Conrot Systems x Plamas 6441 Plant hormones help coordi environmental stimuli wate growth, development, and responses to Plant hormones may function in one of many ways: © Conga! plant growh and development by affecing division, icagation, ané diferentiation of cel => Erfee:s depend onsite of action, sage of plant grows and hormone cocentation ‘+ The hormonal signal is amplified, perhaps by affecting zene expression, exzyme activity. ‘or membrane properties. ‘Reaction to hormones depends on hormonal balan hormone compared wih others) relative conceszaton of one Five classes of plant hormones hav been identified. (See Carsbel, Table 35.1) ‘Ausin Such as TAA) 2. Cyokinins (suchas zeatin) 3, Gibbereilins (sueh as GAs) 4 5 Abscisic acid Ethylene A Aucin ‘Ausin = A hormone that promotes elongation of young Seveloping shoots c oleoptiles ‘©The natural auxin found in plans isa compound xamed indoleaetc acd (LA). ‘The apical meristem sa major ste of suxin production ‘+ Stimulates cell growth only at concentrations berveen 10" to 10? M. ‘+ Moves from the apex down othe zone of eellelengation at arate of about 10 mm per hour. = This is faser than would be found in diffesien but much slowes shan in phos: translocation Polar transport of auxin is unidirectional Figue 35.4) nd requires neaboic energy, (See Campbell + TAA is actively ransported down a stem by’ aus sarirs located ca the basal ends of cells (carries ae absent on the apical ends). ‘+ Energy for ative wanspore is provided by chemicsmasis ‘+ Movement of auxin is aided by the differences 'n pH between the sidie cell wll and the neutral cytoplasm. = ATP-drven pumps maintain a proton grades cross the plasma nembrane. = As auxin passes chrough the acidic cell wal it picks up a prton to become Jectrically neutral. which allows itt pass thesugh the plasma membrane. = Avi is ionized in the newal intracellular exvzonment which semporariy traps it within the cell since the plasma membrane‘ less permeable ons. = Auxin can only exit the cell by the basal end. where specific sree proteins a built io the membrane. The proton graicatcontrbntes to auxin efTiux ‘avoring the anspor of anions out of thee642. Conrot Systems is Plans “The acid- growth iapothesis sates that cell elongation is due to stimulation of @ proton the cell wall sts the crosslinks berween the cellulose myofibrils ofthe cet walls This loosens the wall, allowing water uptake which results in elongation of the cel In addition to stiuiating cell elongation, auxin also: + Affects secondary growth by inducing vascular cambiam cell di ‘differentiation of Secondary xviem, + Promotes formation of adventitious rots, + Promotes frit eroweh in many plants. ion and Auxins are used as herbicides, 24-D isa synthetic auxin which affects dicots selecively, allowing removal o broadleaf weeds Som a las or grain field. B. Cytokinins CCstokinins = Modified forms of adenine that stimulate cytokinesis 1 Move ftom ike roots to ger issues by moving up inthe xlem sap, ‘+ Stimulate RNA and protein syathesis. The new proteins produced by stimulation of Ht division, CCytokinins fonction in several areas of plant growth + Cell division and differentiation. + Apical dominance. + Anti-aging hormones Cstokinins,incoajuncton with auxin, control cell division and differentiation, ‘+ Stem parenchyma cells cultured without cytokinins grow very large and do not divide + Cytokinins added alone have no effect on cells grown in tissue culture. = Equal concentrations of cytokinins and auxins stimulate cells to grow and divide, bot they remain an undifferencated callus, [= More eyiokinin than auxin causes shoot bus o develop from the callus, More aus than cytokinin sauses rocts to fom. CCytokinins and auxin coneibuteto apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism, ‘+ Auxin ffom the terminal bud restrains axillary bad growth causing the shoot to lengthen, + Cytokinns (rom the roots) stimulate axillary bod growth, ‘Aun cane: suppress axillary bud growth oace thas begun. *+ Lower buds thus grow before higher ones since they are closer to the cytokinin source than the auxin source ‘+ Auxi stimulates lateral rot formation wile wokinins resin i ‘+ This timulasion-inhbiton action may help balance plant growth since an increase in the roe system would signal the plant to produce more shoots,Corre Systems in Plats 643 CCytokinins san retard aging of some plant organs, perhaps by inhibiting protein breakdown simulating RNA and proein synthesis. and mobilizing nutrients “+ May slow leaf deteriocstion on plans since detached leaves dipped in a cytokinin solution say’ green Gibberetins ‘More than “ different gibbeelin, maay'naturally occuring, have been identified Gitberellins are produced primarily in roots and young leaves. They ‘+ Stimviate growth in lesves and stems but show litle effect on rots ‘Stimulate cell vision and elon + Gibierslins cause Boltng (rapid growth of floral stems, which elevstes lowers). don in tems, possibly in conjunction with auxin Fruit develooment is contolies by both sibberslins and auxin ‘In some plants, bath must be present fr fui set + Commercial application of gibberellins isthe spaying of Thompson seedless srapes. “The hormones eause the srapes to grow larger and farther spat after treamment ‘The release of gibberellins signals seeds to break dormancy and germinate ‘+ A high concenuation of gibberellins is found in many seeds, especially in the embse + Imbived water appears stimulate sibberelin release. ‘+ enuronmenta cues may also cause gibberelin release in seeds which require special condition to geminate ‘In cereal grains, gibberellins stimulate germination and suppor growth by Simulating synthesis of mRNA which codes for c-amylase. The c-amylase then digests the stored nutrients, making them available tothe embryo and sedling In breaking both seed dormancy and apical bud dormaney. gibberellins act antsgonistically swith abscisis acd, which nbibits plant growth, Abscisic Acid (ABA) Abscisic esd is produced in the terminal bud and helps prepare plans for winar by “suspending both primary an: secondary growth + Directs lea primoris to develop scales that protect dormant buds. + Inhibits eet vision ir vascular cambium, “The onset of seed dormancy is another time tis advantageous to suspend grow + In most casts, the rio of ABAcibberllins determines whether seeds remain dormant or germinate “+n oher plans seeds germinate when ABA is washed out of the seeds (deser plants) or degnded by some siher stimulus sus as sunlight ABA also transpiatsnal water loss, 1s as a sess hermone, closing stomata in times of water-siress ths reducing