar ou n d

fl
_ .

t h e j oi n t W hen a r ed h eat i s s ecu r ed apply b Or ax a s a -

,
\
-

W h en t h e b or ax r u n s over t h e j oi n t ; ;apply t h e
"

ux . ,

s pel ter i n g r a n u l a r or wi r e f or m ; wi r e i s bet t er as it

"

,
 S EEET M E T A L W OR K E R S ’
MANU AL .

—
‘

L es s on 9 M ak e . by 4 by S i nch es ; th at i s
a ,

a 4 i n ch pi pe en ter ed by a 3 i n ch pi p e C ompl et e as i n 8
i

. .

L es s on 1 0 _ M ake a fitt m g a s i n 9 4 by 4 by 3 i n ch es
.
, ,

with t h e 3 in ch pi pe en t er i ng at a 30 ang l e
-
°
.

L es s on 1 1 — M a ke a con i cal coll ar th at wi l l fit ar ou n d a

.

4 i n ch pi pe a t t h e s m a ll en d , th e i n cl u d ed a n g l e o f t h e
’

c on e t o be 6 0 an d t h e b as e 8 i n ch es °
.

L es s on 1 2 — M a k e a con i cal coll ar t o fi

. t ov er a 4 i n ch -

p p
1 e t h a t p a s s es t h r o u g h a o n e thi r d p i t ch r o o f - -
.

'

( N o t e — T h e m a. i
k g n of v a r i ou s s h a ps e fi t t i n g s a n d , ,

s h eet m et al p a r t s c an be e
-
x t en d ed i nd efini t e ly bu t it i s ,

f elt th a t s ch ool s h a d b ett er con fin e th em selves t o th e el e

“

m en t ar y wor k ) .

E M E R GE N C Y WAR TR AININ G S H EE T M E T
,
AL -
WOR KIN G

—
EQ UIPM ENT
I n d i vi d u a l

p
—
H pa i r N o 8 s n i ps , s t r a i g h t
a i r N o 8 c i r c u l a r s
.

n i ps
.

H r i v et g h a m e , 1 7§ i n ch f a c e
i n m r 1 -

H s et s ol i d pu n ch es
H r o of s c r a per
H N o 6 r i v e t s et
.

H_c h i s el , b y 6 i n ch es
Hc h i s el ,
‘
fl
by 1 0 i n ch es
H pai r a t pl i er s , 7 i n ch
H fia t b as t a r d fil e , l O i n ch
-

? § 2 m en
ea ch _

H t a b l e 3 b y 7 f eet , 3 2 i n ch e s h i g h
1

1 fir e pct ( g a s , g a so l i n e , or ch a r coal )
-
1 pa i r s ol d e r i n g i r on s .

F o r ea ch 4 m en
1 g a s ol i n e —b l owt or ch

F or ea ch 6 m en
1 b e n ch v 1s e

F or U n i t S 4 ad d t h e f ol l o wi n g ( s h eet m et al patt er n s )
-
.

F or e
ach 1 0 m en
1 t u r ni n g m a ch i n e, s m al l

1 b u r r i n g m a ch i n e , l a r g e
“

1 h ol l ow m a n d r el s t a e k
 O U T LI NE CO UR S E I N S HE E T M E T AL W OR K 30 9

For men

—
'

each 2 0 to 2 5

—
q
1 3 6 i n ch s u a r e s h ea r

—
H 3 7 1n ch by
-
i n ch a d j
-
us ta bl e s l i p r ol l f or m er

—
J

H
4 f o ot c or n i c e b r a e k
F 30 i n ch ba r f ol d er
-

I b ea d i n g mach i n e
H c r i m pe r a n d b e a d er
W i r i n g m a ch i n e
J

k
H cr ea s i n g s t a e
H b l o w-h or n s t a e k
 ‘

ox x A GE T Y L E N E
-
W E L D I N G AND CU TT I N G

Th e ox y a cetyl en e pr o ces s of wel d in g a n d cu t ti n g i s

-

a n a d a pt a t i on of a v er y an ci en t a r t wh i ch wa s fir s t r a
, p c

ti ced by t h e E g ypti ans Th e ear ly pr o ces s con s i s t ed of

w
.

h ea ti n g m et al s of a l o m eltin g po i n t by mean s of a
t or ch u s i n g a cr u d e fu el g as an d d r awi n g t h e n eces s ar y
,

ox y g en f rom t h e a i r .

Th e m od ern pr oces s of bl owpi pe wel d i n g i s s om ewh a t

s i m il a r bu t it i s appli ed s u cces s f u lly t o t h e W el d i n g of
,

hi g h m elti n g point m et al s a s w
-
ell It i n volves t h e u s e of
.

d i s s ol ved a cetyl en e a n d com pr es s ed ox y g en Th es e g as es

.
,

b u r n ed i n a s u it abl e bl owpl p e pr od u ce a fl am e t em per a ,

tu r e of a ppr ox i m a t ely d eg r ees F ah r en h ei t Whi ch i s

”

c a pa bl e of b r i n g i n g m et a l s t o a m olt en s t a t e v ery r a pi d ly .

B l owpi p e wel d in g i s g en er ally k n own a s

“ ?
a u t og en ou s

wel d in g bu t thi s t er m m ay al s o be appli ed t o el ectr i c

,

wel d i n g Au t og en ou s wel d in g h owever h as g r ad u ally

.
, ,

com e t obe u n d er s t ood a s m ean l n g t h e ox y acetyl en e bl ow -

p p1 e ,
w e l d i n g p r oc e s s w hi c,
h i n ,
co m m e r c i a l fi el d s h a,
s

o p
"
a ti ll y l t d t h Ol d m th d f b l i e
“

p r c c a s u pp a n e e er e o s o
wel d i n g s uch a s ox y hy d r og en an d ox y coal g a s pr oces s es
,
- - -
.

T h e o x y
—a c etyl e n e p r o c es s o f W el d i n g c on s i s t s o f h ea t
g t h e p i e c e s o f m e t a l t o b e j o i n ed a t t h e p
,
o i n t o f w e l d ,

t o a m ol t en St at e by m ean s of t h e Ox y acetyl ene fl am e -

”
.

,
“
ca u s i n g th em t o r u n t o g et h er o r
-

fu s e i n t o on e h om o
g e n eo u s p 1 e c e A r o d o r s ti ck o f Sp eci al m et al ( co m
”
. .

fill er r o d ) i s u s ed t o fil l i n be
“
m ou ly call ed filli n g or
t ween pi eces of n ew m et a l b ei n g wel d ed t og eth er
Thi s p r oces s m u s t n ot be confu s ed wi th s ol d er i n g or
310
 12 -

S HE E T M E TAL W OR K E R S ’
MANUAL

6 0 d eg r ees F ah r en h eit . th i s Wa y th a t l a r g e iqu an

It i s i n
t i ti es of a cetyl en e a r e s t or ed I n s m a ll Con t ai n er s at c om

p a r a t i v el y l owpr es s u r e .

Pr es t O L i t e d i s s o lved
-
tyl en e i n l ar g e Wel d in g cyl
a ce e

i n d er s i s obt ain able i n an y in d u s tr ia l cen t er In li g ht .

wel d i n g wor k wh er e t h e d em an d s f or a cety l en e ar e n ot

‘

h eavy P r es t O L it e g as t an ks s u ch as ar e com m on ly u s ed
,
- -

on au to m ob i l es an d wh i c ,
h ar e obt a inabl e an d ex ch an g e
a b l e i n al m os t a n y t ow n or vill a g e ca n be u s ed , .

Th e a d v an t a g es of h avi n g b oth ox y g en a n d a cetyl en e

i n por t abl e cyli n d er s a r e qu it e evi d en t as a compl et e ,

i n d epen d en t wel d i n g pl an t i s pr ovi d ed wh i ch m ay be ,

moved fr om pl ace t o pl ace W h er e i t s s er vi ces ar e r equ i r ed .

Q u a l i fi ca ti o n s o f t h e O p er a t o r I t d .o e s n -
o t t a k e v e r y
l on g f or an i n t elli g en t s tu d en t or wor km a n to bec om e a
’
fa i r wel d er on s i m pl e wor k A f ew weeks pr actice Will .

d evel op al l t h e sk il l n eces s ar y t o en abl e a wor km an t o

“

h an dl e or d in ar y wel d i n g wor k lik ely t o be m et wi th i h t h e -

a ver a g e s h op Ver y thi n pl a t e wor k h owever ; r equ i r es

.
,

m or e s kill . It t ak es m or e t im e t o a tt ai n th e s t ea d i n es s
of ha d n eces s ar y t o m ak e n ea t Wel d s a n d t o l ea r n h ow
_
n ,

b es t t o o ver com e t h e b u ckli n g d ifficu lti es th a t I n var i ably

ar e m et I t i s i m p os s ibl e t o m ake an y h ar d an d f ast r u l e
'

on t h e b es t m eth od s o f a ccom pli s hi n g thi s E x per i en ce .

i s t h e b es t tea ch er bu t t o thi s m ,
u st be a d d ed p er s ev er

a n ce on th e p ar t of t h e op er a t or
‘

Th e wel d i n g t og eth er of pl a t es over : ~

i n ch thic k
s h ou l d n ot be a tt em p t ed on s er i ou s wor k u n til t h e oper a
,

to r h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d by ,
fi r s t w e l d i n g s om e s a m pl e

p i e c es a n d th e n b r ea ki n g th e m a t t h e w e l d th a t h e i s ,

c a p abl e o f m aki n g a s ou n d u n bu r n e
,
d j oi n t of u n if or m
s t r en g th a n d qu a lity th r ou g h ou t .

A p os itive d es i r eon th e p ar t of th e wor m an t o d o g ood

wo r k I s a b s o l u t e ly e s s en ti a l b eca ,
u s e It i s d i ffi cu lt t ej u d g e
t h e q ui a l i t y o f a w e l d by m e r e ly l o ok i n g a t i t a f t er com

p l et i on .
 -

OX Y -
A C E T Y L E NE W E LDI N G A N D C U T T I N G 313

An y on e wa t ch i n g a bl owpi p e wel d i n g oper ati on f or th e

'

fir s t t i m e i s apt t ocom e t o t h e con cl u s i on th a t t h e pr o ces s

o
-

is s o Si m pl e th a t an y wor km an ca n oper a e a t t or ch wi th
l i ttl e or no p r a c t i ce thi s i s t r u e, bu t i t i s
. In a s en s e

es s en t i a l tha t t h e oper a t or h av e a f a i r kn owl ed g e of t h e

n a tu r e a n d p r op er t i es of t h e m et al s b ei n g wel d ed th e

fl
,

effects of ex p a n s i on an d con t r a ct i o n t h e r ea s on f or t h e ,

us e of u x es a n d fill i n g r o d s t h e pr op er k i n d of fil h n g

W
,

m a ter i al h ow t o a pply h eat

,
i th ou t bu r n i n g th e m et al ,

et c . Al l t hi s I s n eces s a r y t o a tt ai n t h e m os t s at i s f a ct or y
‘

a n d t h i s c er t a i n ly ca n n ot be ga i n ed i n a s i ng l e
'

r es u lt s ,

Ox y a cetyl en e wel d in g mu s t be con s i d er ed a tr a d e f or

“

-
,

a s k i ll ed Wel d i ng op er a or 1s j u s t as m u ch an a r t i s a n as
t ”

a bla cks mi th or a m achi n i s t .

W E LDI N G APPAR AT U S
Th er e ar e a g r ea tyl ene wel d i n g ou t
t m an y ox y ace -

fit s m an u fa ct u red I n v ar i ou s types A typi cal por t abl e

wel d i n g ou tfit 1s s h own In F i g ur e 24 5 Th e type of bl ow .

p p i e s h ow n w i th th i s a pp a r a t u s i s of s u f fi ci e n t ca p a c ity t o

h a n d l e t h e wi d es t fiel d of ox y a cetyl en e Wel d in g oper a -

t i on s pr a cti cabl e
Th e wel d i n g a pp ar atu s pr oper con s i s ts of th e wel d i n g
bl owpi pe ( F i g ur e 2 4 6 ) an d t W o l en g th s of r u bb er h o s e ,

on e f or a cetyl en e an d on e f or o x y g en whi ch ar e con ,

n ecte d t o a cet yl en e an d ox yg en r eg u l a t or s; .

T h e B l owpi p e — D es i g n ed f or u s e I n conn ecti on wi th

"

com pr es s ed g as es th i s s tyl e of bl owpi pe wor ks on t h e

,
“

equal pr es s u r e s ys t em ; th a t i s t o s ay b oth g a s es a r e d e ~
,

l i ver ed t o th e bl owpi pe i n l et at equ al pr es s u r es an d n o

‘

fl
.

i n j ect or d evi ce i s n eces s ar y T h e g a s e s a r e m 1.x e d n ea r

t h e h an d l e an d ow t o g eth er a l on g th e fu ll l en g th of t h e

s t em i n s u r i n g a p er f ect m i x t u r e by t h e t i m e t h e t i p i s
h

r ea ch ed Th e s t em i s fitt ed t o t h e mi x i n g ch m b er by
.
a

m eans of a u n l on n u t wh i ch p er m i t s th e op er at or t o ,
 F i g u r e 2 4 52— A T
W el d i n g G
yp
i ca l
( Ox y g e n a n d
.
P
A
b
o r t a l e W el d i n g
c e t yl en e) y
i n S a f et
fi yy
Ou t t , E mp l o i n g B et h
S t o r a g e C l i n d er s ,
“

fi
a s es
f

M o u n t e d o n a T wo W h eel e d T r u c k L
yT h i s O u t t W ei g h s es s T h a n 3 0 0
-
.

L bs , a n d M a y B e H a n d l e d E a s i l
.
-

by On e M a n .
 M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA N UAL
_

16 SHE E T

. A cety l en e R egu l a tors ,

-
as
-

i llus t r a t ed i n F i gu r e 2 48 ,
l t t h e pr es s u r e of t h e a cetyl en e
r eg u a e f o m th e s ou r ce of
r

s u ppl y .R eg u l a t or s u s ed I n con n ecti on with g as cyli n d ers

a r e fitt ed wi th t wo pr es s u r e g au g es Th e i nl et or h i gh .
,

p r es s u r e g a
,
u g e i n d i c a t es t h e a pp r ox i m at e con t en t s of

t h e cyli n d er a n d th e ou tl et or wor ki n g pr es s ur e g au g e
, ,
.

i n d i ca t es t h e a cetyl en e pr es s u r e i n t h e hos e li n e Th e .

wor ki ng pr es s u r e i s r eg u l at ed by an a d j u s ti n g Scr ew I n
t h e a cet yl en e r ed u ci n g v a lve Th e pr es s u r e can be f u r
‘
'
-

.
.

Fi g ur e 2 4 8 —A u t om a t i c C on s t a n t r es s u r e P
e t y l en e Ac
R eg u l a t o r .

U A V
M,
A yn i on Nu t S e c u r i n g R eg u l a t o r o n
c e t l e n e R eg u l a t o r O u t l e t N ee d l e
l a t o r S c r ew ; P , L o w o r W o r i n g
a l ve ; 0
k
c et y l en e C y l i n d er

P
V c et y l en e
G
,
A
a l ve
r e s s u r e R eg u
N,
P
y
,

P r es s u r e G
aug e ; R , A
A
yy
r es s u r e

y
c e t l en e R e d u ci n g
a u g e ; Q , H i g h o r C l i n d er
a l ve ; S , V
c et l en e H o s e Ni p
V
A
A
y y
A y
p l e ; V, W r en c h on ce t l e n e C l i n d e r a l ve ; W c et y l en e C l i n d er
V G V
,

a l ve ; Z , l a n d Nu t o n c et l e n e C y l i n d e r a l ve .

th er l t
r eg u a ed by an ou tl et n eed le l
v a ve at th e h o s e c on
n e ct i on .

Th e ox y g en r eg u l a tor ,
con n ec ed t t o t h e _v al ve
_
o
f : th e
ox yg en cyli n d er i s es s enti ally t h e s am e as th e acetyl en e
,
,

r eg u l a t or ex cepti n g t h e p r es s u r e g au g es
,
wh i ch ar e d e ,
,

s i g n ed f or t h e hi g h er pr es s u r e a t whi ch o x yg en i s Used .

’
W el d er s g og g l es whi ch ar e Us u ally fu r n i s h ed with al l
,

wel d in g ou tfits ar e v er y es s enti al an d s h ou l d be wor n i n

,
 O XY -
A CE T Y L E N E W E LDI N G A N D C U T T I N G 317

a ll wel d gin w k W hil

or e t
. h e ox y a cetyl en e fl a m e g 1
-
v es

ofi on ly s l i g ht ul tr a vi ol et r a ys -
th ey a r e s o i n t en s e th at
,

i t i s v er y d azzli n g an d t i r es om e t o t h e n ak ed ey e G og g l es
a l s o g u a r d t h e ey es a g a i n s t s p ar ks an d par t i cl es of m olt en

m et al .

W el der tr u cks on wh i ch th e g a s cyli n d er s ar e m oun t ed

,

an d Wh i ch f ac i l i t at e m ovi n g t h e wel d i n g ou tfit wh er e i t

i s d es i r ed can be h a d fr om m an u f actu r er s
,
.

T HE OXY -
A CE T YLE NE W E LDING ED AM E
m
C h e i s tr y of th e —
F l a me A cetyl en e H
( 2 2)
C _
i s co m
pos ed o f c a r b on C
( ) hyd r og en an d On com bu s t 1on ,
t h e car b on c om bm es wi th ox yg en t o
_ for m car b on d i ox i d e
( C O, ) a nd th e hyd r o g en c om b i n es o x y g en t o f or m
wat er j va pcr ( H2 0 ) Thi s t akes pl ace i n th e f ol l owm g
‘

5
.
W h en t h e g as es 1s s u e fr om t h e bl owpi pe i n t o t h e wel d
i ng fl am e t h e a cet y l en e i m m ed i at ely d i s s oci a t es ; i n oth er
'

wor d s it s pl i ts u p in t o car b on d i ox i d e an d wat er va por

, .

I n con s equ en ce of t h e h i g h fl a m e t em p er a tu r e ( 6 30 0 ,
°

f
F ah r . t h e wa t er v a por for med by th i s pr 1m ar y com bu s
t i oni s imm ed i a t ely d i s s o ci ated i n t o hy d r og en an d ox yg en .

Th e ox y g en as s i s t s i n t h e bu r n m g of t h e car b on wh i l e t h e ,

hyd r og en ( wh i ch can on ly com b i n e wi th ox y g en at a t em

p e r a t u r e b el o w 4 0 0 0 F a h r, p a s s es aw °
a y f r om t
. h e hi g h
t em per a tu r e z on e an d com b i n es with t h e ox y g en of th e
a tmo s p h er e a t t h e ou t er blu e par t of th e fl am e wh er e t h e ,

tem pe r atu r e i s s u ffici en tly l ow t o per m it i t Th e r es u lt of .

th i s Is th a t t h e i n n er or wel d i n g con e of t h e fl am e 1s pr o ?

t ect ed by a s h i el d of f r ee h y d r og en whi ch pr ev en t s l os s ,

o f h ea t a n d a l s o t en d s t o pr ot ect t h e wel d fr om ox i d a t i on .

Th e t em p er at u r e of t h e ox y a cetyl en e fl am e 1s a ppr ox i
-

mat ely 6 30 0 F ahr at th e h ott est p ar t of t h e fl am e

°
,
.
, ,

whi ch i s th e t i p of th e I n n er whi t e con e Th e effect o f .

th i s t r em en d ou s h eat a t th e poi n t o f tr ea tm en t i s t o
-

bri n g t h e met al ver y r api d ly t o a m olt en s t at e s o th a t i t ,

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S "
MA NUAL

fl ows t og eth er an d m 1x es th or ou g hly wi th t h e pr oper .

q u a n ti ty of m et a l a d d e d by t h e op e r a t or .

Th e m olt en m as s thus for m ed d oes n ot mer ely cem en t ,

t wo pi eces of m et al t og eth er 4 —i t fu s es th em i n t o on e u n i
-

f or m m as s .

F l ame A d j u s tm en t — It i s ab s olu t ely n eces s ar y a t al l

t i mes th a t th e wel d in g fl am e be n eu tr al ;j th at i s th at th er e

Fi g ur e 2 49 —T h e O xy r
'

A cet y l en e F l a m e A
‘

sh o ws a W el d i n g Fl a m e
wi t h A
.
,

S h o ws
-

C o r r e ct Na t u ra l W el d i n g
‘
an
_ E x c es s
F l ame ; 0 -
of
'
cet y l en e ; B
a W el d i n g F l a m e w i th
a
a n E x ces s of O x g en y .

be n o ex ces s of ox yg en or tyl en e
ace . A c or r ect ly ad

jus t ed (n eu t r a l ) fl a m e i s s h own a t B o f F i g u r e 2 4 9 I t

fl
.

wi ll be n ot ed th a t t h e in n er c on e i s c l ear and well d e

fi

fin ed A of F i g u r e 24 9 s h ows a am e h avi n g an exces s

.

of f a cety l en e Th e i nn er con e 1s r a g g ed in a pp e a r a n c e
”
. .

“
T o m ak e suc h a fl am e a c etyl ene S h ou l d
n eu t r al th e
w
,

be cu t do n by r ed u ci n g t h e pr es su r e eith er at th e r eg u ,
a

l a t or i
or at t h e bl owpi p e or by i n cr e as i n g t h e ox y g en
,
 M E T AL WOR K E R S MA NUAL ’
“

32 0 S HE E T
“

Not e A l l a d j u s tm en t s at t h e r eg u l at or s m os t be ma d e

fl
.
- ! .

whil e th e bl owp i pe i s a li g ht .

Th e r eg u l a t i on of t h e wel d i n g ame r eally m ea n s t h e

r eg u l at i on of t h e w h i t e i n ner con e Thi s con e s h ou l d

w
.

al ay s be a s l a r g e as p os s i bl e p r ov i d ed i t s o u tl i n e i s ,

s h a r p an d d i s t i n c t A l on g cl ear 1n n er con e s h ou l d al .
,

ways be s ou g ht Th e g as es s h ou l d be r ea d j us t ed s ev eral
.

ti m es if n eces s a r y u n t i l t h e d es i r ed r es u lt 1s obt a i n ed
Wh en t h e bl owpi pe Is fir s t l i g ht ed i t i s col d Rad i a t ed
, , .

h ea t fr omt h e m el t en m et a l wi ll g r a d u al ly war m it Thi s .

i s apt t o a ff ect t h e wel d i n g fl am e s l i g htly I t u s u ally wi ll .

'

be f ou n d n e ces sar y t o m a ke rea d S t m en t of t h e g as pr es

s u r es by m ea n s of t h e ox y g en a n d a cet yl en e n eed l e v a l v es
"

f
-

o n t h e bl owpI p e a ft er t h e bl owpi pe h a s b een a t wor k f or

'

E fiec ts o f I m p p
r o er R eg h ou l d be r emem
u l a ti on —It s .

b er ed t h a t st eels a n d ca st i r on a r e com bi n ati on s of i r on ”

a n d c ar b on I t will be a ppr eci a t ed

. th er efor e th at i f th e , ,

wel d i n g fl am e h as an ex ces s of ox yg en t h e n iet al wi ll be ,

d eca r b on i zed or ox i d i z ed a n d t h e n a tu r e of t h e m et al ,

cha n g ed .

On t h e oth er h an d m olt en i r on or St eel wi ll abs or b ,

ca r b n T h u s ex ces s o f a cetyl en e I n a we l di n g fl a m e wi ll
p .
,

c arb on iz e t h e met al Th i s S h oul d be a v oi d ed ex ce pt in

“

.
,

s p eci a l cas es wh er e it i s d es i r ed t o ca r b on i z e m il d s t eel .

P RE PAR A T I ON F OR W E LDI N G

h
T e oper a or t s h ou l d
th at an y j ob t o be re mm b e er
“

wel d ed m u s t be pr oper ly pr ep ar ed cl eaned lin ed u p , , ,

et c b efor e th e bl owpi pe 1s l i g ht ed
.
,
.

B u tt W el d i n g —lV
Iet al s o f i n ch i n th i ckn es s or l es s
. .

a r e u s u a lly b u tt wel d ed with ou t b ev eli n g ( s ee Fi g u r e

In wel d in g m et al p ar t s m or e th an i nch i n thi ck

n es s, th e en t i r e th i ckn es s of each s i d e s h ou l d be b ev el ed
a t an an g e o f a l b ou t 45 °
( g
F i u r e B eveli n g I n s ur es
 ox y -
AC E TiY L E NE W E L DI NG A ND C UT T N I G 3 2 1;

t ti on wel d en t i r ely th r ou g h t h e m
of th e et al T hi s:
‘

p en e r a .

es p ec1 al l y n eces s a r y i n h ea v y s ect i on s W h en th e m et al

'

is .

is m or e th an i n ch th i ck an d i t I s p os s 1bl e t o wel d ,

—E pl B i tt B n S h e et
Fi gur e
M
250 .

et a l u p t o
xam
I n ch
e of
_

i n Th i c
l Joi n t
kn es s , W h er e
ef o r e
B
-

eveh n g
W el d i n g
Is
on
U
Th i
n n e ce s s a r y .

Fi g u r e 25 1 .
—B ev el Em lo
Ov e r
-
p y dI
e on _

n ch
M et a l
i n Th i c
Le ss
k n es s
th an
.
k /
8 or 34
5 I n ch

F i g ur e 2 5 2 ; E x a m l e
. _ of p
B ev eh n g a n d W el d i n g S e ct i on s Ov e r 34 I n ch / A

i n T h i c n es s k
a r t s Ar e P
ev el e d a n d
. W el d ed o n B
ot h S i d es , a s S h o wn
B .

F i g ur e 2 5 3 —B
.
4
ev el i n g of S e ct i ons Ov er 34
'

n ch i n Th i c
“

I k n es s Wh r
e e»

P arts M u s t B e W el d e d f r o m O n e S i d e O n l y .

fr om b oth s i d es it bl e t o b evel as illu s tr at ed by

,
is a d vi s a

E i gu r e 2 52 If i t i s i m pos s i bl e t o wel d fr om b oth s i d es

“

:
.
,

con s i d er a bl e t i m e a n d m at er i al wi l l b e S av ed by b ev eli n g
f

r ou g h l y as s h ow
,
n i n Fi g u r e 2 5 3 .
 ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
M AN UAL
\
-
S HE E T

F or wor k in ch In thi ckn

ex cee ding
es s t h e be ve li n g ,

o per a ti on i n t h e ca s e o f s t eel can be pe

, r f or m ed by m ean s ,

o f t h e ox y a cetyl ene cu tt i n bIOW pi pe

g
-
L

On thin n er s ect i on s t h e b ev el i n g can be per f orm ed by

,

g r i n d i n g or w ith,
a h a m m e r a n d chi s el O n t h e thi n n es t .

s ecti ons w h er e b evelin g i s n eces s ar y u s e a fil e ,

F l a n ge W el d s — In con s t r u cti on wor k o n ex t r em ely

t hi n s h eet met al s ecti ons t h e ed g es of t h e par ts t o be -

F i gu r e 2 5 4 —F l a n g e M a d e
. on Th i n Sh ee t s B ef o r e W el di ng .

wel d ed h ou l d be fl an g ed ( F i g u r e
s W h en th i s I s

fl
d on e n o fil l i n g m a t er i a l n eed be u s ed , t h e m et al i n t h e

p
an

e a
g
r
e

a n
,

c
e

e
r v

of
i n g
a
t
w
h
e
i
l
s

d m
u
p pr

a d
o

e
s

o
e
1

n t
F
h
i
i
g u r e 2
n s h eets
55 s h
a
ow s t h e a p.

n g ed b ef or e ,
fl
“

Fi g ur e 2 5 5 —Ap p ea r a n ce of a W el d M a d e
’

B ef o r e W el d i n g
‘

.
on Th i n \S h eet s ,
‘

Fl a n g ed

wel d in g . hows a ty pe of cl am p th at can be

F ig u r e 2 5 7 s

u s ed t o a d v an t a g e on th i n m et al s h eet s fl an g ed f or wel d

i ng .It can be Oper a t ed by a h el per wh o g r i ps t h e m et al ,

a f ew i n ch es a h ea d of t h e wel d an d m ov es t h e cl am p

Fi g ur e —A L ap J oi n t , B ef or e W el d i n g .

when th wel d er l on g s eam s a n u m

com es u p t o h i m On
"

ber o f th es e cl am p s can be u s ed b ei n g h el d I n
pos i t i on by

W
,

th e l ocki n g r i n g whi ch i s s h o n ar o u n d t h e h and l es i n

F i gu r e 2 5 8 1
.
 M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL
‘
’
S HE E T

F ILL I N G RO SD
T h e g ap, or cr ack , th a t ex i s ts b etwe en t wo pi eces pr e
p a r ed f or w el d i n g r eq u i r es th a t s om e; a d d i ti on al m et al
be s u ppli ed t o fil l it u p F or thi s pu r po s e r od s or W i r es
.

kn oWn as fill i n g or wel d in g r od s of var i ou s s tyles ar e

em p o l y ed ; '

It will be a ppr eci a ed t th at th e s tr en g th an d n atu r e of

t h e gwel d ed j oi n t W i l l d epen d t o a g r eat ex t e nt o n t h e
n atu r e o f t h e filli n g r od In or d er t o ob ta i n a j oi n t t h at
.

wi ll be th e s am e as th e met al of th e par t s b ein g wel d ed ,

i t i s of cour s e n eces s ar y th at t h e ad d ed m etal aft er th e ,

wel d i n g i s com pl et ed be of t h e s am e per cen t ag e com pos i

,

ti on In or d er t o obt a i n thi s i d eal r es u lt it i s of ten n eces

.
,

s ar y th a t t h e fill er ,
b efor e it i s m elt ed i n t o th e g ap or
c r a ck con t a i n s om e ex ces s of t h e s ubs t an ces ( f or ei g n t o
,

t h e pu re m eta l ) Wh i ch g av e t o t h e s ecti on s o f t h e m et al
p a r t t o b e j o i n e d th e i r p a r ti cu l a r c h a r a c t e r i s ti cs o f h a r d
n es s d u ctility or h i g h t en s il e s tr en g th
, ,
.

Th e n eces s ity at tim es f or a d d i n g an a d d iti onal qu an

t ity of thi s p ar ti cu l a r qu ality g ivi n g s u bs t an ce i s du e t o
-

t h e f a ct th at a por ti on o f thi s s u b s ta n ce m a y be b ur n ed
o u t ( or v ol atiliz ed ) d u r i n g th e wel d i n g A s an ex am pl e
'

.
_ ,

t ake T h e cas e of p e r c e n t ( 0p
2 o i n t )
-
c a r b o n s t e e l I f .

it W as d es i r ed t o h av e a Wel d ed j oi n t with th e car b on con

t en t t h e s am e it wou l d pr ob ably be b es t t o u se a fill er th a t
,

h ad p e r c e n t ( p
3 5 o-
i n t ) c a r b o n c o n t en t ; a n d th e n a

g oo d d ea l w o u l d d ep e n d o n t h e s p ee d a t w hi ch t h e w o r k
w p a s er f o r m e d a n d t h e s kil l o f t h e o p e r a t o r ,

F or t un at el y s u ch i d eal r es u lt s ar e n ot oft en n eces s ar y

I n pr a cti ce ,
an d t h e em pl oym en t o f g ood fill er as s u p ,

p l i e d by fi r m s o f r e p u t e w ill
, g i v e j o i n t s th a t a r e o f s u c h
a n at u r e th a t th ey will s t an d t h e s t r es s a n d wear of u s e .

S teel an d Ir on filli n g r od s s h ou l d always be k ept i n a

d r y pl a ce t o pr even t r u s ti n g I f th ey d o b ecome r u s t ed
.

th ey m u s t be th or ou g hly cl ean ed b efor e u s m g .

 A C E T Y L E NE
'

W E LDI NG A ND
"

OXY C Q T T I NG 32 5
-

F LU XE S
S om e m et als d o n ot fiow t og eth er r ea d ily u n d er

fl th e
’

ac t i on of th e bl owpi pe fiam e B y u s m g a s u it abl e u x

z
.

.
.

thi s d if fiCul ty 1s over come A wel d i n g u x i s a com bin a

t i on of ch em i cal s i n t h e f or m of a powd er wh i ch a s s i s t s
fl '
,

fu s i on an d ei th er pr ev en t s t h e for m ati on of ox i d es or
b r eaks d own ox i d es wh en f or m ed
F lux s h ou l d n ot be S pr i n kl ed on th e wel d , bu t s h ou l d
be a ppl i ed by d i ppi n g th e h ea t ed fil l i n g r od fr om ti me
'

t o t i m e i n to t h e fiu x en ou g h of wh i ch will a d h er e to t h e
, ,
:

r od . Flu x a t al l t i m es s h oul d be u s ed Spar i n g ly

F lu x es alway s s h ou l d be k ept i n ai r ti g ht t i n s as s om e ,

a b s or b m oi s t u r e a n d oth er s d et er i or a t e if ex pos ed t o t h e
"

a i r f or a n y l en g th of ti m e .

F or s u cces s fu l wel d i n g it i s ab s ol u t ely n eces s ar y th at

,

th e pr oper fiu x be u s ed F lu x es s h ou l d be pu r ch as ed
. ,

fr om a r eli abl e com pan y p r efer ably fr om on e m akin g a

,
.

s peci alty o f t h i s p ar t i cu l ar l i n e an d r ecog n i zi n g fu lly ~

th e con d iti on s t o be m et C h eapn es s s h ou l d never be a

. -

g u i d e i n t h e pu r ch as e of th i s m a t er i a l .

E XE C U T ION OF W E LDS

G ener a l In s tr u cti ons — Th e foll owi n g

g en er a l i n s t r uc

tion s apply t o th e wel d i n g of al l m et al s an d s h ou l d be

b orn e l n mi n d at al l tim es :
Th e si z e of th e bl owpi pe ti p t o be u s ed f or t h e p ar
t i cu l ar j ob m u s t firs t be d eci d ed on , a ccor d in g t o t h e :

r ecomm end a ti on s of th e m an u factu r er

m
.

B u tt W el d s — In t h e ca s e of ga b u tt wel d on et al s

u n d er i n ch thi ckn es s , wh er e n o b ev eli n g i s n eces s ar y ,

-

th e ed g es of t h e two p ar t s t o be wel d ed ar e h eat ed at t h e

n poi n t
s a m e ti m e an d b r ou g h t t o t h e f u s i o W h il e thi s .

i s g owg on , al s o h eat u p t h e fill er or wel d in g r od i n th e

wel d i n g fiam e, and b r in g it up t o th e fu s i on poi n t at th e
-
-

s am e ti m e with t h e p ar ts b ei n g j oi n ed Now t ou ch th e; .
 S HE E T M E T A L WOR K E R S MA NUAL ’

p a r t s wi th th e m elt ed en d of th e fill er r od a nd app ly th e

h ott es t par t of th e fla m e t o th e r od A por t i on of t h e r od .

will i mmed i a t ely a d h er e t o th e mol ten par t W ith d r aw

t h e fill er r o d an d pl a y t h e bl owpi pe fl am e W ith a
“
fig u r e

fl
8
” m oti on ( s ee A of F i g u re 2 5 9 ) on t h e p ar t s an d a d d ed
m et al G et th em t o ow t og eth er C on t i n u e thi s pr oces s .

a l on g t h e en ti r e li n e t o be wel d ed m aking s u r e th a t th e

fl
,

W el d p en et r a t es th e entir e thi ckn ess of th e met al .

W henev er pos s ibl e th e wel d i n g am e s h oul d be d ir ect ed

,

t owar d th e m et al whi ch h as b een a d d ed Aft er s t ar ti n g .

t h e wel d at a certai n poi n t th e bl owpi pe s h oul d be h eld s o

, ,

F i g ur e 259 — T wo C o r r e ct M ov em e n t s t G i ve t h e W el d i ng Fl a m e
o .

M B e t S u i t d t O d i n a y W or k ;
W h i ch S om Op er a t o r s P r ef er
A, F i g u r e 8 o v e m en t , s e o r r
B , Z i g z ag M o vem en t , e .

t h at t h e a d d ed m et al will t owar d th at poi n t i n

be pi l ed ,

s t ea d of b e1n g s ca tt er ed awa y f r om it a l ong t h e l i n e t o

be wel d ed .

W hil e pl ayin g t h e fl am e over t h e wel d it i s a d vi s abl e ,

t og i v e t h e bl owpi pe a s h or t s h ar p twis t s o a s t o make th e

, ,

f or ce of t h e fl am e pu s h t h e m olt en m et al qu i ckly t o any

d es i r ed s pot .Thi s 1 s al s o h el pful 1n pilin g u p t h e m et al
a l i ttl e over t h e j oi n t .

D o n ot con fin e th e h ea t tee m u ch t o th e li n e of th e
wel d Let th e m ovem en t of th e bl o i pe be s uch th at it
.

will h eat a s m all ar ea ad j acen t t o th e wel d Th is ap .

a

p li es p a r ti cu l a r l y t o i r on a n d s t eel .

B evel ed P l ate — Now t ak e th e cas e of pl at es th at h ave

been bevel ed Hol d th e bl ow

fl
.
-

i
p p e s o th at as -

n ear ly a s p os s ibl e at t h e ang l e i l l u s tr at ed i n F i g u r e 2 60

,
.

A pply th e ame t o b oth s i d es of t h e bevel g r a d u al l y ,

,
 AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL
l

S HE E T M E T ’

t i s f a ct or y wel d by all o in g m elt ed d r o

sa

filli n g r od t o f all on t h e h ea t ed par t s

p s fr om t h e w
Thi s lea d pr act i ce .

1 s ill u s tr a t ed by F i u r e 2 6 1
g .

S om e oper a t or s p r ef er a Z i g z a g m ot i on as s h own i n B
o f Fi u r e 2 5 9 i n s t ead o f t h e
“
fi 8
”m ti
g g
,u r e o on .

W h i l e s pr ea d i n g th e h eat i s ben efici al y et at t h e s a m e ,

,

t i m e t h ewel d s h oul d be m ad e a s qu i ckly a s pos s ibl e k eep ,

F i g ur e 2 62 .
—M etal 4
Is S l i g h tl y Bui l t U p Ov er t h e B ev el ed J oi n t .

i ng t h e m et a l i n a m lt en
o
’
s ta t e as l ong as is a b s olu t ely
n eces s ar y .
1

No g en er al l
r u e can be g i ven on h ow t o h ol d t h e b l ow
‘

i
p p e . Thi s will be l arg ely a m a tt er of ch oi ce wi th ea ch
o p er a or t . Use th e pos iti on whi ch s eem s m os t n a ur a t l
lmos t
.

T h e pos iti on ill u s t r at ed i n F 1g u r e 2 6 0 i s a u n i ver

s a lly em pl oy ed .

Th e wel d i n g of d i ffer en t ki n d s of m et a l s ft en ver y o

r eq u r es i d i ffer en t m eth od s , al l
‘
Of whi ch can n ot pos s ibly
be cov er ed u n d er a n y g en er a l r ul e .

IR ON AND S T E E L

Un d er thi s h ead i n g i n cl u d ed com m er c a i l i r on

"

ar e an d

l ow ca r b on
“
m il d or t l s ee .

Th e oper at or W i ll be abl e t o Wor k m or e I n t elli g en tly if

h e kn ows s om eth i n g of t h e com p os i t i on an d n a tu r e of
th es e m et al s Ir on as a mat er i al of con s tr u cti on i s n o
.
, ,
‘‘
l on g er u s ed P r a cti cally al l of th e s o call ed wr ou g ht
.

on th e m
’’
, i r on ar k et t od ay 1s i n r eality a m i l d s t eel F or .

t h i s _r eas on wr ou g ht i r on an d mil d St eel m et al s ar e d i s

.

c u s s ed as on e .
 h ard Mos t of th e s t eel s th a t th e oper at or wi ll
(

h ard or .
‘
.

b e ca ll ed u pon t o wel d a r e m il d .

’
P r ep a r a ti on of P a r ts —
‘

S ev er al m eth od s of pr ep ar i n g
v ari ou s k i n d s o f p a r t s t o be wel d ed a r e s h own i n t h e a o

com p a nyi n g ill u s t r a t i on s .

F i g u re 2 63 —
L
. o ca t i o n of
y
J o i n t W h en
C l i n d er .
W el d i n g C onvex E n d to S t eel

Fi g ur e 2 6 3 s h ows ti on of on e s i d e of a s t eel cy l i n
a s ec

d er and a con vex h ea d w hi ch i s t o be weld ed on Th e

'

weld s h oul d be m a d e i n th e s t r ai ght por ti on of th e cy l i n

d er a s s h own an d n ot d i r ectly a t t h e b en d
,
.

Fi g u r e 2 64 sh ows t h e m eth od of accompl i shl ng t h e

s am e r es u lt I n t h e cas e o f a con cav e en d I f t h e par t s ar e .

b evel ed a s s h own t h e j oi n t wi ll be a s tr on g on e
, .

W h en b u tt Weld in g two l eng th s of pl at e or when wel d

-
,

I n g th e l on g itud i n al s eam of a c y li n d er it i s a d v i s a bl e t o,
 3 30 i
"
S HE E T M E T AL W O RK E R S ’
MA NU AL

s h eet s at far th es t away fr om t h e poin t of W el d

th e en d

1n g . W h en s t ar tin g t o wel d two l en g th s of s h eet at on e

en d ,
wh i ch h ave pr evi ou s ly b een pl aced 111 pr oper a li g n

—W el d i ng
-l

Fi gur e 2 6 4 . C o n ca v e H ea d i n S t eel C y l i n d er J _No t e th a t B o t h

H ea d an d Sh el l Ar e B ev el e d .

m en t , it will beff ou n d th at th ey t en d t o s pr ead apar t , a s

s h own I n F i g u r e 2 6 5 A s th e wel d i n g p r og r es s es th i s
.
'

s p r ea d i n g m ov em en t f of t h e s h eet s ceas es a n d l ater th ey , ,

com e t og eth er a g a1n w ith a t en d en cy t o over l ap

“

.
,

F i gu r e 265 —Sh . eet s S p r ea d

P
i ng
oi n t
-

Ap a r t Dui
of W el d .
r ng W el di n g , Awa y f r om

Ta cki n g ( g
F i u r e 2 66 ) h o l d s t h e s h ee t s i n t r u e ali g n

m en t a nd pr ev en ts th i s ov er l a ppi n g . An oth er m eth od of ~

ti l pp gi f h l t ; i h f l i
“

pr ev en n g o v e r a n o t e p a es n t e c as e o cy n

d er s , i s t o i n s er t a wed g e a s h or t d i s t an ce ah ea d olf t h e
‘

wel d m ovm g th e wed g e a s t h e wel d pr ogr es s es Thi s

_

.
,

i s s h own I n F i gu r e 2 6 7
In s ome cas es wh en wel d in g a l on g itu d i na l s eam it ,

wil l be fou n d a d v an t ag eou s t o s t ar t t o wel d i n th e m i d d l e

'
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

Fi g u r e 2 6 8 .
—P p re a r a t i on of A ng l Ie r on and
‘
S t ee l C yl i nd er of Sam e
T h i ck n e s B ef
s or e W el d i n g
_ .

Fi g u r 2 69 —D o t t e d L i n e S h o ws H o w F i l l i n g M a t er i a l Mu s t B Bui l t
g .

U p W h en W e l d i n g A n g l e t o T h i n n er
i S ect i on Pl a t e “
e

F i g u re 2 7 0 . P
-
re p a r a t i on of F l a t E nd t o B e W el d e d
"

i n t o S t eel Tu be .
 OXY -
A C E T Y L E NE W E LDI NG AND C UT T I N G

Th e fl an g e t u b e a r e b es t pr epared as s h own i n
,
and th e
F i gu r e 2 7 1 Th e wel d i n g fl am e s h ou l d pl ay m or e on t h e
‘

fl an g e th an on t h e tu be
W h en r epa i r i n g cr a cks i n pl at es a lways s ee th a t th e ,

cr ack i s b ev el ed th r ou g h i t s en t i r e th i ckn es s Th e pl at e .

b ei n g wel d ed s h ou l d be fr ee t o m ov e I f i t i s i m pos s i bl e
“

t o pr ovi d e f or th i s i ns t ea d of att em pt i n g t o r ep a i r t h e
,

cr a ck, u s e a p a tch : A p a t ch pi ece s h ou l d al way s be

'

F i gu r e 2 7 1 — P r ep a r a t i o n of Fl a to B W el d ed t o T h i n n er Secti
ll
l e e on
’a t e
.

i
.

Fi ur e g 2 72 —P at ch Pl a te B l i ed a n d
el W i th E d g es B evel ed B ef o r e
W el d i n g .

s l i g htly b elli ed an d h ave ed g es b evel ed a s i n d i cat ed i n

F i g u r e 2 72 .

S el ec ti on of B l owp i p e Ti p Th e s i z e of t i p t o u s e f or .
-

wel d i n g i r on an d s t eel d epen d s u pon th e thi ckn es s of th e

m et al and t h e r ecom m en d a t i on s of t h e m an u f a ct u r er .

D o n ot f o r g et th at t h e fl a m e s h ou l d be n eu tr a l a t a l l

t i m es .
‘

— F or filli n g i n t h e cas e of wor k th at

’
‘

F t l l i n g M e t em d l
'
“

i s n ot u nd er t en s i on us e Nor wa y or S wed i s h i r on of t h e -

fir s t qu al i ty t o g et t h e b es t r es u lt s . Th i s i s fr ee fr oms l ag
,

s u l ph u r h os ph or u s an d oth er i m pu r it i es I t h l d be
p , , s ou .

r em em b er ed th a t S wed i s h or Nor wa y i r on h a s a com p ar a

ti v el y l ow t en si l e s tr en g th H owev er it i s ver y d u cti l e .
,

( e l as t i c ) a n d h en c e i s v er y s u it a bl e f or we l d i ng In t h e .

cas e of mil d s t eel wor k th a t i s i n t en s i on it i s a d vi s abl e t o ,

use a
”
fill er of v an a d u i m or ,

n cke
l s t eel s o th at t h e r e i , ,

s u l t i n g Wel d Will be a s s t r en g or s t r on g er th an t h e r es t
-

F illi n g m a t er i a l us ed on ir o
"

o f t h e p ar t . n or s te el s h ou l d

n ever ex ceed i n ch i n thi ckn es s F or th in wor k n ev er

fl
.

u s e a fill er thi ck er tha n t h e:m et al t o be Wel d ed .

—
F l um Th e u s e of a u x i s n ot —n eces s ar y i n wel d i n g
e
’
‘ “

of W el d s —
'

E x ecu ti on Th e g en er a l i n s tr u cti ons al r ead y

’
‘

n thi s h ea d a pply i n t h e wel d i n g of wr oug ht

'

g i v en u d er

i r on an d s t eel Th e en d of t h e s m all white con e s h ou l d

.

be all owed t o j u s t t ou ch t h e m et al
m
.

Tr ea tm en t Af t er W el d i n g — An n eal i n g or ha m er in g ,

or b oth will i m pr ov e t h e qu al i ty of s t eel wel d s

,
W el d s .

r ea t ed i n t h i s m an n er w
'

p r e f e r a bly s h ou l d b e t h e r ev er
e

m
'

g r e a t s t r e n g th i s d e s i r ed T h e h
. a m er i n g S h ou l d b e

d on e with t h e m et a l at a y el l ow wh i t e h eat H am m er i n g ‘

a t a d u ll r ed h ea t i s lik ely t o pr od u ce cr a cks or fis s u r es i n

t h e Wel d ed
'

—
B ef or e h am m er i n g it i s n eces s ar y t o ,

r eh ea t t h e wor k th or ou g hly t o t h e pr oper colo r Th e .

wel d ed p ar t m ay th en be an n eal ed by h ea ti n g t o a ch er r y
“

re d h e a t a n d a ll o w i n g t o coo l n a t u r a lly .

S H E ET ALU M I N U M
S h eet a um n um
l i is l pu r e m et al an d h as t o be
as a r u e ,

h an d l ed s om ewh at d iffer en tly fr om an all oy W h er e .

we ld i n g h a s t o b e d o n e t h e s h
,
e e t s a r e v er y r a r ely o v e r

in ch i n thi ckn es s If th ey ar e t h ey ca n be wel d ed i n t h e

.
,

sa m e w a y a s c as ti n g s ex c e p t th a t t h e p u r e d r a w n a l u m

fl
,

fi d s h eet a l u m
'

m d m t b d ll n i n um
i n u r o 11 s e u s e a s a e r a

u x u s e d . P r e h e a ti n g i s s e l d o m n ec es s a r
y a n d a n y r e

h eati n g or an n eali n g th at m ay be d eem ed a d vi s ab le al on g

t h e l i n e o f w e l d c a n b e d o n e w i th t h e bl o w p pi e fl a m e ,

us i n g a s li g ht e x ce s s o f a c e tyl e n e B e v e li n g
. o f t h
,
e p l a t es

f
b e or e w el d i ng h a s h a r d ly e v e r t o b e d o n e a n d p r a c t i ce ,
 ’
SEE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S M ANUA L

s ecu r e s ou n d , n ea t wor k F i g u r e 2 5 8 s h ows th e type o f

.

l
c am p or t on g s t h at s h ou l d be u sed wh en al um i n u m ,

s h eet s a r e fl an g e d .

P r eh ea ti n g .
—
P r eh eatin g t alu m i n u m pr i or t o
of s h ee

wel d i n g i s on ly n eces s ar y occas i on a lly an d th en on ly t o ,

cou n t er a ct m ov em en t s of t h e p l a tes d u e t o e x p an s i on .

F i l l i n g M ater i a l — P u r e alu m i n u m r od Ur wi r e m u s t b e
fl
.

u s ed W h en wor k 1s fl an g ed n o fill er 1s n eces s ar y

fl
.
,

F l ux — A pr ov ed b r an d of s h eet a lu m in u m u x m u s t
“

be em pl oy ed Th e u x i s b es t if it con t ai n s gn o a ci d or
w
.

a lk a l i whi ch m i g h t h a v e a cor r od i ng eff ect i f t r a ces

'

, er e

l eft i n t h e b od y of th e wel d or on t h e s u r f ace of th e

s h eet s

M os t flu x es f or s h eet al u m 1n u mcan onl y be us ed m a

.

d r y f or m W h en u s ed d r y it i s appli ed by d i ppi n g t h e

fl
.
,

h eat ed fillin g r od int o t h e powd er wh en s ufi ci en t will

, ,

a d h er e f o r a pp l i c a t i o n a t on e ti m e S o m e u x es ca n . be -

u s ed wet or d r y bu t bef or e a ppli cat i on by t h e wet m eth od

'

fl
, g

i s t r i ed a s s u r an ce s h ou l d be obt a i n ed fr om t h e s ou r ce

fl
,

of s u pply th at t h e u x 1s s u it abl e t o be u s ed wet .

T o u s e t h e u x m a wet f or m it i s m i x ed with cl ean ,

wa t er i n s u ffici en t qu an t i ty t o pr od u ce a m i x tu r e of cr eam
con s i st en cy

fl fl
T o a pply u s e a pi ece of cl ean r ag or cl oth ,
.

d i p i n t h e u x a n d a ppl y a l on g b oth ed g es of t h e met al t o

be j oi n ed ; l et t h e u x be a ppl i ed a t l ea s t
,
,
-

i n ch away
f r om t h e line of wel d Thi s eff ectu ally r em oves s ur f ace

fl
.

o x i d e T h e n a pp ly a s e co n d co a t i n g w ith a s m a ll s ti ff

fl
.
,

m
l

br u sh A
. n y f u _ r th e r u x r e q u i r e d t o ob t a i n u n if o r

o w o f m e t a l c a n b e a d d e d b y d i pp g i n t h e fi lli n g r o d i n

t h e m ix tu r e .

E x ecu ti o n o f W e l d s — C a r e f u l r e g u. l a ti o n o f t h e b l o w
pp i e fl a m e i s n e c e s s a r y A s l i gh t e x ce s s o f a c e tyl en e i s

w
.

re c o m m e n d e d A v o i d c
. o n t a c t b e t e e n
_
t h e m e t a l an d

h
t e w hit e co n e o f t h e fl a m e I t w il l b e f o u n d. th a t th e
fir s t f u s i o n o f t h e m e t a l t a k e s s o m e ti m e d u e t o l os s of ,

h eat by con d u ctiv ity an d on thi s a ccoun t th e r at e of

 OXY -
A C E T Y L E NE W E LDI N G AND I
CU T T N G 337

wel d i n g wi ll In cr eas e as th e wor k p g

r o r es s es a n d
'

as th e
ed g e h ea d ar e g r a d u ally h ea t ed by con d u cti vi ty
‘

s a .

F or s h eets 1 6 i n ch th i ck a bl owpi pe t i p con s u m i n g

1

a b ou t 2 cu b i c f eet of a cetyl en e per h ou r wi ll be f ou n d

s u i t a bl e W i th th i s s i z e qu i ck d i ffu s i on i s obt ai n ed be
.
,

for e con d u ct i vi ty h as h ad ti m e t o d i ff u s e t h e h eat W i th

‘

th i cker s h eets con d u ct i vi ty ab s or b s a g r ea t d eal of t h e

,
-

h ea t an d a l ar g er bl owpi pe t i p m u s t be u s ed I n or d er t o
, ,
.

p r o c u r e r a p i d f l l S l OIl a n d p r eve n t Ox i d i z a t i on wh i ch w i ll ,

t ake pl a ce if t h e wel d i s ma d e s l owly W i th s h eet a lu m .

i nu m ex pan s i on t r ou bl es a r e n ot s o d i fficult t o d eal wi th

,

a s i s t h e c as e wi th i r on or s t eel d u e t o t h e f act th at t h e ,

hi g h con d u cti vi ty of t h e met al t en d s t o even u p t h e d i s

t r i bu t i on cf t h e h ea t I n t h e wh ol e .

Tr ea ti nen t Af t er W el d i n g
, Owi n g t o t h e hi g h c on -

d u ct i vi t y of t h e m et al an d con s equ en t even d i s tr i b u t i on

o f t h e h ea t con t r a ct i on d o es n ot a s a r u l e c a Us e cr a cki n g
_
.
,

Re m em b er t h e m et al i s fr a g il e a t t em per a tu r es n ear t h e
,

m elt i n g poi n t an d s h ou l d th er efor e be car efu lly h an d l ed

,

whil e cooli n g , whi ch s h ou l d t ake pl ace s l owly an d away

fr om d r au g ht s D o n ot be i n t oo g r eat a hu r r y t o r e
'
’

. .

m ove cl am ps

fl fl
.

Aft er t h e wor k i s col d wa s h awa y with wat er a n y ,

fl
t r a ces of u x on t h e s u r f a ce In fer i or u x m i g h t if l eft .
,

o n t h e s u r f a ce h av e a cor r o d i n g eff ect o n t h e m et al

,
an d ,

an y u x l eft on th e s u r f a ce Wou l d be i n j u r i ou s t o p a i n t

wor k and cau s e it t o s cal e

C ol d h am mer i n g a l on g t h e li n e of wel d a ft er t h e u x
i s r em oved i s g ood pr a cti ce it g1ves t ex tu r e an d g r a i n
,
.

,
,
fl
t o th e el d A s pr i n g p ower h am m er i s g oo d f or th i s
.

wo r k If av ail abl e S u b s equ en t an n eali n g will r em ov e

.

ham m er m ar ks .

CO PPE R
Heat ‘

r a d i a t es fr om copp er v er y r a pi d ly a n d a s c opper ,

is l
a s o an ex cep t i on ally g ood con d u ct or o f h ea t i t i s f ou n d ,
wi th l ar g e m a s s es of cop p er ,
is n ot s u ffici en t tokeep u p
th e fu s i on Th er ef or e i n or d er t o keep u p
.
, fu s i on it i s ,

n eces s a r y t o pr eh ea t a n d t o u s e a con t n u ed a ppl i ca t i on

i
o f h ea t a t o r n ea r t h e p oi n t of wel d by a n oth e r s ou r c e i n ,

a d d i ti o n t o t h e bl ow p p
i e .

P r ep a r a ti on of W or k C opper par t s ar e prepar ed for

— _

W el d i n g i n a m an n er S I m Il a r t o th a t f or s t eel and i r on
Us e a l ar g er bl owpi pet i p th an f or t h e s am
.

e thi ckn es s o f

s t eel .

Th e wor k a s m u ch a s pos s ibl e s h ou l d be cover ed with

J

, ,

a s b es t os t o , p r ev en t r a d i a t i on C opp er w h e.n h e a t e d ,

h a s v er y littl e s t r en g th s o th a t wor k t o be wel d ed

-

m u s t be l eft fr ee t o m ov e o th er wi s e t h e con tra ct i on o f,

t h e cooli n g m et a l m ay cau s e a f r act u re F or i n s ta nce .

.

wh en wel d i n g t og eth er t wo lon g l en g th s cf copper pi pe ,

t h e pi p e s h ou l d be s u ppor t ed on r oll er s s o th a t it m ay ,

m ov e fr eely a n d pr ev en t u n d u e s t r a 1n on t h e wel d wh i l e
cool i n g . In wel d i n g l on g l en g th s of copper t og eth er it ,
,

i s well t o wr ap wet a s b es t os ar oun d t h e p a r t a l i ttl e bit _

a wa y fr om t h e wel d a n d k eep i t wet d u r i n g t h e Wel d i n

, g
op er a ti on .Thi s pr e v en t s t h e wel d i n g h ea t b ei n g con

d u ct ed th r ou g h ou t t h e t ot al l en g th of t h e p i eces i n ,

s u r i n g t h e l e a s t p os s ibl e ex pa n s i on an d c on t r a ct i on w h ile
c ooli n g 1s g om g on .

F i l l i n g M a t er i a l — F or al l cl ass es of wor k a phos ph or

.
,

c opper filli n g r o d s h ou l d be em p l o y e d P h o s p h or u s. i s

on e of t h e b es t d eox i d i zi n g a g en t s f er cop p er .

C opper wh en m olt en oxi d i z es ver y r a pi d ly an d th e ,

p r o c es s i s s o i n t en s e t h a t t h e m e t a l m a y a c t u a l l y b e t r a n s

f or m ed i n t o an al l oy o f copper and copper ox i d e P h os .

p h o r u s , w h e n a d d e d t o t h e m olt e n m e t a l i n t h e f o r m of
“
p h o s p h or c opp er r a,p I d l y d i ff u s es a n d d e s t r oy s t h e

o x 1 d e f or mi n g ph os ph or 1e a ci d w hi ch will d is s olve m or e
‘

, ,

OXI d e . A s l ag f or ms whi ch r i s es t o t h e Su r face a n d

,

f or m s a pr ot ectiv e fil m Th e ph os ph or u s a l s o pr ev en t s
.
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

s uper i or ity of
th e pr oces s A . li g ht bl owpi pe ,
as illu s
t r a t ed In F i g u r e 2 78 S h Oll l d be u s ed .

W h en wel d i n g s h ee t o r pl at es pr o ceed as i n l ea d b u r n ,

i n g by oth er pr o ceSs eS .

Th e b u r n ed j oi n t on a l ea d or bl ock t i n p i pe l i n e 1 s n ot -

on ly a n ea t an d per m anen t j oi n t bu t with a l i ttl e p r a ct i ce ,

c an be m a d e i n m u ch l es s ti m e wi th a con s i d e r abl e s av ,

m g 111 l ab or m a t er i al and e l
,
.

2 7 4 — M et h o d
’
F i g ur e . of P ep
r a r i ng L ea d P i p e End s f or
‘
Bu r nin g .

An oth er l ar g e t e i n m an y cas es i s th at a l ea d
a d van a g

l i n e th u s j oi n ed i s al l l ea d a n d a bl ock t i n l i n e 1s a l l , _

bl o ck t i n Th e j oi n t s ar e q ed t og eth er wi th t h e a d d i
.

ti on o f en ou g h m et al of t h e s am e ki n d If f or i n s t an ce a .
, ,

l ea d p i pe l i n e i s t o car r y a ci d t h e b u r n ed j oi n ts con
-

t ai n n o s ol d er wh i ch cou l d be a tt ack ed by t h e a ci d .

F i g u r e 2 75 .
— Th e Fi ni sh ed L ed P i p
a e J oi n t .

Fi g u r e 2 74 s h ows t h e m eth od of pr epar i n g l ead pi pe

f or weld in g Not e th a t t h e t wo pi pe en d s a r e s cr ap ed
.

cle an I n t h e v i ci n ity of t h e b u r n an d a re t aper ed s li gh tly ,

at th e ed g es . It i s n ot n eces s a r y t o d r iv e on e i
p pe in t o
th e oth er f Th e t wo en d s merely l c d i con ta ct
'

ar e p a e n

an d

i s n ee d ed
fl
b u r n ed with th e a d d iti on of m or e l ea d t o fil l u p th e
,
‘‘ ’
j oi n t No u x n o g r ea s e an d n o wi pi ng of an y ki n d ,

Noti ce t h e n eatn es s of th e fin i s h ed j oi n t F i g
.
l

u r e 275 .
 OXY - A C E T YL E NE W E LD ING A ND C U T T I NG

T ABLE OF APP R OXIMA TE W ELD IN G RE S UL T S

Th e f ol l ow1n g I s a n a ppr ox 1m a t e wel d i n g t abl e, as u s ed
by Th e P r es t -
O L it e C o
-
, In c .
,
f or i t s Typ e II bl owpi p e :

Th e fig u r es q uot ed i n th eb ove t abl e ar e b as ed 0 11

a

s tr a i g ht wor k on s t eel pla te b evel ed wh en ov er , i n ch

i n th i ckn es s a nd wel d ed wi th ou t pr eh eat i n g .

Th e g a s pr es s u r es g i v en ar e on l y a ppr ox i m at e an d a r e ,

q u o t e d m er ely as a g u i d e t o t h e b eg i n n e r w h o h a s h a d n o

p r a c t i c e e x p er i en c e A . ft
-
er
fl a f e w d ay s

l ea r n t o r eg u l at e h i s am e wi tho u t pay I n g an y p ar t i cul ar

a tt en t i on t o t h e pr es s u r e gau g es on t h e r eg u l a t or s
.
t h e o p er a t o r

-
w
‘
i

In
ll

l —
h h i h f t i d l w
“

g e n e r a ,
u s e t e g p r es s u r e s er c a s r o n a n o e r

t l l t
"

p r e s s u r es o n s ee p a es .

Th e r ea d er s h ou l d n ot g et th e I m pr es s i on fr om th e
a b ov e t abl e th a t / 1
z i n c h
-
th i ck n e s s 1 s t h e l i m i t o f w el d i n g .

AC E T YL
’

H IN T S ON ox r -
E NE W E LDI N G

It m ay be t ak en a s a s t an d a r d i n t h e c as e of s h eet or
p l a t e Wel d l n g I n 1r on or s t e el ,
th a t f or e a ch 1—
1 6 o f a n i n ch
i n thi ckn es s a n appr o x i m at e h our ly con s u m pt i on of 5
cu b i c f eet o f a cetyl en e a n d 5 A 1 cu b i c f eet of ox y g en wi ll
“

) ,

be n eces s ar y Th es e fig u r es ar e u s efu l t o b ear i n mi n d

.

W h en es t i mat i n g f or wel d i n g wor k .

 ’
S HE E T M ET AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

W el d s on s ect i on s u p t o i n ch I n t hi ckn e s s s h oul d al

wa y s h e ma d e as r api d ly as pos sibl e Th e s i ze of bl ow .

p p g
I e i v e n I n t h e f o r eg o m g t a bl e f o r d i ff er en t thi ckn es s es

of m et a l a pply t o t h e a v er a ge wel d er A r eally s k i ll ed

“

”
.

‘‘
wel d er wh o i s on r epeat wor k wou l d prob ably be a bl e
, ,
~

t o u se a s iz e l ar g er bl owpi pe t i p th a n i s qu ot ed i n t h e
t abl e d u e t o h i s con ti n u ou s ex per i en ce on t h e p ar ti cul ar
,

j o b a n d h i s a b i l i ty t o c on tr ol t h e m o lt en m et a l b ett er th an

al es s s ki ll ed or l es s pr a ct i ca l oper a t or
“

An y cor r ectly a d j us t ed n eu t r al ox y a ce tyl en e fl am

:

, e -

g 1 v es a t e m p e r a tu r e o f a pp r o x i m a t e ly 6 30 0 F ah r no
°
.
,

m att er Wh a t s i z e ti p i s u s ed Th e l ar g er ti p
. s ar e U sed ,

o f cou r s e on t h e h ea v i er s ecti on s o f m et al s i n c e th ey pr o
, ,

d Uce a l ar g er fl ame a n d a g r ea t er vol u m e of h eat th ou gh

fl
‘
,

n ot a g r ea t er d eg r ee of h ea t .

S om e m et al s r equ i r e a l ar g er am e f or th e s am e thick .

n es s of m a t er i a l th an oth er s Thi s m ay be d u et o : F i r s t
. _
,

a hi g h m elti n g p o i n t ; s e con d a h i g h s p eci fic h ea t th a t I s

, , ,

a g r ea t er ability t o a b s or b h e at t hi r d a h i g h er h ea t con ,

d u ct i vi t y th a t i s a g r ea t er a bility t o s pr ea d t h e a ppli ed
, ,

h ea t r api d ly th r ou g h ou t t h e wh ol e of t h e pi e ce b ei n g
wel d ed .

OXY -
A CE T YLE NE C U T TIN G
Th e ttin g bl p i pe i s com monly u s ed f or c u tti n g
cu
_

th r ou g h var i oUs thi ckn es s es of wr ou g ht i r on a nd St eel u p /

to 14 i n ch es ( W ht i n d t l h l m t l
’

r o.u g r o a n s ee a r e t e o n y e a s »

th a t can be cu t by thi s pr oces s ) As an a d j u n ct t o a wel d

'

i n g equ i pm en t , it i s u s ed f or bev el i n g an d f or cu tti n g ou t

'

p a t ch es a n d h o l es I t a l s o h a s
. m a n y u s es I n d es t r u cti v e

a n d con s t r u cti v e wor k

Th e pr oces s i s b as ed on t he f act th a t a j et of ox yg en
d ir ected u pon a pr evi ou s ly h eat ed S pot Of Ir on or s t eel ,

cau s es it t o i g n it e wit h t h e r es u l t th a t t h e met al a

,
cti n g ,

a s i t s ow n fu el b u r n s aw
l

a y r api d l y i n t h e f r m of i r on
'

, o
ox i d e A s peci al bl o i pe i s pr ovi d ed f or t h i s wor k
.
_ .
t h r ou g h th e r eg u l at or s an d r u bb er h os e t o th e h os e
ni ppl es on th e bl owpi pe at V a nd M
w
o
.

To s t ar t wor k With t h e cu tti n g bl i

p p e aft er con

n ecti n g u p , open t h e v a l ves o f b oth ox yg en a n d a cet l en e

y
c yli n d er s s l owly C l os e t h e o
. u t l et v al v e on b oth r eg u l at or s .

T u r n t h e ox y g en pr es s u r e r egu l ati n g s cr ew to th e r i g ht t o ,

ss of m
/

t h e pr es s ur e r e com m en d ed f or t h e t h i ckn e et a l t o be

cut .Ad j u s t th e a cetyl en e r eg u l at or u n til th e wor ki n g

Fi g ur e 2 7 7 — P oi n t
. of S ta r t (A) W h en: C u tt i n g C i r cu l a r Hol e i n ?
P l ate .

g au g e h ows pr oper pr es s ur e
s Open fully the ou tl et
.

va lves o n b oth r eg u l a t or s Tu r n on s li g htly t h e a cetyl en e

.

at t h e bl ov Ip e by m ean s of n eed l e v al v e J o f F i gu r e 2 7 6 .

L i g ht th e bl owpi pe S li g htly open ox y g en n eed l e va lve

.

K an d a d j u s t u ntil a n eu tr al h eati n g fl am e i s obt ai n ed

‘

fl
. .

N ex t pr es s d own l ever E
”
_ Thi s per m it s th e cu tti n g ox y
.

g en t o p a s s t o t h e t i p O b s er v e.i f t h e h e a ti n g am e r e -

m a i n s n eu t r al .If n ot a d j u s t at J an d K
,
I f wh en E .

i s pr es s ed d own th er e i s a f all i n th e wor king pr es s u r e on

’
'

t h e ox y g en s up ply as i n d i ca t ed on t h e pr es s ure g au g e
, ,

a d j u s t a t th e r eg u l at or u n til t h e r es s u r e i s ri g ht T hi s
p .

s h oul d be d on e whil e E i s pr es s ed d own Th ebl owpI pe I s .

 O XY -
A C E T Y L E NE W E LDI N G AND C U T T I NG

t h en r ea d y wor k W h i l e wor k I s pr og r es s i n g E ma y
f or .
,

be l o oked i n p os i t i on by m ean s of l ock E .

W h en t h e cu tti n g op era t I On i s on ce u n d er way t h e ,

h ea ti n g an d cu tt i n g pro ceed tog eth er Th e c u tti n g oper .

a t i on i s v er y s i m pl e a n d c a n be m a s ter ed I n a f ew h ou r s
-
.

On e i n n er t i p may cover qu I t e a r an g e of th i cknes s es _

-
'
F i gur e 2 78 —
Ox y A c e t
-

F ur n i tu r e
y
l en e W el d i n g i n t h e
p
A T y i ca l S c e n e i n a
M
L
a n u f a ct u r
ar Sh o p e of M et a l
.
ge .

of mt e a ,
bl u t t h e pr es s u r e of th e ox yg en s u ppl y Will have
t o be var i ed I n ea ch c as e .Th e fig u r es q u ot ed I n th e i n
I s s u ed by t h e
s t r u ct I On s m a n u f actu r er s h ou l d be f oll owed
cl os ely .It s h ou l d be app r ecI a t ed th at t h e ox yg en pr es
s ur e h a s t o be m a d e s u ffici en tly s t r on
g s o th a t i t w i ll
,
b l ow
a way t h e i r on ox i d e I n s u r i n a l w t b i
g . c e an n a r r o cu e
, ng
m a d e th r ou g h th e m et al .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’ MA N UA L
T h e H ea ti g E l a in e —The s 1z e th e
'

f
'

n o h eat i n g fl am e
f
«
.
fl

m u s t be a d j u s t ed f or e a ch th i ckn es s of wor k ft o be cu t It .

i s i mp os s ibl e t o g i ve an y har d an d f as t -

ru l e as to t h e s 1z e

F i g ur e 2 79 — 4
fi
W el d i ng Ou t t wi t h i g h t B l o i p e i n O p er a t i o n
L
fiB T
.

O u t t I s E s p eci a l l y U p k B
.

s ed f o r S m a l l R e e a t W o r at t h e e n c h a nd f o r
“

Lea d ur n i ng .No t e t h e en c h B l oc B k
W h e r e t h e F i r s t R eg u l a t i o n o r
A M
,

d j u s t m en t of t h e W el d i n g F l a m e I s ad e .

of th e fl am e . Th e o per a or t must i f ,
n eces s a r y g r ad u a lly
,

i n cr ea s e t h e s i z e of t h e h ea t i ng fl ame by ep en i n g t h e
,
, f

a cet y l en e n eed l e v a l v e an d h ea t i n l
g ox yg en n e ed l e v a ve
348

s et s cr ews . b etwee n th e bl owpi pe nozzl e

Th e d i s t a n ce
a n d th e s u r f a ce of th e wor k can be a d j u s ted b m
z

y ea n s o f f

t h e ou t er s et s cr ews .

T
hi g ur e W e1d i n g
- 1
th e
‘

by Ox y -
A
"

y
cet l ene Pr oc e s s of a D u bl
o e
k
J a c et ed S t eel T a n k Us ed f or H ea t i n g P p
u r o s es .

A t s h ou l d s t ar t from th e ed g e of th em et al wh en ever
‘

ou

i bl W h i t i s d es i r ed t o cu t a p 1ec e out o f t h e
'

p o s s e . en

c en t er o f a pl ate s t a r t i n s i d e t h e c1r cu mf er e
, nce of t h e
 -
A C E T Y L E NE W E LDI NG A ND C U T T I N G 349

p i ece to be cu t ( g
F i u r e On th i ck pl at e, w
h er e th e
cu t can n o t be s tar te d fr om t h e ed g e, i t m a y be
n eces s ar y

t o d r ill a:h ol e t o g et a q u i ck st ar t .

—
P r eca u ti on s C er t ai n pr ecau ti on s ar e n eces s ar y b efor e
,

t h e operat or s t ar t s t o wor k on a pi ece of m et al A b u cket .

Fi g
ur e 2 82 —h
T e Ox y A cet y l en e P r o ces s of L ea d B u r ni ng , as Us ed on
F l a t S h eet W o rk .

of wat er s hou l d be n ear at hand f or cooli n g t h e cu ttin g ,

t i p wh en n eces s a r y B oth ox y g en an d a cetyl en e s h ou l d

.

bes h u t off at th e bl ov 1p e t o ex t i n g u i s h th e fl am e b ef or e
f

, ,

d i ppi n g t h e t i p of t h e bl owpi pe i n t o th e wat er T o ex p el .

a n y st eam f or m
'

ed i n s i d e t h e t i p tu r n on th e ox yg en ,
 fl
’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

l
v a v es at th e bl owpi pe ,
an d all ow ox ygen t o o f or w a
mom en t bef or e tur n i n g on th e a cetyl en e a n d l i g ht i n g .

W h en a n o per a or wor ki n g m a confin ed pl ace s u ch

t is ,

a s i ns i d e a b oi l er h e s h ou l d h ave an att end an t t o t u r n

, _

o ff t h e g as s u ppl i es a t t h e fcy l i n d er s if n e ces s a r y It i s . -

a l s olfad vi s abl e u n d er th es e con d i t i on s t o emp l oy ar m or ed

'
'

fir epr o of h os e
If th e bl owpi pe t i p becom es ob s tr u ct ed i n a n y way ,

d u e t o bea d s of 1r on b e i n g s pl as h ed over i t or f r om an y ,

o th er ca u s e a copp er W 1r e or copp er W i r e b r u s h s h ou l d be
,

u s ed t o cl ean it Na s h a r p or h a r d ms tru m en t sh ou l d be
.

em p l oy ed .

l
C o or ed l en s g l as s es or g og g l es s h ou l d be u s ed t o pr ot ect
-
_

t h e ey es of t h e op er a t or fr om t h e g l ar e an d fr om p ar t l cl es ,
.

o f b ur n ed m et a l . G a u n tle t s of as b es t os or ot h e
’
’

r p r otfec

t i ve m at er i a l ar e al s o ad vi s abl e .

T AB L E OF APPR OXIMA TE C U TT IN G RE S UL T S
foll owin g t abl e s h ows a ppr ox i m a te r es u lts obt a i ne
Th e d
with cu tt i n g bl owpl pes fu r n i s h ed by Th e P r es t 0 L it e -

Th es e r es u l t s ar e b as e d on pl a t e W i t h cl ea n s u r f ac e an d in

p o s i t i o n W h e r e t h e oper a t o r ca n w
ok r on s t r ai g h t cu t s W i th o
ut

an d i fficu l t i es
y .
 S HE E T M E T AL '
A
W OR K E R S
’
MA NUAL

Th e e ec r i c
l t wel d er ( F i g u r e i s b u i lt h ol d t h e
to
p a r ts t o be j oi n ed between t wo h eavy copper di es Or c on

t a ct s A cu r r en t of th r ee t o five v olt s
;
,
bu t o f v er y g r ea t
v ol u m e ( am p er a g e ) i s a ll owed t o p as s
,
a cr os s th es e d i es ,

Fi g u r e 2 83.
—E l ect r i c S p ot W el d i n g M a ch i n e;

an d i n g oin g th r ou g h t h e m et al to be wel d ed h eat s t h e .

ed g es t o a wel d i n g t em p er a t u r e .

Vol tag e a n d A m per ag e — It m ay be ex pl a i n ed tha t t h e

v
.

olt a g e Of an e l ectr i c cu r r en t m ea s u r es th e p r es s u r e o r
r ce wi th whi ch i t i s b e1n g s en t t h r ou g h t h e ci c i t a nd
_ f o ) ,

h a s n othi n g t o d o with th e Q uantity or v olu me p as s i n g .

Am p er es mea s u r e t h e r a t e a t wh i ch th e ci1r r ent i s p as s

’

, i n g th r ou g h t h e ci r cu it , a n d con s equ en tly g1ve a m e a s u r e

Of t h e qu an t i t y wh i ch p as s es i n a n y g i v en ti m e Volts
‘
.
 E LE C T R I C W E LDI NG 35 3

cor r es pon d

e r m i n u t e
to

T h
wa ter pr es s u r e m ea s u r ed by pou n d s t o
t h e s qu a r e i n ch ; am per es r epr e s en t t h e
e l ow v olt
fl
ow i n ga ll on s

ag e u s ed I n th i s el ect r i c wel d er
p .

avoi d s al l d an g er t o t h e Op er a t or th i s p r es s u r e n ot b ei n g
,

s uf fici en t t o be f elt ev en with t h e h an d s r es t i n g on t h e

co per con t act s

p .

C u r rent i s s u ppli ed t o th e wel d i n g m achi n e at a hi g her

volt ag e an d l ower a m per a g e th an i s a ct ually u s ed between

t h e d i es t h e l ow v olt a g e a n d h i g h a m per a g e b ei n g pr o
,

d u ced by a t r an s for m er i n cor por a t ed i n t h e m a chi n e

it s elf B y mean s Of wm d i n g s of s u i t abl e s i z e wi r e th e
.
,

ou t si d e c u r r en t m ay be r ecei v ed a t v olt a g es r an g i n g fr om

110 t o 5 5 0 an d con ver t ed t o th e l ow pr es s u r e n eed ed .

A l ter r 1a ti ng C u r r en t Us ed
,
f —.Th e s ou r ce of cu r r en t f or
'

th e r es is t an ce wel d er m u s t be a lt er n a ti n g th at i s t h e ,

cu r r ent m u s t fir s t be n eg a ti v e i n v a l u e an d th en p os itive ,

p as s i n g f r om o-

n e e x t r em e t o t h e o th e r at r a t es v a r yi n g
fr om 2 5 t o 133 tim es a s econ d Thi s for m i s kn own as .

a lt er n a ti n g cu r r en t,
as opp os ed t o d i r ect cu r r en t in
,

wh i ch th er e I s no ch an g in g of pos itive an d n eg ative .

Th e cu r r en t m us t al s o be wh a t i s kn ow n a s s i n g l e pha s e ,

th at I s a cu r r en t wh i ch r is es fr om z er o i n val e a t o th e
,

h ig h es t p oi n t as a p os i t 1v e cu r r en t a n d th en r eced es to
zer o b efor e r i s i n g t o th e hi g h es t poi n t of n egative v alu e .

Two ph a s e or th r ee ph as e cu r ren t s wou l d g ive two or

-

three pos i t i ve i m pul s es d u r in g thi s tim e .

As l on g as th e cu r r en t i s s i n g l e ph a se al t er n ati ng th e
v
,

o lt a g e an d cy cl es ( n u m b er of a lt er n a ti on s p er s econ d )

m ay be an yth i n g con v en i en t V ar i ou s v ol t a g es an d cy cl es
;

ar e t ak en car e of by s p eci f y i n g a l l th ese p oi n t s wh en d e ~

s i g n i n g th e t r an s for m er wh i ch i s t o h a n d l e t h e cu r r en t .

D ir ect cur r en t i s n ot u s ed becau s e t h er e i s n o way o f

, x

r ed u ci n g th e v olt ag e cOn v en i en t l y wi t h ou t pl a ci n g r e
f

s i s t an ce W i r es i n t h e ci r cu i t an d th i s u s es p ower W ith ou t
,

p r o d u c i n g u s efu l W or k . D i r ec t c u r r en t m ay b e c h a n g ed
t o alter n ati n g by h avi n g a d i r ect cu r r en t m ot or
 SH E E T M E T AL W oR K E R s M ANUAL ’

r u n n i ng anlt er n a ti n g cu r r en t d yna mo or th e ch an g e
a ,
’
m ay be m a d e by a r ot ar y con ver t er a lth ou g h thi s l as _
,
r

m eth od i s n ot s o s ati s f a ct or y a s t h e firs t .

Vol tag e M u s t B e C on s ta n t Th e vOl t ag eu se d I n weld

-

ei n g s o l ow t o s t a r t Wi th it i s a b s ol u t ely n eces s ar y
i ng
b ’
,

th at it be m a m t ai n ed at t h e cor r ect poi n t I f t h es ou r ce of .

cu r r en t s u pply i s n ot of am pl e capa ci t y f or t h e wel d e r

b ei n g u s ed it wil l be v er y h ar d t o avoi d a f all of volt ag e

,

wh en th e cu r r en t is forced t o p a s s thr ough th e hi g h r e

s i s t a n ce of t h e wel d Th e cu r r ent vol t a g e f or var i ou s
.

wor k i s cal cu lat ed accu r at ely an d th e effic i en cy o f th e ,

ou t fit d epen d s t o a g r eat ex ten t on { t h e vOl t a g e b ein g

con s t an t .

A s i m pl e t es t f or fa ll of volt a g e 1s m ad e by con n ecti n g

a n I n ca n d es ce n t el ect r i c l am p a cr os s th e s upply l i n es a t

s om e p 0 1n t n ear t h e wel d er Th e l am p s h oul d b u r n W i th

~
.
_

t h e s am e b r illi an cy wh en t h e wel d i s b ei n g ma d e as at
'
-

a n y oth er ti m e If t h e l am p b u r n s d i m at a n y ti m e it
.
,

i n d i ca t es a d r op i n volt ag e an d thi s con d iti on s h ou l d ,

b e cor r ect ed .

D ynamo — Th e d yn am o fu r n i s hi n g th e alt er n a ti n g cu r
.

re n t m ay be i n t h e s am e b u il d i n g with th e W el d er an d

o p er a t ed fr om a d ir ect cur r en t m otor as menti on ed

“

abov e or o p er a t ed fr om an y con v en i en t s h a f ti n g or
‘ ‘

, g

s ou r ce of p ower W h en t h e d ynam o i s a par t Of t h e

—
.

Wel d ing pl an t it s h ou l d be pl aced a s cl os e to th e wel d

,
,
f

i n g m a chi n e as pos s ibl e b ecau s e t h e l en g th of th e W Ir e

,

Us ed aff ect s t h e v olt a g e app c bly r e i a l .

R h eos ta t — I n or d er t o h ol d t h e volt a g e con s t ant t h e

.

T ol ed o E l ectr i c W el d er C om p a n y h a s d e v i s ed co n n e c ti o ns

w c hi h i n cl u d e a r h eo s t a t t o i n s e r t a v a r i a bl e r es i s t a n ce i n

t h e fiel d wi n d i n g s of th e d yn am o s o th a t t h e v olt a g e m a y ,

be i n cr ea s ed by cu t tin g thi s r es i s t an ce ou t at t h e pr oper

"

time An au x ili ar y s it ch 1s conn ect ed t O th e wel d er w

w
.

s it ch so th a t b oth s wit ch es act t og eth er W h en t h e wel d

,
.

A
er w s it ch i s cl os e d In m a ki n g a W el d th at p or ti o n of,
t h e
 1

S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE R S M A NUAL’ "

3 56 .

r h eos ta t r es i s t ance b etween t wo arm s d et er m i n I n g t h

v olt age 1s s h or t ci r cu i t ed Th i s l ower s t h e r es i s t an ce a n d
'
‘

t h e fiel d m a g n et s Of t h e d yn amo a r o m a d o s tr on g er s o
"

‘
l

th a t a d d i t i on al vol ta g e i s pr ovi d ed t o car e f or th e r e , .

s i s t a n ce i n t h e m et a l b ei n g h ea t ed
. .

Op er a tt n g P a r ts A typi cal m ach i n e i s sh own i n t h e

.
-

a ccom p a n y i n g cu t ( Fi g u r e On t op of t h e wel d er
a r e t wo j a ws f or h ol d i ng t h e en d s o f th e p1ec es t o be

wel d ed Th e l ower par t of the j aw i s r i g i d wh i l e th e t op i s

.

b r ou g ht d own on t Op of t h e wor k a ct i n g a s a cl a mp .

F ig u r e 2 85 .
—D eta i l of W a t e r C o o l ed
-
S po t Wel d i ng H ea d
“

Th es e j a ws y th e copper d i es th r ou g h wh i ch th e cu r
ca r r f

r en t en t er s t h e wor k b ei n g h a n d l ed A ft er t h e wor k I s .

cl a m
,

p e d b e t we en t h e j a w s t h e u pp er s et i s f o r ce
,
d c l os er

t o t h e l ower s et by a l on g c om pr e s s mn l ev er Th e cu r .

r en t b ei n g t u r n ed on wi th t h e Su r f a ces of t h e W or k I n con

t a ct th ey i m m ed i at ely h eat t o t h e wel di n g poi n t , wh en

a d d ed p r es s u r e on t h e l ev er f or ces th em t og eth er a n
,

d
c om pl ete s t h e W el d .

Th e t r an s f or m er 1s car r i ed I n th e b as e of t h e m a chi n e ,

a n d on t h e l eft h a n d s i d e i s a r egu l a t or f o r con t r olli n g

-

t h e v ol t a g e f or v ar i ou s ki n d s Of wor k Th e cl am ps a r e .
-

a pli ed by t r ea d l es c onv en i en t t o t h e f oot _ of t h e op er a t o r

p ,
.

A t r ea d l e i s pr ovi d ed whi ch i n s t an tly r el eas es b ot h j a ws

u p on t h e com pl et i on o f t h e Wel d
“

fl -

On e or b oth of t h e copp er d i es m a y be cool ed by a

.

s t r ea m of wa t e r c 1r cu l a t i n g th r ou g h it fr omth e cit y w a t er

m a I n s ( F 1g u r e Th e r egu l a t or and s w i t ch g i v e t h e
o p er a t or cont r o l Of th e h ea t a n yth i n g fr om a d u ll r ed t o , .
_
 L CT RIC W E LDI NG

fl
E E

th e m l ti
e ng p oi n t b ei n g ea s y o bt a i n ed by m ovem en t of

t h e l ever ( g
F 1 u r e
—
W el d zn g I t i s
. n ot
y t o g i v e th e m et al t o be
n eces s ar

W el d ed a n y s p eci a l pr ep ar a t i on a lth ou g h wh en v er y ,

r u s ty or cov er ed W i th s ca l e t h e r u s t a n d s c a l e s h ou l d be
,

r em ov ed s u ffici en t l y t o a ll ow g o o d con t a ct o f cl ea n

F i g ur e 2 86 .
—W el d i n g H ea d of a
‘

W a t er =
C o o l ed E l ect r i é W el d e r .

on th e copper d i es Th e cl ean er a n d b ett er t h e s t o ck

.

t h e l es s cu r r en t i t t a kes , an d th er e i s l es s wear on t h e d i es
_

Th e d i es s h ou l d be k ept fir m an d t i g ht 1n th ei r h ol d er s t o
m ake a g oo d t Al l b olt s an d n u t s f as t en i n g t h e
con a ct .

el ectr i ca l c on tact s s h ou l d be cl ean a n d t i g ht a t a l l ti m es

R em ova l of S ca l e — Th e s cal e m a y be r em ov ed f r om
.
_
_

f or g i n g s by i m m er s i ng th em i n a pi ckl i n g s olu ti on i n a
wood ; s t one or l ead li n ed t an k ;
,
-
3 58 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K ERS
’
MA NUAL

Th e solu ti on i s m ad e wi th five g al l n s of comm er ci al

o
s ul ph u r i c a ci d i n 1 5 0 g all on s of wa t er T o get t h e qu i ck .

es t a nd b es t r es u lt s fr om thi s meth o d t h e s olu ti ons h ou l d ,

be k ept as n ear th e b oili n g poi n t as pos s ibl e by ha vi n g ,

a coil of ex t r a h eavy l ea d pi pe r u nn i n g i n s i d e t h e t ank

an d ca r r yi n g li ve s t eam A v er y f ew m i n ut es i n thi s
.

b a th will r emov e t h e s cal e an d t h e p ar t s s h o

,
u l d th en be
"

was h ed l n r u n n i n g Wat er A ft er thi s wa s hi n g th ey

. ,

s ho ul d be d i pp ed i n t o a b a t h of 5 0 p oun d s o f u n s l ak ed

l im e i n 15 0 g a ll on s of W a t er t o n eu t r al i ze an y tr ace o f

I r on an d S teel
‘

_
— Oas t i r on
. can n ot
be com m er ci ally
W el d ed , asit i s h i g h i n car b on
.

_ an d s ili con, a n d p a s s es s u d

d en ly fr om a cr y s t alli n e t o a flu i d s t a t e Wh en b r ou g ht t o
t h e wel d i n g t em per atu r e
"

W i th s t eel or wr oug ht ir on
.

t h e t em per a tu r e mu s t be k ept b el ow t h e m eltin g poi n t t o

“

a voi d i n j u r y t o t h e m eta l Th e m et al m u s t be h eat ed

‘

q u i ckly a n d p r es s ed t og eth er w ith s u fi ci en t f orce t o p u s h

a l l b u r n t m eta l Ou t of th e j oi n t .

Hi g h car b on s t eel ca n be wel d ed bu t m u s t be an n eal ed

”

a ft er wel d i n g t o ov er com e th e s t r a i n s s et u p by t h e h ea t

b ei n g a ppli ed at on e pl ace G ood r es u lt s ar e h ar d t o

.

ob ta i n wh en t h e car b on r u n s as hi g h a s 75 pom t -

an d s t eel of thi s cl as s can only be h an d l ed by an ex peri

en ced op er a t or I f th e s t eel i s b el ow 2 5 poin t
. in -

car b on con t en t good wel d s will always be th e r es u lt

,
.

T o wel d h i g h car b on t o l ow car b on s t eel t h e s tock s h ou l d ,

be cl am ped i n t h e d i es with th e l ow car b on s t ock s ti ck

i n g con s i d er ably f ar th er ou t f r om th e d i e tha n t h e h i g h
c ar b on s t ock Ni ck el s t eel wel d s r ea d ily , th e n i ckel i n
.

c r ea s i n g t h e s tr en gth of t h e w
“

eld .

C opp er a n d B r as s — Ir on and copper may be wel d ed

t og eth er by red u cin g t h e s iz e of t h e copper end w
.

h er e it
c om es l n con t act with t h e i r on W h en wel d ing copper .

a n d br a s s t h e pr es s u r e m u s t be l es s th an Wh en wel d i n g
_

Th e m et al i s al l owed t o actu ally f ti s e or m elt a t

c

i r on . _
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MANUAL

Thi s meth od i s /
li cabl e t o m et al s h avi n g pr a cti ca lly
app
y

t h e Sam e ar ea o f m et a l t o b e b r ou g h t i n t o con t act on ea ch

’

/ “

en d .
—
W h en s u ch pa r t s ar e f or ced t og eth er a s li g h t pr o
j e ct i on wi ll b e l eft i n t h e f or m
"
of
"
a fin o r a n en l ar g ed ,

p or ti o n ca ll ed a n u p s e t .
_

Th e d eg r ee of h ea t r equ i r ed f or an y work i s f ou nd by
m ovi n g t h e h an d l e of th e r eg u l at or on e Way or th e Ot h er

Fi g ur e 2 8 7 —E l ect r i c B ut t _
,
W el d er .

W hil e t es ti n g s ever a l par s t . W h en thi s s etti n g i s r i ght

th e wor k ca n c n o tin u e as l on g as th e s am e S i z es ar e be
i ng h an d l ed .

C oppe r b r as s
,
t l
oo s,
t ee l a n d a l l ot h e r m e t al s t h a t a r e

ha r m e d by hi g h t em p er a t u r e s m u s t b e h e a t ed q u i ckly a n d
p r es s ed t og eth er w ith s u ffi ci e n t f o r ce t o f o r ce al l b u r n ed

m et al fr om t h e weld .

In ca s e it i s d es i r ed to m ak e a wel d i n t h e for m of a
c . 1
r
c
E LE C T R I C W E LD I N G 36 1

it al l ett er T, 1t is
h ea t th e pa r t cor y to
‘

cap n eces s a r
-

r es pon d i n g t o t h e t op ba r of t h e T t o a b r i g ht r ed th en ,

b r i ng t h e l ower ba r t o t h e preh eat ed on e an d a g a i n t u r n

On t h e cu r r en t wh en a wel d can be qu i ckly m
,
ad e .

S pot W el d i n g — Th i s i s a m eth o d Of j oi n i n g m et a l
.

s h eet s t og eth er a t a n y d es i r ed poi n t by a wel d ed s p ot -

_
.

ab ou t t h e s i z e of a r i v et It i s d on e on a s pot W el d er
.

Fi g ure L
es a —Cl am pi ng D i es Of an E l ect r i c Butt W el d er .

F
( gi ur es 2 83 ,
by fu s i n g th e m et al at t h e poin t d e
s i r ed a nd at t h e s am e i n s t a n t applyi n g s u ffici en t pr es s u r e
"

t o f or ce t h e par t i cl es of m olt en m et a l t og eth er Th e d i es . ,

a r e u s u al l y pl a ced on e abov e t h e o th er
-
s o th a t t h e wor k
/

m ay r es t on t h e l ower on e wh i l e t h e u pp er on e i s b r ou g h t .

d own on t op of t h e Upper s h eet t o be wel d ed

fl
.
”

On e of th e d i es i s u s u ally poi n t ed s li g htly t h e oppos ,

i n g on e b ei n g l eft at Th e poi n t ed d i e l eav es a s l i g ht

‘
“

i n d en t i on on on e si d e of t h e metal whil e t h e oth er s i d e i s ,

l eft sm oo th Th e d i es m ay be r ever s ed s o th at t h e ou t
.
,
 S HE E T M E T A L W OR ,
K E RS
’
MA NU AL

r en t i s all o ed t o w fl
i d e s u r f a ce of an y wor k m ay be l ef t s m ooth Th e cu r
ow th r ou g h t h e d i es by a s wit ch w

i s cl os ed a fte r pr es s u r e i s a ppl i ed t ot h e Wo r k
h i ch
.

m
.

T h er e i s a lim it t o t h e thi ck n es s of s h eet

_ et al th a t

c a n be wel d ed b thi s pr o ces s b ecau s e of t h e f a ct t h a t

y , ,

t h e c opper r od s can on ly car r y a cer t ai n q u an tity o f

,

c u r r en t with ou t b ecom i n g u n
l

d u ly h eat ed th em s el ves
‘

A n oth er r eas on i s th a t it i s d i fi cu l t t o m ak e h ea vy s ec
“

t i on s of m et al t ou ch a t t h e wel d i n g p oint with ou t ex

_

ces s 1ve pr es s u r e .

wh en two pi eces
,

L ap W el d i ri g is t h e pr oces s
, u s ed Of
l ap an d wh en br ou gh t t o a wel d
,

m et a l ar e c au s ed to
_ ov er
”

i n g h eat ar e f or ced t og eth er by pas s in g t h r ou g h r o ll er s

’“

o r u n d er a pr es s th u s l ea v i n g t h e wel d ed j oi n tj pr act i cal l y

‘

t h e s am e th i ckn es s a s t h e b al an ce of t h e wor k 1 .

W h er e it i s d eS1r a bl e t o m ake a con tin u ou s s eam a

’

s p eci a l m a ch i n e i s r equ i r ed or an a tt ach m en t f or on e

‘

o f t h e oth er types In thi s f or m of wor k t h e s t ock m u s t

.

be th or ou g hly cl ean ed a n d i s t h en p a s s ed b etween cop

‘

p e r r o ll er s Whi ch a ct i n t h e s a m e c a p a c ity as t h e c opp er

d i es .

Oth er App l i ca ti on s — H a r d en 1n g an d t em per i n g ca n

.

b e d one by cl am pi n g th e wor k i n t h e W el d in g d i es a n d
s etti n g t h e con t r ol a n d ti m e t o b r i n g t h e m et al t o th e .

p pr o e r c o l or w h en it i s c oo l ed i n th e u s u a l m a n n er

fl
.
__ ,

B r a zi n g i s d on e by cl am pin g t h e wor k i n t h e j aws an d

h eati n g u n til t h e u x th en th e s pelt er h as m elt ed an d
“
, ,

r u n i n t o t h e j oi n t R i v eti n g an d h ea t i n g of r i vet s can

’

be d on e by b r i ng ing t h e d i es d own on oppos it e en d s of

t h e r i v et a ft er it h a s b een i ns er t ed i n th e h ol e t h e d i es ,

b ei n g s h a p ed t o f or m t h e h ead s pr oper ly .

H ar d en ed s t eel m ay be s oft en ed an d a nneal ed s ot h a t

it can be m a chin ed by con n ecti n g t h e d i es of th e wel d er
t o ea ch s i d e o f th e poi n t t o be s of ten ed Th e cur r en t i s .

t h en appli ed u n til t h e wor k h as r ea c h ed a poi n t a t whi ch

u

'
‘

it w i ll Soft en wh en cool ed .
 64 S HE E T M E TAL "
W OR K E R S MA NUAL

nect i n g t o Wel d er fr am e d i es t erminal blocks et c a s , , , .

,

e x pl a i n ed a b ov e s h oul d be r epeat ed I f th e l am ps l i g ht
, .

i s i n d i ca t ed
“
at an y th es e con n ecti on s a g r ou n d
of , .

G r ou n d s ca n us u ally be f oun d by ca r efu lly t r a ci n g t h e

p r 1 m a r y c i r c u i t u n t i l a p l a ce i s f ou n d W h e r e t h e i n s u l a ~

ti on i s d ef ectiv e R ei n s u l a te an d m ake t h e ab ov e t es t s
.

a g a i n t o m ak e s u r e ev er y th i n g i s cl ear If t h e g r ound .

c a n n ot be l oca t ed by obs er v ati on t h e va r i ou s p a r t s of t h e ,

p r i m a r y c i r c u it s h o u l d b e d i s c o n n e c t ed a n d t h e t r an s ,

f or m er s wit ch r eg u l a t or et c tes t ed s ep ar a t ely

, , ,
.
, .

To L e ca t e a G r ou n d i n t h e R eg u l a t or or Oth er P a r t .

D i s con n ect th e li n es r u nn i n g t o t h e wel d er fr om th e

s wi t ch .Th e t es t l amps u s ed i n th e pr evi ou s t ests ar e
c on n ect ed on e en d of l a m p cor d t o t h e s wi tch t h e o th er
‘ ?

, ,

en d t o a bi n d i n g p os t of th e r eg u l a t or
‘
C on n ect th e oth er .

s i d e of t h e s w
’

i t ch t o s om e par t of t h e r eg u l a t or h ou s m g
i
‘

( T h i s m u s t b e a c l ea n c on n e c ti o n t o a b o lt h ea d o r t h e » -

a i n t s h ou l d be s cr ap ed off ) C l os e t h e s wit ch I f t h
p . e .

l am ps li g ht t h e r eg u l at or wi n d i n g or s om e p ar t of t h e
”
,

s wi t ch i s g r o u n d e d t o t h e i r o n b as e o r co r e o f t h e
—
r eg u l a t or I f t h e l am ps d o n ot li g ht thi s p ar t o f t h e
.
,

a pp a r a t u s i s cl ear .

Th i s t es t can be eas ily appli ed t o an y p ar t O f t h e Wel d

er o h tfit by con n ecti n g t o t h e cu r r en t car r yi n g pa r t o f

th e a pp ar a tu s an d t o t h e 1r on ba s e or fr am e th at s h ou l d
’

'
,

n ot ca r r y cu rr en t If th e l am ps l i g ht it i n d i ca t es th at
.
,

t h e i n s u l a ti on i s b r ok en d own or i s d ef ecti v e .

An A C v oltm et er can of cou r s e be s u bs titu t ed f or

. . , ,

t h e l am p s or a D C v ol tmet er with D 0
'

,
. . cur r en t can . .

b e u s ed i n m aki n g t h e t es ts .

A S h or t C i r cui t i n t h e P r i m ar y — T hi s i s c a u s e d by .

t h e i n s u l ati on of t h e coil s b ecomi n g d e fect ive an d all ow

i n g t h e b ar e copper W 1r es t o t ou ch ea ch othe r Th i s m ay .

‘ ’
r es u l t m a b u r n ou t of on e or m or e of th etr an sf or m er
c oi l s if t h e t r ou bl e i s i n t h e tr an s for m er or i n t h e con

w
_ , ,

t i n u cd bl o ing of fus es l n t h e li n e F eel of ea ch coil .

 E LE C T R I C W E LDI N G 36 5

Separ at ely . If a s h or t ci rcu i t ex i s st in a co il ,

it wi ll h eat
ex ces s i ve ly E x a i ne m wi r es ; th e 1n s u l a t i on m ay
al l th e
w
.

‘
w
'

h a ve th h d t f t h m m b i
‘

o r n r ou g a n o o e -
a y c r o s s , or e n

ccn t ac t wi t h t h e fr am e or oth er p ar t of t h e wel d er A

“

s h or t ci r cu i t i n t h e r eg u l a t or wi n d i n g i s i n d i ca t ed by f a i l

ur e of t h e appa r a tu s to r eg ul at e pr oper ly an d s om et i m es , ,

h eati ng of t h e r eg u l at or coi l s .

s h or t c1r cu i t i s t o r ei n s u l a t e t h e d e
-

I t i s a g ood pl an t o pr ev en t tr ou bl e by ex
wi r i n g occa s i on ally an d s ee th at t h e i n s u -

To L ocat e G r ou n d s a n d Sh or t C i r cu i ts i n th e S econ d
V

a r y , or SLo —
w Vol tag e S i d e Tr ou bl e of thi s kin d i s i n
i i

d i cat ed by t h e m ach i ne
tin g s l u g g i s h or per h aps r e
‘

_ ac , ,

f usi n g t O oper a t e To m ake a t es t i t will be n eces sa r y t o

‘
“

.
,

fir s t as ce r t ai n t h e exci ti n g cu r r en t of y ou r p ar t i cu l ar
"

tr ansf orm er Th i s i s th e c u r r en t th e t r an s for mer d r aws

”
“

or wh en s u ppl i ed wi th cu r r en t fr om
“
on op en ci r cu i t ,

t h e l i n e wi th n o s t o ck i n t h e wel d er d i es Th e f oll owi n g ;

t abl e wi ll gi v e thi s i n for m ati on cl os e en ou g h f or al l pr ae

'

i t i cal pu r p os es _

R ati ng

Re move th e fu ses fr om th e wall s wit ch an d su b s ti tu t e

fu s es s t l u h t y t h
“
i t i
” t
Ju a r g e en o g o c a r r e ex c n g cu r r en .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S
’
MA NUAL

I f no suit abl e fu s es a r e at h a nd fin e s tr an d s of copper ,

"
f r om an or d i n ar y l am p cor d m ay be u s ed Th es e s tr an d s .

a r e u s ua lly No 30 g au g e wi r e an d wi ll fu s e a t ab out 10
'

am p e r e s O n e o r m or e s t r a n d s s h o u l d b e u s e d d e p en d
“

.
,

i n g on th e am ou n t of ex citin g cu r r en t an d ar e conn ect ,

e d a cr os s t h e fu s e cli ps i n pl a ce of fu s e wi r e P l a ce a
p i ec e o f W o o d o r fi b er b e tw ee n t h e w e l d i n g d i es i n t h e

wel d er as th ou g h y ou wer e go1n g t o wel d th em S ee

, _
.

t h a t t h e r eg u l a t or i s on t h e h i g h es t po i n t and cl os e t h e

cd ,
cu r r en t will fl
wel d er s wit ch I f th e s econ d ar y cir cu it i s b ad ly groun d
.

ow th r ou g h t h e g r ou n d

f u s es or s m all s t r an d s of wi r e Will b u r n ou t
an d th e s m a ll
"
This i s an
,

i n d i ca ti on th at b oth s i d es of t h e s econ d a r y ci r cu it a r e
g d d th t h t i it i t i i m y i l
“

r o u n e o r a a s or c r cu ex s s n a p r a r c o
-

.
,

I n eith er cas e t h e wel d er s h ou l d n ot be oper a t ed un til t h e

t r ou b l e i s f o u n d a n d r em oved I f h owev er t h e Sm a l l
.
, ,

f u s es d o n ot s am e a nd r epl a ce t h e l a r g e
“

fu s es th en d i s con n ect wir es r u n n i ng fr om th e W all

,

s wit ch t o t h e wel d er an d s u b s titu t e t wo p1eces of No 8 .

o r No . 6 i n s u l at ed copper wi r e aft er s cr apl n g off t h e ,

i n s u l a ti on f or a n i n ch or t wo a t each en d C on n ect on e .

wi r e fr om th e s wi t ch t o th e fr am e of th e wel d er ; this
will l eave on e l oos e en d Hol d thi s a foot or s o away fr om
.

t h e pla ce wh er e t h e ins u l ati on i s cu t off ; th en t u r n on t h e

”

thi s wir e li g htly

,

c u r r en t a n d s t r i k e t h e f r ee en d of

a g a i n s t o n e of t h e copp en d i es d r a wi n g i t awa y qu i ckly

'
"

.
,

I f n o s p ar ki ng i s pr od u ced t h e s econ d ar y ci r cu it i s fr ee
,

f r om g r ou n d an d y ou will th en l ook f or a b r ok en con

n ect i on i n t h e ci r cu it S om
. e cau ti on m us t be u s ed i n

m aki n g th e a b ov e t es t a s i n cas e on e t er m i n al i s h eavily

w
,

g r ou n d e d t h e t e s ti n g w i r e m a y b e f u s e d i f a ll o ed t o _
,

st ay i n con t act with th e d i e .

T h e R em ed y — C l ean th e s li d e s d i es an d ter m i n al
bl ocks th or ou g hly an d d r y ou t th e fiber i n s u l ati on if it
.
,

i s d am p S ee th a t n o s cal e or met al h a s wor ke d u n d er th e

.

s li d i n g p a r t s an d th a t t h e s econ d a r y l ea d s d o n ot t ou ch
,
 SH E E T M E TAL W OR K E R S ’
MANUAL

com bi n at l on With th e ox y g en i n th e ai r an d th r ou g h be
i n g t u r n ed t o a g as u n d er t h e i n t en s e h ea t .

Th e m os t int en s e a cti on t a kes pl a ce at the cen t er o f

t h e car b on wh i ch ca r r 1es th e pos it i ve cu r r en t an d th i s ,

i s t h e poi n t of g r ea t es t he at Th e t emper a tu r e at th i s
.
,

p o i n t
x
i n
u
t h e a r c i s g r e a t er th a n ca n be
p r o d u ced b y ya n
C

o th er m ean s u n d er h u m an co n t r ol .

'
— An ar c m ay be f or m ed between

fl
T h e F l a m i n g Ar c .
,

i f m t l l l d l t d i th am way as be :
’

p e ce s o e a c a,
e e e c r o e,s n e s e /

t ween car b on s T h e m et a lli c ar c i s ca ll ed a am ing ar c

" "

.
,

a n d a s , t h e m et a l of t h e el ect r o d e b u r ns With t h e h ea t
— .

it g i ves t h e fl am e a col or ch ar a cter i s tic of th e m a t er i a l

b ei n g u s ed ; Th e m et all i e ar c m ay be d r aw -
n ou t t o a

m u ch g r eater l eng th th an on e for med b etween car bon

w
e l ect r o d es .

—
Op er a ti on : Ar c wel d ing i s car r i ed ou t by d r a in g
a pi ece of car b on whi ch i s of neg a ti ve p
.
,
ol ar i ty a way

f r om t h e pi eces of m et al t o be wel d ed whil e t h e m et al i s

Th e n eg at i ve wir e i s f as t en ed
‘

m a d e pos itive l n p ol ar ity .

t o t h e car b on el ect r od e an d t h e wor k i s l ai d on a t abl e

,

m a d e of ca s t or wr ou g ht i r on t o whi ch t h e posi tive wi r e

i s m ad e f a s t T h e d i r ecti on of t h e fl ame i s t h en f r om
'

t h e m et al b ei n g wel d ed t o t h e car b on an d t h e Wor k i s ,

t h u s pr even t ed fr om b ein g s atu r at ed W ith car bon wh i ch

‘
_
,

wou l d pr ov e ver y d etr imen t al t o i t s s tr en gt h A s econ d .

a r y a d v an t a g e i s f ou n d i n t h e f act th a t th e g r e a t es t h e a t
”
"

i s at th e m et al be1n g wel d ed , b ecau s e of i t s b ei n g t h e pos

i ti ve el ect r od e
’

Th e car b on el ect r od e 1s u s ually m a d e fr om on ed u ar t er

t o on e an d a h alf i n ch es i n d i am et er an d fr om s i x t o
“

twelve i n ch es i n l en g th Th e l en g th of th e ar c m ay be
f

'

a n yw h er e fr om on e i n ch t o f ou r i n ch es d epen d i n g on
’

t h e s 1z e of t h e wor k b ei n g h an d l ed
P r eca u ti on s — . W hil e th e par t s ar e car efu lly i n s ulat ed
t o av oi d d an g er o f s h ock it i s n eces s ar y f or t h e op er a t or
to w
,
”

ear r u bb er g l ov es a s a fu r th er pr ot ect i on an d t o ,
 E LE C T R I C W E LDING 369

wear s om e f or m h ood over th e h ead t o s hi el d h i m

of

a g a 1n s t t h e ex t r em e h ea t l i ber at ed ,
T h i s h ood m ay b e
.

m a d e f r Om m et al al th ou g h s om e m at er i al th a t d oes n ot
“

'

con d u ct el ect r i ci ty i s t o be pr ef er r ed T h e wor k i s ;

wat ch ed thr ou g h a pi ece of g l as s for m ed wi th on e s h eet ,

Wh i ch i s ei th er blu e or g r een pl aced o ver a n oth er wh i ch

,
-

i s r ed S cr een s of g l as s ar e s om et i m es u s ed with ou t
“

S om e pr ot ect i on f or t h e ey es 1s ab
l

t h e h ea d pr ot ect or .
-

Sol u t el y n eces s ar y b ecau s e of t h e i n t en s e whit e li g ht .

It I S s el d om n eces s ar y t o pr eh ea t t h e wor k as wi th t he ,

g a s p r oc es s es
,
b e ca u s e t h e h ea t i s l oc a liz ed a t th e p oi n t
of wel d i n g a n d t h e a cti on i s s o r api d th a t t h e ex p an s I on
~

i s n ot s o g r eat . Th e n eces s i ty of pr eh eat i n g h owever , ,

d epen d s en t i r el y o n th e m at er i al f or m an d s i ze of t h e
"

wo r k b ein g h an d l ed Th e s am e a d vi ce a ppl i es t o ar c
.

wel d i n g as t o t h e g as fl am e m eth od bu t i n a l es s er d e

fl
,

g r e e
. F ill i ng r o d s a r e u s ed i n t h e s a m e w ay a s w i t h a n y
oth er a m e pr oces s

P R IN C IPLES OF AR C W E LD IN G

‘
It I s t h e p u r pos e of th i s e x pl an ati on t o s t at e t h e fu n d a
m en t a l pr I n p l es Of t h e a ppli cati on of th e el ectr i c ar c t o
wel d i n g met al s , an d by applyi n g th e pr i n cipl es t h e f ol
l owi n g qu es ti on s wi ll be an s wer ed
W h at i net al s can be wel d ed by th e el ect r i c a r c ?
W h at
-

d ifficulti es ar e t o be en cou n er ed t in
_ a pplyi n g
the t i
el ec r c a r c t o wel d in g ?
W h a t i s t h e s tr en g th of t h e wel d i n com par is on with
t h e or i g i n al pi ece?
W h at i s t h e com p ar a t i v e a ppl i ca ti on of t h e el ect r i c
a r c a n d t h e oxy a cetyl en e m eth od a n d oth er s of a S I mi l a r
-

n atur e

W h at i s t h e fu n cti on of th e ar cwel d in g m achin e its elf ?

”T h an
e s wer s t o th es e q u es t i on s wi ll m ak e it p os s i bl e
t o u n d er s t an d t h eappl i ca ti on of th i s pr oces s t o an y wor k
-
)

i .

In a g r eat m an y pl a ces t h e u s e of t h e ar c i s cu ttin g t h e

 ~
§ HE E T M E TAL WOR K E RS
’
MA NUAL
c os t of wel d in g t o a ver y s m all fr a cti on of wh at it wou l d
be by an y oth er meth od s o th a t t h e i m portan ce O
, f th i s
m eth od m a y be Well u n d er s t ood .

M eta l s Th a t C an B e W el d ed — An y t wo m et al s wh i ch
.

a r e b r ou g ht t o t h e m elti n g t em per at u r es a n d a l i d
“

p p e t o
each oth er will a d h er e So t h at th ey ar e n o m or e a t t o
p
b r eak a t t h e wel d th an at a n y oth er pom t ou t s i d e of
t h e Wel d . It i s t h e pr oper ty of al l m et a l s t o s ti ck t o
g e th e r un d e r th es e co n d i ti o n s Th e el ect r i c ar c i s u s ed
.

i n thi s con n ecti on m er ely as a h ea ti ng ag en t Thi s Is .

i t s on ly f u n ct l on In t h e pr oces s .
'
-

It h as a d van t a g es i n i t s eas e of a ppl i cati on a n d t h e

f
!

ch eapn es s W ith whi ch h ea t can : be lib erat ed at an y g 1v en

i t by i t T h i t h ti w i th
w
p o n s u s e . e r e s n o l n g I n con n ec on »

a r c wel d i n g th a t th e a b ove r i n ci pl es will not a n s

p e r ;
th a t i s th a t m et al s at t h e melti n g p oin t will wel d a nd
,

th a t t h e el ect r i c ar c Will fu r ni s h th e h eat t o b r in g th em

t o thi s p oi n t As t o t h e fir s t qu es ti on th en wh a t m et al s
.
, ,

b e w l edd 3 Th e a n s wer i s al l m et al s can be wel d ed

°
ca n e .
,

ar e as f oll ows
1 In b r as s or zi n c th e m et al s wi l l be c oi l er ed
c as e of ,
c

wi th a coat of zin c o x i d e b ef or e th ey r ea ch a wel d i n g h eat

i
.

Thi s zi n c ox i d e m ak es i t I m pos s i bl e f or t wo cl ean s ur f a ces

“

t o com e t ogeth er an d s om e m eth od h a s t o be us ed f or

,

eli m i n a t i ng th i s p os s i bilit y a n d a ll owi n g t h e t wo s u r fa c

'
f
, es

t o j oi n with ou t th e p os s i b i l i ty of t h e ox i d e i n t er ven l n g
Th e s am e I s t r u e of al u m i n u m i n whi ch t h e ox id e a l u m, ,

In a wi ll be f or m ed an d sever al oth er alloys com pr l s

,
.

I n g el em en t s of d iff er en t m el ti ng p o i n ts
~
.

In or d er to eli m i n at e th es e ox i d es it i s n eces s a r y In ,
—
p r a cti ca l W or k t o pu d d l e t h e w e l d ; th a t I s t o h a v e a ,

s u ffici ent qu an tity O f m olt en m e t al a t th e wel d , s o th at

t h e Ox i d e i s fl oat ed a wa y W h en th i s I s d on e th e two

fl
.
,

s u r f a ces w hi ch ar e t o be j oin ed ar e cover ed with a coat of

“

m elt ed m et al on whi ch Oat th e oxi d e an d fioth er im pu r i

 "

S HE E T -
ME T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL

becom e b ett er an d b ett er i n q u a h ty a sh e con ti n u es to u s e

t h e ar c .

S tr en g th of th e W el d — Now com es th e qu es t i on of t h e
s t r en g th of t h e wel d a ft er it h as b een m ad e
-

Th i s .

s t r en g th i s eq u a lly a s g r eat as th a t of t h e m et a l th at i s

u s ed to m a k e t h e wel d It s h ou l d be r em emb er ed , h ow
.

ev er , th a t t h e m etal wh i ch g oes i n t o th e w el d i s pu t t h er e
'

a s a ca s t i n g an d h s n ot b ee
a n r oll ed T h i s o l d m a ke .

t h e s tr eng th O f t h e wel d as g r ea t a s t h e s am e m etal th a t

i s u s ed f or filli n g i f I n t h e ca s t f or m .

Two p i eces of s t eel cou l d be wel d ed t ogeth er , h avi n g

a t en s il e s t r en gth a t t h e W el d of 5 0 , 0 0 0 p oun d s Hi g h er .

s t r en g th s t h a n th i s can be obta i n ed by t h e u se of s p eci a l

“

a ll oy s f or t h e fil li n g m a t er i a l , or by rolli n g W el d s with .

a t en s il es t r en g th a s g r eat a s_m en ti on ed will gi v e a r es u lt

_

whi ch i s per fectly s a ti s f a ct or y i n alm os t al l ca s es .

Th er e ar e a g r ea t m a n y j ob s wh er e it i s pos s ibl e t o
_

fil l u p t h e W
el d , tha t i s , m a k e t h e s ecti on at t h e p oi n t

e
o f t h e wel d a littl e l ar g r th a n t h e s ecti on th r ou g h t h e

r es t of t h e p i ece B y d oin g t hi s , t h e d i s a d v an ta g es of t h e
“

wel d b ei n g i n th e for m of a cas tin g i n com par i s on with

t h e r es t of t h e pi ece bei n g i n t h e fo r m of r ol l ed s t eel can
be over com e, an d m ak e th e wel d it s elf even s tr on g er
tha n th e or i g i n al p i ece .

C om pa r a ti ve App l i cati on q u es ti on I
. s —An oth er
t h e

a d apt abil ity of th e el ect r i c a r c i n com p ar i s on w ith for g e

fir e, ox y ac etyl en e, or an y o th er m eth od Th e ans wer
‘ “

-
.

i s s om ewh at d i fi cu l t if m ad e g en er al Th er e ar e n o .

d ou bt s om e ca s es wh er e t h e u s e of a d r op h am m er a nd
f or g e fir e, or th e u s e of th e ox y acetyl e n e t or ch , Will m ake -
,

al l thi n g s b ei n g con s i d er ed , a b ett er j ob t h an th e u s e o f

'

t h e el ect r I c a r c, alth ou g h a ca s e wh er e thi s i s ab s ol u t ely

p r ov ed 1 s r a r e :
Th e t i c ar c will m el t m et al In a Wel d f or l es s th an
l
e ec r

t h e s am e m et a l can be m elt ed by th e u s e of th e ox y ac ety -

l en e t or ch an d on a ccou n t of t h e f a ct th at t h e h eat can

,
 E LE C T R I C W E LD ING 3 73

wh er e i t 1s r equ 1r ed an d i n th e a m ou n t
‘

be _appl i ed
‘

ex a ct l y -

r equ i r ed ,
t h e a r c ca n i n alm os t a l l cas es s u pply Wel d i n g ,

h ea t f or l es s cos t th an a f or g e fir e or h eat i n g f u r n a ce .

Th e on e g r ea t a d va n t a g e of t h e ox y a cetyl en e m eth od
L
-

i n com p ar i s on wi th oth er meth od s of wel d i n g i s t h e fa ct

th at i n s om e cas es of ver y thin s h eet t h e wel d can be ,

mad e s om ewh a t s oon er th an 1s pos s i bl e oth er wi s e W i th .

m eta l of No 18 g au g e or thi ck er this a d van t a g e i s el i m i ,

h a t ed In cutt i n g s t eel t h e ox y a cetyl en e t orch i s su pe

,
-

' ‘
I l OI t o a l m os t an y ot h er po s s i bl e m eth od

A r c W el d i n g M a ch i n es — A con s i d er ati on of th e fu n c
t
.

ion an d pu r pos e of t h e va r i ou s types of ar c wel d i n g m a

ch i n es Sh ows th at t h e on ly r eas on f or t h e u s e of an y
m a ch i n e i s ei th er f or con vers i on of t h e cu r r ent from
al t c n a t i n g t o d i r ect or
r i f t h e cu r r
,
en t i,
s a l r ea d y d i r e ct ,

r
th en th e s avin g i n t h e appli cati on of thi s cu r r en t i n th e
ar e .

It i s p r a cti cally ou t of th e qu es ti on t o apply an alt er

n g cu r r en t a r c t o weld i n g , f or t h e r eas on th a t i n a n y
h at i
ar e pr a cti cal ly al l th e h eat i s lib er at ed a t t h e pos i t i v e
el ect r od e Wh i ch mean s th a t i n a lt er na t i n g cu r r en t h alf
l ‘

fl
, , ,

t he h ea t i s l i b e r a t ed a t each el ectr od e as t h e cu r r en t

ch an g es i t s d i r ecti on of o w or a lt er n a t es An oth er d i s .

a d v a n t a ge of th e a lt er n a ti n g ar c i s th a t it i s d i ffi cu lt o f
con t r ol and appli ca ti on .

In al l ar e W el d i n g by th e u s e of th e car b on ar c t h e ,

p o s i ti v e el ect r o d e i s m a d e t h e p i ec e t o b e w e l d e d W h i l e ,

in w el d i n g with m et a lli c el e ctr o d e s thi s m a y be e ith er

t h e pi ece t o beWel d ed or t h e r o d th a t I s u s ed a s a fill er .

Th e v olt a ge acr os s t h e ar c i s a var i abl e qu an tity d e ,

p e n d i n g o n th e l en g th o f t h e fl a m e i t s t e m p er a t u,
r e a n d ,

th e g as es lib er ate d I n th e ar e W ith a car b on el ectr o d e

.

th e v olt a g e wi ll v ar y fr om z er o t o f or ty nve volt s

—
W ith
-
.

th e m et alli c el ectr od e t h e v olta g e will v ar y fr om z er o to

thir ty v olts It i s th er efor e n eces s ar y f or t h e wel d in g
.
, ,

m achi n e t o be abl e t o fu r n i s h t o t h e ar e t h e r equ i s it e

 —S HE E T
, M E TAL . W OR K E R S ’
MANUA L

am oun t of cu r r e nt th i s ,
a mou n t b ei n g v ar i ed an d f ur
i h it
n s ti m es at t h e v olt a g e r equ i r ed
a t al l .

Th e s i m pl es t wel d i n g a ppa r a tu s i s a r es is t ance 1n s er 1es

with th e ar c Thi s i s en ti r ely sa ti s f act or y 1n ever y way
.

ex cept f i n cos t of cu r r en t B y t h e u s e of res i s t an ce i n

'

x
-

. ~

s er i es with t h e ar c an d u s i n g 2 2 0 v olt s as t h e s u pply

, ,

f r om ei ghty t o n i n ety per cen t of t h e cu r r en t i s l os t i n .

h eat a t t h e r es is t an ce An oth er d i s a d v ant a g e i s t h e f act

5
.

t h at m os t m at er i al s c h an g e th ei r r es i s t an ce as th ei r t em
p er a t u r e ch a n g es t h us m a ki
,
n g t h e a m o u n t o f cu r r en t f or

t h e a r c a v ar i abl e qu an tity d epend l n g on t h efi t em per at u r e

,

of t h e r es i st an ce .

Th er e h ave b een v ar i ou s m eth od s or i g in at ed f or savm g

t h e power m en ti on ed an d a g ood m an y m a chi n es h av e

b een pu t on t h e m ar ket f or thi s pu r pos e Al l of th em .

s a v e s om e power ov er wh at a p l ai n r es i s t an ce woul d u s e .

P r a cti cally al l ar c wel d i n g m achi n es at t h e pr es en t t i m e .

a r e mot or g en er a t or s et s t h e m ot or of w ,
hi ch i s ar r an g ed
f or t h e s u pply volt ag e an d cu r r en t thi s m ot or b ei n g ,

d i r ect con n ect ed t o a com pou nd wou n d g en er at or d eliver

i n g appr ox i m at ely s even ty five v olt s d i r ect cu r r en t Th en
-
.

by th e u s e of a r es is t an ce thi s s ev en ty fiv e v ol t s u pply i s
,
-

a ppli ed t o th e a r c S i n ce th e volt a g e a cr os s t h e a r c will

‘

v ar y fr om z er o t o fifty v olt s thi s m a chi n e will s ave fr om

.

z er o u p to s even ty per cen t of t h e p ower t h at t h e ma chin e

_

d eliver s .Th e r es t of t h e power of cou r s e h a s t o be d i s s i , ,

p a t e d 1n t h e r es i s t a n c e u s e d l n s er i es w ith t h e a r c .

A m ot or g en er at or s et wh i ch can be pu r ch as ed fr om ,

a n y el ect r i ca l com p an y w ith a l on g pi ece o f fen ce wi r e

,

wou n d ar ou n d a pi ece of as b es t os g iv es r es u lts e qu ally

”

y ll t f h fi
'

g o o d a n d a t a v e r s m a p a r o t e r s t co s t .
4

It i s pos s ibl e t o con s tr u ct a m achi n e wh i ch will el i m i

n a t e al l l os s es l n t h e r es i s t an ce i n oth er w o r d s elim i n a t e
,
_
,

a l l r es i s t an ce i n s er i es with t h e ar c A m ach in e of thi s .

k in d will s ave i t s cos t withi n a v er y s h or t t 1m e pr ov1d 1n g

'

,
.

t h e Wel d er i s u s ed t o an y ex t en t
 W E LD I NG
L

HAND FOR G I N G A ND

Th e cou r s e g i v en h e r e o n Han d F or g In g an d Wel d in g

I s n ot pr es en t ed w ith t h e id ea of m a ki n g a t ool s m i th or -

bl a cks mi th of t h e s h eet m et al wor ker but 1s I n t en d ed ,

to s ho w an oth er metho d of j oi nin g s t eel an d 1r on

I t h as b een s h ow
.

n el s ewh er e I n thi s b o ok h ow m et a l can

"
be j oi n ed by s ol d er i n g b r azi n g a n d el ectr i c and ox y
, ,

a cetyl en e W el d i n g r oces s es A noth er m eth od h an d wel d

p .
,

i n g i s i n t r od u ced i n th i s ch a pt er
, . S tr u ctu r al st eel i s
g r e a tly u t i l i z ed f o r r ei n f or ci n g s h ee t i r o n a n,
d th e s h e et
m et al con t r a ct or wh o i s ca ll ed u pon t o r ea d pl an s a n d ,

m ak e es ti m a t es l n b ui l d i n g con s t r u cti on an d oth er wor k

m u s t h ave s ome kn owl ed g e of th es e d i ffer en t pr oces s es ,

a s th ey en t er i n t o s peci fica t i bn s l a i d b ef or e t h e con t r act or

'

a n d h i s W or k er s t o s ol v e .

‘
A g ood s ol d er in g j ob wou l d n ot r ecom m en d t h e o x y
a cetyl en e wel d i n g pr o c es s ,
a g oo d j o b
woul d n ot s u g g es t el ectr i c Spot wel d i e our

r ea d er m i g ht n ot be aff or d ed an op p or t u n ity t o p r ac

ti ce th es e d iff er en t m eth od s h e can l earn ab out th em

,

fr om t h e i n for m ati on I n th es e p a ges .

Th e ex er c1s es g 1ven s h ow h ow s t eel wh en h eat ed over ,

t h e f or g e an d pl a ced on th e an vil can be t r an s f or m ed

,

i n t o m an y s h ap es of u s efu l n es s . Th ey b r i n g i nt o u s e
t h e t ool s an d oth er equ 1pm ent u s ed i n h an d f or g i n g a nd

wel d i n g pr a cti ce As th e s tu d en t pr og r es s es i n h i s s tu d i es
w
.

a n d l a t er fin d s a pl a ce i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l s h op h e , ill
b ett er u n d er s t an d h ow i n tim at ely h an d f or gl n g and wel d
1n g ar e con n ect ed wit h s h eet m et a l wor ki n g makIn g a
w
,

kn o l ed ge of th es e meth od s n eces s ar y i n t h e mod er n s h op .

 A
H N D F O R GI NG A ND W E LDI N G ,

F OR GE -
SHO P T OO S L
An vi l s a n d B l ocks — An vi l s .t bl e f or l i g h t t wo r k ar e
su i a
m an u f a ctu r ed of s em i s teel i n s i z es v a r y l n g fr om 5 0 t o
-
-
_

15 0 l bs ,al s o cas t I r on an v i l bl ocks s u i t ab l e f or t h e v ar i ou s

.
-

s iz es of a n vil s Th es e s em i s t eel a n vi l s a r e cons 1d er abl y

.
-

'
— R eg ul a r An vi l

fl
Fi gur e 2 90 . S t eel .

c h eaper th an r eg u a r s l t eel an v s,lly an s wer

bu t usua th e
u r pos e of t h e t r a I n In g s ch ool a n d s m all s h op
p .

Fi g ure 2 9 1 —;S wag e

i

. B l o ck .

S wag e B l ocks —Th es e ar e mad e i n var i ou s s i zes o f

cas t i r on an d m al m os t a n s h a d es i ed r u d s u
y p e r ,
o n , q a r e ,

or h ex ag on al W h er e a var i ety of wor k I s d on e a s wa g e

.
,

blo ck ( F 1g u r e 2 91 ) i s alm os t i nd i s pen s abl e as an a d j u n ct

t o t h e an vil oft en s av i n g t h e pu r ch a s e o f s peci al t ool s
,
.

C om bi n a ti on Vi s a — A ver y h an d y t ool i n t h e s ch ool

or s h op i s th e com bi n ati on v i s e w hi ch i n clu d es i n on e
‘

,
 m a ch i n e an an v il a n vi l v i s e pi p e v
-
ise -
an d d r ill p r es s
”
.
, , ,

Th e f a ce of th e arivi l i s 3x 8 wh i l e th e p p J
1 e a ws ar e r e
”
,

mov able an d will g r ip p p

1 e fr om to 3 in d i am et er .

F i g ur e 2 9 2 .
—C om bi n ati on . Vi s e.

G r i n d s ton e — Th e g r i n ds t on e i n th e m oder n s h op i s
w
.

m ot or d r i ven an d fitt ed with a tool r es t a n d at er t an k .

I n d u ced D raf t F or g e
- — A g ood .

h an d i n s t ead of power bl as t h as a con ven i en t g ear ed

”
“

F gu
i 29
re2 A —I nd u . ced D
-
r af t F o r g e , E qu i pp ed wi t h S i l en t B l ower .

h an d bl ower , wi th h ead d own d r aft ex h au s t h o

ov er o d
a por t1 on o
“

'
Whi ch r ecIr cu l at es f t h e g as es th at ar l s e ,

th er eby 1n cr eas 1ng th e t emper atu r e of t h e b l ast a n d t h e

n at u r al d r a ft on t h e f or g e Thi s 1s c all ed an i n d u ced
. z

d r aft for ge .
( g
F i u re 2 9 2 A .
F i gur e 2 9 4 .
—
P u n ch and S h ear .

F i g u r e 2 9 5 2— P o wer H a m m er .
 A
H ND F OR GI NG AND W E LDI NG 38 1

P ower H am m er —Th i s
u s efu l m ach i ne i s d es i g n ed f or
.

c on ti nu ou s s er vi cea n d ca n be op er a t ed at a v er y h i g h

r a t e o f s peed
“

E v er y wor ki n g p a r t i s of s t eel
. Th e .

r am of a typi ca l m a ch i n e i s con n e ct ed w
i

ith s pr in g a r m s _ ,

Fi gur e 2 96 — A n vi l
.

R o un d Pu
T o ol s
n ch
: A ,

C ol
S q ua r e F l at t er ; B , S et
C h i s e l ; E , H o t C h i s el
m m er ; 0 ,

; D , d ‘
“

thr ou g h whi ch i t g i ves a v er y el as ti c cu s h i on ed a n d , ,

p ow e r ful bl ow It i s s t
. a r t ed s t opp ed a nd r eg u l a t ed by a , ,

foot t r ea d l e, thr ou g h v ar yi n g pr es s u r e on whi ch an y

d es Ir e d s peed or for ce of bl ow i s obt ai n ed
“

F i g u r e 2 97 - A
nv i l T ool s : A , H a n d H a m m er ; B , T op a n d o t t om B
S wa g es ; D , E , T o p a n d B
o t t o m F u l l e r s ; F , S l ed g e ; G , H a r d i e .

fl
S qu a r e F l a t t er — Thi s i s
bl a cks m i th s a n vi l t ool u s ed
a
’

f or s m oothi n g a n d fin i s h i n ga t f or g i n g s R ou n d h at .

t er s ar e al s o u s ed on wor k wh er e t h e cor n er of a s qu a r e

fl att er woul d be i n t h e way

‘

.
 M E T AL W OR K E R S M A U AL
N
’
S HE E T '

S et H amm er s ar e u —
s ed f or
Th es e se t tin g d own th e
m etal i n a f org i n g t o for m a s qu ar e
‘
cor n er at a m t
p o
wh er e th e s ecti on ch an g es
—
.

S wa g es S wa g es a r e us ed
_ . f or h apin g , s izin g an d
s ,

s m oo thin g r ou n d f or i
g gs
n . Top an d bott om s wag es ar e ‘

u s ed .

F a l l ers — Th es e ar e u s ed f or n eckin g an d g r oovin g

.

f or g i n g s an d al s o f or d r awi n g d own a f or gi n g t o a
,

s m al l er s ecti on

F i g ur e 2 9 8 —B la ck s m i t h ’s T on g s : A , S t r a i gh t L i p,
k t
o
B
H ol d S q u a r es ,

B ,

k
f o r Hol d i ng T h i n F l a t W o r ; 0 ,
S t r a i g h t Li p ,
k
R ou n d W o r ; D , T on g s f o r
B a r S t o c W h en F o r gi n g
G
e n er a l F o r g i n g
a t h e T ool s L
ol t T on g s
P p
f or
u r o s e s ; E , f o r H ol d i n g
.
.

S l ed g e —Th e s l ed g e i s
. f am ili ar bl a cks m ith s l ar g e
th e
’

h eavy h amm er A wei g ht com m onl y u s ed i s 8 l bs

. .

—
H a r d i es Th es e ar e t ools whi ch ar e s et i n th e a n vil
. _

an d u s ed f or cu tti n g off f or g i n g s .

T ong s _ M an y f or m s of t on g s ar e u
. s ed 1n f or g m g 1n ,

el ud i n g Sh apes f or h ol d i n g thi n fl a t wor k s qu a r es b olts ,

o r oth er r ou n d wor k bar s t ock, et c ,

Th e t on g s u s ed f or .

g en e r a l f or i
g g p p
n u r os es a r e u s u a lly 1 8 i n ch es l on g with ,
384 S HE E T M E T AE W ORK E R S ’
M A N U AL
s i d er abl e r an g e of will keep i n a ma ll eabl e con d i
h eat ;
ti on ab ove a a
-

r ed h eat wh i ch i s m u ch bel ow t h e f u s in g
,
u
n

p o i nt ,
an d
th u s can be b en t an d f or m ed i n t o d i ff er en t
,
”

s h apes with t h e h a m m er I r on wor k pr od u ced i n th i s

.

way i s call ed wr ou g ht i r on W r ou g ht 1r on m an ipu l ate d .

wh en h ot 1s s ai d t o be for g ed Two pi eces b r ou g ht t o a

l
.

fu s i n g poi n t m ay be u n it ed i n t oon e p1ece by h amm er I n g .

P i eces s o u n it ed a r e s ai d t o be wel d ed It Wi ll n ot be .

comeh ar d an d b r ittl e l i k e c a s t i r on
‘

as it i s of a fib r ou s ,

con s t r u ct i on ; it s h e ws a high t ens il e s t r en g th a t a fr a c "

tu r e Th i s i r on is d i vi d ed i n t o t wo cl as s es comm on or
.
’

z
-

—
r efin ed i r on an d Nor wa y i r on W r oug ht i r on h a s b een .

l ar g ely d i s pl a ced f or m os t pu r pos es by t h e i ncr eas ed

p r o d u c ti o n o f s t eel Th e i r o n u s e d .i n m a ki n g t h e ex e r

c1s es I n thi s cou r s e s h ou l d be Nor way i r on a s b ett er r e ,

s u l ts a r e a tt a i n ed th a n by us ing com m on i r e n .

Pu d d l i n g — Th e g en er al pr oces s o f mak i n g W r ou g ht
.
'

i r on a t t h e pr es en t d ay i s kn own a s Thi s
w H
“

i t d b t t h y 1 7 80 b y
‘

p r o ce s s a s n v en e a o u e ea r y e n r

C ort an d i m prov ed ab ou t fifty y ear s l at er by Jos eph

"

H all Th e m eth od em pl oy ed i s on e of m eltin g c as t i r on

. ,

i n a cha m b er or on t h e h ear th of a r ev er ber at or y f u r n ace ,

t h e fl ame p a s s i n g ov er t h e m olt en met al : Th e r equ i s it e

tim e f or thi s op er ati on i s ab ou t th i r ty m l n ut es Wh en . :

t h e m et al b ecom es m elt ed an o x i d i zi n g m et a l i s a d d ed
.

,
?
.

Al l ph os ph or u s s u l phu r car b on a n d oth er i m pu r iti es

, , ,

m ay be eli mi n a t ed by s t i r r i n g D u r i n g t h e m elti n g a s l ag
:
.

f or m s an d a d j u s t s it s elf t o th e i r on ar ou n d ea ch fib er ,

s h owi n g a fib r ou s r a th er th an a c r y s t alli ne s t r u ct u r e .

Th er e ar e m an y var i eti es o f fu r n aces of var i ou s c apa c1

ti es ; th e ca p acity of t h e m os t com m on s ize or d i n ar ily
b ein g fr om 5 0 0 l bs t o 1 l bs . .

T H E ART OF H AND W E LDI N G

S ome m et a l s wh en h eat ed becom e g r adu

,
ally soft er ,

as th e t em p er a tu r e i n cr eas es u n til a h ea t i s a tt a i n ed a t
,
 A ND GI NG W E L D I NG
i

H F OR A ND 38 5

Whi ch th e m eta l i s in nd iti on th at if two s epar at e

h
“

suc a co

pi eces a r e b r ou g h t i n t o c o
'

n t a ct by s li g ht pr es s u r e th ey ,

will ad h er e a n d f or m a s i n g l e p1ece E ver y m et al i s n ot

_
.

y
Fi g u r e 2 99 -S t a ti on a r y D o wn
H o o d ; 2 , S t a t i o n a r H o o d ; 3 , F r on t
-
D
r af t S i n g l e F o r g e :
P
l ate ;
. 1,
H ea r t h ; 5 , F i r e
A
d j us ta l e
ri c B
b
k
6 , Fi r e P ot ; 7
S eg men t ; 1 1 , P
, w a t e r x T a n k ; 8 , T o ol R a c k ; 9 , A d j u s t i n g L ev er ;
i n i on ; 1 2 , B
a s e ; 1 3, E xh a us t i e ; Pp
T u y er e ev er ; L
15, B l as t G at e L ev e r ; 1 6 , G o a l B o x .

a ff ected i n this m ann er C as t i r on f or I n s t an ce d oes n ot

.
, ,

b ecom e g r ad u ally s oft er as th e h eat i s i n cr ea s ed bu t ,

r ema i n s fir m u n til a cer t a in t em per atu r e i s r each ed

a n d th en s oft en s s u d d en ly an d g oes t o pi eces An y m et al .

wh i ch s oft en s gr ad u ally wh en h eat ed , m ay be wel d ed

“

,
 88 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NU AL

Wh il e meta ls wh i ch a ct as cas t iron d oes ca n n ot be

wel d ed .

W el d i n g
-
’
—
H ea t Th e con d i ti on at whi ch pi eces of m et al
a r e r ea d y t o h er e, i s kn own a s t h e wel d i n g h eat Th e
ad
i

tw
.

o pi eces of m et a l pr oper ly sh a ped a re br ou gh t t o th i s

“

wel d i n g h eat pl aced t og eth er an d t h or ou ghly h ammer ed

,

, ,

o r f or g ed t og eth er by pr es s u r e i n s u ch a w a y as t o b r i n g

t h e t wo pi eces i n t o co n t act a t al l p ar t s Of th e wel d Th e

”

wei g ht of th e bl ow m us t be g ov er n ed by th e s i ze of t h e
bar a s t h e bl owm u s t be s u ffici en t t o aff ect t h e m et a l
,

fr om th e s u r face t o t h e cen t er W ith th is pr ecau ti on a .

g o o d W e l d m a y b e p r o d u ce d I t I S n ec e s s a r y. t o m a k e s o m e ,

o f t h e m os t d i fficu lt wel d s a t on e i s oft en i m

p o s s ibl e t o r e h e a t I n al l w e l d i n g t h e g r ea t es t c a r,
e m u s t
be ob s er v ed t o h eat t h e pi ece pr op er ly A pi ece o f .

wr ou g ht i r on wh en b r ou ght t o a wel d in g h eat i s alm os t

, ,

wh i t e an d l i ttl e ex pl os i v e s p ar ks a ppear u pon t h e s u r

,

f ace Th es e l i ttl e s p a r k s ar e s m all pa rt i cl es of i r on whi ch

.

b ecom e sep ar at ed fr om t h e bar an d b u r n .

F i r e f or Wel d i ng — I t i s ver y essen t i al t o ha ve an d

.

m a i n t ai n a g ood fir e on t h e f or g e d u r i n g t h e pr oces s o f
wel d i n g G ood coal a n d m ateri al are am on g t h e es s en
.

t ia ls Th e g oo d fir e i s i n d i s pen s abl e i n or d er t o a tt ai n
.

t h e b es t r es ul ts i n wel d i n g Th e t u y er e 1r on or bl a s t ,

i
p p e m u s,
t b e w ell c o v e r e d w ith c o k e a n d t h e fir e mu s t

be ab solu t ely fr ee fr om al l cl i n k er s an d Well b an k ed with

w
(

g r ee n co a l b u r n i n u
g p q
,
u i ckly t o a ll o a l l g a s t o e s c a
p e .

K eep pl en ty of coke on t op of t h e 1r on D o n ot con ti n u .

a lly pok et h e fir e .

Oa i d a ti on of I r on — If a p1ece o .f i r on i s h eat ed i n con

t a ct with ai r i t will ab s or b ox y g en fr om t h e ai r and f or m
,

a s c a l e h p o n t h e s u r f ace w hi ch i s k n ow n a s O x i d e o f i r on .

Th e h ott er th e i r on t h e m or e r api d ly thi s s cal e w

,
ill f or m .

Th e s cal ed ees n ot a d h er e fir m ly t o th e 1r on a n d can n ot be

Wel d ed Two m eth od s ar e us ed t o g u ar d a ga in s t ox i d a
.
u

t ion In t h e firs t it i s accom pli s h ed by h avi n g a th i ck

.
,
 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUAL
.

a r ou n d bar , t h e s carf i s m ad e t h e Sam e a s t h e l ap wel d ,

‘

w
,

e x cept t h at t h e s ca r f s h ou l d be d r a n te a s h ar p p oi n t
’
'

i n s t ea d of t o a ch i s el ed g e Thi s i s d on e i n ord er th at
‘

- -

. -
,

t h e cor n er s m ay n ot pr oj ect b ey on d t h e ed ge of t h e bar

“
,

wh en wel d in g thu s g i d er a bl t
cau s n
e r i
ou bl e con s

w
, .

Pl ace t h e p1eces i n t h e fir e with th e s car f d o n as th e ,

u n d er s i d e of t h e 1r on i s alway s t h e h ot tes t D o n ot h eat .

t h e I r on t oo qu i ckly as it Wi ll com e t o a wel d i n g h eat on

,

t h e out s i d e a n d y et not be th or ou g h l y h e a t ed s o tha t , .

wh en expos ed t o t h e ai r it will cool t oo r apid ly .

W h en each p i ece h as att ai n ed a cl ean Wh i t e fh eat r e

"

, ,

m ov e th em g i vi n g each a j ar u pon t h e anvi l whil e th e

'

s car f i s d own th u s d i s l od g in g an y d i r t whi ch m ay h ave

'
’
- -

,
'

ad her ed Tu r n th e on e i n th e r i g ht ha n d over an d pl a ce
.

t h e oth er on to p of it b r i n g i n g th em t og eth er as qui ckly

a s p os s ibl e. In pu tti n g t h e t w
,

op i eces t og eth er t h e poi n t

"

, s

o f on e s car f s h ou l d j u s t m eet t h e h eel of th e o th er H am

’

m er r a pi d l y i n or d er t h at t h ey m ay becom e un it ed b efor e
’

t h e h eat g et s b el ow th e wel d i n g po1n t Th e col d an vil

‘ ‘

ver y qu i ckly r ed uces t h e h eat .

S TE E L AND I TS M A N U F AC TU RE

S t eel i s th e li ed t o car b on iz ed i r on havin g

n am e app ,

a hi gh t en s il e s t r en g th com bi n ed with el a s ti city It Was .

fir s t m ad e by t h e an ci en t E g ypti an s an d other ear ly r a ces ,

by r ed u ci n g v er y pu r e i r on or e m i x ed with ch opped wood

"

i n cl ay cr u cibl es whi ch wer e h eat ed i n ch a r coal fir es

,

bl own by g oat s ki n b ell ows F r om thi s s t eel th e cel e

.
,

br a t ed In d i an s wor d bl a d es w er e f a sh i on ed No fin er t ool .

s t eel h as ever b een m a d e

”
; .

“
“

Th e t er m s t eel as u s ed i n ear ly ti m es d es i g n a t ed ,

a for m of car b on iz ed i r on whi ch wou l d h ar d en or

“
. t em

p e r w h en d i pp e d i n col d w at er a ft er h avi ng been ; h ea t ed ,

t o a r ed h eat T hi s d efin iti on n o l on g er h ol d s g oOd , as th e

.

c ar bon iz ed i r on p r od u ced by m .
od ern m eth od s an d u s ed .

ely i n s tru ct u r al wor k g oe s by t h e n am

,

e x t en s i v e of s t eel ,
.
 H AND F O RG I NG A ND W E LDI NG 383

Up t o th e t i m e of t hein v ent i on h ear th pr oc es s

of th e open ,

t h e only com m er ci al pr oces s of m aki n g s t eel wa s by d e

ca r b on i zi ng c a s t 1r on an d th en r ecar bon i z i n g t h e r es u lt
,

i n g wr ou g ht 1r on i n t h e cem en t a t i on fu r n a ce .

S t eel m ay n ow be d efin ed a s a m et a l pr od u ced by a

cOm pl et e fu s i on of i r on or i r on a ll oy s i n a b ath th e , ,

Fi gur e 30 0 .
—L a y ou t
"
Of S h op wi t h D ou bl e D ow D n- r aft F o r g es .

n ecess ar y r
p po er t ebei n g g 1ven aft er con ver s i on by th e
s i
-

a d d it i on of ca r bon or car b on all oys M an y th eor i es h av e

’

b een ad van ced as t o wh a t s t eel r eally i s On e h el d by .

—

“
m an y m et allu r g i s t s i s th a t s te el i s an all oy of pu r e i r on

a n d ca r b on on ly
” al l oth er el emen t s b ei n g r eg a r d ed a s ;
,

i m pu r i ti es G ood s t eel i s of a blu i s h g r ay col or un ifor m

.
, ,

i n g r ai n an d h avi n g littl e l u s t er .

Th er e are th r ee d i s t i n ct m eth od s u s ed i n m aki n g s t eel

-

,
 ’
SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

t he op en h ear th ,
th e B es s em er , an d
‘
th e cr u c ible ; Th e
l a tt er is th e ol d es t of t h e pr es en t _m eth o d s of m an u f a c
"
’

t u r e, h i
b een i n
av n g u s e f or c en tu r i es Th e fi r s t t wo .

'

m eth od s ar e pr ob ably t h e on es m os t c omm onl y u s ed a t

th e p e
r s en t ti m e I n th es e t h e c a r
. b on i n t h e cas t i r on
,

i s b ur n ed ou t whil e i n t h e l a s t m eth od th e car b on 1s

, ,

b u rn ed i n t o th e wr ou g ht i r on Oth er me th od s f or mer ly . ,

F i g ur e
"

30 0 A
1
; .
-
L y ou t
a of S h o
-
p wi t h I n d u c ed -
Dr a ft Fo r g es.

r d u ed men t or t l In
bli s t er s tee l an d Sh ea r s ee
p o c ce .

c om m er c1a l i m por t an ce t h e pr o ces s es r an k open h ea r th, , ,

B es s em er a n d cr u ci bl e It wa s n ot u nt i l t h e open h ear th
,
.

an d B es s em er pr o ces s es came i n t o u s e th a t s t eel b eg a n

,

t o s u pplan t wr ou g ht i r on t o any ex t en t :
Op en H ea r th S t eel —Thi s meth od of ma ki n g s t eel wa s
.

d i s cov er ed ab ou t th e y ear 1 845 It 1s und er b ett er c on .

t r ol th an th e B es s em er pr oces s s 1n ce a t an y ti m e it aff or d s ,

o ppor tu n ity f or t es ti ng a n d f or m akin

g su ch a d d iti on s
 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NU AL

q uir ed th ickn es s B ess em er s teel i s us ed f or n ai l s s cr ews

.
, ,

wi r e an d i n fa ct f or al l pr od u cts wh er e ch e apn es s l r at h er
,
,

th an qu a lity i s t h e r equi r em en t .

C r u mbl e S t eel — C ru cibl e or t ool s te el , t h e old es t an d

.

s i m pl es t pr oces s t akes i ts n am e fr om th e m eth od s em

,

p y l o e d i n i t s m a n u f a ct u r e I n thi s p r o ces s c a r
. b on i s ,

a d d ed t o a l ow ph os ph or u s and s u l p hur w ro u g ht i ro n .

S wed i s h or Nor way 1r on 1s u s ed i n pr efer en ce t o oth er

k i n d s as it h as pr ov ed s u per 1or 11] ma kin g hi g h g r a d e

fl
, .

t ool st eel Th i s i r on i s cu t i n t o s m all pi eces on e i n ch l on g

-

f r om at i r on b a r s Th es e pi eces ar e th en pl a ced
,

i n a cl ay cr u cibl e ( s om eti mes a g r aph i t e cr u cibl e i s u s ed -

a lth ou g h it i s n ot as g ood ) w hi ch i s ab ou t h i gh an d
1 f oot i n d i am et er A cer t a in am ou n t of powd er ed c h ar
.

c oa l i s m i x ed with t h es e i eces an d th e cr u c i b l e i s th en
p ,

t i g htly s ea l ed an d s u bj ect ed to g r ea t h ea t whi ch m elt s ,

Af t er h av i n g r em ai n ed i n a m olt en s t at e f or
'

t h e i r on
‘

s om e ti m e it 1s pou r ed i n t o m ol d s a n d f or m s i n g ot s
"

, ,

whi ch ar e aft er war d r oll ed or h am m er ed u n d er a s team

‘

h am m er in t o b ar s Thi s pr oces s h a s u n d er g on e bu t littl e

.

c h a n g e i n an t h e y ear s it h a s b een em pl oy ed th e o n ly ,

i m por t an t ch an g e b ei n g a m or e d i r ect m eth od f or i n t r o

‘

d u ci n g th e car b on i n t o t h e s t eel ; In t h e m a i n h owever , ,

t h e m eth od n ow u s ed i s t h e s am e a s th a t u sed cen t u r i es

a go
.
Owi n g t o th e hi g h cos t of pr od u ct i on this m etho d
.
_ ,

i s n ow u s ed pr 1n c1p al l y f or m aki n g hi g h g r a de t ool s t eel .

T h e el a s ti ci ty of thi s s t eel m ak es it of u s e i n m an y pl a ces

wh er e n o oth er s t eel cou l d be s afely u s ed
”
.

—
_

T em p er m g Th e t er m t em per a s u s ed b s t eel
.
y ,

m a k er s r efer s t o th e p er cer rt a g e of car b on i n t h e s t eel

,
.

I t h as a d i ff er en t m ean i n g wh en u s ed by t h e s t eel m ak er
t h an wh en u s ed by th e h ar d en er In t h e s t eel mill it .
,

mean s t h e am ou n t of car b on th e s t eel cont ain s Th e .

m ean i n g s h av e b een t ab u l a t ed by an au t h or i t y a s f ol l ows

i :

V er y h i g h t em pe 1 5 0 po i n t
-
car b on
Hi g h t em per z 10 0 t o 1 2 0 poi nt
-
ca r b on
 -

A H A ND F OR GI NG AND W E LDI NG 39 3

M e d i u m t em per 7 0 t o 8 0 poi n t car bon -

M i l d t em per 4 0 t o 6 0 p o i n t c a r b on
-

_
-

L ow t em per 1
. .2 0 t o 30 poi n t ca r bon -

S of t o r d e a d s of t t em per 2 0 poi n t c a r b on
-

A po nit is l /
1 per cen t of an y el em en t th at
10 0 of

en t er s t h e com pos i t i on of s t eel , s o a 15 0 p0 1n t car b on

i n to -

s teel cont a i n s 1 4 p er cen t car b on

1 In t h e s t eel m i ll s u ch .

t l
a s ee i s s po ken of a s
t eel 15 0 s
”
.

“
Tem per i n g on t h e oth er
,
h an d a ls o d en ot es th e ,

p r oc e s s b y w h i ch s t ee l i s b r o u ght t o a p r e v i ou s ly d et e r

m i n ed d eg r ee of h ar d n es s . A s t eel ch i s el can be m a d e s o
.

h ar d th at i t will cut an oth er p1ece of s teel or s o s oft th at ,

d r i v i n g i t in t o a pi ece of h ar d wood wi ll d u ll i t s p oi n t
‘ ’

abl es th e m ech a n i c t o m ak e i t

ki n d of Wor k .

by var l ou s m ean s a l l of whi ch

"

a h ea t i n g a nd s ub s equ
g
en t cooli n g o f t h e

in st an ce a pi ece of t ool s t eel whi ch 1s h ea

,
t ed
r ed h eat a n d th en plu n g ed i n t o col d wat er
,

I f a ll owed t o cool s l owly it b ecom es ,

ex t r em es al l d eg r ees of h ar d n es s ca n

ed E ver y t ool i s t em per ed to t h e h ar d n es s tha t

‘

m ak es it m os t u s eful .

W h en a poli s h ed pi ece of s t eel h ar den ed or u n h ar d

e
,

n ed i s ex p os ed t o h ea t l n th e pr es en ce of a i r
,
it as s u m es ,

d i ff er en t col or s as th e h ea t in cr ea s es F i r s t will be n ot ed .

a f ai n t s t r aw col or whi ch ch an g es t o a d eeper s t r aw

, ,

th en t o a d ar k br oWn with pu r pl e s pots then t o a d ar k ,

blu e an d fina lly to a li g h t blu e Th es e col or s ar e d u e t o

a thi n fil mof ox i d e th at fo
.
,

r m s a s t h e h eat pr o r es s es
g .

Th es e col or s ar e v alu el es s h owever t o t h e t ool m ak er u n , ,

l es s th e m et al h as fir s t b een cool ed i n a bath of wat er ,

oi l,
or s om e oth er li qu i d Wh en at a r ed h eat D r awi n g
, .

“
h ar d en ed s t eel t o an y of th es e color s 1 s cal l ed tem per -

in Th e foll owin g li s t of col or s a ppli es t o al l of t h e

t ool s com m on ly m ad e
 S HE E T ME T AL W ORK E R S MANUAL
I
’

Col or .

P a l e or l i g h t s tr a w lL a th e t ool s
D ar k s t r aw T a ps , d i e s , m i l l i n g cu t t e r s , et c.

W o o d wor k i ng
'
t o ol s ( c o ol e d in oi l )
"

C en t e r p i
u i c h , s t on e drills
C ol d ca pe ch i s el s
‘

or -

L i gh t bl u e S cr e wd r l v er s

T ool T em p emng —L et us no w con s i d er t h e t em per l n g

of a t ool t akin g f or ex ampl e t h e
,
hi s el a t ool co ld c ,

Wi d ely kn own and g en er a lly ab u s ed T o obt a i n a g ood .

:

chi s el i t m us t be pr oper ly f or g ed a t a com pa r a t i v ely l ow

,

h ea t an d t h en h am m er ed W ith l i g ht bl ows a t th e la st u n ti l
,

it h a s co ol ed con s i d er a bly b el ow t h e h e a t or d i n a r i l
y u s e d
wh en m et al 1s d i spl a ced Th e obj ect of th e l i g ht bl owon
.

t h e cooli n g m et a l i s t o cl os e t h e g r a i n or r efine rt h e St ee]

‘ ‘

m aki n g it t ou g h Tool s of th i s c h ar a cter s t a n d l i p b ett er

. _

i f th ey a r e h ea t ed t o a ch er r y r ed h ea t a n d all owed t o cool

b ef or e h ar d en i n g Th i s i s n ot alway s p os s ible bu t Wh en
.
,

i t i s m ak e t h e h ar d en i ng h ea t a Sepa r at e operat i on
,

T o h ar d en h eat two th i r d s of t h e p a r t f or g ed t o a
,
-

ch er r y r ed h ea t u s i n g g r ea t car e n ot t o overh ea t t h e
,

i nt a n d th en cool on e h a lf o f t h e bl a d e l n col d w a t e r
p o ;
-

a lw a y s m ov e t h e t o ol a b ou t or s et t h e wa t e r in m ot i on ,

a voi d i n g a n y d a n g er of m a ki n g a wa t er cr ack a t t h e w a t er

ed g e .

Th e n ex ti on 1s t o br i g ht en one b r oa d Su r fa ce
t op er a

W ith a n em er y s t i ck A p1ece of em er y cl oth t a ck ed over

a s t i ck o f woo d m
.
_ s

ak es a v er y g ood p ol i s h er Th e h ea t-

. ,

rem a i n i n g i n th e b od y of t h e chi s el will r eh ea t t h e en d al

r e a d y cool ed a n d t h e v a r i ou s col or s wi ll a pp
“

,
ea r l n or d er

on t h e p ol i s h ed s u r f a ce T h e pr op er col or f or a col d
.
.

chi s el w h en cor r ectl y temper ed i s d ar k bli 1e. W hen th i s

"

col or i s att a i n ed at th e poi n t t h e en ti r e tool i s th en i m

_

m er s ed i n wat er an d i s n ot r em ove d u n til col d If t h e

t ool i s n ot cool ed off en ou gh l n th e fir s t oper ati on t h e
w
,

colei s w ill r u n d o n v er y r api d l y agh becom e com pa ct

h i ,
 C OUR SE IN F OR GE P RAC TI CE
C ar e of For g e — of f er g e as t o u s e Of fir epot ,
Oper ati on .

t u y er es , d r a ft an d bl a s t .

B u il d i n g an d m a l n t ai n i n g fir es f or d i ff er en t cl as s es of
:

w or k .
P r
-

o d
'

ucti on o f co k e f or th e fi r e R em o va l of as h es .

an d c li n k er s .

men ts S u g g es t ect P r o bl em s
'

E le . .

F or g e an d Ant i l

Dr a wi n g .
G a g g er s , t
s ap es , l S h ock , s q
u ar e an g l e
1r o n s .

B en d l n g .

F or m i g f o r s u b s equ en t wel d in g
r n .

S h ou l d er i n g .
T aperi n g r ou n d i r on s f or d r a fti n g
h ol es i n p att er n s .

TW l S t m g '
“

'
B u r n l n g H OD S f or fitti n g chi s el h an
,

Upsetti n g d l es Poi n ti ng pok er s t appl n g 1r on s

‘

. .
. ,

E y el et d r awm g pi ns f or l i f t i rl g pat
F or m 1n g .
t er ns .

P i pe h ooks b olts of s t ock s izes

,
.

Hook f or whi ppl etr ee

C h am f er l n g
J

Ups etti n g s t ock f or s u b sequ en t

‘

h ol d er
Use of fin i s hi n g
.

Op en s qu ar e j awed wr en ch
t ool s s uch as
.
.

D r aw pl ates f or b olt s
wag es fu ll er s
.

s , ,
B r a ck et s f or t ool r a cks ;
h ar d l es
F la t alli g at or wr e n ch
.

W el cl m g .
'
v

S car fin g . R in g s and li n ks f or Whi ppl etree .

P r eper h eat .
 H A ND F ORG I NG A ND W E LDI NG
S u g g es te d Pr obl em s .

S t ock s cr a p Us ed t o f or m bar i ron .

L ap wel d
Weld
.

F a g g ot . F l at an g e l i r on s , g gg
a er s .

Tee wel d .

Tool S teel ;

An neali n g heat . F l atl d chi s el .

-

co

C ape chi s el .

Har d en i n g h eat . C en t er pu n ch es .

C as e h ar d en i n g l D i am on d poi n t ch i s el .

Tem per f or cu ttin g

wood .
A
W ood t u r n i n g ch i s el
-

Tem per f or cu ttin g

i r on . Si d e cu tt i n g chi s el .

"
Hi gh s peed s ee t l
W or k . B ou n d n os e c hi s el .

Vi s e W or k .

mb er in g
Nu an d l ett er in g wor k wi th
t l s t amps
s ee . A n g l e i r on s .

L ay l n g out/a n d cen t er hi n g fo r
"

pu n c

d r i ll i n g
”

on pr es s .

R eam l n g .

C u tt i n g th r ea d s on b olt s an d dr aw
p i n s w ith d i e 2 . D r awp l ates .

T appi n g d r aw pl ate . An ch or pl at es .

R iveti n g . Tool h ol d er .

D r il l P r es s , Sh e
a r an d
'
G r l n cl er .

Ge
t tl n g ou t t
s oc k f or t
s an d ar d j ob s .
Ir or i pl at es of va
r l ou s ki n d s .

D r i lli n g an d cou n er s n t i kin g . M a chi n e t ool h ol d

er .

G r i nd i n g an d fin i s hi n g . L ath e t ool s .
 M E T AL woR K E R S
‘
’

SH E E T
f
M A NU AL

E l em ents . S ltg g esftecl P r obl ems .

S team H a m m er
“

D r awi n g .

C r u ci bl e h an d l es .

Tong s, l ever ar m .

M as t r i n g
Ups ett l n g
, .

D i rge o p en
.

Con n ecti n g r od
w
.

F or m l n g
’

.
S i n gl e th r o
k h aft
cr an s .

Hamm er h ead s f or
W el d l n g .
m a chi n e s h o p

L ectur esR eel tat l ons an d

f
.
—
Hi s t ory of
f

bl a cks m i th i n g ,
so
’

u r ces of s upply , m a ch i n e f or g l n g , B
'

es s e mer .
p r o ces s es ,

o p en h ear th pr oces s es hi g h s peed s t eel , .

Vl s l ts of I n s p ecti on
f
G en er a l j obbi n g .
-
s h op ,
t
s e am

for g e s h op d r op for g e s h op rollin g m l l l

, ,
-
.

EXE R C I S E N o.1

St o ck— Nor w
a y I r on —1 53
”x —Con ven i en t l eng th .

E x p l tln a tl on l On e en d of th e t k i s t o be d rawn
’

é -e
s oc
” ”
a .

un t i l a l eng th of m or e i s 5 or ,
5 of th e d rawn
p or t i o n i s th en t o be cut oh o n t h eh a r d i e en d ,
th e cll t en d
s qua r e d .

Th e fin i s h ed pi ece, A ( F i gu r e m us t be s m oo th ,

t r u e t o s i z e, s qu ar e In s ect i on an d s rat i g ht
S
.

q 0 p er at l on — B eg i n n i n g n ear t h e en d of t h e t ock , St r i k e
.

«
ever y O w
th er bl o On a g iven f ace, an d t h e alt er n at e b l ows
on on e j oin i n g f a ces
of Occas i on ally tur n t h e
th e ad .

Wor k s o th at t h e two f aces pr ev i ou sly on th e a n vil m ay

be br ou ght u n d er th e h am m er .
 S HE E T M E TAL W OR K ERS MA NUAL
’

s qu a r e a nd u n if or m in s ec ti on . Tr ue to S l ze, s trai g h t , an d

Op er a ti on —Th e s t ock h avi n g b een br ought

~
.
é to a white
h eat bl ows ar e t o be d eliver ed as s h own
, On e r es u lt

A NV IL
A
NOT E TO NG S MAY B E M D E To R E VO L V E
B O UT T HE S T O C K AS C E NT E R S O
AA
”
T HA T A NY P A G E 0 5 2 q L A T T E R _M A Y
B E s w
o u q u r m C O NT A C T
-
r n A N V II
a w
w r '
r uo u r C HA N C IN Q _
'
I
’
H E R E LAT l v s
Po s rr l o n O F To Nq s A ND S T O C K
“

A NV H.
'
P 1a s 1 PO S IT IO N s s co uo PO S l T IO N

Fi g u r e 30 2 .
—E x er ci s e No . 2 .

’
s uc h bl oWs i s illu str at ed by s t ock m ay be C Th e.

s t ra i g ht en ed W ith ou t ch an gi n g th e t on g s D or t h e t on g s , ,

m ay be ch a n g ed t o on e en d A s econ d r es u lt of bl ows B
.
, ,

i s s h own by E Th 1s m a y be ov er com e an d t h e pi ece u ps et

"

even l y by sl i g htly cooli n g t h e e

,
nds F ,

C a u tl on — D o n ot wor k t h e s t o ck a ft er i t h as c oole d t o
.
' “

abr i g ht r ed h ea t S tr ik e t r u e or th e s t ock i s likely t o fly

.
‘

fr om th e t on g s en d an g er l n g y ou r own s af ety an d t h e
‘ ‘

s a f et y of oth er s D o n ot att empt t o s t r a i g ht en u n l ess t h e

.

s t ock 1s h ot In s tr ai g ht en i n g be Su r e th at t h e wor k bed s

fl
-
.

well on th e an vil b efor e s tr ikin g it oth er wi se it i s lik ely ,

to y . D o n ot t ak e s o m u ch ti me i n cooli n g tha t F t h e , ,

bod y of t h e s t ock will b ecom e cool .

 H AND F OR GI NG AND W E LDI NG 40 1

E XE R C ISE N O 3
”
.

—
J—
S t ock Nor way Ir o — V di am et er —6 ” l on
n 2 g .

E x p l an a ti on — A r o un d s ec ti on i s t o be d r a wt n o a

s qu ar e ; a s q u ar e to an o ct a g on ; a n d an oc a g on t to a r ou n d

po i n t .

Th e fin i s h ed pi ece m us t ag r ee with t h e d r awi n g , A

s

’ ”

( g
F i u r e i n f or m an d d i m en s i on s .

A NvaL

F i g ur e 30 3 . E x er ci s
-_
e No . 3 .

Op er ati on —S qu k ( s ee D ) m ake
ar e one end of s oct
”
_ ,

c en t er pu n ch m ar k 2 f r Om Squ ar ed en d Aft er h eat i n g

‘

wi th s qu ar ed en d of s t ock i n t on g s b r i n g cen t er pu n ch ,

m a r k over ed g e of anvi l an d s tr i k e on e bl ow B
‘

Tu r n ,
.

t h e s t ock t hr ou g h an an g l e of 90 a n d s t r i k e a s econ d
°

bl ow 0 ,
D r aw t h e s t ock t o a s qu ar e s ect i on as s h own
.

by D _
”
.

L ay t of cen er pus qu ar ed en d
n ch m a r k 4 f an d
r om ,

p r oceed i n g as b efor e pr od u ce th e for m E

”
.
,

L ay off cen t er pu n ch mar k 6 fr om s qu ar ed e n d an d

d r aw t h e poi n t fir s t t o a s qu ar e F an d th en t o a r ou nd , , ,

G If th er e I s ex ces s of s t ock cu t it off on t h e h ar d i e H

.
,
.
 C au tl on — Do
n ot l et t h e s h ou l d er s E cover t h e pu nch
, ,
fi

m a r ks B ett er for m t h em a l i ttl e i n f r ont of t h e m ar k

’

a n d d r a w th em b ack t o i t .

W h en r ou n d i n g t h e poi n t tu r n th e s t ock t il r n th e s tock

fir s t I n on e d i r ecti on th en i n t h eoppos i t e ot h er w1s e t h e
, ,

p o l n t will be t W i s t ed off T h e p o i n
. t will s plit i f d r awn a t
t oo l ow a h ea t .

E XE R C IS E N o; 4 1

E x p l a n a ti on — A p1ece of / ” t
i
l u n d St k b t
z r o o c s o e u ps e

u n til a p or ti on of i ts l en g th is l ar g e en ou g h to for m a

Fi g ur e 3 0 4 .
—E i
x er c s e
J

No . 4 .

”
s quar e: Th e fin i s h ed pi ece m u s t a gr ee With th e d r a w
i g n ,

A ( Fi g u r e
Op er a tl on M a ke a cen ter
_ u n ch m
on ea r k 2
”f r Om
.
p
en d an d h ea t fr om en d t o pu n ch m a r k A pply t h e t on g s .

t o t h e s i d e of t h e s t o ck b ef or e tak i n g t h e l att er fr om t h e
fir e . If th e p or ti on h eat ed i s t oo l on g , cool t o pun ch fl

m ark , 0 . In an y c a s e coo l th e ex r em t ity of th e h ea t ed

c

40 4 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
MANUAL

ti on s
This r u l e a ppli es t o r ect an g u l ar sec well
“

. as as to
‘
r ou n d s ect i on s F or ex am pl e, s u ppos e th e
. i
r n g ,. B , i s t o

be m a d e . Th e n eces s ar y t
s oc k will be 3 X ( i n s i d e d i a m

Oper a ti on —
Heat b ou t h alf th e l en g th
to h er r y
a c r ed a

w
.

o f t h e s t ock All o th e en d of th e h ea t ed por t i on t o pr o

”
.

j cet ab ou t 78 Over t h e h or n an d s tr i k e as s h own by C

3
, ,

with th e effect s h own by D Ad v an ce t h e s t oc k over t h e .

h or n aft er each bl owun til ha lf t h e s to ck i s b en t as a t E ,

.

C h a n g e t he s t ock i n t h e t on g s F an d r epea t t h e oper a , ,

ti on T h e r es u lt wi l l be a r i n g mor e or l es s r oun d
An ex am
. .

i n a ti on will s h ow th at s om e por ti on s of th e
s t ock ar e b en t to o s h or t w h il e oth er s ar e n ot s h or t en oug h
,
.

To u n b en d t h e s t ock wh en th e cu r ve i s t oo s h ort s tr ik e ,

a s s h ow n by G .

Havi n g com pl et ed th e r i n g as s een l n pl an ex am i n e

fl
,
‘‘
i t i n el ev a ti on If it i s i n wi n d
. it wil l a ppear as s h own
in H To g et th e r i n g ou t of wi n d h ol d it at on t h e f a ce
.

of t h e a n v il a n d s t r ik e with li g ht bl ows t h e l ow par ts ,

wh i ch will th en s eem t o r i s e t o th e l evel of th e ad j oin

“

m g p or ti on s .

C a u ti on — As th er e i s n o oppor tu n ity t o s m ooth t h e

.

wor k by h am m er i n g t h e s t ock m u s t n ot at an y tim e be

,

h eat ed h ot en ou gh t o s cal e ,
.

‘
Never s tr ik e t h e s t ock d ir ectly over th e h or n I as s uch
bl ow
.

s can h ave n o b en d i n g effect .

I
E XE R C S E N O . 6

E x pl a nati on —Th e fin i s h ed i m st b s m oo
th an d
‘

e
~

.
p ee u e “

must a g r ee wi th th e for m an d d imen s io n s s ho wn by A

( g
F i u r e

Op er a ti on .
-
L ay of f pu n c h m ar k s as s how
n by B .
 H N A D F OR GI G
N AND —W E LDI N G

G u i d ed by m ar ks d r aw t h e s t ock t o t h e f orm s h own by C .

Tob en d t h e l ar g e ey e, A , fir s t s et t h e s t ock b a ck as s h own

by D , t h en b eg i n a t t h e en d an d b en d , as i n E
Th e s m a ll
-
A , i s t o be f or m ed i n t h e s am e Way T o
ey e, .

twi st th e b od y h eat b etween t h e pu n ch m arks C an d D ,

,

,
"

i n B , t o an even d u ll r ed , d r op on e en d of t h e s t ock i n
?

Vl S E

F i g ur e —Ex er ci s e
3 06 z .
No . 6 .

t h e vi s e t o t h e pu n c h m a r k C an d app ly th e t on g s at t h e
p un cm a r
hk D ,
a l l as s h own by F ,
th en car r y t h e t on g s

on ce ar ound a n d t h e twi s t Wi ll be ma d e

C a u ti on —In s etti n g b a ck t h e s t ock , D , be

. car e u f l th at
th e bl ow s d o n ot f a ll d i r ectly over th e h or n ; u n l es s car e
-

i s ex er ci s ed t h e s t ock wi ll be r ed u ced at E i nD ,
.

Aft er t h e s t ock h as been f as t en ed 1n th e vi s e f or twi s t

1n g t h e o e r a ti on m u s t i d ly if t m h t i m
, p g o on r a p oo u c e

i s ta k en t h e vi s e w ill ab s or b h eat fr om th e s t ock an d t h e

twi s t will be un even .
40 6 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NU AL S

E XE R C I S E N O 7 .

E x p l a n a ti on 4 k i s fol d ed t o f or m th r ee t hi ck
. Th e s oc t
n eSs eS H ( F1g u r e
_ , wh i ch ar e t o beweld ed t ogeth er .

Th e Weld i n g fin i s h ed , t h e wel d ed p or ti on i s to be c u t
oE an d b r ou g ht t o t h e f or m an d d i m en s i on s s hown b A
y .

Op er a ti on —La y C E cen t er h m r k s A a n d B i
.
p u n c a n .

i l lu s t r at i on B an d r epeat B on oppos it e f ace

, W ith th e .

F i g u re 3 0 7 — E x er ci s e No
"

. 7 .

t
s oc t h e poi n t A ,
k at t whit e a f a h ea t car r y I t ov er th e
“

r ou d ed ed g e of t h e a n v il , as i n C , a n d b en d fir s t b y s t r i k
n
i n g at D i n C an d th en
, ,
—
at E i n D an d s o on u nt i l t h e
,
-

f or m E i s pr od uced
, , . Nex t s tr i k e F pr o d uci n g t h e ,

f or m G , .

G ui d ed by t h e pun ch m a r k B an d oper ati n g as b efor e ,

p r o d u ce t h e f o r m H , .

S ecu r e a wel d i n g h ea t ov er t h e whol e p1 ece an d St r ik e

W i t h h eavy bl ows a s s h own by a r r ows I n H Stop S t r ik
I n g th e i n s t a n t t h e s t o ck h as cool ed b el ow a W
.
,

el d i n g h ea t .

B ef or e t ak i n g a s econ d wel d i n g h eat p een t h e j oi n t s be ,

tween t h e l ayer s a s s h own a l on g G H i n I Th e j oi n t s , .

on b oth f a ces h av i n g b een p een ed t a k e a s econd Wel d i n g ,

h eat an d a ft er d eliver in g two or th r ee bl ows aS s h own by

 08 S HE E T M ET AL W ORK E RS
’
MA NUAL ?

i n t h e r i g h t h an d , an d l on g er pi ece of s tock i n t h e l eft

h an d ( th e s car fs of b oth b ei ng d own i n t h e fir e ) d r aw
b oth ou t an d gi ve th em a s h a r p r ap on t h e an vil , E , t o
r em ov e coa l et c fr om th e s u r f ace of t h e Scarfs Nex t
, ,
.

b r i n g t h e S h or t pi ece t o t h e pos iti on S h own by A In F a n d ,

f oll ow with t h e l on g er p1ece t o t h e positi on of t h e d ott ed

'

o u tli n e B W ith ou t l os in g con t act b etween th e l on g er

.

p i e ce a n d t h e an v il b r i n g B d
,
ow n u p on A_ a s s h own Th e .

C on t act with t h e a n v i l a s si s t s i n con t r olli n g t h e m ov e .

m en t s of B W h en B I s on ce pl ac ed on A a littl e p r es
.
,

A c aAc K
R e n o AT c

F i g ur e 30 8 4 . E x er ci Se No . 8 .

s u r e on f or m er will h ol d b oth i n th ei r r el ati ve pos i

th e
t i on whil e t h e t on g s ar e d r opped as i n F ( th u s r el i evi n g
'

, ,

t h e r i g ht h an d ) t h e h amm er t ak en an d a bl ow d eli ver ed ,

i n t h e d ir ecti on of t h e s car f
“

Th e am oun t th e p1eces .

s h ou l d l a p i s s h own by G As s oon as t h e pi eces ar e

‘

w
.

s t u ck th e en d s of t h e s car f m us t be b r o u ht d o n H
g , ,

a nd if thi ck m u st be p een ed ou t t o th e ed g e Sh ow n by H ,
.

D r aw t o s iz e s qu a r e t h e en d b ey on d t h e

wel d m eas u r i n g fr om th e s q u ar ed en d cu t th e s t ock t o

, ,
_
.

l en gth an d S qu ar e t h e cu t en d .

—
,

C a u ti on D o n ot m ak e t h e S car fs t oo l o
. ng i n cr eas in g
th ei r l en g th in cr eas es t h e l en g th of th e por ti on t o be
weld ed Th ey ar e s uffici en tly l on g Wh en t h ey m ay be
h am m er ed d ow
.

n with ou t cu tti n g .
 HAND F OR GI NG AND W E LDI NG 409

EXE R C ISE
’

No . 9

— — ”d i am et er — 9”l on
S t ock C om m on I r on V2 g .

E x p l a n a ti on —A p i ec e of i r on i s t o be b en t
com m on

to a r I n g an d wel d ed . Th e fin i Sh ed work m u s t a g r ee wi th
th e for m an d d i m en s i on s s h own by A, F i g u r e 30 9 .

Op er a ti on — U s et th e St ock a t both en d s as Sh own

by
p

fl
.

3B If a s car f f or r ou n d s t ock be m a d e th e s am e a s f oi
.

s quar e or a t s t ock , C , t h at of on e pi ece will fol d i t s elf

5
’
C A R F E D F A C E

Fi g u re 30 9 —E Xer bi s e No
.
«

abou t th e oth er p th a t i n Wel d i n g th e h am m er m u s t

i ece so

f oll ow ar oun d t h e s t ock b ef or e a l l p a r t s a r e r ea ch ed

m or eover t h e eE ect of a bl ow on an y por t i on of t h e s car f
‘
, ,
,

C t en d s t o s pr ead oth er por ti on s , a s at B a way f r om th e

, ,

cen t e r of t h e w or k _ Th es e d i fficul t i es ar e a v oi d ed by
.

m aki n g t h e s ca r f en d i n a poi n t Whi ch m ay be eas i ly

co v er ed by t h e h am m er D m ay be con s i d er ed a typi cal
.
_

form f or r ou n d St ock It i s b es t d r awn by u si n g th e

,

. ,

h am m er on three f a ces onl y Th e en d s m u s t be s car f ed .

i n oppos it e d i r ecti on s a s s h own by E .

B en d t h es t ock s o a s t o b r i n g th e s car fs I n t h e r el ative

p o s i ti on s S h own b y F _T h u s b en t. t h e p i ece m a y be w el d
ed e n t i r ely on t h e f a ce Of t h e a n vi l a ft er wh i ch i t m a y
”
e

be d r awn t o a un i for m s ecti on on th e h or n .

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
M A NUAL
“

4 10

To m ake t h e r i n g r ou nd h ea t i t t o d u ll r ed s it
"

i , a p
,
r es

f a r u p on t h e h or n a s it wi ll g o wh i l e s l owly
'

a nd t u r n i t
' “

as
“

i t i s b ei n g l i g ht l y h am mer ed .

C a u ti on — C om m on i r on cann ot be Wor k ed a t a l ow
.

h eat and it will n ot s t an d a ver y h ig h h eat For u p .

s ett i n g it m u s t be n ea r ly t o a wel d i ng h eat F or wel d .

I n g i t m u s t be t a k en fr om t h e fir e a s s oon as it i s h ot

en ou g h to s t i ck .

I E XE RC I S E N O 10
'

— —
S t ock Nor way Ir on V
”’

x l ong
2

E x p l a n a ti on .
— It i s
b en d a pi ece of St ock s o
ea s y to
th at on e p ar t will s t an d a t r i g h t an g l es Wi th th e oth er ,

bu t it i s n ot ea s y t o d r aw t h e St ock t o a s h a r p cor ner a s

In A F i g u r e 310
,
Thi s i s t h e es s en ti a l f eat u r e of t h e
. ,

A NV L '

F i gu r e 310 .
— E x er ci s e NO . 10 .

ex er cr s e Th e fin i S
. h ed pi ece mu s t b e s oun d an d s qu ar e
a n d m u s t a g r ee with t h e d r awi n g i n f or m a n d d i m en s i on s .

Op er a ti on — H ea t th e pi ece i n th e cen t er coo l th e

en d s an d b en d th e s i d es t o a n g l e of ab ou t 110 as In C
“

H ol d an of t h e pi ece, A , i n th e t on g s , an d r est i n g t h e
en d
“

o th er en d , B , on t h e an vil , d eli ver a s er i es of bl ows i n t h e :

d i r ect i on o f th e ar r o wA . Th en h ol d th e p i ece by th e
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NU AL

B f
e or et ki n g a a w el d i n g h e at, pr a cti c e t aki n g t h e

p i eces f r om t h e fi r e an d pl aci n g th e m t og e t h er ( s ee F i g
u r e 30 8 E a
_
nd F ) W h en t h e weld i s m a d e s m
,
. oot h an d ,

for m t o d i m en s I on S .

C a u ti on — B e ver y s u r e t h a t y ou s ti ck th e pi eces I n
“

th ei r pr oper r el ative pos iti on B e s u r e t o g et th e pi eces

.

L
'
Amo uu r
'
, 0 5 LA P

Fi g ur e S l it — Ex er ci s e No . 11 .

s ca rf ed as s h ow nC un lein
ss ,
a l eft han d ed p er s on
f or -
.

I n thi s ca s e th e s car fs m u s t be opp os ite t o th es e S h own i n ,

“
-

C s o th a t t h e pi ece Y m ay be h el d i n t h e r i g ht h an d an d
,

p l ac ed u p on t h e p i ec e
—
X .

— —
S t ock Nor wa y Ir on 1 i ece x 1”— 5 ” —cal l ed X
’

p .

E x p l an a ti on — Thi s whil e s im il ar t o th e pr e
i
ex er c s e, -

ced i n g I s m or e d i fficu lt i n h ea ti n g an d wel d i n g

,
Th e .

fin i s h ed T s h ou l d a g r ee with t h e d r a wI n g , A F i g u r e ,

3 12 i n for m an d d i m enS I C n s
‘ ‘

, .
 H A ND F OR GI N G AND W E LDI N G
—

Ope —
ra ti on Ups et X as S hown _ by B , an d Y as s h own
by F i g u r e 3 12 ,
C S c a r f
. a s h own by D
S Th e pi eces
.

s h oul d be l a pped f or wel d i n g s o th at t h e poi n t s A will

'
ag r ee with p o i n ts A ,
D .

Fi g
ur e 3 12 —E x er ci s e
. No . 12

C a u ti on — D i fficu l ty is h eating X i
ex per en ced in
,

t h e s ca r f i t b ei n g ea s i er t o h ea t th e en d Th e fir e s h ou l d
“

.
'
, x

be s m al l s o th a t th e en d m ay b e pa s s ed th r ou g h i t If .

i n s pit e of pr ecau ti ons t aken t h e en d d oes h eat f as t er

,

th an th e s car f cool i t b efor e it r each es a wel d in g h eat .

“

,
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S - MA NUAL

—
E XE R C IS E No v 13

S t oc k ow y N r a I r on x
‘

l ”
— any l en g t h
‘

S t eel
W el d in g s t eel t el t o s t eel ;
t o I r on an d s e

Op er a ti onl — a
3 ” 1 ”
D r aw t h e s t ock 4 X 1? an d s car f o n e
en d of each a s f or a s ca r f Wel d r aw t h e i r on 2
”
D f r om .

'

W el d i n g
‘

.
— W h en w
t l b or ax 1s u s e
el d i d as a
ng s ee ,

fl u x , t o pr even t t h e s t eel fr om b ur n i ng Hea t th e i r on t o

,
.

a r ed h ea t b efor e putti n g t h e s t eel i n t h e fir e W h en t h e .

Fi g u r e 3 1 3 — E x er ci s e No
.
4
.

t l b ecom es b r i g ht r ed pu t on th e fl u x an d r epl ace it

s ee

i n th e fir e W at ch it car efu lly an d wh en Sm all whit e

. ,

bl i s t er s a r e s een com i n g on i t s s u r f a ce it i s at t h e pr op er
‘

, ,

h eat to wel d ; be s u r e th a t t h e i r on i s b r oug ht tot h e pr op

er h eat at t h e s am e ti m e Aft er thi s wel d i s m a d e s car f
.

a n d pu n ch t h e en d of t h e s t eel a s s h own by F i g u r e 313

'

”
,

B an d Cu t off 2 4 1 fr om t h e en d ; s car f a n d pun ch th e '

en d f r om whi ch t h e p1ece wa s cu t off r i vet t h e pi eces a s ,

s h own I n C an d it will be r ea d y t o wel d W el d an d d r aw

‘

t h e wh ol e p1ece t o t h e f or m an d s iz es g i ven i n A ;

S TE E L FO RGI N G
Th e F i re — Th e fir e s h ou l d be kept :
‘

c ean
l an d well
b an k ed ; th e c oa l s h ou l d
-

be well co k ed b efore t h e s t eel i s

 S HE E T M E T AL W ORK ’ MA NUAL
416 -
E RS

th e an vil , an d b en d h own by B as S D el iver bl ows a s I n

d i cat ed by C t a ki n g car e th at th ey f all I n l i n e with t h e
,

s t ock ,
an d t h a t l a tt er d oes n ot b en d i n an y d i r ect i on ,

as f or ex am pl e i n t h e di r ecti on A a nd B
, W h en th e .

s t o ck i s r ed uced t o t h e pr opor ti on s s h ow n by D d r aw ,

t h e s car f a s i n E
, .

D eli ver on e bl ow as i n d i ca t ed I n D an d th en tu r n t h e ,

s t o ck a n d s t r ik e a s s h own by F D r aw t h e ey e t o th e
.

p pr o e r th i ck n es s a n d m a k e i t r ou n d i n p l an as i n G B y , .

p u n chi n g, t h e d i am et er o f th e ey e w i l l b e i n cr eas ed by

be 78
1,

In pu n chi n g t h eh ol e wor k fr om on e s i d e u n til a d ar k

s po t a ppea r s ?on t h e oth er S i d e u n d er t h e pu n ch , th en ,

t u r n t h e wor k over , a n d g u i d ed by t h e d ar k s poj t , s t ar t

“ ’

t h e pu n ch i n t h e oppos it e d i r ecti on . W h en th e: pu n ch
A

i s well s t ar t ed , br i n g t h e s t ock pv er a
’

h ol e in t h e a n vil s o
‘

as to ll ow t h e littl e b utt on tha t i s f or m ed t o d r op out

a .

T h e pu n ch ed h ol e W ill a g r ee W ith th e t ap er of t h e pu n ch ;
t o m ak e i t s d i amet er u n i f or m d r i v e a d r ift pin as i n H -
, ,

enti r el y th r ou g h Th e d r ift ed h ol e will cor respon d t o

.

t h e l ar g es t d i am et er of t h e d rift pi n -
.

C a u ti on —If t h e S ear fin g i s n ot pr oper ly d on e t h e

.
,

s t ock will be ou t w h er e th e ey e j oi n s D o n ot
k eep th e pu n ch t oo l on g i n th e wor k ; s t r ike tw o or th r ee
s h ar pbl ows th en d i p th e pu n ch I n W a t er
,

I f t h e pu n ch b ecom es h ot it will u ps et i n th e s t ock s o

th at it Cann ot be eas i l y With dr aw n .

E XE R CISE 51 5
N o. .

—
S t ock Nor way Ir on x 3
3
53 0 0 n v en i ent l eg
n th /’
f
— .

— Th i s e x er ci s e I n n ail m akin g affor d s

“

E xp l a na ti on
‘

ex cell en t p r acti ce i n t h e u s e of t h e h ead in g t ool F ive .

na il s ar e t o be m a d e ea ch a s n ear ly as pos s ibl e of th e

“

for m s h own by A F i gu r e 315 , __ .

 H A ND F OR GI NG A ND W E L DI NG 4 17

— D r aw t h e s t ock r ms h o w
Op er a ti on i f o t o th e
n by B
h ead i n g t ool t o m ake s u r e th at i t wi ll
S

an d t r y i t i n t h e

en t er t o t h e s h ou l d er l eavi n g s u ffici en t m at er i a l a b ove

C u t al l a r ou n d as s h ow
,

th e s h ou l d er t o for m th e h ea d .
n

by C . H eat b etween t h e S h oul d er a n d cu t th r u s t th e ,

s t ock i n t o t h e h ea d i n g t ool a n d by a f or wa r d a nd b a ck
,

'

F i g ur e 31 5 _ E x er ci s e No
. . 15

w
ad m
r t br ea
ov em en k it oE at t h e cu t D eli ver bl ows as
,
.

s h ow n by D t o m ak e t h e h e ad .

I f i t i s f ou nd th a t t h e h ea d i s f or m ed on on e S i d e of
t h e bod y E d r awI n t h e pr oper d i r ect i on by bl ows as i n
, ,

d i cat ed by ar r ow .

B y a l i ttl e pr acti ce on e can m ak e a n a i l a t a S i n g l e

1

C a u ti on — Do not all owth e .

na il to b ecom e i n j u r ed by
t h e cond i t i on s
,
illu s t r at ed by F .
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S M A NUA L

E XE R C ISE N o 5f1 6
.

E x p l a na ti on — Th e fin i sh ed pi ece i s by F i g u r e
v
s sh o wn f

be s t r a i g h t an d con cen t r i c with

l
31 6 , A Th e bod y m u s t
’
4

t he h ea d I f th e pr op er a m ou n t o f s t ock i s not s ecu r ed

-

i n t h e h ea d i t s d i am et er s h oul d be m ai nt ai n ed
,
at th e
“

p en s e o f i t s t hi ck nes s;

'
‘
" Ar en
-t
( 15 1 z i nc 3 m ‘
3 RD
w
. . . .

B LOW S l-O W B LO W
”

HA L F 5 5 C T IO N

F ig ur e —E x er ci s e NO
“

. 16 .

Op er a ti on .
—Ups et
a s S h own by B If th e en d i n 1 .

b ecom es b a tt er ed or ups et , it mu s t be d r awn t o i ts 0 1 1g

i n al d i a m
et er F or g e t o the for m S h own by C , t ak i n g
.

c a r e th a t t h e u p s et p or ti o n i s i n t h e cen ter o f th e s t o ck

S ee E . T ak e t h e s t ock fr om th e h ea d i n g t ool a n d s tr i k <

th r ee bl ows a s i n d i ca t ed by D If t h e s u r fa ces t h u .

d d l d i t t ti u t d
“

p r o u ce a r e a n e q u a . s a n ce ap a r c o n n e o r a v

t h em with ou t r eg ar d t o t h e d i am et er of t h e h ea d , u n t i
t h e pr opor t i on of t h e h ea d i n pl an i s s ati s f actor y If i
"

i s fou n d t h at s om e of t h e f a ces ar e b ecom i n g wi d er t h an

o th er s , d r aw as S h own by E Aft er g ettin g th e for m 1 1
’
f
.
 S HE ET M E T AL W OR K E R S M
’
A NU AL

E XE RC S E I N O; 18
——
S t ock Nor way Ir on 3
— P 4 —— ” d i amet er —4 6
i ece s é
L 5
‘

1
r

T h r ee li n ks of a ch a i n S h own i n iA F i g u r e 318 f or m ’
’
‘

, , ,

t h e fin i s h ed p i ece
!
,

0 p er a twn
’

—Ups et ea ch en d of t h e pi ece, t aki n g on e

.

h ea t f or ea ch en d Heat th e pi ece i n t h e c en t er cool

.
,

Fi g ur e 318 .
— E x erci s e No .

l et t er U, as i n B .

In s c a r fin g t h e en d s
, p l a ce on e en d u pon th e h ar p
S

ed g e of th e an v i l ,
as m C, a nd s r t iki ng li g ht bl ows ,

Swi ng t h e p1ece a r ou n d , b r in g i n g t h e t oe of t h e s car f t o

a thi n ed g e Aft er on e en d i s s car fed
. tur n th e pi ece
ov er an d S c ar f th e th er i n
o t h e s am e m an n er. B end t h e
fed o f t h e a n vil s o th ey w
7
s c ar en d s over t h e h or n ill l ap

W el d an d fin i s h t wo li nk s ea ch i n d epen d en t of th e
mth er an d com p e e l t in it s elf . B r i n g t hi r d li n k t o th e
 H AND F OR GI NG AN D W E LDI N G 421

for m of D S pr ea d t h e end s i n th e d i r ecti o

. n S h ow n by

a r r ows an d S l i p on t h e fin i S h ed l i n ks A pply t h e t on g s .

as S h own i n E Cl os e th e en d s of th e l i n k an d wel d In
‘

.
, ,

fin i s h i n g s ee t h a t t h e l i n ks a r e of t h e s am e S i z e an d f or m

E XE R C IS E NO . 19
—
St ock Nor way — ”X 1”
Ir on W
8 l on g .

Th e hook as S h own by A ,
F i g u r e 319, i s th e fin i s h ed
pi eCe .

A NVIL .

F i g u r e 31 9 .
—E x er ci s e No . 19 .

—
‘

f
.
”
Cp er a tzon La y off cen t er pu n ch m ar k 1 fr om on e
"

end H eat an d d r aw fir s t t o th e f or m S h own by B , th en

“

t o th a t S h own by C S et over t h e en d , C , an d fin i s h a s
.

Sh own _by D _
.
 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S MA NU AL "

Cu t th e cor n er s , p u n ch h ol e, as i n E an d d r aw th e
th e
e y e on t h e h or n t o t h e f or m s h ow n by E .

H ea t at 0 i n illu s tr ati on F cool th e ey e and b en d as

, ,

s h own by G . C om pl et e th e b en d i n g as i n d i cat ed by :

d ott ed li n es i n G .

E XE R CIS E NO . 20

C O RNFR

No 20
V

Fi g ur e 32 0 .
-
E x er c i s e . .
 O U TL I NE C OU RS E IN HAND F ORG ING AND W E L D I N G -
-

E M E RG E NC Y W AR TR A I N IN G
T hi s cou r s e of t r ain in g as r ecomm en d ed by th e F ed
,
-

er al B oa r d f or Voca ti on al E d u ca ti on W as h i n g t on D , ,
.

C .
,
1S i n t en d ed t o pr epar e m en f or t h e fiel d an d b a s e

u n it s of t h e A r m y R eli abl e wor k qu i ckl y d o

. ne i s th e
r equ i r eme n t . How m u ch of thi s cou r s e a m an ca n cover
a g i ven t i m e d epend s on h i s pr e i ou s ex per l en ce
‘

In
v , .

A g r een m an pr ob abl y cou l d n ot cover al l th at i s g i ven

'
‘
-

h er e i n t h e t i m e s peci fied “ In an y cas e, s u ffici en t pr a c

i

t i ce S h ou l d be g iven t o d evel op con fid en ce an d t o g et wor k

’
‘

r i g h t t h e fir s t ti m e .

Ar m y wor k con s i s ts Ch i efiy of r epai r s of a l l ki n d s o f

e q u i p m e n t a n d i s S i m i l a r t o th a t o f t h e
_
j obbi n g b l ac k a

S mith . M ot or cy cl e a u t om obil e t r u ck g as en g i n e an d
, , , ,

wag on r ep ai r s ar e pr ob ably t h e m os t com m on .

M eth od s of C on d u cti n g C l a s s — .Th e W or k m u s t con s i s t

l ar g ely of a ct u al pr a cti ce W h at or al i n str uct i on i s
.
_

g i v e n S h o u l d b e l a r g e ly d e m on s t r a ti o n T h e f
. o ll ow i ng

i s s u g ges t ed as a d aily s ch ed u l e
8 to In s t r u cti on a n d d em on s t r ati on .

t o 12
- . F or g e pr a cti ce .

1 t o 1 : 30 . In s t r u cti on an d d emons t r ati on .

t o 5 g F or ge pr a cti ce
. .

( N o t e .
— T h e fi r s t p a r t o f t h e c o u r s e will r eq u i r e m or e ”

i i t ti n b fo l L t h i m
“

t m e f o r n s r u c o e r e t h e c as s a e
.r t e

p o r t an t thi n g i s p r a cti c e .
)
m
E p a h s i s s h o u l d b e l a i d u p o n w o r ki n
g d i r e c t f r o m
h
t e b r o k en p i e c e o r s a m p l e a n d f r o m r ou g h s k e t c h es
 H AND F OR GI NG A ND W E LDI NG

th er th an fr om fin i s h ed d r awi n g s P r acti ce on a
"

ra .

p or t a bl e f or g e S h ou l d be g 1v en .

In cas e of Con g es t i on i t wou l d be pos s i bl e t o a s s i g n

“

'
. _
,

on e or m or e m en as h el p er s It i s n ot d es i r abl e t o W or k
‘

m or e th an o n e m an at a f or g e a t on e t i m e bu t t h e m en ,

m ay a ct as h el p er s 111 r ot a t i on
‘
On e i n s t r u ct or S h ou l d .

be av a i la bl e f or ever y 2 4 m en .

E q m p m en t —Th e eqin pm en t n eces s ar y I s th at of a

r
‘

g oo d t r a d e s ch oo l or comm er ci a l S h o p a pp r ox 1m a t el y a s

foll ow
,

One f or g e an vi l an d t ool s f or ea ch man

—
, ,

On e h an d s h ear on e Con e a n d on e s wag e b l ock f or

‘

.
, ,

y 1 5 m
“

ev er e n .

On e por t abl e f or g e f or ever y 15 m en

-
.

F U NDAM E N TAL S
G i ve ca r e u f l b ou t b u il d i n g a fir e In s i s t
i n s t r u cti on a .
"

on cl ean ,
d eep fir e of th or ou ghly cok ed c oal K eep t h e .

fir e n o l ar g er th an n eces s ary f or t h e wor k b ei n g d on e .

L es s on 1 Hea t an d d r aw ou t s t ock t o In cr eas e i t s

.
-

l en gth b y a t l ea s t i nch u s i n g s t ock i n ch

‘

or
-

d i am et er .
L es s on 2
‘ —P oint ir on or s of t s t eel
. i n ch d i am eter -

With cone poi n t an d s qu arep yr am i d poi n t , m aki n g ta per

v

i n ch es i n l en g th P oi nt s m u s t n ot be s pl i t or twi s t ed
. .

L es s on 3 —S h ape s t ock
. i n ch r ou n d i n t o S h ook a n d -
,

s t apl es with s qu a r e p oi n t s .

S h ap e s t ock i n ch s qu a r e in t o twi s t ed g at e h o ok .

In s i s t on g ood pr opor ti on s and s ymm etr y .

L es s on 4 — Upset s t o ck
. by by 5 i n ch es t i ll i t i s
_

4 i n ch es l on g an d u n i f or m s ecti on .

U ps et s t ock i n ch d i am et er by 5 i n ch es t i ll i t i s 4
-

i n ch es l ong an d u ni f or m s ect i on .

L es s on 5 —Ups et a n d f or m s t and ar d b olt h ea d s ( b oth

S qu ar e an d h ex a g on al ) on s t ock or i n ch d i am et er .

Us e h ea d i ng t ool .
 M E T AL
'
S HE E T W OR K E R S t M A NU AL
‘

L es s on Ma k e s an d a r d
t nu t s ( an d h eX:
- ‘
-
s qu a r e

L es s on 7 .
_ M ak e b olt s with s t an dar d Squ ar e an d h eX A -

a g on a l h ea d s by wel d i n g on s toc k f or h ea d s . Si z e 3
4
i n ch or over .

L es s on 8 — W eld s qu ar e and r ou n d Sto

. ck _Si ze to
i n ch , wi th an d W i th out h el per H av e fin i s h ed wel d s f l h i .

S i z e a n d th or ou g hly w
,
el d ed fi T es t by ben d i n g “

"
L es s on 9 Oh ai n r i n g , S tock
.
a
i n ch
= -
R i n g t o be .

r ou n d a nd u n if or m i n s ect i on ; M ake S ever al in ch

S i n g l e ch ai n li n k s K eep: t h e l i nk s u n i f orm i n s i z e, S h ap e
.
~

a n d s ect i on .

L es s on 1 0 — Oh ai n 4 f eet of in ch Keep li nks s m all

.
a

.
,

u n i f or m wel d s s ou n d A tt ach ri n g fr o
,
m No 9 . .

L es s on 1 1 — G r a b h Cok s t k i n ch s qu ar e P u n ch ,
.

t h e ey e a n d b en d t o S h ape Att ach t o ch a i n No 10 . .

O h ook W el d ey e

fl
.
, ,

L es s on 1 2 — M ak e b an d
“

ri ng 5 i n ch es i n s i d e d i am eter

fl
.

in ch es o u t s i d e d i am et er S t ock 4 by
"

an d at r ing 5 ,
.
1

Mak e b an d
'

1 i n ch S h r i n k b an d r i n g on
. at r in g .
.

r i n g s m a ll er if n eces s a r y by h , ,
ea ti ng an d co oli n g fir s t

on e ed g e an d th en t h e oth er
—
.

by ben d i n g .

L es s on 1 4 .
-
T an d l wel d s S t ock 4 by 1 i n ch
an g e
/ 1
,
,
.

a d v an t ag e of fill et wh er e on e c an b e p er
‘

E m ph a s iz e t h e ,

m i t t ed .

L es s on 15 —B . u tt or j u m p Wel d . S to ck 1 i n ch d ia m et er
or over .

PRACTIC E J OB S

L es s on 1 —Open ’

-
en d Wr en ch es t o fit s t an d ar d nu s t f or
1 i n ch bol t s C l os ed wr en ch es t o fit s t an d ar d n u t s
'

f
”

to .
-
.

b olt s ,
or fit ti n g S of 2 i n ch es or mor e i n Si z e
— 3 S pan n er .

W r en ch es of m i s cell an eou s S iz e an d type; w

 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ? MA NUAL

to bl a ck h ea t ; th en re h eat an d
:

h ar d en on r i s In g

h ea t
wt
.

L es s on 3 .
4 M ak e h ar d i e t o fit a n vi l . Dra o an ed g e -

by Sl ed g e an d full er .

( C a u ti on —H ea t th or ou g h l y . . W or k with h eavy

L es s on 4 4 R ed reSS
. an d t emp er Sever al h ar d i es o r

h an d l ed c his el s .

L es s on 5 — M ak e or r ed r es s an d t em p er r oc k d r ill s .

R ed r es s an d tem per h an d p i ck s . S h ar pen an d t em per

m a tt ocks .

fl
S TE E L W E LDI N G

E m ph as i z e t h ef oll owing : Us e of u x cl ean fir e d eep , ,

fir e h eavy bl ows with h eavy h am m

,
er t o t h or bUg h l y wel d ¢

t h e pi eces .

L es s on 1 —
W el d s t ee l t o :1r on L ap wel d a n d s plit .
’

weld .

L es s on 2 —L ay s t eel on m att ocks an d s t eel bit s i n

.
'

p i ck s .

L es s on 3 — W el d l ea f Spr in g s H am m er t em per th es e
. .
-

S pri n g s S et t h e s pr i n g l eaves an d as s em bl e t h e fu ll
. f

S pr I n g .

L es s on 4 — T em per fia t , l ea f an d o th er S pr i n g s
‘
.
.
,

Har d en i n oi l an d fl a s h al s o h ar d en an d d r aw th e t em per
”

a s i s b es t s u it ed t o t h e S pr i n g i n h a n d ;
“

P r acti ce each
m eth od .

L es s on 5 — C a s eh ar d enb olt s n u t s an d pi n s
. C au ti on , ,
.

i n t h e u s e of cy an i d e .

ADVA N C E D J OB W OR K
L es s on 1 —
S t r a i g h t en S tr u ctu r al i r on o r
‘
t l S h apes
s ee

as ang le i r on ch an n el Ir on an d I b eam s
, ,
. S tr ai g hten
au o t fr am es ;
a
L es s on 2 — S t r a i g ht en Con n ecti n g rod s a nd ax l es
.
_
.

L es s on 3 B a bbitt con n ecti n g r od s S et Up r od s on

f
4

. .
 H A ND F OR GI NG AND W E LDI N G 42 9
'

b abb i tt i n g fix tu r es W 1th l i n er s pr oper ly I n pla ce P r e .

h eat th e h ead an d man d r el H ave m et al pr oper h ea t . .

L es s on 4 — Re l a ce br oken l u g s by f ed i s
.
p or g p ec e

fas t en ed on by s tu d s or cap s cr ews Us e car e i n s cr ew .

m g In t o th i n cas t i r on walls .

L es s on 5 — S t op l eaks by S h r i n ki n g b an d s on t h e p a r t ,

al s o by s pl i t coll a r s d r a wn t o g eth er by b olt s .

L es s on S et t i r es on car t an d wa g on W h eel s
-
EX .

“
p l a i n d i s h
L es s on 7 — R epa i r b r ok en s t r a ps b r a ces a n d oth er
.
,

1r on p a r t s on wa g on s Oth er r epai r j ob s th a t m ay b e
.

en cou n t er ed .

L es s on 8 4 M ake r i vet i n g h am m er Tem per th e s am e

‘

. . .

D r es s h an d h am m er s .

L es s On 9 —M ake ban d i ed col d an d h ot chi s el s

. Fi t .

h an d l es t o h am m er s an d m ou n t th e s am e t o g i ve t h e
“
h n
”
p p
r o er a g .

— D r aw t em p er ont ool s th at r equ i r e t em p er

i

L es s on 1 0 .
.

m g f or consi d er abl e l en g th of cutti n g e d g e as r eam er s

‘

.
,
 B R AZ ING

B ra zi n g i s a pr ocesj oin in g m et al par t s ver y

s f or ,

S i m il a r t o s ol d er In g ex cep t ,
th a t b r as s i s u s ed t o m a k e

t h e j o i n t i n pl a ce of t h e l ead and z i n c all oy s whi ch f or m

,

s ol d er B r az i n g m u s t n ot be a tt empt ed on m et al s wh os e
.

m elti n g poi n t i s l es s t h a n t h at of S h eet b ras s -

Two pi ec es of b r a s s t o be br a z ed t oget h er a r e h ea t ed '

fl
, ,
,

t o a t em per at ur e a t whi ch t h e b r as s u sed i n th e pr oces s

W i l l m elt an d ow b etween t h e s u r fa ces T h e b r as s
ama l g a m at es with t h e s u r f a ces a n d m
.

a kes a v er y s t r on g

a n d p er f ect j oin t Whi ch i s f ar s u pe r i or t o a n y f or m of

”

s ol d er i n g wh er e t h e work a ll ows t h i s pr o ceS S t o be u s ed

'

an d i n m a n y cas es i s t h e equ a l of wel d i n g f or t h e p ar

t i cu l ar fi el d i n wh i ch i t appli es
-

B r a e i n g H eat a n d Tool s
/ — Th e met al com m on ly u s ed
.

f or br a z m g W i ll m elt at h eat s b etw 135 9 an d

0
een

16 5 0 F a h r en h eit T o b r i n g th e p a r t s t o th i s t em per
0
.

m eth od s ar e em pl oy ed Soli d
“

a tti r e ,
Va r i ou s usi n g , ,

li qu i d or g a s eou s fu el s Whil e b r azin g m ay be a c

.

c om pl i s h ed with t h e fir e o f th e bl a ck s m ith f or ge thi s ,

m eth od i s s el d om s a ti s f act or y b ecau s e o f t h e d i fi cu l ty

,

o f m a ki n g a s u ffici en tly cl ean fir e with s m i thi n g co al ,

an d i t S h oul d n ot be u s ed wh en an yth ih g el s e i s a v ail

abl e . L a r g e j ob s of b r a zi n g m ay be h an d l ed with a

c h ar co al fir e b u ilt i n t h e f or e a s thi s f uel pr od uces a

g
-

, '

Th e only obj ecti on i s

‘

v er y s a ti s f a ct or y a n d cl ean fir e .

m t h e d ifficu l ty o f con fini n g t h e h ea t t o t h e d es i r ed par t s

” '

of th e w or k .

Th e m os t s ati s fa ct or y fir e i s th a t fr om a fu el g as t or ch ,

43 0
 4 32 S HE E T ME T A L W OR K E R S M ’
A N UAL
t
s ep ar a e r eg u a l ti n g d evi ces Th e t Or ch es ar e ad j us t ably
.
-

m ou n t ed , i n s u ch a way th a t t h e fl am es m ay be d i r ect ed
t owar d ea ch o th er h ea t i n g t wo S i d es of th e w
, or k a t t h e
s am e t i me a n d a ll owi n g t h e pi eces t o be com pl et el y s u r

r ou n d ed with t h e fl am e .

E x cept f or t h e s ou r ce of h eat bu t on e t ool 1S r equ i red ,

fo r or d i n a r y b r a z i n g op er a ti on s thi s bei n g a s pat u l a , ,

f or med by fl a tt en i n g on e en d of a qu ar t er i n ch s t eel r o d

fl
.

Th e S pat u l a i s u s ed f or pl aci n g th e b r a zin g m et al on t h e

wor k an d f or h an d li n g th e u x th at i s r equ i r ed i n thi s
‘

wor k as i n al l oth er S im il ar oper ati on s

, .

S p el ter
.
— Th e m et al th a t i s m elt ed i nt o t he j oi n t i s
c a ll ed s p elt er W h i l e thi s n am e or i g i n ally a ppli ed t o
.

bu t on e pa r ti cul ar g r a d e or com p os iti on of m et al c om ,

m on u s e h a s ex t en d ed th e m ean i n g u n t i l i t i s g en er ally
b

a ppli ed t o al l g r a d es
,

S pelt er i s v ar i ou s ly com po s ed of a l l oys con t ai n i n g

c opper ,
zin c t i n an d an tim on y t h e m i x tu r e e m pl oy ed
, , _

d ep en d i n g on th e wor k t o be d on e Th e d i ff er en t g r a d es .

a r e of v a r yi n g h ar d n es s th e h ar d er ki n d s m elti n g at
,

h i g h er t em p er at u r es th an th e s oft on es an d pr od u cin g a
s t r on g er j om t wh en u s ed Th e r eas on s f or n ot u s i n g
.

h ar d spelt er i n al l cas es ar e fir s t t h e i n cr eas ed d ifficu lty

w
e

or ki n g it a n d s econ d t h e f a ct t h a t i t s m
, ,

of elti n g p oi n t
‘

, , ,

i s s o n ear t o th a t of s om e of t h e m et al s br az ed that th er e
i s g r eat d an g er of m elti n g t h e wor k a s well as t he s pel t er .

Th e h a r d es t g r a d e of s pelt er 1S m a d e fr om th r ee
f ou r th s copp er wi th on e f ou r th zi n c a n d i s u s ed f or
workin g on m all eabl e an d cas t 1r 0 n an d f or s t eel Th i s .

h ar d s pelt er melt s at ab ou t 1 6 5 0 an d 1S cor r es pon d i n g ly 0

d ifficul t t o h an d l e
w
.

A s pelt er s u it abl e f or o r ki n g with co pper i s m a d e

f r om equal p ar t s of copper a nd zin c m elting at ab ou t

"

F ah r enh eit 5 0 0 b el ow t h e m elti n g po i n t of t h e

°
1 40 0
0
,

c opper it s elf .A s till s oft er b r a zi n g m et al 1S com pos ed of

h a l f copp er th r ee ei g hth s z1u c a n d o n e ei g h th t i n
,
Th 1s .
 B RA I G
Z N 4 33

g r a d e is f as t en i ng b r as s t o i r on and copper an d
u s ed f or
"

f or Wor ki n g wi th l a r g e pi eces of b r as s t o b r as s
i

F or b r azi n g th i n S h eet b r a s s a n d l i g h t b r as s ca s t i n g s ,

a m et a l i s u s e d wh i ch con t a i n s t wo th i r d s ti n a n d on e
‘

thi r d an ti mony Th e l ow m elt i n g poin t of th i s com pos i

.

ti on m a kes i t ver y eas y t o wor k wi th an d th e d a n g er o f ,

m elt i n g t h e wor k i s ver y s l i g ht H owev er a s m 1g h t be

.
,

3 ex ect ed a com a r at i v ely weak j oi n t i s s ecu r ed whi ch

p p , ,

wi ll n ot s t an d an y g r eat s tr a in .

of t h e a b ove b r a z i n g m et al s ar e u s ed i n powd er
'
_

r m s o th a t th ey may be appl i ed w w
g

ith h t l h
‘

f o,
,
t e s p a u a er e

t h e j oi n t i s ex posed on t h e ou t s i d e of th e wor k I n ca s e

fl
.

i t i s neces s a r y t o b r az e on t h e i ns i d e of a tu b e or m an y
d eep r eces s t h e Spelt er m ay be placed on a at r od l on g
,

en ou g h t o r ea ch t o t h e f a r th es t poi n t B y d i s t r i b u ti n g
.

th e Sp el t er at t h e pr oper poi n t s a l on g t h e r o d i t m ay be
»

p l ac e d a t t h e r i g h t p o i n t s by t u r m n g t h e r o d o v e r a ft e r
i ns er t i n g it i n to t h e r eces s

fl
.

F l ux — In or d er t o r em ove t h e ox i d es pr od u ced u n d er

fl
.

br azi n g h ea t an d t o a ll ow t h e b r a z i n g m et a l t o ow fr ee

m ones t
t h a t i s a b or ax pow ,
fl
l y i nt o pl a ce a u x of s ome ki n d m u s t be u s ed
,

u x i s S i mply a pu r e cal ci n e d b or ax p owd er

d er th a t h a s b een h ea t ed u n til pr ac
Th e com .

ti cally a l l t h e wat er h as b een d ri ven off

fl
.

C al ci n e d b or ax m ay al s o be m i x ed with ab ou t 15
p
"

p
fi
e

o
r c

d
e

e
n

r
t
w
o f
I t
s a

i s
l
a
am
b s
m
o l
o

u
n

t
i

e
ac

ly
t
n
o

kin d an d a p ar t of wh at ev er i s u s ed S h ou l d be m
.
m
c es
a

s
k
a
e

r y
a s

t
a

o
ti
u
s

s
f
e
a c t
u
o r

x
y
o f
u

s
x

o
i

ad e i n to
m
n g
efl
a pas te w i th wa t er s o th a t i t can be appl i ed t o t h e j oi n t
,

t o be b r az ed b ef or e h eat i n g T h e r em a i n d er of t h e
.

p o w d er s h o u l d b e k e p t d r y f or
~
u s e d u r 1n g t h e o p e r a ti o n

a nd aft er t h e h ea t h as b een a ppli ed

- .

P r epa r i n g t h e W or ld — Th e s u r fa ces t o be b r az ed ar e
fir s t th or ou g h l y cl ean ed with fil es em er y cl oth or s an d
‘

, ,

p pa e r I f t
. h e w or k i s g r ea s y it S h o
,
u l d b e d i pp e d i n t o

a b ath of l y e or h ot s od a wat er
‘
s o th at al l t r a ce of o i l
-

,
 34
"

-
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
M A NU AL
—

1S r e m oved . Th e par ts ,
ar e in th e re l ation
th en zpl acedn
t o e ach oth er th a t th ey ar e t o occu py wh en th e wor k h as
.

b een com pl et ed Th e ed g es t o be j oi n ed S h oul d m ak e a

s ecu r e a n d ti g h t fit a n d s h ou l d m
.

a t ch each oth er at a l l

fl
,

p o i n t s s o th a t t h e s m a ll es t p os s ibl e S pa ce i s l eft b et we en

t h em Th i s t S h ou l d n ot be s o ti g ht th a t it i s n eces s ar y
.

to f a r ce; t h e wor k i n t o pl a ce n ei th er S h ou l d it be l oos e

en ou g h t o all ow a n y c on s i d er abl e s p a ce betw

, z

een t h e

fl w
.

s u r f a ces . Th e m olt en s pel t er ill pen etr a t e b etween

s u r f a ces th a t wa t er will ow between wh en the wor k ,

a n d S p elt er h a v e b oth b een b r ought t o t h e pr op er h ea t .

It i s o f cou r s e n eces s ar y th at t h e t wo par t s h ave a

, ,

s u ffici en t n u m b er of poi n ts of con t a ct s o th a t th ey will

r em a i n l n t h epr op e r r el a tiv e p os iti on .

Th e wor k 1S pl aced on t h e Su r f ace of th eb r a zing t abl e ,

1n s u ch a p os iti on th a t t h e fl am e fr om t h e t or ch es w ill
st r ik e t h e p ar t s t o be h ea ted a n d w

a pos 1t i on th a t t h e m elt ed S pelt er w

“
ith th e j oi n t i n s u ch
,

i ll ow th r ou g h it
an d fil l ev er y pos s i bl e p a r t o f t h e s p a ce b etween th e
fl
Sur f aces u n d er t h e act i on of g r avity
,
Th a t m e an s th a t
.

t h e ed ge of t h e j oi n t m u s t be u pper mo s t an d t h e cr ack
t o be fill ed m u st n ot l i e h or iz on t al but at th e g r eat es t ,

Sl an t p os s ibl e B ett er th an a ny d eg r ee of S l an t wou l d

.

be to h av e t h e li n e of t h e j oi n t ver ti cal .

Th e wor k 1S b r a ced up or cl am ped 1n t h e pr o er pos i

p
ti on b ef or e com m en ci n g t o b r aze an d it i s b es t t o pl a ce
,

fir e b r i ck 1n s u ch pos iti on s th at it will be i mpos s ibl e f or

cool i ng d r au g ht s of a i r t o r each th e h ea t ed m et al s h ou l d ,

t h e fl am e be r e m oved t em por ar ily d u r i n g t h e pr oces s .

In cas e th er e i s a la r g e bod y of i r on s t eel or copper t o

”

, ,

be h an d l ed it i s oft en a d vi s abl e t o pl a ce ch ar coal ar ou n d

,

t h e wor k 1g n i t i n g thi s with th e fl am e of t h e t orch be

,

f or e s t arti n g t o b r az e s o th a t t h e m et al will be m ain

,

t a in ed at th e cor r ect h ea t with ou t d epen d i n g en ti r ely on

t h e t or ch .

W h en h an d lin g b r as s p1eces havin g thin s ecti on s ,

 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
"
MA N U AL

r un

dry fl
1n to

ux
th e
ma y
j oin t
be
by l i g htly t app1n g th e work Mor e
a d d ed with t h e S a tu l a i f t h e t appi n
p g
.

E x ces s i ve u s e of u x , es pe fl
d oes n ot pr od u ce t h e d es i r ed r es u lt
ci a lly t owar d t h e

t h e wor k , wi ll r es u lt i n a very h ar d s u r f a ce on
.

’
en d

al l -
of

th e
~

wor k ,
a sur f a ce wh i ch will be ex tr em ely d ifficu lt t o
fin i s h pr oper ly Th i s t r ou bl e w
. ill be pr esen t t o a cer t ain
ex t en t a n yway bu t it m a y b e l es s en e d by a vi g or ou s
,

s cr a p i n g wi th a wi r e b r u on as t h e wor k i s
“

s h ju s t as So

re m oved fr om t h e fir e I f all owed t o cool b ef or e cl ea n

w
.

i n g t h e fin al a ppear an ce ill n ot be a s g o od a s with t h e

,

s u r pl u s m et al a n d s ca l e r em oved i m med i a t ely u pon com

p l e t i n g t h e j ob .

Af t er th e W or k h as been cl ea n ed with th e b r u s h 1t ,

m ay be all owed t o cool an d i s th en fin i s h ed to t h e d e

,
:

S i r ed S h a pe S iz e
,
an d s u r f a ce by fili n g a n d p oli s hi n g .
,

W h en fil ed a v er y thin lin e of b r as s S h ou l d appea r wh er e

’

t h e cr ack was a t t h e beg 1n n 1n g o f th e work I f it i s .

d es i r ed t o avoi d a s qu ar e Sh ou l d er an d fil l i n an an g l e
j oi n t t o m ake it rou n d i n g th e filli n g 1S b es t accom pli s h ed
,

by wi n d i n g a coil of v er y thi n b r as s wir e arou n d t h e

fl
p a r t o f th e wor k th a t pr oj ect s an d th en cauSi n g thi s t o
ow its elf or el s e all ow t h e S elt er t o fil l th e s a
,

tween th e l ayer s of wi r e
p
,

p ce

C opper wi r e m ay al s o be
.
s b e

u s ed f or th i s pu r os e t h e s aces b ei n
p ,p g fi ll ed w it h m e lt ed
Sp el t er
 fl
P IP E B E ND I N G

_
B efor e
t akin g u p t h e con s tr u ct i on of b en d s fr om at
S h eet m et a l i t wi ll n ot be ou t of pl ace t o d evot e Som e
“

l i ttl e s pa ce t o a con s i d er at i on of th e m eth od s t o em pl oy ,

an d t h e t ool s t o u s e i n b en d i n g or d i n ar y met al t u b i n g
w
.
,

Th i s i s knowl ed ge oft en Wan t ed 1n t h e Sh eet m et a l or k

S h ep a n d i s by n o m ean s com m on th er e
,
Th e Wor k .

m an wh o i s u n a cqu ain t ed with th es e m eth od s a n d t ool s

fin d s gr ea t d ifficu lty i n g i vin g t o a s t r a i g ht pi e ce of
t u b i ng a d es i r ed cu r va t u r e th a t i s s o s h api n g it th at , ,

th e com pl et ed b e n d S h a ll be fr ee fr om r i d g es d en t s or , ,

kin ks an d n ot fla tt en ed 1n t h e th r oat th e per fect i on of

, ,

a be nd of cou r s e b e1n g w
,
hen th e i n t er n al d i am et er or
,

b or e of t h e tu b e 1S t h e s am e th r ou gh ou t .

W h a t h as t o b e d o n e i n th e w a y of p pi e b en d i n g
t h e or d i n ar y wor ks h op m u s t be d on e W 1th t h e appl i an ces
at a r e u s ua lly f ou n d th er e or can ea s 1ly be m a d e th er e ,
.

es s a r y f or t h e pro d u cti on of b en d s es p ecl al ,

a n d ci r cu l a r i n s ecti on s u ch a s th os e of ,

«
Wl n d m u s i cal i n s tr u m en t s can n ot be m a d e i n t h e or d in
f
-

,
’

w w
“

y h t m t l k h I t i ll b t
"

L a r S e e e a o r s op e . o

i v e al s o a b r i ef d es cr i pti on of t h e wor kl n g of th es e
g
b en d s .

p i p e or tu b e v a r i es with t h e m et al , i t s di ameter ,
an d th e
t
cu r v a u r e r equ r ed i . Or d i nar y g a s pi pe, of th e sm a ll er
Si zes m ay,
ly be b en t with ou t a n y s peci al pr epar a
r ea d i

t i on t o cu r v es even of s m all r ad iu s A p1ece of i r on

,
.

p r ef erably r ou n d i r on b ei n r i
g g pp ed m a v i s e,
h or iz on ,

4 37
 SHE E T M E T AL W OR K ER S ’
M AN UAL
t al ly or ver t i cally as m os t con ven i ent an d u s ed a s a f u l
’

cr um or b en d i n g p o
t o t h e cu r v e r e qu i r ed
s t th e b a r r el m ay be s h a ed r ou n d it
i
, p
A S l i g ht cu r vatu r e S h ou l d fir s t be
.

g i v e n, th e n c h a n g g
,i n t h e l
p c a e o f c on t a ct of pi p e an d

fu l cr u m a fu r th er cu r v atu r e, an d S o on
, A pi ece o f .

Woo d i f of s u ffici en tly l ar g e d i amet er t o b ear th e s tr a1n

,

it wi ll be pu t t o m ay be S im il ar ly u sed
, .

If t h e pi p e i s of s o l ar g e a d i am et er th a t i t s b end i n g
a g ai n s t a pi ece of 1r on i n t h e m a nn er d es cr i b ed 1S b ey on d
’
t h e Wor km an s s t r en g th it S h ou l d be m a d e r ed h ot wh er e
,

t h e b en d i s t o com e Th u s S of t en e
. d t h e wor km an will ,

fin d th e b en d i ng com p ar atively ea s y .

In b en d i n g i r on pi p e i n thi s way th er e i s al way s a

S li g ht fl a tt en i n
g i n t h e th r o a t of t h e b end

h owever a s i r on p1pe i s g en er ally u s ed f or th i s att en i n g

,

i s n ot of con s equ en ce ; t h e thi ckn es s of t h e p1pe an d t h e

In S uch wor k .

,
fl ,

t ou g h n es s of th e m et al prev en t an y g r ea t am ou n t of

fl a tt en in g .

B en d s of C opp er B r as s and S of ter M eta l Tu bes

, ,
— Th e .

p r o ce d u r e n e c es s a r y t o b en d t u b es m a d e o f m et a l s s o ft er

th an i r on of copper b r as s zin c t i n or l ea d 1s l es s
, , , , , ,

s im pl e a nd t o pr ev en t bu ckl l n g pu ck er i ng or fl a tt en in g
”
, , ,

i n th e thr oa t of a b en d s u ch pi pe m u s t b e l oa d ed ,
Th e .

m at er i al s u s ed f or lo a d i n g ar e va r l ou s an d t h e ch oi ce ,

b etween th emd epen d s u pon th e m et al of Whi ch t h e pi pe

t o be b en t 1S m a d e an d g r ea tly u pon t h e fin
,
i s h an d s y m
met r y r equ i r ed i n t h e par t i cu l ar wor k t o be d on e L ea d _ .
,

r os i n , p it ch a n d r ,
o s i n a n d p i t ch 1n e q u a l p a r t s a r e th e ,

Su b s t an ces m ost i n f avor W h en s et a ft er bei n g m el t ed

.

a n d r u n i n t o th e t u b e th ey a r e f ou n d t o b en d w ,
ith ou t
b r eaki n g as t h e b en d i n g of a t u b e pr o g r es s es an d t o ,

o ff er th e n eed fu l r es i s t an ce t o ch an g e of s ecti o n of t h e

A Sp r a i l l ly coil ed or a pi ece of can e

i
S pr n g n ot c os e ,

o r s oli d r u bb er m ay oft en be a d v a
n
,
t a g eous ly u se d t o

l o a d s oft m et al pipe with E i th er of th es e l oa d i n g s can

“

.
 S HE E T M E T AL woR K E R S ’
M A N UA L

be per f ectly ci r cu lar m s ecti on , 1t i s d eS 1r ed t h at th e l oa d

i n g Su b s t an ce S ha ll n ot offer an y g r ea t r es i s t an ce t o b en d
mg .

B r as s or copp er dra
wn tu bi n g s hou l d be a n n ea ed l be
f or e b ei n g b en t .

L oa d i n g p i ece
.
—In l oad in g
o f p pi e Wit h e ith er l e a d a ,

p it ch or r o s i n t
, wo o r th r ee l ay er s o f br,
own p p
a er s h o u l d
be wr apped r ou n d one en d of it an d s ecu r ely t i ed If .

l ea d 1s t h e l o a d i n g ma t er i al th e tu b e S h oul d be r i g i d ly
1

, _

fix ed ver ti cally wi th i t s cl os ed en d em b ed d ed 1n S an d S o
, ,

th at m olt en l ea d m ay n ot r u n out t o d o m i s ch i eii Th e

l ea d may be pou r ed fr om an or d in a r y pl um b er s l a d l e ’
'

An d i n l o a d i n g wi th pit ch an d r os i n t h e t u b e S h ou l d r es t
a n d be s ecu r e d with i t s cl os ed en d on s om e s oli d s u b s t a n ce
"

fl
t o pr ev en t l eaki n g ou t of t h e h ot pit ch or r os i n .

B en d i n g S m a l l P i p es — S l al l copper p1pes tu bes an d r

, ,

s pou ts ar e r ea d ily b en t i n t o cu r ves with ou t wr i n kl i n g ,

if th ey a r e fir s t fill ed wi th l ea d On e end of th e pi pe i s .

cl os ed with thi ck b r own paper an d t h e pi pe l a i d i n a ,

box of d am p s and whil e t h e l ea d i s b ei n g pou r ed 111 Th e ,

.

An 1r on r od 1S c as t i n with t h el ea d i t s en d s t an d i n g ou t ,

at a d i s t an ce of a f ew i nch es t o affor d th e n eces s ar y l ev er

l a gegf or b en d in g th e pi pe . Thi s , of cou r s e, i s m elt ed ou t

t h e ban d i n g i s d on e Th e b en d in g v ar i ou s ly
‘

3 1s
-

1 e

w W
,

w
’
-
e ecte
fi d, ith a m a ll et or ith l ev er a g e o r ith b ot h i n ,

c om b i n a t i on B ef or e r un n i n g t h e l ea d ou t t h e ou t s i d e
.
,

of th e W or k S h oul d be cover ed With a s ol u ti on of whiti n g

in w at er .

C Opper pl p e m ay a l s o be fill ed with r os i n b ef or e b en d

-

L ea d i s b ett er f or qu i ck b en d s r os i n f or l on g on es
‘
‘

111g .
,
.

On ly t h e p ar t t o be b en t a n d th a t i m med i a t ely bey on d

n ee d be fill ed a wa d of paper or cott on was t e b ei n g i h
, , ,

s er t ed at t h e l oca lity b ey on d w h i ch t h e filli ng m a t er i a l

i s n ot r equ i r ed Th e p ar t whi ch h a s t o be b en t m u s t be
.

ann ea l e d fir s t t o a ch er r y r ed i n d ayl i g ht P ortion s

-

,
.
 P IP E B EN D I NG

wh i ch h ave t o be l eft s tr ai g ht m u s t be l eft unan n eal ed ,

or h ar d .

B en d i n g ‘
bg —
P ower Th er e ar e m an y’

. m eth od s an d r igs
a d op ted f or b en d i n g copper i
p p es M u ch d ep en d s o
.n th e f

si z e of t h e pi pe Up t o .
‘

a b ou t five i n ch es d i am et er m an u a l

l ab or i s S u ffici en t bu t ab ove th a t hy d r au li c p ower i s ,

g e n er a lly e m pl oy e d T h e b en d i n g i s a lw a y s d.o n e by
l ever a g e or pr es s u r e n ever by h am m er i n g , .

’
In a l l copper s m i th s S h ops th er e i s a a s t r on g b e n d in g
“

bl ock Sun k 111 t h e fl oor f or t h e pu r pos e of pi pe b en d i n g -

.

I t 1S Of cas t i r on abou t t welve i n ch es s qu ar e a n d s t an d i n g

, ,

u t o a b ou t th e or d i n ar y h ei g ht of a wor kb en ch I t i
p s .

m ad e to r eceive th e v ar i ou s att a chm en t s r equ i r ed f or

p pi e -
be n d i n g Th e t op o f t h e bl
. oc k 1 S s h ou l d er e d d o n w
t o r ecei v e a s tr a p wh i ch con fines a b en d i n g bl ock ,
Th e .

la tt er i s a s t ou t pl a t e of l ea d with a h ol e or h ol es i n it ,

” f or th e i n s er ti on of p1p eS Th e l ea d be in g s oft d oes n ot .

b ru i s e th e pi pe whi ch i s b ei n g b en t It i s s ecu r ed wi th ,
.

th e s tr ap On on e S i d e of th e bl o ck a ba ck pl a t e i s i n
.

s er t ed with pi n s fi tti n g i n t o t h e h ol es cas t i n t h e b l ock

, ,

- VVt
‘
h aff or d s a n es s en t i a l poi n t of l ever ag e i n t h e b en d
H ol es a r e cas t i n t h e top of t h e bl ock t o
"

i n g of pi pe s .

i
W ea ve pi n s wh i ch a l so f or m s u it abl e poi n t s of l ever a g e
,
.

? P un i s i n
h g M os t Wor k i n S h eet copper i s pl an i s h ed
)
‘ “

-
.
f

at s om e s t a g e or oth er Th e obj ect of pl ani s h i n g i s t o

“
C

cl os e a n d h a r d en t h e g r ai n of t h e m e t a l t ak1n g th e li m p ,

n es s ou t of i t an d t o m ak e i t m or e el a s t i c a n d r i g i d s o
,
h

th at i t wi ll r et ai n i t s s h ape Oft en th i s oper a t i on i s p er .

f or m ed bef or e an y wor k i s d on e u pon t h e S h eet s i n or d er

‘

t o make t h em s t i ff en ou g h t o W or k u p on Oft en i t i s ,
.

d on e at a l at er s t a g e Pl an i s hi n g con s i s t s i n h am m er i n g .

o v er t h e wh ol e s u r f ace l n d et a i l u n t i l ev er y p or t i on h as
,
-

b een s u bj ect ed t o t h e h ar d en i n g eff ect of th e h am me r

bl ows T h e h am m er m g i s d on e i n s t r ai g ht l i n es or i n
.

c on cen t r i c cu r v es d ep en d i n g on t h e n a t u r e of t h e wor k _
.

Th e pl a n i s h i n g i s d on e on a b ott om s t ak e fix ed i n t h e
~
,
 ’
A NUAL
fl
42 S HE E T M E T AL ~
W OR K E R S M

o or -
bl ock ,
l ev el bl ock of m et al Var i ou s h am mer s
or on a .

n t wor k
”
a r e u s ed f or d i ffer e .

C opp er g ood s ar e poli s h ed wi th a fil e fir s t f oll owed by

;

em er y cl oth a ppl i ed on a s ti ck th en by fin e em er y r u bb ed
, ,

on wi th h em p en r op e wr a pp ed r ou n d with a S i ng l e h i t ch
-

, ,

an d d r a wn to a n d f r o a n d fin ally With a met a l b u r n i s h er

an d s w
“

eet oi l .
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E RS
’
M ANU L A
f ew r ema
r ks by way o f ex pl ana t i on of
h es e s ever al qu al
“

x
t
i t i es pos s es s ed i n com m on by met al s an d a ll oy s th er efor e
, , ,

p r e f a ce t h e d es or 1pti on s of t h e m et a l s an d a l l oy s t o f ol f

M etal l i c L u s t er .
—Thi s
f a ct n othin g m or e th an
is , in ,

t h e power of r efl ect i n g l i g ht r ay s I f a s u r f a ce ab s or b s .

l i ght r ays l ar g ely t h e r efl ecti on i s b r ok en an d t h e ap

, ,

p ea r a n ce of t h e s u r fa ce w ill n o t b e b r i g ht but d u ll A ,
.

b r ok en or r ou g h s u r f a ce ab s or b s an d s catt ers t h e l i g ht
r a y s ; a s m ooth s u r f ace i n th e s en s e of b ei ng p oli s h ed
, ,

r efl ec t s t h em A por ou s s u b s tan ce can n ot be pol i s h ed

. .

F or a s u r f a ce t o be capabl e of t aki n g a poli s h and becom

i n g lu s t r ou s it m u s t be d en s e cl os e or h ar d
,
Thu s , ,
“

n o a m ou n t of pol i s h i n g wou l d m a k e t h e n a t u r al S u r f ace

’

of woo d l u s t r ou s l i k e th a t of i r on a nd n o am oun t of pol

‘

i s h i n g wou l d m ake t h e s u r f a ce of i r on as l ust r ou s a s th a t

,

o f t h e h a r d er s t eel M et al s not h ar d enou g h i n th em

.
“

s elv es t o t a ke a hi g h polis h can be r e n d er ed h a r d er a n d

m or e lu s t r ou s by t h e a d m i x tu r e of a n oth er m et al Ti n .

a n d copp er i n v a r i ou s pr opor ti on s f or m s pecu lu m m et al

an d b ell m et a l ea ch ex t r em ely h ar d an d lu s tr ou s an d
, ,

s o of all oys of oth er m et al s .

T en a ci ty i s equ i v a l en t t o s t r en g th or th e r eS 1s t an ce ,

o ff er ed by a b o d y to f or ces t en d i n g t o pu ll i t s p a r t i cl es

a s u n d er It i s m ea s ur ed i n poun d s er t on s p er s qu a r e
.

i n ch Th at i s if th e u ltim at e t en sil e s tr en gth of a bar

.
,
—

o f i r on i s p o u n d s p er s qu a r e i n ch th a t m ean s th a t ,

a l oa d of pou n d s s u s p en d ed at th e en d of a bar 1
in ch i n cr os s s ecti on , wou l d j u s t S u ffice t o t ear
s q u a r e,

th e bar a s un d er T en aci t y, i n th i s s en s e of b r eaki n g

.

s t r en th , i s n ot o
g f s o m u ch r el at i ve i n t er es t to th e s h eet

m etal w or k er a s i t i s to th e en g i n eer S t i ll , th er e ar e .

Som e m att er s cog n at e th eret o wh i ch i t i s well to be awar e

of , s u ch as th e eff ect of th e pr es en ce of i m pu r i ti es , th e

f
ef ect of t em per atu r e, an d th e eff ect of d r aW i n g ou t In
br i ef th e pr es en ce of for ei gn m atter s var i es m s om e c as es
,
 f
M E T AL S A ND T H E R I ALL OY S 445

an d in t ain pr opor ti ons t en d in g t o in cr ease i n oth er s

cer ,

t o d imi n u t i on of s t r en g th
“

Th e eff ect of i n cr eas e of t em

.

e r a t ur e i s t o l es s en t h e t en aci ty of m et a l s a n d r epl aci n g

p ,

t h e fib r ou s con d i t i on by t h e cr ys t alli n e ; on th e oth er

“

h an d t h e t en a city 1s r ai s ed by m od er at e d r awi n g ou t
, .

S t eel an d i r on pos s es s t h e hi g h es t t en acity whil e z in c , ,

ti n a n d l ea d pos s es s t h e l eas t
‘

. .

D u c ti l i ty — Ih pr opor t i on t o th e d u ctility of m et al s
. .

a n d a ll oy s th ey ar e a d a pt ed f or t h e pu r pos e of wi r e
_
-

d r awin g ; h en ce s t eel wr ou g ht i r on a n d copper b ei n g

, , , ,

hi g hly d u ct i l e ar e u s ed f or th i s pu r pos e G ol d s i lv er
, .
, ,

an d pl a t i n u m s t an d hi g h es t i n t h e r an g e of d u ct i l i ty ,

but th ei r cos t pr eclu d es th ei r u s e f or an y bu t s om e

sp eci a l pu r p o
(

s es Ten acity i s cl os ely r el at ed t o d u ct i li ty

.
,

in as m u ch as a wea k m et al will b r eak b efor e it can be re

i

d u ced t o a fin e wi r e Z i n c t i n an d l ea d th ou g h s oft
iw
.
, , , ,

i l l n ot s t an d d r awin g d own b ecaus e th eir t en a ci ty ,

i s s o l ow D u ctil e m et al s b ecom e h ar d en ed an d cr ys t a l
.

l i z ed d u r i n g th e pr oces s of wi r e d r awin g u n til th ey -

,
'
r ea ch t h e li m it of t h e coh er en ce of th ei r p a r ti cl es Th en .
_

a n n eali n g b ecomes n eces s ar y Thi s i s eff ect ed by h eat .

i n g t h e m etal an d all owi n g it t o cool S l owly t h e eff ect

, ,

of h eat be in g t o pr od u ce a n atur al r ear r an g em en t of th e

M a l l ea bi l i ty i s n ot i d en ti cal wi th d u ctility th ou g h i n ,

some r es pect s akin t o it

"

_Th e eff ect of h am m er i n g or

.

lli ng 1S t o d estr oy th e coh es i on of th e par ti cl es of m et al

ro ,

t o r es t or e whi ch ann ealin g i s n eces s ar y Th e s oft est .

met al s ar e n ot th e mos t m all eabl e n eith er ar e t h e m os t

tenaci ou s m
,

et a l s th e mos t r ea d ily r oll ed an d h am m er ed

“

Lea d an d t i n are s oft i r on an d s t eel ar e s tr on g or t en a

, ,

ci Ou s , but n eith er a r e m all eabl e a s ar e g ol d s ilver , an d , ,

copper . C opper i s t h e on l y j r eal l y m all eabl e s u b s t an ce .

‘

u s ed by Sh eet m et al wor k er s and th at can be h a m m er ed

“

-
,

j i nt o al m os t an y for m S h e et i r on an d s t eel can be b en t

.

a n d r ol l ed bu t can n ot be r ai s ed u n d er t h e h am m er or ~

,
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NU A L
i n d i es t o an ythin g lik e t h e s am e ext en t aS copper Th e .

m a ll eab i lity of thi ck m et al s 1S g en er al ly i n cr e ased by h eat ,

t hat thin met als i s n ot pr a cti cally afiect ed by it
of

Th e m a ll eabil i ty of m et a l l i es at t h e b a s i s of t h e f or m a
ti on of wor k i n Sh eet m et al Th er e i s an es s en t i al d i ffer
.

en ce b et we en t h e oper a ti on s of t h e b o i l er ma k er an d th os e
o f th e S h eet m et a l wor ker
-
Th e m a t er i als ar e l a r g el y t h e
s t eel W r ou g ht 1r on an d copp er —
.

s am e — , bu t t h ed iff er en ce
i n th i ckn es S r en d er s t h e m eth od s of wor ki n g d iffer en t
,

Th e fir s t n am ed cl a s s of ar ti s an s d o m u ch of th ei r wor k
-

by th e ai d of h eat ; th e s econ d i n t h e col d Th e d i ff er .

en ce i s d u e t o th e r
,

el a ti ve thi ckn es s es of th e pl a t es u s ed

by t h e fir s t an d of t h e s h eets u s ed by th e s econ d A
,

thi ck pl a t e can n ot be b en t t o a qu i ck cu r va tu r e u n l es s
'

it i S h eat ed ; a thin Sh eet c an be ben t Or ham m er ed or , ,

St am ped i n th e col d t o al m os t an y outlin e Th e r eas on

“

o f th i s 1S r ea d ily a ppar en t on a littl e con s i d er ati on .

Tak e a pl a t e of thi ck m et al a S h eet of t hin m et al an ,

d ,

a Sh eet of r u bb er and n ot e t h e effect of b e

,
n d i n g l n each

cas e . Th e thi ck pl at e can o nly be b en t by t h e a ppli ca

ti on of m u ch for ce a s s i s t ed if t h e cu r vatu r e be qu i ck
t eel can be b en t m
,

by h eat t h e thin S
, ,

,
os t r ea d ily t o t h e

s a m e cu r va t u r e t h e r u bb er a l s o with ex t r em e e as e
,
In .

each ca s e t h e eff ect of b en d i n g i s t o/ ex t en d t h e ou t er

l ayer s and com pr es s th e i n n er l ay er s Th e l ay ers i n t h e

,
.

cen t er of t h e pl at e or S h eet a r e n eith er ex t en d ed n or

, ,

com pr es s ed an d thi s cen tr al pl an e of b en d i n g 1S call ed t h e

,

n eut r a l axi s Th e d i ff er en ce i n b en d i n g thi ck an d t hin

.

m et al pl at es 1S d ue t o t h e fa ct th at m th e fir s t th e l ay er s
Whi ch ar e i n com pr es s i on an d ex t en s i on ar e at a con si d er
abl e d i s t a n ce fr om t h e n eu t r al ax i s w hil e i n thi n pl at es
,

t h ese l ay er s ar e pr a cti cally coi n ci d ent th er ewith ; s o th at

“

i n a thi n pl at e th er e 1S n o appr eci able a mou n t o f com

e s s i on or ex t en s i on h en ce t h e ea s e w i th w hi c h th ey c an
p r ,
.

met al th e pl at es wer e hig h ly el as ti ca

'

in d
'

B i f th e
'
_
ut -
n
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S . MA NU AL

als o an ex cellen t con d u ct or hi

Th e n ner t h e Sh eet s h
t t e
,

.
.

mor e r ap i d ly is h ea t t r an s m i tt ed t hr ou gh th em An d , .

m al l eabl e s h eets th a t th er e i s no r is k of fr a ctu r e o ccu r r m g ,

d u e to u n equ al con t r a cti on, as th er e i s i n m an y m et all i c

su bs t an ces .

F u s i bi l i ty .
—Th e m elti n g
t l c pper an d b r as s
_
of s ee , ,

d oes n ot con cer n t h e wor k er 1n S h eet m et al bu t th e r el a ,

ti ve q i bi l i t i es of th e n u m er ou s b r a s s l ead a n d t i n
_
, ,

Sold er s ar e ma tt er s of m u ch pr a ct i cal i m por t an ce t o h i m .

Th es e al l m el t at com par at i vely l owt em p er a t u r es a n d it ,

i s es sen ti al t o kn ow at wh at t em per a tu r es cer t ai n s ol d er s

m elt i n or d er t o em pl oy on an y g i v en j ob a S ol d er t h e
, ,

m eltin g poi n t Of whi ch 1s well b el ow th at of t h e m at er i a l

wh i ch h as t o be u n i t ed C ok e or ch arcoal fir es j ets Of
.
,

g as ,
a n d c opp e r bit s a r e u Sed t o f u s e t h e v ar i o u s s o l d er s

em pl oy ed .

S p eci fic G r avi ty — Th e s pecific gr avit y O

. f a m et al i s
es ti m a t ed r el a ti v ely to th at of a g 1ven b u lk of pu r e wa ter

a t a t em pe r a t u r e of 6 2 d eg r ees F a h r en h eit B ey on d t h e .

com m er ci a l cl as s i fica ti on o f s h eet s by wei g ht t h e r el a t i v e ,

wei g ht s of m et al s d o n ot con cer n th e s h eet m eta l wor k er -

m u ch .

PR OPE RTIE S OF ALL OYS

"Th e m n n er i n whi ch r
a t h e phys i ca l p p
o er ti es of th e
a ll oys i s affect ed by s m all v ar i at i on s i n t h e pr opor ti on s
of th ei r con s t i t u en t s i s Often r em a r k abl e M all eab i l i ty .
,

d u ctility fu s i n g p oi n ts ev en a ppear an ces ar e Oft en r a d i

, , ,

Call y m od i fied S om e met al s ar e m or e r ea d ily i n fl u en ced

.

i n thi s way th a n ot h er s Am on g f a m i l i ar ex am pl es ma y
“

be n oted t h e eff ect whi ch v er y m i n u t e per cen t a g es Of car

bon , ph os ph or u s an d S i li con exe r ci s e on s t eel .
Tak i n g v er y comm on ex am
,

_
p l es it i s r em a r kabl e th a t ,

t h e u n i on of t wo s of t an d mal l eabl e m et a l s as copp er an d

"
’
‘

tin r es u lt s i n a ll oy s r a n g i n g fr om th e t oii g h y ell ow g u il

’ -
‘

,
 ME T A L S A ND T H E R I ALL OY S 4 49

m et a l t o t h e b r ittl e bell an d s pecu lu m m et als of S ilver y

whi t en es s S o, t oo, copper a ll oy ed wi th t h e v er y b r i ttl e
.

an d cr y s t all i n e z i n c f or m s t h e s oft y ell ow b r a s s , wh i ch 1s

b en t an d cu t wi th s o m u ch eas e Or , copper wi th l ea d .

for m s an al l cy s o s oft a s t o be h ar d ly wor kabl e Ag ai n ,

ti n a n d l ea d all oy ed t og eth er fu s e at a t em p er a tu r e l ower
_

—
th an th at o f ei th er of t h e con s ti t u en ts a f act wh i ch r en
l

d er s t h em v aluabl e a s s ol d ers ; An d by ad opt i n g d i fier en t

‘

p r opor ti on s ,
v ar i ou s fu s i n g poi nt s h i g h er an d l ewer ar e

Obt a i n ed t bl e
,
Su i a of
f or s ol d er i ng d i ff er en t qu alit i es
met al or all oy
—
Copp er Al l oy s C opper 1s n ot on ly hi g hly valu abl e l n
th e pu r e s t a t e bu t i t s v alu e 1S per ha ps ev en g r ea t er wh en
,

a l oy ed i n v ar i ou s pr op or t i on s wi th t i n l ea d z i n c or oth er
l , , ,

m eta l s I t i s on ly n eces s ar y t oin s t a n ce g u n m et a l b r as s ,

.
,

b ell m et al an d th e s ol d er s Th e s u bj ect of all oys 1S on e

”
, .

Of Su ch g r ea t i n t er es t an d v al u e th at v olu m es m i g ht be
w

d evot ed t o th em B u t s tr i ctly s peaki n g t h e s u bj ect i s

.
, ,

of g r ea t er i n t er es t t o t h e f ou nd er th an t o t h e s h eet m et al -

wor ker S t i ll t h er e i s v er y mu ch of in t er es t i n it t o th e
.
,

l att er S i n ce al l b r as s s h eet s an d W 1r es ar e all oys Al l

, _
.

tin n i n g of copper ves s el s i s effect ed by a u n i on of th e

s ur f a c es of d i s s i m i l ar m e t als Th e d i ffer en ce 1n qu ali t i es
.

Of s h eet s and wi r es d epen d s m ai n ly on t h e pr op or t i on s

i n wh i ch cer t ai n el em en t s occu r Al l s ol d er s w h eth er .
,

h ar d or s of t a r e all oys S o th at f or th es e a n d oth er r ea

w
.
,

s on s a kn o l ed g e of t h e p r i n ci pl es Wh i ch u n d er li e t h e

nh i on of d i s si m i l ar m et a l s t o f or m all oy s i s d es i r abl e .

W h eth er all oys ar e t r u e ch em 1cal com pou n d s h as b een

d ou bt ed At l ea s t th ey a r e n ot r ecog n i z ed a s s u ch i n
.
,

s c1ence Th e r eas on i s th a t th er e 1s n o fix ed an d d efin it e

.
,

p pr o o r ti on m w h i ch a n d m w h i ch a
,
l on e co m bi n a ti on of ,

t h e met alli c el em en t s o ccu r s I n a tr u e ch em i cal com

“

s
-
.

p o u n d s u ch i s t h e ca s e T h ey 1n v ar 1abl y com bi n e i n d efi
.

n it e pr op or ti on s k n own a s th ei r com bi n i n g wei g ht s or ,

i n m u lti pl es of t h es e com bi n i n g wei g ht s B u t t r u e all oys .

 '

O S H E ET M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL
ar e for m ed t fr om an y S u
apar ch d efin it e combin a ti on s ,

so th at on e or ot h e r of t h e el em en t s i n o n e a ll oy s h al l

be l n ex ces s by compar 1s on with a n other all oy of t h e s am e

m et al s It s eem s h owever as th ou g h tr u e ch emi cal com
m
.
, ,

bin ati on m u s t t ake pl a ce bu t th a t th e c o pou n d i s m e ,

ch an i ca l l y a ss o ci a t ed w ith an ex ces s of on e or m or e of t h e
'

el em ent s Th e r eas on f or a s s u m i n g t h e ex is ten ce of a

.

t r u e compou n d i s th at a n all oy u s u ally pos s es s es phys i

,

c al cha r a ct er i s ti cs v er y d iffer ent fr om th o s e p os s es sed by

i t s s epar a t e el em en t s — a f ea t u r e i n w h i ch it cl os ely r e
s em bl es m os t t r u e ch em i ca l com poun d S Th e s t r en g th .
,

t en a city h ar d n es s and fu s i n g poin t s of a ll oy s ar e g en er

, ,

a lly hi g h er th a n th os e of th ei r con s titu en t el em en t s in ,

s om e ca s es ver y m u ch h i g h er — eff ect s W h i ch d o n ot s eem

p o s s ibl e b y a m er e m ech a n i ca l m i x t u r e o f e lem en t s .

C opper i s a ll oy ed with t i n l ea d an d zi n c i n v ar i ou s ,

p p r o o r ti on s A ll oy ed w ith
. t i n a l o n e it f o r m s th e g u n

m eta l s b r on z es b ell m et al s an d s pecu lu m m et al

, , ,
W h en .

a ll oy ed w ith zin c On l y it f or m s v ar i ou s b r as s es an d s pelt e

s ol d ers . All oy ed with l ea d on ly it f or m s t h e ver y coi n ,

m on pot m et al s All oy ed with t i n z i n c an d l ea d it for m

.
, , ,

va r i ou s g u n m etal s a n d b r on z es .

All oys Of copper with zi n c al on e ar e u s ed chi efl y t

)
;

for m s pelter s ol d er an d b r as s C opper a n d z l n e m 1x 1 .

a l l pr opor ti on s bu t ex a ct pr op or ti on s ar e d i fficu lt t o d e
\
“

t er rn j i n e b ecau s e zi n c vol atiliz es r ead il y

,
Th e f u s i bi l i t .

of copp er zi n c all oys i n cr ea s es with t h e p

-
r opor ti on of zi n c

Th e cOl or r a n g es with th e s u cces s 1ve a d d iti on s of zi n c

, _

fr om t h e r ed of copper t o s ilver y whit e an d t h e m all e ,

ability d ecr ea s es u n til a cr y s t alli n e ch a ra c t er pr ev a il s .

An all oy of ab ou t 1 par t Of z in c t o 16 p a r t s of coppe _

i s u s ed f or j ewel r y on e of 3 t o 4 p ar t s of zi n c t o 16 p ar t
,

o f copper f or s u n d r y a ll oys On ce kn o
_ wn as pi n chb eck
a b ou t 6 t o 8 p a r ts of zi n c t o 1 6 p ar ts of copper f or
-

-
_

c om m on b r a s s th e l a tt er b ei n g s l i g htl y m o r e fu s i bl e t h a
,

th e f or m er E qu al par t s of z i n c an d copper f or m s of
"

.
 "

S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S M A NUAL

T HE C O M M ON ME T AL S 4

Al tmmmu m Thi s m et al Wh en of
— f
.
, p er cen t pu r ity,
i s br i g ht wh i t e l n col or s omewh at ,
l r es em bli n g S i ver ,

th ou g h i t s app ear a n ce d epen d s m u ch on t h e tem per a tu r e

at w h i ch it h as b een wor ked It i s capabl e of t akin g a .

hi gh poli s h It s fu s i n g poi n t i s ab ou t 1 95 0 F ah r en h eit

.
,
0
-

bu t thi s m ay be i n cr eas ed t o 1 8 32 F ah r en h eit if i m pu r ,

°

ti es a r e pr es en t or if it i s al l oy ed wi t h an oth er m et al ’

w
.

Alu mi nu m i s on ly s li g htly el as ti c ; i t i s , h o ever f a i r ly ,

m al l eabl e an d d u ctil e bu t th es el a tt er pr oper ti es ar e i m

,

p a i r e d b y t h e p r es e n ce o f i t s t w o chi e f i m p u r iti es s ili ca t e ,

a n d 1r on If of mor e th an 99 per cen t pu r ity it can be

.
,

r oll ed i n to l eaves 1 40 0 0 0 th p ar t of a n i n ch i n thi ckn es s

-
-
, ,

i n thi s r es pect b ei n g i n f er i or on ly t o g ol d Alu m i n u m

' ‘

h as a t en s il e s tr en g th of e
’

p o u n d s t o t h e s q u ar i n ch .

W h en pu r e it i s non cor r os 1ve a n d r es i s t s t h e ox i d i zi n g

,
-

a ct i on of th e a t m os ph er e bu t thi s a d v an t a g e h as t o be ,
y

p a r tly s a cr i fi c e d t o obt a i n i n cr e a s e d h a r d n es s a n d e l a s

t i ci ty by a d d i n g s m a ll qu an ti t i es of copper n i ck el o r
z i n c It d i s s ol ves l n hy d r o chl or i c a ci d an d i n m
, , ,

. os t s O lu
ti on s Of t h e alkalin es but i s on ly s li g htly aff ect ed by ,

d il u t e s u l ph u r i c a ci d an d n ot at al l by n i t r i c a ci d
,
Th e .

r oll ed or f or g ed m et a l b r ea k s with a fin e s ilky f r a ct u r e .

Alu m i n u m i s n ot f oun d q i n a m et alli c s t a t e bu t wh en ,

i n com b i n ati on with ox y g en v ar 1ou s alk ali es , fl u or i n e,

“

s i li con a n d a ci d s it i s t h e bas e of m an y cl ays an d Soil s

, ,
.
“

Fr equ en t com pou n d s of alu m i n u m ar e f el s p ar m i ca

t

, ,

g n e 1 s s ,
a n d t r a c hyt e w h il e o th er a l,u m i n u m c om p o u n d s ,

cl a ss ed a s pr ec1ou s s t on es ar e t h e r u by S apphi r e g a ,
r n et , , ,

tu r quoi s e l a zu lit e t opaz et c T h e or es fr om whi ch

”

, , ,

a l u m in u m 1s comm er ci all y r ed u c ed ar e bau x it e cr yolit e , ,

an d cor u n d u m .

Th e h emi cal m eth od of pr od u cin g alumin u m h as b een

c

su p er s ed e d by t h e ch eap er an d m or e S a t i s fa ct or y el ect ri

c al pr o ces s Th er e ar e th r ee el ectri cal m eth od s th e fir s t

.
,
 AL S I ALL OY S
’

ME T A ND THE R 45 3

d epend i n g on t h e h eat i n g effect of t h e el ectr i c cu r r en t

n
“

an d prod u ci n g al u mi n u m a l l oys on ly , wh er eas by t h e t wo

e l at er m eth od s alum i n um s alt s ar e s ub m i tt ed t o el ectr olyt i c
a cti on at a, h i g h t em per atu r e, pu r e m etal b ei n g
pr od u ced .

Th e s h eet -
m et al wor ker wou l d do well t o acqu a in t h im
self th or ou g hly wi th t h e m an y pecu li ar i ti es of a lu m i n u m ,

7
wh i ch i s r epl a ci n g oth er m et al s f or Or n am en t al s h eet
m et al w o r k a n d l n t h e f or m at i o n of culi n a r y a n d oth er
_

u t en s i l s f or wh i ch pu r pos e i t s i n d i ff er en ce t o t h e a ct i on
,

Of mos t a ci d s an d t o a tm os ph er i c con d i t i on s r en d er s it
es peci a ll y s u i t abl e .
1

Th e g r ea t i d i s a d v an t ag e of al u ml n u m i s t h e d i fficu lty
en cou n t er ed i n f or m i n g r el i a bl e s ol d er ed j oi n t s Th i s i s .

cau s ed by t h e f or m a t i on o f an ox i d e o n t h e s u r f a ce o f

th e h ea t ed m et a l t h e ox i d e pr ev en tin g t h e s oft s ol d er
,

fr om all oyin g with th e a lu m in u m a n d pr od u ci n g a g ood

‘
j oi n t W i th car e t h e d i fficu lty can be s u r m ou n t ed by
.

em pl oyi n g s ol d er i n g a ll oy s o f a n e a s i ly fu s i bl e n a tu r e , .

an d by m elt i n g th em wi th a s p eci a l copper bi t G ood .

SO
’

l d er s f or t h e pu r pos e a r e g i v en by au th or iti es a s f ol
’

l ows : Ti n 95 par t s an d bi s m u th 5 par ts Ti n 97 bis ,

_ .
,

M u th 3 Alu m i n u m 2 5 zi n c 2 5 2 5 ph os ph or u s 2 5 t i n
“

. . . .
, , ,

7 2 Alu m i n u m 10 t i n 90
.
,
C a d mi u m 5 0 z i n c 2 0 t i n 30
, .
, ,

Th e copp er bi t s h ou l d be wed g e s h ape and b en t r oun d ly -

t o a q u ar t er ci r cl e I t s ed g e i s th en at r i g ht an g l es t o

fl
.

t h e a lu m i n u m an d by l i g h t l y m ovi n g t h e bit b ackw

,
ar d
a n d for war d ov er t h e m et a l a n d t h e ow1n g s ol d er t h e

fil m of ox i d e can b e r em oved Th e coat ed s u r f ace c an .

,

th en be s ol d er ed wi th a n Or d inar y copper bit .

— Thi s i s a blu i s h wh i t e m et al v er y cr ys t al
'

An ti m on y ,
'

l in e an d br i tt l e an d s o can eas ily be p owd er ed

-

,
It s chi ef .

u s e 1s i n t h e for m ati on of s erv i ceabl e all oys s u ch a s wh i t e ,

{m et a l an d pewt er t o wh i ch it i m par t s b r i ttl en es s Th e

l '

.
, _

m elt ed m et a l r a pi d ly ox i d i zes if ex pos ed t o th e a 1r an d

(

if hi g h ly h eat ed b u r n s with a whit e fl am e g 1V 1n g off fu m es ,

 54 S HEE T ME T AL W O R KE R S -
M ANUAL

of ti m on y t r i ox i d e Anti m on y i s d i s s o lved by h ot
’

an .

h y d r ochl or i c a ci d h ot con cen tr a t ed Su l ph ur i c a ci d a n d

, ,

a q u a r eg 1a a n d if t r ea t ed with n i tr i c a ci d f or ms a s t r aw

Com mer ci al
,

col or ed powd er known a s an ti mon i c a ci d

a n ti m on y con t a i n s i m pu r iti es i n t h e f or m of po t as s i u m
.

co pper i r on a n d l ea
, ,
d .

An tim ony o ccu r s n ative bu t g en er al ly th e m et al i s ,

fo u n d i n com bi n a ti on with oth er s

'

,
T h e ch i ef an t i m on y .
j

Or e i s s tibn it e Th e a n ti m on y i s r ecover e d fr om t hi s or e by
.

t wo d i s ti n ct pr oces s es ! B y t h e fir s t of th es e i s s epar a t ed .
-

t h e an ti m on y s u l phi d e wh i ch i n i t s tu r n i s r efin ed by th e ,

s econ d pr o ces s . I n G er m a n y w h ere m u ch cOm m er ci al ,

'

an ti m on y i s pr od u ced th e or e 1s pla ced i n cov er ed pot s

,

h avin g per for at ed b ottom s b el ow whi ch ar e r ecei ver s , .

B etween t h e pot s i s th e fir e t h e h eat of W hi ch fu s es th e

s u l phi d e whi ch r u n s th r ou g h t h e h ol es i n t o t h e r ecei ver s
,
.

'

C u c b es h eat ed i n ci cul a w d f u r n aces ar e em pl oy ed

r i l r r i n é
t o r efin e t h e s u lphi d e Th e ch ar g e i s 40 pou n d s of s u l
'

p h i d e a n d 2 0 p o u n d s o f s c r a p 1r o n a n d th e p r o d u c t i s ,

an ti m on y a n d 1r on s u l phi d e w hi ch i s a g ain me lt ed thi s , ,

ti m e with s u lph at e of s od a a n d s om e S l a g a pr od u ct of ,

t h e n ex t pr o ces s Th e r es u lt an t m et al i s m el t ed with
“

p e a r l as h a n d s l a g a n d ca s t i n t,
o i n g ot s A n ti m on y c a n .

a l s o be p r od u ced by el ectr o d epos iti on -

.

B i Sm u th F Thi s m et a l i s r ed d i s h whi t e i n col or an d

‘

,
—

h a s a b r i g ht lu s t er It i s v er y b r i t t l e an d cr y s t a lli n e
l

fl
.
,

vol atil i z es a t a hi g h t em per at u r e an d b ur n i n g f or m s a , , ,

cr yst a ll i n e S c a l e — ower s of bi s m u th Th e m os t i mp or .

tan t u s e of bi s m u th i s i n for m i n g all oys a s i t s a d d i ti on ,

t o an y m et al h a s t h e eff ect of con s i d er a b l y l ower i n g th e

m elti n g poi n t of th at m et al B is m u th m ay be all oy ed .

with a n tim on y l ea d or t i n B i s m uth s ol d er s m ay be

, ,
.

f or m ed of : Ti n 4 par t s l ea d 4 par t s b i s m u th 1 p ar t Ti n , ,
.

3 l ead 3 bi s m u th 1 Ti n 2 l ea d 2 bi s m uth 1 E qu al ,
.

l
.
, , ,

p a r t s o f t i n l e a d,
a n d bi s m u t,
h T i r 2 ,
l e ad 1 bi s m u th .
,

Ti n 3 l ead 5 bi s mu th 3
‘

2 .
,
-

,
.
 S HE E T M E T AL W ORKE R S ’
MA N UAL
t
h ave t1n a s th ei r p r nic i pa l con s ti tu en t : , S om e of th es e
a ll oy s ar e s ol d er s .

Ti n o ccu r s In th e f or m of Su lph u r et an d ox i d e, bu t
m or e g en er a lly In th e f Orm of or e , kn Own as ti n t
s on e .

T h i s i s s elt ed m ei th er In blas t or r e v
er b er a t ory fu r n a ces .

I n ht h e l atter cas e t h e t r eatm e n t i s i n t wo s t a g es on e b ein g ,

t h e a ctu a l e x t r a ct i on of th e m et a l an d t h e ot h er t h erefin
In g . Th e r oas t ed or e i s was h ed t o r em ove th e s u l ph at e s ,
”

a n d i s th en p l ac ed i n a f u r n a ce h a v i n g a n i n cl i n ed bed

an d li ned with abOu t 8 i n ch es of fir ecl ay

,

P r evi ou s t o ,
.

p l a c i n g I n t h e f u r n ac e t h e or e i s m i x ed W i t h a n ,
t h r ac i t e

c oal a n d a s m all qu a n t i ty of l i m e a n d fiu O r s p ar At t h e ‘
z .

en d of fiv e _ h ou rs m or e an th r acit e coal i s th r own i n t o t h e

‘

f u r na ce an d i n ab ou t an h ou r a ft er th at t h e molt en m et al
,
‘ “

can be r u n Off Th e r em a in i n g s l a g I S a n i r on s ili cat e

.

whi ch con ta i n s s ome ox i d es .

—
To r efin e t h e pI g t i n it i s p l a ced I n a r ever b er a t or y -

fu r n a ce a n d g ra d u ally h eat ed t o ab ou t 45 0 F ah r en h eit °

.

A t th i s t em per atu re t h e t i n m elt s an d i s d r awn off i n t o

“
‘

i r on pot s Th e m a s s l eft i n t h e f u rn a ce con t a i n s f or t h e

"
‘ ‘

m os t p a r t 1r on On a g a i n m elti n g t h e t i n an d s ti r r i n g i t
.

with a pol e of g r een wood , it i s cau s ed t o b oi l by t h e es cape ‘

Of g a s es a n d by thi s mea n s t h e I m pu r I t i eS s u ch a s I r on _

a n d a r s en i c a r e b r ou g ht t o t h e s u r f a ce fr omwhi ch th ey
, ,

, ,

a r e s ki m m ed .

G r a i n t i n i s m a d e by a ll owin g t h e m o l t e n m e t a l t o f a l l
f r om a h ei g h t on t o a ha r d col d s u r f a ce To pr o d u ce .

Wh a t i s kn own a s com m on t i n! th e m et al pas s es at on ce t o

,

t h e m ol d s R efin ed t i n i s th e r es u lt of us i n g bett er or es
“
‘
.

a n d l en g th en i n g t h e p oli n g pr o ces s Th e pu r es t met al .

i n t h e m ol d i s t h e u pper p or ti on th e m i d d l e por ti on I s ,

t h e comm on a n d t h e b ot tom p or ti on i s t oo i m pu r e f or
,

u s e at a l l a n d r equ i r es a n oth er f u s in g an d p oli n g

, Th e .

i n g ot s a r e kn own a s bl o ck t i n .

I r an a n d S t eel — Ir on In a s t a t e of pur i ty i s compar a

.
~
.

t i v el y littl e kn ovvn bu t t h e or es of it ar e v ar i ou s a n d
’

,
 M E T AL S AND T HE R I ALL OY S 45 7

abu nd an t I n i ts i l for m s as pl at eor s h eet bar

com m er c a
“

.
, , ,

an d cas t i r on it i s u n iver s ally kn own As s h eet i t can

, .
,

be cu t i n t o patt er n s a n d b en t i n t o d es 1r ed f or m s ; as bar
'

i t can be m ad e h ot an d wr ou g ht t h at i s s ha ped by m ean s , ,

of t h e h amm er an d w
,
h en m olt en it can be r u n or cas t
i n t o al l Sor t s Of s h apes B u t ca s t i r on i s b r i ttl e cr ys t al
.

l i ne i n fr actu r e an d n ot wor k abl e by t h e ha m m e r

,

.
,

In s h eet and bar f or m wr ou g h t 1r on i s m all eable

m
, ,

os tl y fib r ou s In fr a ct u r e an d capabl e of b ei n g wel d ed
,
.

Th e pr es en ce O f i mpu r i t i es i n bar 1r on , th a t i s t h e pr eS ,

en ce of s u b s t a n ces n ot wan t ed I n it at t h e t i m e b ei n g S er i

ffects i ts m
,

ous l y a a ll eab i lity Thu s t h e pr es en ce of ph os

.

p h o r u s ,
or t i n r e,
n d er s it b r i ttl e w h e n c o l d a n d t h e p r e s ,

en ce of s u l ph u r m ak es i t u n wor k abl e w h en h ot I r on .

q u i c kly r u s t s i f ex p os e d t o d a m p a 1r a s i n t h e c as ,
e o f I r O n

ex p os ed t o a l l w ea th er s , Or t o a 1r a n d wa t er , a s w i th
1

ves s el s In whi ch b ar ely s u ffici en t wat er i s l eft t o cover t h e

bOt t om s th e r u s tin g b ei n g th en m u ch m or e r api d th an
,

wh en th e ves s el s ar e kept fu ll .

W hen I r on i s h eat ed t o r ed n es s an d ab ove s cal e r api d ly ,

f or I ns an d i n t er fer es g r eatly wi t h j wel d i n g

/

Th e eff ect s Of t h e pr es en ce of f or ei g n s u b s t an ces i n

-

I r on as Im pu r i t i es h as b een a llu d e d t o bu t t h e pr es en ce ,

i n it Of car b on h as n ot b een s pok en Of Th i s i s a S ub .

s t a n ce w h i ch I n i t s cr ys t al lin e for m 1s kn own as t h e d i a

.

men d an d i n i t s u n cr ys t alli n e f or m as ch ar coal Th e

,
.

a
“

p r e s en ce o f c r b on i n i r o n d e s t r o y s i t s m a ll e a b i lity b u t ,
_

at t h e s am e t i m e g i v es t o it pr oper ti es s o r em a r k abl e a n d
"

u s efu l t o m an ki n d th a t t o s ay as a d ef ect o f a pi ece o f

~

, ,

ir on wi th car b on i n it th at it Is n ot m all eab l e i s s i m

, ,

py ql e u i v a l e n t t o s a y i n g th a t a p 1 e c e o f b r a s s i s n o t a

p i e c e o f co pp e r Q u.it e t h e r e v er s e o f b e i n g m a t te r i n

t h e wr on g pla ce car b on I n 1 r on fu r n i s h es a com pou n d

,

S O v al u abl e on i t s own a ccou n t t h a t if th er e wer e oth er ,

1
su bs ta n ces n ot met al s th e com pouI id i n g of whi ch with
,

a met al g av e pr o d u ct s at al l r es em bli n g th os e of I r on an d
 S H EE T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MANUAL "

‘
b on Su ch woul d f orm
p

all com d th eir a cl a s s of

'

ca r p ou n s
s

o wn T h e i r on an d car b on
; com pound h owever , s t an d s ,

a l on e .

I r on i s a ll oy ed with car b on i n pr opor ti on s va r y i ng f r om

'

s ay t o 5 per cent W h en i n th e pro or ti on of fr om 2

p
.

p e r c e n t u p w a r d t h e c o m p o u n d 1S
, c a s t i r o n th a t a s i r on , ,

s u it abl e f or cas ti n g pu r pos es In oth er pr opor ti on s it .

i s kn o wn as s t eel In cas t ir on th e m et alli c appear an ce

.

i s s om ewh a t m od i fied i n s t eel it i s m a int a in ed , Or i g i .

n

n a l l y s t eel wa s m a d e by t h e a d d iti on of c ar bo n t o ma n u

f actu r ed i r o n an d th e wor d h a d th en a f a i r l y d efin it e

, -

‘
s i g n i fica ti on m ean in g a m at er ia l of a hi g h t en s il e
,

Str en g th t h at by b ei n g h eat ed d u ll red and s ud d en ly

,

c oo l ed cou l d be ma d e s o h ar d tha t a fil e woul d n o

-

t t ou c h
‘

it th a t i s w o u l d S li d e over it with ou t mar ki n g it

,

, ,
an d

th a t cou l d h ave th at h ar d n es s m od i fied or t emper ed by '

,

fu r th er appli cati on of h ea t .

B u t with t h e i n t r od u cti on of th e B es s em er proces s ,

o f s t eel m a ki n g a n d of t h e S i em en s pr oces s o f m aki n

, g ,

s t eel d i r ect fr om th e o r es pr oces s es by whi ch an y d es i r ed ,

p e r c en t a g e o f c a r b o n c a n b e g i v en t h e s i g n i fic a ti o n o f t h e ,

wor d s t eel h as b ecom e en l ar g ed an d it n ow i n clu d es a l l ,

a ll oy s of i r on a n d ca rb on b etween m all eabl e i r on an d

cas t i r on ex cept th at t h e t er m m i l d s t eel i s s om eti m es

,

a ppli ed t o th ose all oys th a t appr oach i n qu aliti es t o

m a ll eabl e i r o n S t eel pl at es ar o n ow pr od u ced equ ali n g
.

’
i n t ou g h n es s an d it i s s ai d even ex cell i n g th e bes t ch ar
‘

, , ,

coa l pl at e s a n d a s th ey ar e m u ch ch eap er t h e ol d pr oces s

, ,

i s ver y g en er a lly g i vi n g way t o t h e d i r ec t pr oces s In .

p r ac ti c e h o w,
ev e r th es e pl a t e s ar e ,
f o u n d t o b e m o r e

S pr i n g y th an g o od ch ar coal pl a t es an d n ot s o s oft an d ,

ea s y t o wor k .

As 1r on 1s ver y li abl e t o r u s t s u r f ace pr ot ecti o n is ,

g 1v en t o it b y a c oa ti n g o f t i n o r of a n a l l o y O f l ea
,
d a n d
t i n or of zi n c
,
P l at es coa t ed with t i n ar e t er m ed ti n
.

p l at e s ; c oa t e d W it h l ea d a n d t i n th e y h a v e th e n a m e o f ,
"
 46 0 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S M A N U AL
h owever ,
no wa d ays pr o d u ce d th at d oes n ot r equ r e i h am ;

m er 1n g .

cou r s e of t h e m an ufactu r e of copp er it u n d er

_

In t h e
g o e s a p r o c e s s t
t e r m e d p o l m g t g
/
o ,
e t ri d o f i m p u r i ti e s .

W e men ti on thi s b ecau s e we S h all fin d a S i m i la r pr oces s

g o n e th r o u g h l n p pr e a r i n g s o l d e r s T h e.
p o li n g o f c o pp e r

con s i s t s of pl u n g i n g t h e en d of a pO l c of g r een wood ,

p r e f e r a b ly bi r c h b e n
,
e a th t h e s u r f ace O f t h e m o lt e n m e t a l
a n d s t i r r i n g th e m a s s w ith it Vi ol en t eb u llit i on t akes
.

p l a c e ,
l a r g e q u a n titi es o f g a s e s a r e lib e r a t e d a n d t
,
h e

copp er i s th or ou g h ly a g it a t ed It 1S d ou b t fu l if thi s p ol
.

1n g pr oces s i s ful ly u n d er s t o od f or th ou gh i t 1s q u i t e
,

obv i O s th a t ther e m ay be i n s u ffici e1

, ,

1t pol i n g i t i s not
'

u
‘

eas y t o expla i n over pol i n g B u t ovcr pol i ng a s a f act i s

.
, ,

fu lly r ecog ni zed i n th e m an u f actu r e of copper an d t h e ,

m et al i s b r ittl e b oth i f t h e poli n g i s t oo l on g con t i n u ed

,

or n ot l on g en ou g h If d u ly p ol ed t h e ca s t S l ab wh en s et
.
,

d i s pl ay s a com p ar ati vely l evel s u r f a ce

,
If u n d er pol ed
.
,

a
“

l on g it ud i n a l f u r r o w f o r m s o n t h e L Su r f a ce of t h e s l ab
as it c o o l s I f
. o v e r p ol e d i n
,
s t e a d o u f u r r o w , t h e s u r f a c e

ex hibit s a l ong itud i n al r id g e C opper d u ly gp ol ed i s

”
.
, ,

kn own as b es t s el ect ed
“
.

Z me — Of thi s m et al kn own al s o v er y com m on ly as

,

Sp e er
lt c
,
a l a m i n e i s a v e r y a b u n d a n t o r e A n. o t h e r a b u n

t
d an or e i s bl e n d e Z .i n c i s e x t r a c t e d f r o m i t s o r e s by a

p r oces s o f d s i till ti
a o n T
. h e m e t a l v o l a til i z e s a t a b r i g ht
r ed h ea t a ,
n d t h e v a p o r p ,
a s s i n g i n t o t u b e s co n ,
d e n s e s ,

a n d i s cO l l ect e d f r o m t h e t u b e s i n p o w d e r a n d i n s o l i d
c on d iti on I f r equ
. i r e d p u r e f u r,
th er p r o c es s i s n ece s s a r y .

h
Z in c is a d e d y r n e b r o lli n g a n,
d r e q u i r e s t o b e a n n e a l e d
a t a l ow e U h
f

t m pe a u er t r t o r e s t o r e i t s m a ll e a bility n til
. t e

i
d s cov er y of t h e m a e ll a bility o f zi n c w h e n a l i t tl e h o tt e r

th an b oi li n g wat er it was on ly u s ed t o all oy copper an d

, ,

S h e et z i n c w a s u n k n o w n .Z i n c e x p a n d s 1 3 40 t h by h ea t
f
i n g r om th e r ee n g t o t f zi h e b o ili n g p o i n t o f W a t e r T h e .

z i n c o f com m er ce d i s s ol v es r ea ilyd i n hy d r o c hl io r c a n d
 M E T A LS A ND T H E R A I LL OY S 461

in s ul ph u r i c ; pid
ac ur e ly zi n c
s l ow only I f z 1 n c. 1 s e x -

x
"

p o s e d t o t h e a i r a fi l,
m o f d u ll g r a y o i d e f o r m s o n t h e

s u r f ace a n d it S ,
u ff er s a fter wa rd s l i ttl e fu r th er ch an g e ;

Z i n c all oys w ith copper and t i n but n ot wi th l ead It , .

al s o all oys wi th i r on f or wh i ch it i s l ar g ely u s ed as a

,

coa t i n g i r on s o coa t ed b ei n g kn ow
,
n a s g a l v a n i z ed 1r on .

L ea d — An oth er m eta l th at 1s pr ep ar ed l n s h eet i s l ea d

. .
‘

Th 1s m et a l wa s kn own i n t h e ear l i es t a g es of t h e wor l d .

It i s s oft fiex i bl e an d h as bu t l i ttl e t en aci ty

,
-

,
On e of i t s .

p r i n c i p a l o r e s i s g a l en a B e i n g . a s o ft m e t al i t i s w o,
r k e d
by th e plum b er i n t o var i ou s s h apes by m ean s of s peci al
t ool s , wh i ch oft en Saves th e m akin g of j oi n ts AS i t i s
com p a r a t i v e l y i n d e s t r u c t i bl e u n d e r o r d i n a r y c o n d i t i on s ,

i t i s l ar g ely u s ed f or r oOfin g pu r p os es an d f or wa t er ci s
ter ns It 1s al s o u s ed f or t h e l i n i n g of ci s t er n s f or St r on g
ac i d s i n wh i ch cas e t h e Jol n t s ar e n ot s ol d er ed i n t h e
,
’
Or d in ar y way wi th p lu m b er s s ol d er bu t m a d e by a pr oc ,

es s t er m ed a u t og en ou s s ol d er i n or l ea d b u r n i n g L ea d
g .

p p r e a r e d i n S h e e t by cas t i n g i s k n o w n a s cas t l e a d b u t ,

wh en pr ep ar ed by t h e m or e m od er n m eth od of cas tin g a

Sma ll s l ab of t h e m et al a n d th en r olli n g i t t o a n y d es i r ed

t hi ckn es s 1 S call ed m i ll ed l ead

—
.
,

; { A l l oy s eAn all oy i s a compou n d of t wo or m or e m eta l s

’
1
-

_ .

Alloys r et ai n th e m et alli c a ppear an ce a n d wh i l e cl os ely ,

a ppr ox i m a t i n g i n p r op er t i es t o th e m et a l s com p ou n d ed ,

of ten os s es s i n g a d d i t i on v al u a bl e pr oper t i es w h i ch d o n ot
p
e xi s t i n ei th er of t h e con s titu en t m et al s f or m i ng t h e a ll oy
'
.

Thu s an all oy of copp er a n d zi n c h as a m et all i c a ppear

,

an ce a n d wor ki ng pr op er ti es s om ewh a t s i m il ar t o th os e

of t h e i n d i v i d u a l m et a l s i t i s m ad e u p of an d s o w ,
ith an
a ll oy of g ol d or Silv er ,
a n d a s m all p er cen t a ge of coppe r
,
.

B u t th e l atter all oys h av e t h e f u r th er pr oper ty of h ar d

nes s m aki n g th em s u it abl e f or comag e f or whi ch g ol d or
, , ,

Si lv er u n all oy ed i s t oo s oft
, ,
L ike thi s a d d iti on of copp er
.

t o g ol d or S ilv er i s t h e a d d iti on of an ti m on y t o l ead an d t o

t i n , by wh i ch al l oy s a r e obt ai n ed h ar d er th ou g h m or e b r it
'
46 2 S H E E T M E T AL
'
W OR K E RS
;
MANUA L

th an el th er l ead ti n by it s elf Th e all oy

. of l ea d
’
a n d an t i m on y i s u s ed S ty pe l ea d
'

al on e i s t oo s oft .
 SHE E T M E TAL W OR K E R S MANU AL

Fi g u r e 3 .
h

F i g ur e 4 .

F i g ur e

F i g ur e 7 . Fi g ur e 8 .
 P R A C T I C AL G E OM E T R Y A ND M E N S U R ATI ON

A n obtus e a n g l e i s th at wh i ch i s g r eat er th an a r i g ht
‘

' -

an g l e, as i n F i g u r e 3

An a cu te a n g l e 1s th at wh i ch I s l es s th an a r i gh t a n g l e,
as I n F i g ur e 1 _

A ter m or boun d ar y i s th e ex t r em i ty of a n yth i n g .

An equ i l a ter a l tr i a n g l e i s th a t wh i ch h a s th r ee e qu al
s i d es , a s i n F i g u r e 4 .

An i s os cel es tr i a n g l e i s th at wh i ch h as t wo Si d es equ a l ,
as 1n F i gu r e 5
. .

As cal en e tr i a n g l e I s th at whi ch has thr ee un equ al S i d es ,

as i n Fi gu re 6 .

A r i g h t an g l ed tr i a n g l e i s th a t wh i ch h a s a r i g ht a n gl e ,
as i n F i g u r e 7 .

An obtu s e a n g l ed tr i a n g l e i s th at wh i ch h a s a n obtu s e
c
-

an gl e, a s i n Fi g u r e 6
’

w
Th e h y p oth en u s e i n a r i g ht an g l ed t r i an g l e i s th e S i d e
-
-

oppo si t e t h e r i g ht an g l e, as i n F i g u r e 7 .

A s qu a r e i s th a t wh i ch h a s al l i t s S i d es equ a l a n d al l -

i t s an g l es r i g ht an g l es , as i n F i g u r e 8 .

A r ectan g l e Is th at whi ch h as al l i t s an g l es r i ght a n g l es ,

bu t on l y i t s opp os i te s i d es equ al , as i n F i gu r e 9 .

F i g ur e9 . Fi g ur e 10

A r h om bu s I s th at wh i ch h as al l i ts S i d es equ a l ,
bu t i t s
an g es l ar e n ot ,
n F
r i g ht a n g l es
i i g ur e 1 0as .

f
A Q ua d r i l a t er a l fig u r e wh i ch h as i t s oppos i t e S i d es
pa r all el i s call ed a pa r a l l el og r a m , as In F i g u r es 8 , 9, a n d
466
“

S HE E T M E TAL "
W OR K E R S MANUA L

A li n e j oi n i n g two oppos it ea n g l es of a u i l t l
1

q a d r a er a

ll
c a ed a d i ag on a l .
An el l i p s e 1s a
p l,
a n e fig u r e b oun d ed by one con tin u
c u r ve d es cr ib ed a b ou t two poi n t s s o th at ,
th e s u m of th

F i g ur e 1 1 .

d i s ta n ces fr om ev er y p oi t in
n th e cu r ve t o th e two f oci
m ay be Za l way s th e F i g ur e 1 1
‘

s am e, as in

P ROPE R TIE S OF T H E C RC E I L
A ci r cl e con t a I n S a g r e a t er a r ea th a n an y oth er pl ane
fig u r e b ou n d ed by th e s am e l en g th of cir cum fer en ce or
ou tlin e .

A i s a pl an e fig u r e cOn t ai n ed by on e li n e an d i s
c i r cl e
‘

s u ch th a t al l s t r a i g ht li n es d r a wn fr om a p om t withi n th a

fig u r e t o th e C i r cu m fer en ce ar e equ al , an d thi s p oin t 15

ca ll ed t h e cen t er of t h e ci r cl e .

A d i a met er of a cir cl e i s a s tr ai g h t lin e d r awn t h r ou g l r

t h e cen t er an d t er m in a t ed b oth wa ys by t h e c i r cu m f er
en ce, as A 0 i n F i g u r e 1 2 .

A r a d i u s i s a s t r ai g h t lin e d r a wn from t h e cen t er t O

t h e c1r cu m f er en ce, as L M I n F i g u r e 12 .

A s em i ci r cl e i s t h e fig u re con t ai n ed by a d i am et er a
th at par t of ci r cum f er en ce cu t off by a d i am et er ,
i n F i g u r e 12 .
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S _ M A NUAL

4R — 0 2 2

To fi nd th e l en g th o f an y l i n e p er p en d i cul a r t o th e
'
ch or an a r e , wh en
'

d of th e d i s t a n c e o f th e l i n e f r om th e

F ig u r e 1 4 .

c en t er o f th e ch or ad i
d , th e u sr of t h e a r c an d th e l e
n g th

of th e ver s ed s i n e a r e g i ven — F i gu r e
.

( R —z
X 2
) -

( R— H )

C= /
2 \( 2 R — V) v _

To fi nd th e d i am et er of a Ci r cl e wh en th e
v er s ed s ine o f th e ar e ar e g i v en .

D G + GH2 2

GH

Fi g ur e 1 5 ‘
.

he l en g th of an y wh en
'

To fi nd t f a ci r cl e, th e ch or d
'

ar e o f

o f th e wh o l e a r c a nd th e ch o r d of h a l f th e ar e ar e g i v en :
— Fi g u r e
'
 PR A C T I C AL G E OM E T R Y A ND M E N S U R A T I ON 46 9

Ar c D H E z SD H—DE

DE F I N I TI ON S OF P OLYGON S .

A l i f i ts s i d es l i s call ed g l
‘

p yg
o on ,
-
a r e equ a , a r e u ar

po ly g on
; i f u n e q u a l ,
a n I r r eg u l a r
-

p oly g on

A pentag on i s a five s i d ed fig u r e -
.

—
'

A h ex a g on 1s a s i x s 1d ed f fig u r e F i g u r e 1 6 .

'

A h eptag on i s a s evefi=s i d ed fig u r e
-

Fi gur e 1 6 . F i g ur e 1 7

An octag on i s an ei g ht -

Fi g u r e 17
-
S i d ed figu r e3 +
.

A n on a g on i s a n i n e s i d ed fig u r e -
.

A d ecag on i s a t en s i d ed fig u r e .

A u n d eca g on 1s an el even s i d ed fig u r e -
.

A d u od ecag on 1s a twelve s i d ed fig u r e -
.

DE F IN I T IONS OF S OL ID F IGU RE S
A s ol i d h as
l eng th b r ea d th , an d thi ckn es s,
Th e .

b ou n d ar i es Of a
s oli d a r e s u r f aces .

A s ol i d an g l e i s th at wh i ch i s m a d e by two Or m or e
p l an e a n g l es w h i ch a r e n
,
ot i n t h e s am e pl a n e m eeti n g ,

at on e p oi n t .

A cu be i s a s oli d fig u r e con t ai n ed by s i x equ al s qu ar es -

F 1g ur e 18 ,

A pr i s m i s oli d fig u r e t ai n ed by l fi Of
’

,
a s con p a n e g u r es
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MA NUAL ~

whi ch wth
t o a t a r e oppos it e ar e equ al s i mi l a r an d par
, ,

ll el t o On e an oth er
a ; th e oth er s i d es ar e pa r al l el og r am s

—Fi g ur e 19’

A py r a m i d I S a s oli d fig ur e con t am ed
"

by l
‘
‘

p a n es o n e ,

Of whi ch i s t h e bas e, an d t h e
,
re main d er a r e tr i an g l es ,

F i g ur e 1 8 . F i g ur e

F 1g ur e 2 0 . F 1g u r e 2 1 .

wh os e ver t i ces m eet i n a poi nt above th e base , ca ll ed th e

v er t ex or a p ex Of th e pyr a m Id — Fl gur e 2 Q .

A cy l i n d er i s a so li d fig u r e d es cr ib ed by th e l ti on
r evo u

Of a r ect an gl e or pa r a ll el og r am ab ou t "

one ,
Of i t s s i d es
.

F ig u r e 21
-
.

Th e ylin d er i s th e fiX
a x i s Of a c ed s t r ai g h t li n e ab ou t
"
‘

whi ch th e p ar al l el og ram r evol ves .

 '

4 72 S H E E T M ET AL W OR KE R S MAN UAL
f

C ON S TR U C T ION OF A N GLES
T o bi s ect a g i ven an g l e — L et DA C . be t h e gi v en
“

l
an g e

W ith cen t er A a n d an y r a d i u s AE d es crib e an a r

A C a n d AD at E an d G W ith th e s am e r ad i u s . an d Ce
t er s E an d G d es crib e ar cs i n t er s ecti ng at H an d j oi
—
, ,

AH .Th e an g l e D A C i s bi s ect e é
d F i g u r e 24

Fi g ur e 2 4 . F i g ur e 2 5 .

W
O

To con s tr u ct a n f an g l e o
ith r a d i u S AE an -

with cen t er A an d E d es cr ib e ar cs i n t er s ectin g at G

'
‘

.
,

W ith th e s am e r ad iu s a n d with cen t er s E an d G d es cr ib e

[
'
,

a r cs i nt er s ecti n g a t D
.
an d j oi n AD ,
Th e a ng l e D A C
—
.

con t ai n s 30 F i gu r e 2 5
0
e .

Fi g ur e 2 6 . F i g ur e 2 7 .

To con s t r u ct an an g l e o f an d

with cen t er s A an d E d t ers ecti n g at G ;

es cr i be a r cs in
—
,

d r a wAD t h r ou g h G T h e an g l e D A G co t ai n s 60 F ig
°
. n

u re 26 .
 P R A C T I C AL G E OM E T R Y
- A ND M E N S U RA T I O N 4 7 31

— W i th
A r ad i u s
To c on s tr u ct a n a n g l e of E a n d
cen t er s A an d E , d es cr i b e ar cs i n t er s ect i n g a t E , d r a EG w
th r ou g h E , an d m ake E G equ a l t o E E Joi n G A , a n d.

with cen t er A an d r a d iu s AE m ake AH equ al t o AE ,

wi th th e s am e r a d i u s an d wi th cen t er s E an d H d es cr i b e
a r cs i n t er s ecti n g a t L d r aw AD th r ou g h L Th e an g l e
‘

D A G i s 45 — F i g u r e 27
O
.

T o con s tr u ct a n a n g l e of 9 0
°
— W i th r a d i u s AE an d
cent er s A an d E d es cr ib e ar cs i n t er s ect i n g a t E , wi th

Fi gur e 2 8 .

a
t h e s am e i t er E d es cri b e t h e AGD , with
”

r a d u s a n d c en
“

. ar c

AE , l ay off A G a n d G D
r ad i u s an d 30 m DA . Th e l
an g e

D A G i s 90 Fi gur e 2 8
°
-
.

P RA C T I C AL PROBLE M S IN GE OM E TRY
T o bi s ect a s tr a i g h t li n e —
L et B C be t h e
F i gu r e 2 9 .

t
s ra i ght li n e to be b i s ect ed W i th a n y con v en i en t r a d i u s
.

g r ea t er th an AB or A C d es cr i b e ar cs cu tt i n g each oth er
at D a nd E A li n e d r aw
. n th r ou gh D a n d E w ill bi s ect
or d i vi d e t h e l i n e B G i n t o t wo eq u a l p ar t s .

T o er ect a p er p en d i cu l a r l i n e at or n ea r t h e en d of a
”
t r ai g h t l i n e — F i g u r e 30 W i th a n y c o n v en i en t a d i u s
j s . r

a n d a t a n y d i s t ance fr om t h e li n e A C , d es cr i b e a n a r c of

a ci r cl e as A C E , Cu ttin g t h e li n e at A an d 0 Th r ou g h .
4 74
?

S HE E T M E T AL W OR KE RS
’
M A NUA L

th e t
cen er R ofi l d r awth e lin e ARE cu ttin g t h e
th e c rc e ,

a r e a t po in t E A li n e d r awn fr om C to E wi l l be t h e
.

r equ ir ed er pen d i cu l ar
p .

T o d i vi d e a s tr ai g h t l i n e i n to a n y n u m ber of equ a l
‘

D or t s wi g u r e 3 1
_

L et AB be t h e s t r a i g h t li n e t o be
.
-

F i g ur e 2 9 . Fi g ur e

d i vi d ed in t o a cer t ain n um
b er Of eq u al pa rt s : F r om
p o I n t s A a n d B d r a w t wo p ar a ll el li n es AD a nd B C
, ,

a t an y con v en i en t a n g l e with t h e li n e AB Upon AD an d

’

B C s et off on e l es s th an t h e n u m b er Of eq u al p a r t s r e
q u i r e d a s
,
A 1 1 2
-
2 D , et c. J o i
-
n C Z
, 2 2 -

, 1 D Th
, e -
,
- -
.

Fi gur e 31 . Fi gur e 32 .

l i n e AB wi ll th en be d ivi d ed i n t o th e r equ i r ed n u m b er
’

O f equ al pa r t s .

—
T o fin d t h e l en g th of an a r c Of a ci r cl e F i g u r e 32 . .

D i vi d e t h e chor d A C of t h e ar e i n t o f our equ al p ar t s as g

Sh own . W ith t h e r a d i u s AD equ al t o On e fou r th of th e

-
-
-
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S M ANUAL
“

A 2 , 0 2 , B 3 D S,
- - -
_
-
et c .
,
l
a so D 41, D -
5: D es cr i b e t h e en d

a r cs A 1 , E 5 wi th a r ad i u s l to B 22 L i n es Jol n l n g ‘
- -
e qu a .

A1 -

, B 2 ,
0
-
3 ,
B 4 a n-
d E w ill a l l be r ad i a l 45 .

T o i n s cr i be a n y r eg u l a r p ol y g on i n a c i r cl e ,
.
+ -
F i g ur e
34? D i vi d e t h e d i am et er AB of th e ci r cl e i nt o m an y
“
‘

as

e qu a l par t s as t h e pol y g on i s t o h ave s i d es W i th t h e

“

(
.

p o i n t s A a n d B a s c e
h
n t er s a n d r a d i u s AB d es cr i b e a r cs ,

D r aw th e l i n e C E th r ou g h t h e
1

cu tti n g ea ch oth er a t 0
"

,
,

Figu re

s econ d p oi t
n of d i v i s i on of t h e d i am et er of AB
"

,
i n t er
s e ct i n g th e C i r cu m f er en ce Of th e C 1r cl e D . A li n e d r awn
fr om B to D is on e o f th e p gly on s i d es of th e o

T o cu t a bea m of th e s tr ong es t s h ap e f r om a ci r cu l a r
s ecti on — F i g ur e 3 5 D i v i d e a n y d i am et er GB of t h e
.

c i r cl ei n t o th r ee e u a l r t s CE E E a n d E B A t
q p a a s , , , .

E an d E er ect p er pen d i cul ar s E A an d E D on opp os i t e

s i d es of t h e d i a m et er CB
’ ’
Joi n AB B D D C an d C E
.
, ,
.

Th e r ect an g l e AB CD will be t h e r equ 1r ed s h ape of th e

b eam .

T o d i vi d e a n y tr i a n g l e i n to two pa r ts of eq u a l a r ea , .

F i g u r e 36 ; L et AB C be th e g iven t r i an g l e B i s ect on e
t

of i t s Si d es AB a t D an d d es cr i b e t h e s em l cl r cl e AE R
‘

,
 P R A C T I C A L G E OM E T RY A ND M E N S U R A T I ON 4 77

At D er ect t h e per pen d i cu l ar D E an d wi th cen t er B and

ra d i us B E d escr i b e t h e arc E E , wh i ch i n t er s ect s t h e l i n e
At E d r aw t h e lin e E G p ar all el t o A C
"

A B at E Th i s
’

-
. .

d i vi d es t h e t r i an g l e i n t o two p ar t s of equ a l ar ea .

To i n s c r i be a ci r c l e o f t h e g r ea t es t po s s i bl e d i a m et er

in
'

a g i ven tr i an g l e — F i g u r e 37 B i s ect th e an g l es A

Figur e 3 6 F i g ur e 37
‘

an d B ,
an d d r aw th el i n es , AD , B D whi ch i n t er s ect ea ch
o th er at D . F r om D d r aw t h e l i n e C D per p en d i cu l ar t o
AR Th en C D wi ll be t h e r a d i u s Of t h e r equ 1r ed ci r cl e
~
-

To con s t r u ct a s
qu ar e equa l in a r ea to a g i v en ci r c l e .

Fi g u r e I1 et AB C D be t h e g i v en ci r cl e : D r aw t h e
‘ ’

d i am et er s AB an d U D a t r i g ht an gl es t o each oth er , th en
b i s ect t h e h alf d i amet er or r a d i u s D B at E an d d r aw t h e
”

lin e E L , p ar all el t o B A At th e poi n t s 0 an d E er ect

.

t h e per pen d i cu l ar s C H a n d E G, equ a l i n l en g th t o C E

-

'
, .

5 Jo i n H G Th en CE GH i s th e r equi r ed s qu ar e
. Th e .

d ott ed li n e EL I S eq u al t o on ef ou r th th e ci r cl e AC B D .
4 78 S HE E T _ ME TAL W OR K E RS
’
MA NUA L

To c on s tr u ct ng l e of th e gr eates t pos s i bl e a r ea
a r ecta .

i n a g i ven tr i a n gl e F i g ur e 39 L et AB O be t h e g iven
.
+
.

t r i ang l e B i s ect th e s i d es AB and B C at G a n d D D r aw

. .

t h e l i n e G D an d fr om th e pom ts G an d D d r aw t h e li n es ,

F i g ur e 3 8 . Fi g u r e 39 .

GE an d DE p d i l to GD Th en E E GD i s th e
“

er pen cu a r .

r equ r ed r ect an g e
i l .

T o con s tr u ct a r ectan g l e equa b i n a ea to a g i ven tr i

r :

ang l e F i g ur e 40
-
L et AB C be th e g iven t r i an g l e B i
. .

F i g ur e 4 0 .

s ec t th e b as e AB of th e t r i a n gl e at D an d er ect t h e per
T ’ w
d i l D E d B E t D d B h gh C d
‘

p en cu ar s a n a a n : r ou r a

t h e l i n e E C E i n t er s ecti n g th e per pen d i cu l ar s D E an d B E

at E a n d E T h en B D E E i s th e r equ r ed r ect an g l e
i
‘

. .
 '

4 80 S H E E T M E T A L W OR
'
K ER S ’
M A NUAL
t h r ough th e poi n t s 0 an d D an d ll el t o AB Thi s
“

par a .

c om pl et es t h e r equi r ed s qu ar e E E GH ;
To con s t r u ct an octag on in a g i ven s q u ar e —Fi g u r e
44 L et AB C D be th e g i ven s qu ar e : D r aw th e d i ag on a l
.
’ 5

’
l i n es A C a n d B D , whi ch i n t er s ect each oth er at th e poi n t
0 . W ith a r a d iu s equ al t o A O or OC , d es cr ib e th e ar cs e

F i g ur e 4 4 . Fi g ur e 45 .

GH, IK an d LM
C on n ect th e poi n t s E K , L G , E I
.

a n d HM Th en GE I HM K E L I s t h e r eq u i r ed oct agon
. .

T o con s tr u ct a ci r cl e equ a l i n a r ea to two g i ven ci r cl es .

— F i g u r e 45 L et AB an d A C equ al t h e d i am et er s of t h e
.

g i v en c i r cl es E r ect A C
. a t A a n d a t r i g ht a n g l es t o A B .

C on nect B an d C , th en bi s ect th e li n e B C at D an d d e
s cr ib e t h e ci r cl e AC B , w hi ch 18 th e ci rcl e r equ i r ed an d
.

i s equ al I n a r ea t o t h e t wo g 1ven c1r cl es .

7
T o d es cr i be a n octag on abou t a g i ven ci r cl e — F ig ur e .

46 L et AC B D be t h e g iven ci r cl e : D r aw t h ed i am et er s
-

AB C D a t r i g ht an g l es t o ea ch oth er
an d W ith any con
"

v en i en t r a d i u s a n d cen t er s A , C , B an d D d es cr ib e a r cs

i n t er s ect I n g ea ch oth er at E , H, E an d G Joi n E E an d

‘ ’

G H , wh i ch for m t wo a d d iti on al d i am et er s At t h e poi n t s .

A, B C, D , d r aw t h e l i n es K L , P R, M N a n d S T, p ar all el
wi th th e d i am et er s CD an d AB r es pecti vely At th e .
\
 P R A C T I C AL G E OM ET R Y M E NS U R ATIO N
’

A ND

p oI n t s o f i n t er s e ct i on rcu m fer en ce o f th e ci r cl e
of th e ci

-
-

w
by th e l i n es E E an d G H , d r a t h e l i n es K P , R M , NT
an d S L par all el wi th t h e l i n es E E an d H G r es pectively -

. .

Th en P RM NTS L K i s t h e r equ i r ed oct ag on

“

Fi g ur e 4 6 .

Fi g ur e 4 7

d r aw a s tr ai g h t l i n e equ a l i n l en g th t o g i ven

p or ti on of t h e ci r cu m f er en c e of a ci r cl e —F i g u r e 4 7 L et .

A C B D be th e g i ven ci rcl e : D r aw t h e d i am et er s AB an d
 S HE E T M E T AL W O R KE R S ’-

MA NUAL

C D at r i g ht an g l es with ea ch oth er D ivi d e th e r a d iu s

i n t o f our equ a l par ts P r od u ce th e d i am
.

RB . et er AB a t
B an d m a k e B E equ a l t o th ree of th e f our par t s of R B
w
, .

At A d r a th e l i n e AE p ar all e l t o C D an d th en d r aw th e , _

line E C E Th e li n e AE i s equ al t o on e f ou r th of t h e ci r
cu m f er en ce of t h e ci r cl e A C B D If li n es be d r awn
:
u
.

fr om E th r ou g h p oi n t s i n t h e cir cu m fer en ce Of t h e c1r

cl e as 1 a n d 2 m eet i n g h e lin e AE a t G a n d H th en C 1
, t ,
-
,

equal E G, GH an d HA r es p ecti vely .

Fi g ur e 48 . F i g u re 4 9 .

To con s tr u ct a i n a r ea t o two g i ve
s qu ar e equ a l

s qu a r e — F i g u 4 8 L t A C d A D b t h l th O
s r e e a n. e e en g
t h e s i d es of t h e g iven S qua r es : M ake AD per pen d i é u
l ar t o A C a n d con n ect D C Th en D C i s on e of t h e s i d e
’

o f t h e s qu a r e D OE G Whi ch i s equ al t o th e t wo g i v e
“

s qu a r es .

T o i n s cr i be h exag on i ci r c l e F i g u r e 49
'

a i n a g v en .
-
,

D r aw W ith cent er s
f

a d i am et er of th e ci r cl e as
'
AB f
an d B an d r a d u s i AC or B C d es cr ib e a r cs cut ti ng t h e ci r
, _

cu m f er en ce of th e i l D, E , E an d G J oi n E E , E B
‘

c r c e at .

B G G D , D A an d AE Thi s g iv es th e
. r equ r ed i h ex ag on
To d es cr i be a cy cl oi d , th e d i a m et er o f h
t ge en er a ti n
 S H EE T M E T AL W OR K E R S M ’
A NUAL

t h e poI n t s th us Obt i a n ed wil l be th e

,

y
cel oi d cur ve r e

q uir ed
T o d evel op a s pi r a l
f wi th
s p a ci n g Fi g u r e 5 1 u ni or m -

_
.

D i vi d e t h e l i n e B E i n t o a s m an y equ a l pa r ts a s th er e a r e
r e u i r ed t u r n s i n t h e s pi r a l T h en s u b d i vi d e o ne of th es e
q . .

s pa ces i n t o f ou r equ al par ts P r od u ce th e lin e B E t o 4 .

,

m aki n g t h e ex t en s i on E 4 equ al t o t wo of t h e s u b d i vi s i on s .

A t 1 d r awt h e li n e 1 D l ay off 1 2 equ a l t o On eof t h e s u b

_
-

,
-

d i vi s I on s At 2 d r aw 2 A perpen d i cu l ar t o 1 D an d at
‘

- -

3 i n 2 A d r aw 3 C et c
,
-
W i th cen t er 1 an d r a d i u s l1 B
,
.
-

d es cr ib e t h e ar c B D ; wi th cent er 2 a n d r a d iu s 2 —
.
D de ,

s cr i be t h e a r c D A ; wi th cen t er 3 a n d r a d i u s 3 — A et c
‘

.
,

u n t i l t h e s pi r al 1s com p
“

l et ed I f car efu lly l ai d out , t h e .

s pi r al s h ou l d t er m I n at e a t E a s s h ow n i n t h e d r aw In g
-

»
.
,

M E N S U R A T I ON

M en s u r a ti on i s th at b r an ch ithmeti c of ar w
hi h c is
u s ed in t a i ni ng th e
a s cer cap acIty ex t en t an d s oli d ity Or

o f b o d i es c ap abl e of b ei n g m eas u r ed .

D efin ti on s of A r i th m eti ca l S i g ns
S i g n Of E qu ality ; as
S i g n of Ad d iti on a s 64 6 12 t h e S u m ,
2
,
.

—
S i g n of S u btr a cti on as 6 3 —3 t h e R emai n d er -

.
, ,
’
S I g n of M u lti pl i ca ti on a s
-
t h e P r od u ct ,
.

"
S i g n Of D i vi s i on as ,
”

Si g n of S qu ar e Ro ot s i g n i fies evolu ti on or ex ,
-

t r act i on Of s qu a r e r oot .

2
S i g n of t o be s qu ar ed thu s 8 z
.
z z

3
S i g n of t o be Cu b ed th u s 3 3
27 ,
.

M E NS U RA T ION OF PL AN E S U RF A C E S

a ci r cl e —Fi 52 M u lti ply th e

To fi nd f th e
~
a r ea o .
g u r e .

s qu ar e of t h e d i am et er by 7 85 4 . .

To fin d t he ci rcu m f er en ce of a ci r cl e .
r —M u lti ply th e
d i am et er by
 PR A CT I C A L G E OM E T RY AND M ENS UR AT I ON

C i r cl e : Ar ea— , 78 5 4D
z 2

To fi
nd th e a r ea f
o a s em i ci r cl e .
—F i g u r e 5 2 . Mu ltiply
th e s qu ar e of t h e d i am et er by . 392 7 .

Fi g u r e 5 2 .

T o fi nd th e ci r cu m er enc e f of a s emi ci r cl e. -
M ultiply
t h e d i am et er by 08 .

S em i ci r c l e Ar ea : 392 7D 2
.

To fi
nd th e ar ea o f an a n n u l a r r i n g .F i g u r e 53 F r om
1 -
.

th e ar ea of th e i l t b tr a ct
ou er c r c e s u t h e area of t h e i n n er
th e r es u lt will b e t h e a r ea of th e
’

l
an nu ar r n g i .

Fi gu r e 53 .

To fi t h e out er
nd ci r cu m
f er en ce o f an an n u l a r r i ng .

_ M u lt i ply th e ou t er d i amet er by
4 86 S HE E T M E T AL '

MA NUA L
'

ci r c u m er en ce
f of
’

T fi nd th e i n n er a n a n n u l ar r i n g
'

o .

M u lti ply th e i n n er d i am et er by
A n n u l ar Ar ea 7854 ( D ?
H ). Q
”

r i ng q : . y

Ou t er ci r c D .

In n er ci r c .
H .

To find th e a r ea o f a fla t ova l — F i

g u r e 5 4 . M ul ti ply
th e l en g th by wi d th an d s u btr act
th e . 2 14 tim es th e
s q u ar e of t h e wi d th fr om t h e r es u lt .

F i g ur e 54 .

f er en c
To

ti m es i ts
fi
eof
nd

w
fl th e
a

i d th
ci r cum er en ce o

at ova

.
-
l
f
is
fi f a

equ al t o t wi ce i t s l en g th
a t op al
- — Th e ci r cum
p l u s

F l at -
ova l : Ar ea D ( H
C ir c . 2 (H

F i g ur e 55 .

To fi nd ,
the a r ea of a par abol a —FFi g u r e 5 5 . M u lti ply
th e b as e by th e
.
h ei g ht an d by 6 67
.
 ’
S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S _ MANU AL
—
2

To fi nd th e a r ea o f a p a r a l l el og r a m Fi g u r e 5 8 . Mul
t i pl y t h e b a s e by th e p p
er en d i cu l a r h ei g ht .

Pa r a l l el og r a m : A r ea : D x H .

To fi nd th e a r ea o f a tr ap ez oi d — Fi g ur e 59 . . M ult i ply
h alf t h e s u m of t h e t wo p ar all el s i d es by t h e per pen d i cu
1a r d i s ta n ce b etween t h e s i d es .

H (E D )
T r ap ez oi d : Ar ea

To fi nd th e f a n equ i l a ter a l
a r ea o tr i ang l e F ig u r e 6 0
— . .

Th e a r ea of an equ i l a t er a l t r i an g l e i s equ al t o t h e s q u ar e
o f on e s i d e m u l ti li ed by 433
p “

To fin d th e ci r cu m f er en ce of a n equi l a t er a l tr i an g l e .

T h e ci r cu m f er en ce of an equ i l a t er al t r i an g l e i s equ al t o
t h e s u m o f th e l en g t h of t h e s i d es .

E qu i l a ter i a l tr i a n g l e : Ar ea—_ o 433D .

2
.

C ir c . .
3D

To fi nd th e a r ea o f i
a r g h t an g l ed-
or of a n i s os c el es t r i
an g l eé —F i g u r e 6 1 '

. M u lt i ply t h e ba s e by h al f t h e per pen v

d i cu l a r h ei g ht .

To fi nd th e ci r cu m f er en ce o f an y r eg u l a r ol
p yg on .

F i g u r e 6 2 T h e c1r cu m f er en ce of an y polyg on
. 1s equ a l to
t h e s u m o f t h e l en g th of t h e s i d es .

NO Of S l d eS X D XP
—

Ar ea
. _

P ol g y on :

Ci r c No of s i d es X D
. . .

D L en g th of on e s i d e
Z
.

P z P er pen d i cul ar d i s t an ce
z
fr om cen

t er t o on e S l de ‘

M E N S U R A T ION or VOLU ME AN D S U RF ACE or s oLID s

To fi nd th e f
cu bi c c on t en ts o a s p h er e — Fi g u r e
M u lti ply t h e cu b e of t h e d i am et er by 5 2 36 . .

T o fin d t h e s u p er fici al a r ea of a s ph er e _ M u lti ply .

s qu a r e o f th e d i a m et er by 3 141 6 . .
 P RA C T I C AL G E OM E T R Y A ND M E N S URAT I ON

Fi g u r e F i g ur e 6 1 .

F i g ur e 6 3
. . Fi g ur e 6 4 .
 S HE ET M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
MANUAL

S ph er e : C u bi c con t ent s 5 2 3GD .

3
p

S uper fici al a r ea S I 41 6 D 2
. .

Th e a r ea of t h e s u r f ace of a s ph er e 1s equa l t o t h e a r ea
of t h e Su r f a ce of a cyl i n d er , th e d i amet er a n d t h e h ei g ht

m
_

of wh i ch a r e each equ a l t o t h e d i a et er of t h e s ph er e .

Al so, t h e ar ea of th e s u r f a ce of a s ph er e i s equ a l t o f ou r
t i m es t h e ar ea of i t s d iam et er '
.

Th e l a tt er d efin it i on i s ea s i l y r em em b er ed , an d i s u s e
r

f u l i n cal cul ati n g t h e ar eas of t h e h em i s ph er es , b ecau s e

t h e ar ea of t h e Sh eet or d i s c of met al r equi r ed f or r ai s
i n g a h emi s ph er e m u s t be e qual i n ar ea t o t h e com bi n ed
a r eas of two d i s cs , each equ al t o th e d i am et er of t h e h em i

sp h er e .

T o fin d th e cu bi c con t en ts of a h em i s p h ere — F i g u r e6 4 _ .

M u lti ply t h e cu b e of t h e d ia met er by 2 61 8 . .

T o fin d th e s u per fici a l a r ea O f a h
“

e m i s p h e r e .

H em i s p h er e : C u bi c cont en t s 2 6 18 D 3
.

Su per fici al ar ea 2 35 6 2D 2 = . .

i
T o fin d th e cu b c c on t en t s of a cy l i n d r i ca l r i ng — Fi g
u re 65- .T o th e cr os s s ecti on a l d i am et er of t h é r in g a d d
-

Fi gur e 6 5

th e i n n er d i am eter of th er i n g , m u lti pl y th e ,
s um th e
Squ ar e of t h e cr os s s e c
-
t i on a l d i am et er of th e r i n g an d by
Th e pr od u ct i s t h e
'

4. cu bi c con en s t t .
 ’
SHE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S _
-

MA NUAL

ci r cu m f er en ce ofb by th e a se
ha lf t h e s l an t h ei g ht o e
n -

a n d a d d t o t h e pr od u ct th e ar ea of t h e baSe
_ .

Con e : C u bi c con t en t s ( D 2
X
S u per fici al a r ea (2 S D ) .

To fin d th e cu bi c con t en ts of th e f r us tum of a con e .

Fi g ur e 68 . T o t h e s um of th e ar eas of t h e t wo en d s Of t h e
fr u st u m ad d t of th e pr od u ct of th e d i am e
th e q
‘

,
ar e r o o

ter s of t h e t wo en d s ; t h is r es u lt m u lti pli ed by o n e thir d -

of t h e p er pen d i cul ar h ei g ht of th e f r u s tu m will g i ve th e

cu b i c con t en t s .

Fi gu r e 6 8 . F i g ur e 6 9 .

fi
To
‘

nd fi th e f
s u p er f a c e of t h
ci a l a r ea o
e f r u th e
s s ur

tu m of a con e — Mu lt i ply t h e s u m of t h e d i am et er s o f
‘

t h e en d s by an d by h a lf th e s l an t h ei g h t: Ad d t o
"

th e r es u lt t h e ar ea of b oth en d s an d t h e s u m o f t h e t wo
will be s u per fici al ar ea
F r u s tum of con e
H ( E D 2
) v E >< D )
2

C u b1c con ten t s

S uper fici al 85 4 ( E D )
2 2
ar ea

"

To find th e
- con t en ts f o a cu be — F i g u r e 69 . Th e con

t en t s l t o th e cub e of o n e of i ts i d es
“

ar e equ a s .
 PR A C T I C AL G E OM E T R Y A ND M E NS U R AT I ON

To fi
nd th e s up er fi ci a l a r ea o f a cube — Th es u per fici al
be i s eq u a l ti m es
'

ar ea of a cu
_ to six t h e Squ ar e of On e o f i t s

C u be : Cu b i c cont en t s : D 3
.

S u p er fici al a r ea 6D ; 2

T o fin d th e cu bi c cont en ts of a r ecta ng u l a r s ol i d
,
.

F i gu r e 70 M u l t i pl y m g tog eth er t h e l en g th , wi d th , a n d
. :

F i g ur e 70 . Fi g ur e 71 .

0'

h ei g ht wi ll g i ve t h e cu b i c con t en t s of t h e r ect an g u l ar
z

s oli d .

T o find th e s u p er fici a l a rea of a r ecta n g u l a r s o li d .

M ult i pl y t h e wi d th by t h e s u m of t h e h ei g ht an d l en g th
a nd a d d t o i t t h e pr o d u ct of t h e h ei g ht m u lt i pl i ed by

t h e l en g th Twi ce t h 1s s u m i s t h e Su per fici al a r ea of th e

.

r ect an u l a r s oli d
g .

R ec ta n g u l a r s ol i d
1

C u b1 c t en t s
con X H XL ;D
-

Su perfici al a r ea 2 ( D ( H + L ) + HL )
T o fin d t h e cu bi c con t en ts of a py r ami d _ F i g u r e 71 .

Mult i ply th e ar ea of t h e b as e by o n e thi r d t h e p er pen

d i cu l ar h ei g ht a n d t h e pr od u ct wi ll be t h e cu b i c con t en t s '

o f t he py r am i d .

T b fin d t h e s u p er fici a l a r ea of a py r a m i d M u lti ply .

-
¢

t h e ci r cu m f er en ce of t h efbas e by h alf t h e s l a n t h ei g ht an d
”
c
 ’
4 94 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K ER S MA NUAL

th i s ad d th e of th e b as e Th e m Will
“

to a r ea . su be t h e
s u p er fic a i l a r ea .

P y ram i d : C u bi c con t en s t

S u per fici al ar ea

M EN S U R A T ION OF TR IAN GLE S

‘

To fi d n th e bas e o f a ri g h t a n g l ed tr i a g l e
n wh e n

p p
er en d i cu l ar a n d th e h y poten u s e a r e g i ven —
. F i g u r e

72 S u bt r act th e s qu ar e of th e per pen d i cu l ar fr om t h e

s q u ar e of th e hy p ot en u s e Th e s qu ar e r oot of th e d i ff er
.

en ce i s equ al t o t h e l en g th of t h e b a s e .

B as e V Hy po t en u s e
2
P er pen d i cu l a r 2
or B (D — H
z 2

t h e p er p en d i cu l a r of a r i g ht an g l ed tr i an g l e
‘

To fi nd -

th e bas e a n d h y p ot en u s e ar e g i ven — S u bt r act t h e

Fi gur e

Squ a r e of b ase fr om th e s qu ar e of th e hypoth en u s e

th e .

Th e s qu ar e r oot of t h e d i ff er en ce i s equ al t o t h e l en g th
o f t h e p er pen d i cu l a r .

P er pen d i cu l ar H y pot en u s e 2
B as e
2
or
‘

H 0
2
B
 ’
‘
S HE E T
’

M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUAL

t he h al f s um an d ,
th e thr ee r em a i nd er s t ogeth er a n d th e
s qu ar e r oo t -

of th e pr od u ct i s eq u a l t o t h e a r ea r equ i r ed .

— A) ( s
Ar ea v S (S (s C)
-

fi nd t h e h ei g h t o f t h e p er p en di cul ar a n d t h e t wo

an y tr i an g l e i n s cr i bed i n a s em i ci r cl e, wh en th e

Fi g ur e 74 .

ba s e f
o th e tr i a n g l e an d th e l oca ti on of th e p er p en d i cu l a r
ar e g i v en — F i g u r e 74 .

s A + B

( A
’

—B ) E
 US E F U L T AB L E S

Th e M etr i c S y s tem — Alth oug h th e m etr 1c s ys t em was

l eg al i z ed by t h e Un i t ed S t at es G over n m en t i n 1 8 6 6 i t h as ,

b een li ttl e u s ed i n th i s coun tr y ou t s i d e o f t h e s ch oolr oom

a n d l a b or at ory .

Th e t g r eat ex pa n s 10 n o
r ecen f th e fo
r ei g n t r a d e of t h e

Un i t ed S t at es h a s h owever b r ou g ht ab ou t con d i ti on s
0 ,

wh i ch r en d er s om e kn owl ed ge of t h e m etr i c s ys t em an d i t s _

e<1u i v a l en t s i n ou r or d i n ar y s t a nd ar d s of wei g ht s a n d

m ea s u r es v er y u s efu l if n ot abs olu t ely n eces s a r y b oth t o

, ,

th e m an u factu r er a n d t h e m ech an i c .

Th e m et r i c s ys t em i s b a s ed on t h e m et er whi ch wa s de ,
’
-

s i gn ed t o be on e t en m i ll i on th p art o f t h e ear th s m e
-
,

r i d i a n p as s i n g t h r ou g h D u n k i r k an d F or m en t er a L a t er
i n v es ti g a t i on s , h owev er h av e s h own th at t h e m
.
,

et er ex
4

c eed s on e t en m i ll i on th p ar t by a l m os t on e p a r t i n 6 40 0
-
.

Th e equ i v al en t of t h e m et er as au th or i z ed by t h e Un it ed ,

S t at es G ov er n m en t i s inch es,
.

Th e th r ee pr i n ci p a l u n it s a r e th e met er t h e u n it o f ,

l en g th t h e l i t er t h e u n i t of capaci ty a n d t h e g r a m th e
, ,

U n it of wei g ht M u lt i pl e s of th es e ar e obai n ed by pr e
.

fix in g t h e G r eek wor d s D eli a H ekt o ,

an d

Ki lo D IV I S I On s ar e obt a i n ed by pr efix i n g t h e
J

L at i n wor d s d eci ,
c enti ( 1 a n d m i l l i f

( 1
'

Abb r evi a ti on s of t h e m u lti pl es b eg in with a capi

t al l ett er an d of th e l l S l Q n S with a s m all l ett er a s f or
‘

, , ,

ex a m pl e : D ek am et er 1 s abb r evi a t ed th u s D m a nd d eci , ,

m et er thu s d m ,

Th e l i t er i s equ al t o the v ol u m eo ccu pi ed by 1 cu bi c

d eci m et er Th e g r am i s t h e wei ght of on e cu b i c cen t i m et er
.

o f pu r e d i s till ed wat er a t a t em er a tu r e of d e g r ee s
p
f F ah r enh ei t t h e ki l og r ami s th e wei g ht of 1 lit er of wat er
, ,

t h e t on n e i s t h e w ei g ht of 1 cu bi c m et er of wa t er
’

49 7
 S H EE T M E T AL W OR K E R S "
MA NUAL

T h e M et r i c Sy s t e mo f M e as u r erIi e n t .

1 M i l l i m eter i n ch e s , o r a bo ut 3—
72 5 i n ch e s
10 M i l l i m eter s 1 C en ti m eter ( cm
,

.
) 0 53 93 i n ch e s
10 C en ti m et er s 1 D eci m eter ( d m . 3 93 7 i n ch e s
.

10 D ec i m et er s 1 M eter ( In i nch es , 3 2 8 0 f eet , .

or y ar d s
10 M eter s 1 D ek a
=
m eter ( D m . f eet
10 D ek ameter s 1 H ekto m eter ( Hm . 92 7 r od s
10 H ekto m eter s 1 Ki l ometer ( K m . 10 93 6 1 . yard s , or
m ile
10 K i l om eter s =
1M y r i a m eter ( M m . 6 2 13 m i l e s
1 i n ch =
2 5 4 cm . 1 f oot =
. y a r d o 9 144 m
=
. .

1 r od Dm 1 m il e . Km .

g t wee Tr o y
2

1 Gr am m e ( g .
) r ain s Tr oy , or e ,

or o u n ce a vo i r d u po i s
10 G ra m m e s 1 D ek a g r a m m e ( D g o z a vo 1r . . .

10 D ek a g r a m m e s =
1 H ek to g r a m m e ( H g 3 5 2 7 o z a vo 1r . . .

10 H e k t o g r a m m e s 1 K i l o g r a m rne ( K g u d
"

po n s .

£ 0 0 0 K i l o g r a m m es 1 To n n e ( T 2 2 0 4 6 2 1 po u n d s , o r
. .

t o n s o f 2 0 00 pou n d s , o r.
t o n s o f 2 2 40 po u n d s
1 gra i n g 1 o
. u n c e a vo i r d u po i s g .

1 t o n 2 0 0 0 po u n d s T .

1 L i ter ( l . 1 cu bi c d eci m eter cu bi c i nch e s , o r

cu bi c f eet , or l i q u i d q u a r t s , or dry

10 L i ter s =
1 D ek a l i t er ( D 1 2 64 1 g a l on s , o r
. .
p ee k s l
10 D ek a l i ter s 1 H ek to l i t er ( H l 2 8 3 75 bu s h el s .

_ 10 H e k t o l i t ers =
1 K i l o l i ter ( K l 6 10 2 7 0 5 cu bi c i n ch e s , .

\
or bu sh el s .

1 cu bi c f o o t 1 l g a l l on.
=
3 78 5 l . .
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5 00
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S HE E T M E T AL
_ W OR K E R S ’
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US E F UL T ABL E S

Reci p r o c al
5 02
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S HE E T
”
M E T AL W OR K E R S MA NUA L

318

11 5 325 6
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11 6 1895

0 469
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11 8 32 15
11 8 7434

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12 44989
12 48999
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14 8 32 39

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15 2 970 5

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20 445 0 4
20 46 948
20 49390
20 5 18 2 8
20 5 42 63
20 5 66 96

6
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60 53

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7 59436
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2 110 0 0 0 0 ,

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“

M E TAL VVOR K E R S
"
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W h ol e A
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49 6 4
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2 9 64
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2 5 32
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9 64 -
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5 32 -
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5 7 64
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37 6 4
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. 9 74 38

"

TAB L E NO . 8 .
4 M E LT I N G! P OIN T S OF ALL OY S OF TI N ,

P oi n t in
Ti n . Le ad . Bi s m uth . L ea d . B i s m uth . De g r ees
F a h r en
h ei t ,

38 1
5 14
f

f S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S
’
MA NUAL

TABLE NO 9.
— D I M E N S I ON S
. OF
:
"

W UGH T
RO -
IR ON P
'

IPE .

Ta per Oi th e th r ea d i s i n ch to o n e f OOt .

m 1 ma
,

P i pe f r o i n ch t o n i n cl u s i ve i s bu tt wel d ed an d
“

t e s te d t o 30 0 p o u nd s per s q u a r e i n ch .

(
P i pe 1 4
‘
1
i n ch
“

an d l ar g er i s l a p wel d ed ,
an d tes ted to 5 0 0

p ou n d s p er s q u a r e i n ch.
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S
’
MA NU AL

TABLE NO 1 1 . . P R OPE R TIE S

-
OF
’

M E TAL S .
‘

33 3
F i faffié e
r
.
”1385 "1
1 1
33
33221333
8
.

Al u m i n u m . 0 96 3 15 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 -

An t i m o n y

B ras s ( a ver a g e ) 30 2 7 30 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 -

C o pper 3 1 95 3 0 0 00 4 0 0 00

Gol d .6 949 2 0 380

'

Ir o n ,
ca s t . 2 604 2 00 0 0 -
35 0 0 0

Ir o n , w r ou g h t 2 779 35 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 -

L ea d . 410 6 10 0 0 30 0 0 -

Mer cu r y

NOT E —Th e wi d e va r i a t i o n s i n th e t en s ile -

s t r e n g th ar e due
t o th e d i ffer en t f o r m s an d q u a l i ti e s Of th e met a l tes t ed . In
Of l ea d , t h e l o we s t h i s f o r l ead
-

th s t r en g t c as t in m ou l d ,
'

e ca s e a

th h i g h e s t fo r W 1r e dr a wn a fter n u m er o u s wor k i ng s O f t h e
‘

m eta l W i th s teel i t va r i es wi th t h e per cen tag e Of ca r bo n

. ;

us ed wh i ch i s va r i ed a cco r d i n g to t h e g r a d e Of Steel r e q u i r e d : 7

M er cu r y beco m e s s o l i d a t 39 d e g r ees bel ow i er o _

 S u bs ta n ce S u bs tan ce
D egr ees
~

D eg r ees
. . 0

i
Pl a ti n u m
W d r fl g h t Ir o n
-

L ea d
‘

Ca d m i u m

B ee s W a x
-

S i l ver ( pl i re) T a ll o w
l
A um i num

Oi ] ef T u r pen t i n e 5 60
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Ni tr i c Ac i d 2 42
7 “

S ea W a ter S u l ph u r l e Ac i d
 W ei g ht ~

W ei g h t A
q
r ea of Ar e a Of .
C i r cu m f er
S Ro u n d en c e o f
1

q
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S u ar e Round B ar in B ar in R oun d

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10 0 31 . 3 75 39
.
520 S HE E T ME T AL W OR K E R S M
’
A NUAL

T A B LE N0 . 14.
— WE IGH T P ER ' ‘ F
P oo i O ,
‘

FL AT B AR

15 16
-

1 9 16
-

1 11 16 -
 W ID T H IN INC H ES .

1 68

P l ate i r o n W ei gh s 40 p ou d s per
n s q u a r e f oo t , 1 i h th i k
nc c

h i h th i k
- .

H en ce , a s q u ar e fo o t we i g s 10 p o u n ds if nc c

h th i k
,

7 5 po u n d s i f inc c ,
et c .

T o fin d th é wei g ht of r ou n d i r o n , per s q u a r e f o o t i n l en g th
S q u a r e th e d i a m et er , ex pr e s s ed i n qua r ter i n c e s a n d d i vi d e h
T h us, a 1 /i h
i
i nc r od wei g h s
’

5 x 5 3 5 , 3 5 5+ 6 44 p o u n d s
t
fl
per f oo .

3
“

T o fin d th e c
wel g h t of s qu ar e or a t 1r o n , p er yar d in l en g th
M u lti pl y t h e n by 10
’

a r ea o f th e c r o s s s ect i o
(
.

T h u s , a ba r 2 by 33 h a s a n a r ea o f —
1 a s q u a r e i n ch
0
, an d
cons eq u en tl y Wei g h s X 10 =
7% po u n d s per y a r d

T o fin d t h e ten si l e s tr e n g t h oi r ou n d i r on : S q u a r e th e
d i a m et er , ex pr es s ed in q u a r ter s of an i h
nc th e r es u l t wi l l be
th
,
‘
i ts a ppr o m m a te t
s r en g i n t on s .

a wi l l
_

Th u s , r o d 1 q u a r t er -

i n ch i n d i a m eter s u s ta i n 1 t on °

2 q ua r t er s , 4 to n s ; 3
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q u a rters 9 to n s ; 4 q u a r te r s ,
or 1 i h nc ,

16 on s . t
‘

I f th e r od is s q u a r e, an d of th e s am e d i a m et er as th e r ou n d

bar , it wi l l 2 5 per cen

ca r r y a bou t tm o r e, h en ce , a ba r 1 i n ch

s q u a re wi l l s u s tai n a bou t 2 0 o n s t .
5 22 SH E E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
M A NUAL

T A BL E No . 16 —.WIRE G AUGE S IN
:
US E IN THE UN I T E D
S T A TE S :

000000 . 4 6 375 000000

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1 . 3 8 93 . 30 0 . 3 3 135
3 . 35 763 . 3 6 35 . 3 76 . 31 9 . 3 65 6 35
3 . 33 943 . 35 9 . 3 43 7 . 35 3 . 3 13 .3 5

4 . 30 43 1 . 3 33 . 3 35 3 . 33 3 . 30 7 . 3 343 75
5 . 13 194 . 30 70 . 313 . 30 4 . 3 13 75
3 . 162 0 2 . 30 3 . 1 93 0 . 30 1
7 . 144 3 3 _ . 1 770 . 1 76
3 . 13 349 . 16 5 . 16 2 0 . 16 0 . 1 718 75
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11 . 0 90 743 . 13 . 13 0 5 .1 1 6 . 133 . 13 5
13 . 0 80 8 0 8 3 10 9 . 10 5 5 . 10 4
13 . 0 7 196 1 . 0 95 . 0 915 . 133
14 . 0 6 40 34 . 0 83 . 0 30 0 ,
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17 . 053 . 0 5 40 50 5 6 . 173 . 0 5 62 5
 S HE E T M E T AL W OR K E R S ’
M A NUAL

T ABL E NO . 17 —WE IG H T O F SH E ET IR ON AND S TE E L

PE R SQ UARE F OO T .

hi
i

T ck n e s s b y Am e r i c a n
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( B r o wn -

85
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W ei g h t in
Po u n d s .

No of T hic k
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.

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2 28
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. 0 45 3 1 81
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T ABL E NO . 17 C ON T I N U ED E WE IG H T O
— F S H E E T IRO N
AN D S TE E L P ER SQ U ARE F OO T .

No of T hi c k n e ss in No of T hi ckn e s s in
G au
.

g e . I nc he s:
.

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STE E L;
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w ht
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e er c u bi c inc h , . 2 7 78 2 8 33

As t h er e ar e m a n y g a u g e s i n u s e d i ff er i n g f r o m ea ch oth er
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"

a y s s t at e t h e w ei g t p er s q u a r e h
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526 S HE E T M ET AL ’
A UAL
W O RK E R S M N
S HE E T ME T AL WORK ER S
’
_ M ANUAL
 US E FUL ABL T ES

T ABLE NO .
—TIN AN D S H E E T IRO N W ORK E RS ’

For
CC
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34
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“

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1 1 0 43

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S h e e I r o n N o s 2 5 a n d 2 6 , t h e ab o v e
it f th
.

ta bl e wi l l a ppl y a s i s ; b u t f or ev e r y o r u
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ad d 1
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F o r R u s s i a S e e I r on a d d h t
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,

3;
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5 30 L
S HE E T M E TA W OR K E R S Z M A NUAL
S HE E T M E T AL WO R K E RS ? M A NUAL
U S FUL TABL
E
“

E S
S HE ET M E T AL W OR K E RS ’
L
M ANU A
SH E E T MET AL W OR KE R S ’
M A NUAL
 U S FUL ABL
E T ES 5 37

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a

t i w l di g r c e35 3 n bu i g m hi rr n 87 ac n es

Al umi um p p ti n f 45 2 ro er es o se tti g d w m hin -

88 o n ac n es

tyl w l i m bi ti m hi
.
,

xy o -
a ced g f 3 3 4
en e e n o co na 91 on ac n es

A ng l , t u ti f
es c on s 4 72 r c on o s t d d f
an ar 93 s or

A g ul u tt vol vi g t d d f
.

”
n ar c 36 er s re n 94 s an ar s or
395 B en c h pl t “

a e12 7
A tim y p p ti s f B n h h
p

45 3 s s 132
‘

n on ro er e o e e ea r

A i l bl k s h tk
.
_ ,
J

nv oc 3 77 B en c s 12 7
a es

3 77 B en c h w k ld i g or so er n
A vil t l B d i g pip
,

n oo s 38 1 en n 4 37 e
l t i m th d f m ll pip
,

A c r e e c r c, e o o s a 438 es

w l di g B d i i
,
-

e n 36 7 en s, g p pr on 4 3 7 or as e
w l di g m hi ft
,

e n 3 73 ac ne co pp b er d r as s an so er
i l w l i m t l t b
,

p i n rp f c d ges 3 6 9
“

o e n » e a 438 u es

ir l t
.

A r ea s f o c 5 30 c es B es s em p er l 3 91 r o ce s s s ee

A ithm ti l i g t k 130
.

r e ca 484 s ns B v l dg
e e qu
e e s ar e s a e

A vi t i a h t m t l w k 30 5
on s ee e a or -
B v l d pl t f
e e e y ty a e or ox -
a ce
l w l di g
en e e n

B il wi
a s, f mi g r e, 2 19 or n B i m u th p p ti
s f ro er es o
f l d i g m hi B i m uth g l
,
-

B ar o n 46 ac ne s -
a n ce
l t Bl k vil
. .

B as e p f fi n g
a es t i 1 6 or r oo n oc s,
- ~
an
B th t u b t k tk
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a -
s 13 0
a e B l Wh
o
-

or n s a e
Be d i ga n B l wpip
o y tyl e, ox -
a ce en e
B di g
ea d n im pi ng m an cr a 3 13 3 1 5 34 2
tip l ti f
, ,
s, s e ec 3 33 on o
b di g m h m w l di g
“

ea n ac eu e n
 I ND E X
1

42
3

PA GE P AG E
il
Bo in g p i t f i u s o n s o var o Ci l r c es i —di am et e s , r c rc um
ub t fe d a r ea s o f . 5 30
Ci uit h i l
s s a n ce s r en ces an
B tt m tk ti
.

o o s a e r c s or t n e ec r c
d wi b de w l di g
,

B 36 4
Ci umf
r a ce an re en r e n

B k
ra rc ul er en c e r 137
C i um f
es e

th t f l d rc f ci l
r c es 5 30
C i um f
er en ce s
o p en r oa o er o

m bi ti b k t bl’ h t
. .
‘

co na d on ra e an rc er en c e a e S ee
f ol d 63 m t l w ke e a

Cl m pi g die of l
er or rs

i b k
c or n ce 60ra e a n s e ec r c ti
st l m b k 66 68 w ld “

Clam t g
ee cor ce ra e e er

t l m t d iv b k
,
. .

Cl d l k p
s ee o or r en r a e on s

72 73
Cl i g
os e oc

B ki g t i m
C f f p b d ll
ra n n os n a s ea

B l t i w l di g f 35 8 ot ro
C l d hi l
r as s e ec r c e n o o ee -
ea s

yl w l i
, .

t d f 3 3 9
Cl f t l
a ce o c se
ox y g en e e n o
B t ub b di g f 4 3 8 o or s o

C m bi ti b k
r ass es , en n o . . s ee

B r az mg o na on ra e an d
h t dt l
ea an oo s f ld o er 63
l es s on si n ll nd ci ul
s cr o ip a rc ar sn
“

133
B uil d i g t im m t l tu i g d W g m
.

7
n r e a rn n an 1r 1n a
B u i ng dg
,
hi c ne 91
C m bi d h a d pu h
rr e es

m hi o 1 16
C m m g ug m
ac ne s e rs an nc
-

n es
—
d g o b d y f p il o 12 2
C m m m t l th
e e n o o a on a e s ea er s

B u tt w l d i g l t i
C mp
e n e ec r c o on e a s, e.

tyl
,
— o a s s es
y
C du t lb w patt
ox a ce en e
on c or e o er n

C k u tt s f m i g f
,

C du t h d
or

C dl m l d t k
a e c er ,
or n
on
C du t t k
c or ea s

C
an e -
o s a e .

d t k d im i
.

on
C du tivity f m t l
an s an an s, en s on s c or s a e .

C
on c o e a s

C t p f ld
“

o d f u t um p t t
on e a n r s a er n s

C bo —t l
an o er ,
f
C
or

C ti
ar n s ee
d py m i d
C pp
as r on on e a n ra

C t l j t bl wpip
en r a e o es o
ll y
er

Ch r c l ti
a oa n
+
a
l t i w l di g f
, o s

Ch m i t y f th O y ty
,

‘
e ec r c e n o 35 8
e s r o e x a ce
— tyl w l di g f
-

l w l di g fl m
.

33 7
.

y ox a ce en e e n o
en e

Chi g o t l m t d iv
e n a e .

p p ti Of ro er es 45 9
ca
b k
s ee o or r en
h t w i g ht p r q ft
s ee e s, e s 5 33
72 73
t b b di g f
, .

ra e

Ch im y
,
u es , 438
C pp f g i g d ti
en n o
p
ne ca 2 7 3
Chi l l d
“

o er s , or n an n
se co 3 8 1
, 1 79
38 1
1 42 , 1 4 3
l t an er n 1 35
C it
opper s m
’
h s Squa r e S a ke 13 0
.

t
Ch l id f zi C i b k
o r n ce 60
C i
ra e
1 77 k i
“

’
or nc
e o ce m a er s ?
cr m per
Ci cl p p ti f th 4 6 6 or 10 0
n

C t k
.

r e, ro er es o e ou n er s u n d m 1 7 2
Ci cl d u v utti g 15 8
v
C g
.
r o o e s ea
r es an c r es , c n over s , pai l 2 13
 I ND E X

PA GE
ar c w l di g e n 367 Fol d in g m ac i n es h
m t t
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o or g e t f
e n er a o r S or 3 74 ba r f el d er v

E q ipm t h l f h t
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

u en sc oo or s ee i ron Lf ol d er
h t m t l w ki g i f
, ,
s ee e a or n 14 5 pp e o l d er
h et m t l f t p f ld
.

s e e a m or e er ca n o o er
t i i
«

Foll wi g j et bl o i p
,

g en c
y w g ar ra n n o n 3 43 eS
ld i g F t p w qu i g h
.

so er n oo o er 23 s ar n S ea r s

g p qu i g
,

‘
a s 26
ar n
F a ce m it er s 2 93 F g
or e e, f ca r 396 o
ll d w d ft i g l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F a ces o_
r ro 72 s 11 3 o n ra 385 s n e
F i g u 8 m ti i du d d ft
,

re f o y on or ox n ce 3 78ra

tyl wel ding F g p ti

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a ce en e or e u e i 3 96
r ac ce, co rs n
F ill l tu it ti
. .

er d f ro s y e t yor ox ac ec d r es an r ec a on s
l w l di g
en e e n 32 4 39 8
Filli g m t i l f w l di g
n a er a or e n 3 33 xe i e r c s es 9
3 8
Fi i l F g h Op l y ut
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n a f r oo or e S 3 8 9 3 90 a o s
Fi h d w ’l di g t l
, ,
re f or an e n oo s 3 77
F i p t ti F g i g d ti i g l d
.

re o s, n n er s or n an nn n so er
Fiv pi 6 0 elb w
e -
ece
°
o i g pp n co er s

Fl ma e, y ox tyl -
w l
a ced en e e F gi g h d
or n an
f with
.
,

F m
d j u tm t f
or er s us e o c or
b k
, ,

a s en o i n ce ra e
o x y tyl
a ce u tti g en e c n F m i g yli d
or n c n er s
Fl m i g l t i F m i g m hi
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a n th (
a r c, e e ec r c or n ac n es

w l di g )
e n t d d typ
s an ar e
Fl g w l d
an e e y tyl s , ox -
a ce en e lip ll p tt
S ro 75 76 a er n
“

f u l f m i g m hi 78
0

0 0 0
,
0 0

Fl i m h i 10 3
'

an g g n ac n es nne or n ac ne

Fl g i g p il v
an n a co er 2 17 o —
F u pi 90 lb wr ece 2 76
°
e o
Fl i g ti l wi i g i g p i t f id
. .

F
”

ar n ar c es , r n 2 32 r ee z n o n s o va r us
liqui d m u s ub t
.

ea s re 2 38 s s a n ces5 17
m ea su d im i
r es , f en s on s o 2 38 F i ti
r c l u t h tt hm t 1 0 2
on c c a ac en
bl g ti l with qu F u t um f
.

o on ar c es ar r s o222 a c on e
t i l
er c r c e
-
c or n er s p tt a f er n 2 5 2
or ,

o bl g on ticl with
ar es F ll u er s 38 2
m i i ul
se c rc d ar en s F u l f m i g m hi
nne or 78 n ac ne

p an , t u ti
con s r f c on o F u l m ki g
n ne a2 35 n a

i i Fu
.
,

p an s , d m n s f e s on o r n a ce s ,
g 1 4 1 as
r oo f ll co ar l d ri g
“

so e n 1 77
F l t am F u itu h t m t l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a se fi g r oo n rn re 13S ee e a

qui d f Fu ibility f m t l
,

ti n re re or s 44 8 o e a s

t f ti f
G le
co s o n or
F l tt qu
Flux b zi g G lv n iz d S h t
a er ,
s ar e a na

ra n a a e ee s

Fl x yl
,

u es Ga f
s es y c t or o x a e en e

y l w l w l di g g i d cutti g 31 1
_

f or y ox et -
ac d en e e e n r n

fu
.

325 G as r n a ces 14 1
166 G i b d
G ug wi
as
p p e en s

F ol
O

O O O O O O O

d
di n g e g e s an d s ea m i n g 1 6 3 . a e, re O O O O O O O O O O O O O
 I NDE X

G ug e W 1r Ha wk bill ’ ll an d ci r
G t y p ti l
a es , s s cr o
e om e r r ac ca
,

ip
cu l a r sn
bl
O

du t
O O O O O O O O
, O O O

m in H d
G l w ld
p ro e s ea s, con c or

H t , w l di g
1
O O O O O O O O

’
G ld p p ti f
o g g es , e er S ea e n

H ti g fl m
,

f
G i i
o ro er es o ea n a e or ox
y
tyl utti g
,
‘

ra n t n

G m t
a ce en e c n

ra he H vy im pi g d b d
G i d to
ea cr n an ea

hi
,

s m n
G vd m
r n ne
g in ac e
H vy d t y b di g m
"

r oo e s ea ea u ea n a
hi
G v f f mi g
c ne

H mmi g h t
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r oo es o or n ma e dg n f e es o S ee
hi mt l 163
G vi g h_ c n es e a
H r ul m bi ti ip 1 33
J
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

r oo n or n e c es co na on sn

t l H x g h p d k ut e

G vi g m hi
oo e a on S -
a e ca e c
f mi g
.

r oo n ac n es t er or n

t d d typ Hi t
,

s an ar e n s d
on of ca r e an use

sh t h typ h d h 161
G vi g e m
or -
or n e an s ea r s
r oo n s a s ony tylox w l d i g
-
3 4 1
a ce en e e n

by h d Z H l d ll v lvi g t d
G u d lo ti g i l
an o a re o n s an

ti w H l d d w tt hm t f
ro n s, ca n n e ec 93 94
l di g
, ,
.

r c e n o o n a ac en or

Gutt b ding er ea qu i g h r
s ar n s ea s

Gutt m chi l H ll w m d l t k
0 0 0 0 0 0

o o an re s a e

d j u t bl b d
er a n es
°

H ll w pu h
“

a s a e ea er o o nc

l‘
i b d H p t m pl t f
'

a n ea er oo e a e or
p
Gutt m it t g H iz t l di d ubl
,

er er oc a on or on a sc o e

m ld d mi g m hi
,
o e s ea n ac ne

H t o hi el c s

Hyd o hl i r id c or c ac 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

38 1
I du e
n d d ft f g
c -
ra or e

ii
38 1
Insi d m it e er s
r a s ng

iv ti g
r e n
1 34
1 35
Ir on d t l pr p ti
an s ee ,
o er es

45 6
tti g
se n 1 35 , 3 8 2
tyl w l d i f 32 8
H d d lli y oxc -
a e g en e e n o
an

H d f gi g d w l di
o es 2 80
Ir on t n o e s on 38 3
t
,
an or n an e n g 3 76
38 3
yw t i i ca s
-

m l l bl
m g e er en c ar ra n ng 42 4
3 83
p ti j ob
r ac ce s _.
w ug ht
a ea e
38 3

fl
dj bw k
ro
d a va n ce o or
b “

w i g ht p f t 5 15
t l w l di g
s ee e n
t b
ar s ,
w i g ht p f t 5 2 1
e er oo

t l w k
s ee or
xi d ti
a
f
ar ,
38 6
e er oo

ofi g d ubl
o a on o
H d
iz f
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

m
0

an

er s
ro n o e s ea
12 5
wi _
re
,
S 5 39es o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H d h
an s 12 9
ea r s 15 6 2 64
hi t i d i a m et er
,
‘

n ds s f
on c a r e an u e o
'

16 1 pp es of s am e 2 64
H d w l di g i diff er en t di am
.
_

an -t f e n ar o 38 4 pp es of
H di
,
38 1 38 2 t
jii
ar es e er s

H t h t St k i
,

a c e a e 1 30 o n ng t h e p pes
 . I ND E X

i l d a id
K l e c
“

mea s ur es of capa ci ty
illim t d im l q i
M e er s , ec a e u va
La t nn hi l
er c se 13 5 l t f en s o x

di y M it
c

L p
a m s ea or n ar 16 6 er o
L p w ld h
,
,

,
a d e an
l ti
,

e ec r c 32 2 M it f
e

yl
er s , a ce
.

oxy t
d bu i g
-
a ce en e l 32 3 t id d i id
ou s e an ns e
ea rn n 3 39 tu re d f
L d p p ti
rn an a ce
ea ,
f ro er es o . 4 6t M l d d gutto e er

i
pp j i t e o n s
M t t d u bl
L es s o n s 1n em er g en c y s h ee t o or e S
p a en o e

M u i ti id A
dr ill r a c ac _

L e v er
I ‘
“
l

S litting sh e ar s
N dl t ke
L it
‘

ee e ca s e
-
s a
er th j e
di g pip f b di g N i pp
,
tt m g
er s , cu
s

L
N it i id L
oa n e or en n

ting g u d d h t
.

r c ac
L o ca
i uit l ti
ro n s an s or
No i v fl ux s
n c or r o s
-
e e
N t chi g d bu i g
c rc s i n e ec r c
w l di g
, 1

o n an rr n
N t hi g m hi
e n

L u t , m t lli
o c n ac ne

Ly
s er
on
'

p sn1
e a c
p a tt er n s

M ll bility f m t l 44 5 O t g c a f m it on a ce er
a
M ll bl i
ea o e a s

38 3 g u tt m it er er
a
M ll et
a
ea
ti s,
e
"
r on

n n er s 1 37 t u mi t
re rn er

M d l t k
an re s a e Ofi fu it u h t m t l 1 3
‘

ce rn r e, s ee e a

M ea s u lipre
p t t a e r n s g b ee d ll s ea 1 7 4ro

f or 2 03
,
20 5 Op h th p
en ea r t l ” 390 r oce s s s ee

M e u s w i g ht
as re d e s an 528 Op th t f l d
en r oa 58 o er

M lt i g p i t ll y O ig i l P t h d ip 130
.
,

e n f o n s o a o s 5 13 r na ex o an sn
O u t i d mit
.

o f v u ub t ar i o s s s a n ces 5 17 s e 2 88 er s

M en s u ti ra on 4 84 Oxi d ti f i a on 38 6
o r on

M t lli l u t
e a c s er 444 O y x tyl e w l di g d
a ce ne e n an

M t l
e a s, p p ti fro er es o 443 u tti g c n

lu t f
,

s er o
f

444 g f a s es or

ity t
.

t en a c f o j 444 Q u li fi ti na f p ca 3 12 o s o o er a o r

du til i ty f
c o 44 5 bl wpip f
”

o 31 3 3 15 342
es or

fi g u 8 m ti f w l d
.
, ,

m ll e bility
‘

a af o 4 45 re o on or e

of g g
z1 m ti za o on

y t m th d f h l d
,

r a vi t of o c r r ec e o o o

co m m on , th e i g bl w i p n o
p e

w ld ti
.

Me t l s th t
a a c an be e e d p p re f ar a
p t S f o on o ar r

Me t th
er e
ti yt
,

Me r c s s em , th e g 341
m ea s u r es of l en g th 498 y
Ox g en ga s f or
”

w l di
e ng 3 11
i ht lt
. .

of w 49 8 r eg u a or
— 31 6
eg J
 I NI HE X

PA GE A
P
R
GE
Pun ch ,
holl w o 13 5 oo fin g qu an tity , ti n r e
“

,
of
u
”

1 35 q i r ed f or 5 3 4 , 5 36
t
o .

un d 38 1 of t i n f o ; 5 35 , 5 3 7
R
ro cos r
P u n ch an d s h ea r
. .

3 79 fi
oo n g ti n , a a n t g es o f
a 14 dv
P u n ch e s s oli d -

1 35 du
rability of 14 -

P un chin g m a chine s li ht
, ‘

1 15 f
‘

g n es s o a

P y r a m i d h ex a g o n a l b pl t f
.

t
R i
pa as e a es or
t
, ,

er n f or
R t y i ul h
os n

s qu a 1 e, pa tt er n f or 225 o ar c rc ar s ea r s
litti g h
R di l li Rudh d tk
s n s ea r s

d ev el opm en t s 222
Rii g
a a ne o n ea s a e
h
.

u
R u l i um f
p
a s n nc

bl k oc th e 2 16 e, c rc er en ce
h mm
,

a er s 1 34
il c ov er 2 17 S al a m m om a c
R g ugp a

ea r m a e a t t a ch en t
‘

f or S ca l e, r em ov a l of in e ecl
qu i g h t i w l di g
,

24 35 7
R ip l f umb
s ar n s ea r s _ r c e n
'

9 o 49 S fi g
ca r 38 7
R t ’g ul du t 9 lb w 5
ec r o ca s n er s n

f w ld
.

0
°
2 2 Sca r 38 7
R j
ec a n ar c e o e

ee s e sp t t d u t bl a en a s a e Sc p h oo d an 261
t g l b
,

1 19 Scr a um ?
14 3
R g ul p p
on s er s , er s

fi g t g s fi g 143
R ul t
e ar r oo n on r oo n

xy g t h wl
,

eg a or s , 6 o en 31 Scr a c a 131
tyl ll d i ul a ip
.

3 6 1 Scr o an c rc 13 2
R m di f t ubl i
a ce en e r sn
ll h
.

e e es or ro es n Scr o s ea r s 31
l t i w l di g 63 3 S m f ld d
ea 1 66
R p i w rk l d i g 18
e ec r c e n ,
o e

3 g oo
r ve d 16 6
R i t m th d f l
e a r o so er n .
,

es s an ce e o o e ec l ap 16 6
t i w l di g r c e n P itt s b u r g h th e 2 82
R tu m it l i h
,

e rn er s S ea m c o s n g m a c i n es 79
R l vi g b h pl t bl
.
,

evo n 1 7 en c a e 2 S ea m er s , d o u e 12 3
s t an da r d f or b h m en c a com m on g a u g e 12 2
hi wi d e
-

93 94 g a g e u
c
i
n es

Rh t t
eo s a e ec r l t ic w l di g e n
,

35 4 S eam n g
i
Ri g d
_

S ea m s , g r oov n g
,

n an c rc i ul a h r s ea r s ,
h
1 71

f t oo
S et
ti
a m m er s

w
S et n g d o n m a c hi
38 2

p w o er
ti h
n es

Riv ti g h m m
e n a er
S et n g
h
a m m er
i
_
1 35

Riv t t e se
,
S ea r s , s qu a r n g
f t p w qu i g
22

Riv t ti ’ oo o er s ar n 23-

e s, n n er s
f t p w g p qu i g
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