Topic: Subtopic: Provision: Case Name: Facts:: 1 3B-Corporation Law

Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation
Subtopic: Concession Theory and Corporate Franchises

Provision: Section 2, Corporation Code
Case Name: Tayag v. Benguet Consolidated, Inc.
FACTS:
Idonah Slade Perkins died in New York City on March 27, 1960. Prospero Sanidad instituted ancillary administration proceedings in the Court of First
Instance of Manila. Lazaro A. Marquez was appointed ancillary administrator. He was later on substituted by the Renato D. Tayag.
A dispute arose between the domiciliary administrator in New York and the ancillary administrator in the Philippines as to which of them was entitled
to the possession of the stock certificates owned by Perkins in Benguet Consolidated, Inc.
CFI of Manila ordered the domiciliary administrator, County Trust Company, to "produce and deposit" them with the ancillary administrator or with
the Clerk of Court. The domiciliary administrator did not comply with the order.
Thereafter, the ancillary administrator petitioned the court to "issue an order declaring the certificate or certificates of stocks covering the 33,002
shares issued in the name of Idonah Slade Perkins by Benguet Consolidated, Inc., be declared or considered as lost – granted
Benguet Consolidated, Inc. appealed opposing the CFI order alleging that the said stock certificates are in existence, they are today in the possession
of the domiciliary administrator, the County Trust Company, in New York, U.S.A.
ISSUE:
WON the Benguet Consolidated Inc’s appeal/ opposition to the CFI order was proper
HELD:
No. SC affirmed CFI.
A corporation is defined as an artificial being created by operation of law. It owes its life to the state, its birth being purely dependent on its will. A
corporation as known to Philippine jurisprudence is a creature without any existence until it has received the imprimatur of the state according to
law. It is logically inconceivable therefore that it will have rights and privileges of a higher priority than that of its creator. It is not immune from
judicial control where a duty under the law as ascertained in an appropriate legal proceeding is cast upon it. Therefore, Benguet Consolidated Inc, a
corporation created under the Philippine laws may not adamantly oppose the CFI order.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Concession Theory and Corporate Franchises
Case Name: JRS Business Corp v Imperial Insurance Inc.
FACTS:
Imperial Insurance Inc., filed against JRS Business Corp, an establishment duly franchised by the Congress of the Philippines to conduct a messenger
and delivery express service, a complaint for sum of money. The parties entered into a Compromise Agreement where defendants promised to pay
their obligation in the amount of P 61,172.32 within 60 days and should they fail to pay, Imperial Insurance shall be entitled to move for the execution
of the decision.
JRS failed to pay its judgment debt. Imperial Insurance Inc. then filed a motion for the issuance of a Writ of Execution. A Writ of Execution was issued
and Notices of Sale were sent out for the auction of the personal properties of J.R.S. Business Corporation.
Notice of Sale of the "whole capital stocks of the defendants JRS Business Corporation, the business name, right of operation, the whole assets,
furnitures and equipments, the total liabilities, and Net Worth, books of accounts, etc., of the petitioner corporation was, handed down.
JRS filed an "Urgent Petition for Postponement of Auction Sale and for Release of Levy on the Business Name and Right to Operate of Defendant JRS
Business Corporation" stating that the judgment was for money only. Thus, Imperial Insurance may not use the business name of JRS Business Corp
and its right to operate under the franchise is not transferable and could not be subject to levy and sale. CFI of Manila denied the petition for
postponement.
Auction sale was conducted and all the properties of JRS Business Corporation, the business name, right of operation, the whole assets, furnitures
and equipments, the total liabilities and net worth, books of accounts and etc. were bought by respondent Imperial Insurance, Inc., for P10,000.00,
which was the highest bid offered. After the sale, respondent Insurance Company took possession of the proper ties and started running the affairs
and operating the business of the JRS Business Corporation.
ISSUE:
Won the business name or trade name, franchise (right to operate) and capital stocks of the petitioner could be the subject of levy, execution and
sale.
SC RULING:
No. The right to operate a messenger and express delivery service, by virtue of a legislative enactment, is admittedly a secondary franchise (R.A. No.
3260, entitled "An Act granting the JRS Business Corporation a franchise to conduct a messenger and express service)" and, as such, under our
corporation law, is subject to levy and sale on execution together and including all the property necessary for the enjoyment thereof. The law,
however, indicates the procedure under which the same (secondary franchise and the properties necessary for its enjoyment) may be sold under
execution. Said franchise can be sold under execution, when such sale is especially decreed and ordered in the judgment and it becomes effective
only when the sale is confirmed by the Court after due notice (Sec. 56, Corp. Law). The compromise agreement and the judgment based thereon, do
not contain any special decree or order making the franchise answerable for the judgment debt. The same thing may be stated with respect to
petitioner's trade name or business name and its capital stock. Incidentally, the trade name or business name corresponds to the initials of the
President of the petitioner corporation and there can be no serious dispute regarding the fact that a trade name or business name and capital stock
are necessarily included in the enjoyment of the franchise. Like that of a franchise, the law mandates, that property necessary for the enjoyment of
said franchise, can only be sold to satisfy a judgment debt if the decision especially so provides. As we have stated heretofore, no such directive
appears in the decision. Moreover, a trade name or business name cannot be sold separately from the franchise, and the capital stock of the petitioner
corporation or any other corporation, for the matter, represents the interest and is the property of stockholders in the corporation, who can only be
deprived thereof in the manner provided by law
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Doctrine of Separate Personality
Case Name: Philippine National Bank v Merelo Aznar
FACTS:
In 1958, RISCO ceased operation due to business reverses. In plaintiffs’ desire to rehabilitate RISCO, they contributed a total amount of P212,720.00
which was used in the purchase of the three parcels of land (2 in Talisay and 1 in Cebu). After the purchase of the above lots, titles were issued in
the name of RISCO. The amount contributed by plaintiffs constituted as liens and encumbrances on the properties as annotated in the titles of said
lots. Such annotation was made pursuant to the Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board Of Directors of RISCO on March 14, 1961, and a part of
it says: “And that the respective contributions above-mentioned (Aznar et al.) shall constitute as theirlien or interest on the property described above,
if and when said property are titled in the nameof RISCO, subject to registration as their adverse claim in pursuance of the Provision of
LandRegistration Act, until such time their respective contributions are refunded to themcompletely”
Thereafter, various subsequent annotations were made on the same titles, including the Notice of Attachment and Writ of Execution both dated
August 3, 1962 in favor of herein defendant PNB. Certificate of Sale was issued in favor of Philippine National Bank, being the lone and highest bidder
of the three (3) parcels of land. A new certificate of title was issued in the name of PNB.
This prompted plaintiffs-appellees to file the instant complaint seeking the quieting of their supposed title to the subject properties, declaratory
relief, cancellation of TCT and reconveyance with temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction. Plaintiffs alleged that the subsequent
annotations on the titles are subject to the prior annotation of their liens and encumbrances. Plaintiffs further contended that the subsequent writs
and processes annotated on the titles are all null and void for want of valid service upon RISCO and on them, as stockholders. They argued that the
Final Deed of Sale and TCT No. 119848 are null and void as these were issued only after 28 years and that any right which PNB may have over the
properties had long become stale.
Defendant PNB on the other hand countered that plaintiffs have no right of action for quieting of title since the order of the court directing the
issuance of titles to PNB had already become final and executory. Defendant further asserted that plaintiffs, as mere stockholders of RISCO do not
have any legal or equitable right over the properties of the corporation. PNB posited that even if plaintiff’s monetary lien had not expired, their only
recourse was to require the reimbursement or refund of their contribution.51awphi1
TC ruled against PNB on the basis that there was an express trust created over the subject properties whereby RISCO was the trustee and the
stockholders, Aznar, et al., were the beneficiaries.
CA- set aside the judgment of the trial court. Although the Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court that a judgment on the pleadings was proper,
the appellate court opined that the monetary contributions made by Aznar, et al., to RISCO can only be characterized as a loan secured by a lien on
the subject lots, rather than an express trust. Thus, it directed PNB to pay Aznar, et al., the amount of their contributions plus legal interest from the
time of acquisition of the property until finality of judgment.lawphil
Both parties filed an MR - denied. Hence, each party filed with this Court their respective petitions for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules
of Court.
ISSUE:
Whether or not there was a trust contract between RISCO and Aznar, et al
RULING:
No. Trust relations between parties may either be express or implied. An express trust is created by the intention of the trustor or of the parties. An
implied trust comes into being by operation of law.21 Express trusts, sometimes referred to as direct trusts, are intentionally created by the direct
and positive acts of the settlor or the trustor - by some writing, deed, or will or oral declaration. It is created not necessarily by some written words,
but by the direct and positive acts of the parties. In other words, the creation of an express trust must be manifested with reasonable certainty and
cannot be inferred from loose and vague declarations or from ambiguous circumstances susceptible of other interpretations.23
No such reasonable certitude in the creation of an express trust obtains in the case at bar. In fact, a careful scrutiny of the plain and ordinary meaning
of the terms used in the Minutes does not offer any indication that the parties thereto intended that Aznar, et al., become beneficiaries under an
express trust and that RISCO serve as trustor.
Indeed, we find that Aznar, et al., have no right to ask for the quieting of title of the properties at issue because they have no legal and/or equitable
rights over the properties that are derived from the previous registered owner which is RISCO, the pertinent provision of the law is Section 2 of the
Corporation Code (Batas Pambansa Blg. 68), which states that "[a] corporation is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of
succession and the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence."
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3B-Corporation Law
As a consequence thereof, a corporation has a personality separate and distinct from those of its stockholders and other corporations to which it
may be connected.24 Thus, we had previously ruled in Magsaysay-Labrador v. Court of Appeals25 that the interest of the stockholders over the
properties of the corporation is merely inchoate and therefore does not entitle them to intervene in litigation involving corporate property.
Here, the interest, if it exists at all, of petitioners-movants is indirect, contingent, remote, conjectural, consequential and collateral. At the very least,
their interest is purely inchoate, or in sheer expectancy of a right in the management of the corporation and to share in the profits thereof and in the
properties and assets thereof on dissolution, after payment of the corporate debts and obligations.
While a share of stock represents a proportionate or aliquot interest in the property of the corporation, it does not vest the owner thereof with any
legal right or title to any of the property, his interest in the corporate property being equitable or beneficial in nature. Shareholders are in no legal
sense the owners of corporate property, which is owned by the corporation as a distinct legal person.
In the case at bar, there is no allegation, much less any proof, that the corporate existence of RISCO has ceased and the corporate property has been
liquidated and distributed to the stockholders. The records only indicate that, as per Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Certification27 dated
June 18, 1997, the SEC merely suspended RISCO’s Certificate of Registration beginning on September 5, 1988 due to its non-submission of SEC
required reports and its failure to operate for a continuous period of at least five years.
Verily, Aznar, et al., who are stockholders of RISCO, cannot claim ownership over the properties at issue in this case on the strength of the Minutes
which, at most, is merely evidence of a loan agreement between them and the company. There is no indication or even a suggestion that the
ownership of said properties were transferred to them which would require no less that the said properties be registered under their names. For this
reason, the complaint should be dismissed since Aznar, et al., have no cause to seek a quieting of title over the subject properties.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Doctrine of Limited Liability
Case Name: Donina Halley v Printwell
DOCTRINE OF LIMITED LIABILITY
DONNINA HALLEY vs PRINTWELL, INC.
FACTS:
 Halley was an incorporator of Business Media Philippines, Inc., with authorized capital stock of 3M, whereby at par value of 10/share, Halley
has 35,000 shares of which 87,500 was paid.
 From 1988-1989, BMPI commissioned Printwell to print its magazines.
 Apparently, BMPI only paid for 25,000, out of the 300,000 it owes Printwell due to the printing service.
 In January 1990, Printwell thus sued BMPI for collection of sum of money.
 Printwell amended the complaint to implead as defendants all the original stockholders and incorporators to recover on their unpaid
subscriptions, Halley for 350,000-87,500=262,500.
 Defendants aver that they had all paid their subscriptions in full, and that BMPI’s personality is separate, and that the stockholders resolved
to dissolve BMPI in February 1990.
 RTC granted the petition, holding that the defendants used BMPI’s corporate personality to perpetuate an injustice, and that the ORs for
the paid subscription is irregular.
 CA Affirmed the RTC.
ISSUE:
Whether the Trust Fund doctrine is applicable. (i.e. creditors can go after unpaid subscriptions for fulfillment of claims)
HELD:
Yes.
Creditors may go after the unpaid subscriptions.
Trust Fund Doctrine - It is established doctrine that subscriptions to the capital of a corporation constitute a fund to which creditors have a right to
look for satisfaction of their claims and that the assignee in insolvency can maintain an action upon any unpaid stock subscription in order to realize
assets for the payment of its debts. It is the rule that the property of a corporation is a trust fund for the payment of creditors, but such property can
be called a trust fund ‘only by way of analogy or metaphor.’ As between the corporation itself and its creditors it is a simple debtor, and as between
its creditors and stockholders its assets are in equity a fund for the payment of its debts.
We clarify that the trust fund doctrine is not limited to reaching the stockholder’s unpaid subscriptions. The scope of the doctrine when the
corporation is insolvent encompasses not only the capital stock, but also other property and assets generally regarded in equity as a trust fund for
the payment of corporate debts. All assets and property belonging to the corporation held in trust for the benefit of creditors that were distributed
or in the possession of the stockholders, regardless of full payment of their subscriptions, may be reached by the creditor in satisfaction of its claim.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Doctrine of Piercing the Veil of Corporate Fiction
Provision:
Case Name: Concept Builders Inc. v NLRC
DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL
CONCEPT BUILDERS v NLRC
FACTS:
 Petitioner was the employer of private petitioners who filed with LA a case of illegal dismissal. Decision was made in favor of the private
respondents and order petitioner to pay for their back wages and other financial claims.
 To satisfy the liability of petitioner, a writ of execution was issued in order to levy personal properties of the petitioner. When the sheriff
tried to serve the writ, he was informed that the premises is now occupied by another company, HPPI and that Concept Builders had already
suspended its operation.
 A certain Dennis Cuyegkeng filed a third-party claim with the Labor Arbiter alleging that the properties sought to be levied upon by the
sheriff were owned by Hydro (Phils.), Inc. (HPPI) of which he is the Vice-President. Private respondents filed a "Motion for Issuance of a
Break-Open Order," alleging that HPPI and petitioner corporation were owned by the same incorporator/stockholders.
 LA dismissed the motion. NLRC reversed the decision. Hence the appeal.
ISSUE:
Whether the Piercing of the Corporate Veil Doctrine can be applied in the absence of proof that HPPI was created to evade its liabilities to the private
respondent
HELD:
Yes.
It cannot be pierced in this case.
This is true likewise when the corporation is merely an adjunct, a business conduit or an alter ego of another corporation.
The test in determining the applicability of the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate fiction is as follows:
1. Control, not mere majority or complete stock control, but complete domination, not only of finances but of policy and business practice in
respect to the transaction attacked so that the corporate entity as to this transaction had at the time no separate mind, will or existence of its
own;
2. Such control must have been used by the defendant to commit fraud or wrong, to perpetuate the violation of a statutory or other positive legal
duty or dishonest and unjust act in contravention of plaintiff's legal rights; and
3. The aforesaid control and breach of duty must proximately cause the injury or unjust loss complained of.
The absence of any one of these elements prevents "piercing the corporate veil." In applying the "instrumentality" or "alter ego" doctrine, the courts
are concerned with reality and not form, with how the corporation operated and the individual defendant's relationship to that operation. Clearly,
petitioner ceased its business operations in order to evade the payment to private respondents of back wages and to bar their reinstatement to their
former positions. HPPI is obviously a business conduit of petitioner corporation and its emergence was skillfully orchestrated to avoid the financial
liability that already attached to petitioner corporation.
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3B-Corporation Law
Provision:
Case Name: Donina Halley v Printwell, Inc.
DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL
DONNINA HALLEY vs PRINTWELL, INC.
FACTS:
 Halley was an incorporator of Business Media Philippines, Inc., with authorized capital stock of 3M, whereby at par value of 10/share, Halley
has 35,000 shares of which 87,500 was paid.
 From 1988-1989, BMPI commissioned Printwell to print its magazines.
 Apparently, BMPI only paid for 25,000, out of the 300,000 it owes Printwell due to the printing service.
 In January 1990, Printwell thus sued BMPI for collection of sum of money.
 Printwell amended the complaint to implead as defendants all the original stockholders and incorporators to recover on their unpaid
subscriptions, Halley for 350,000-87,500=262,500.
 Defendants aver that they had all paid their subscriptions in full, and that BMPI’s personality is separate, and that the stockholders resolved
to dissolve BMPI in February 1990.
 RTC granted the petition, holding that the defendants used BMPI’s corporate personality to perpetuate an injustice, and that the ORs for
the paid subscription is irregular.
 CA affirmed the RTC.
ISSUE:
Whether the veil of corporate fiction can be pierced.
HELD:
Yes.
It can be pierced when the corporation is used as a clock for illegality.
While a corporation has a personality separate and distinct from those of its stockholders, directors, or officers, such separate and distinct personality
is merely a fiction created by law for the sake of convenience and to promote the ends of justice. The corporate personality may be disregarded, and
the individuals composing the corporation will be treated as individuals, if the corporate entity is being used as a cloak or cover for fraud or illegality;
as a justification for a wrong; as an alter ego, an adjunct, or a business conduit for the sole benefit of the stockholders. As a general rule, a corporation
is looked upon as a legal entity, unless and until sufficient reason to the contrary appears. Thus, the courts always presume good faith, and for that
reason accord prime importance to the separate personality of the corporation, disregarding the corporate personality only after the wrongdoing is
first clearly and convincingly established.
Although nowhere in Printwell’s amended complaint or in the testimonies Printwell offered can it be read or inferred from that the petitioner was
instrumental in persuading BMPI to renege on its obligation to pay; or that she induced Printwell to extend the credit accommodation by
misrepresenting the solvency of BMPI to Printwell, her personal liability, together with that of her co-defendants, remained because the CA found
her and the other defendant stockholders to be in charge of the operations of BMPI at the time the unpaid obligation was transacted and incurred.
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3B-Corporation Law
Provision:
Case Name: Siain Enterprises, Inc. v Cupertino Realty Corp
SIAIN ENTERPRISES v. CUPERTINO

G.R. No. 170782 | June 22, 2009
FACTS:
 This is a is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court assailing the decision of the Court of Appeals which affirmed
the decision of the Regional Trial Court
 Siain Enterprises, Inc. obtained a loan of P37,000,000.00 from respondent Cupertino Realty Corporation (Cupertino) covered by a
promissory note signed by both petitioner’s and Cupertino’s respective presidents, Cua Le Leng and Wilfredo Lua.
 The parties then executed an amendment to promissory note which provided for a seventeen percent (17%) interest per annum on the
P37,000,000.00 loan.
 The amendment to promissory note was likewise signed by Cua Le Leng and Wilfredo Lua on behalf of petitioner and Cupertino, respectively
 Another promissory note was signed by Cua Le Leng in favor of Cupertino for P160,000,000.00. Cua Le Leng signed the second promissory
note as maker, on behalf of petitioner, and as co-maker, liable to Cupertino in her personal capacity.
 However, on March 11, 1996, through counsel, wrote Cupertino and demanded the release of the P160,000,000.00 loan. In complete
refutation, Cupertino, likewise through counsel, responded and denied that it had yet to release the P160,000,000.00 loan. Cupertino
maintained that petitioner had long obtained the proceeds of the aforesaid loan. With this, Cupertino instituted extrajudicial foreclosure
proceedings over the properties subject of the amended real estate mortgage.
 RTC rendered a decision dismissing petitioner’s complaint and ordering it to pay Cupertino P100,000.00 each for actual and exemplary
damages, and P500,000.00 as attorney’s fees. The RTC recalled and set aside its previous order declaring the notarial foreclosure of the
mortgaged properties as null and void.
 On appeal, the CA, as previously adverted to, affirmed the RTC’s ruling.
 In this regard, the lower courts applied the doctrine of “piercing the veil of corporate fiction” to preclude petitioner from disavowing receipt
of the P160,000,000.00 and paying its obligation under the amended real estate mortgage.
ISSUE:
 Petitioner asseverates that the lower courts erroneously applied the doctrine of “piercing the veil of corporate fiction” when both gave
credence to Cupertino’s evidence showing that petitioner’s affiliates were the previous recipients of part of the P160,000,000.00
indebtedness of petitioner to Cupertino. Is this valid?
HELD:
 Yes.
 As a general rule, a corporation will be deemed a separate legal entity until sufficient reason to the contrary appears. But the rule is not
absolute. A corporation’s separate and distinct legal personality may be disregarded and the veil of corporate fiction pierced when the
notion of legal entity is used to defeat public convenience, justify wrong, protect fraud, or defend crime. In this case, Cupertino presented
overwhelming evidence that petitioner and its affiliate corporations had received the proceeds of the P160,000,000.00 loan increase which
was then made the consideration for the Amended Real Estate Mortgage.
 The facts established in the case at bar has convinced the Court of the propriety to apply the principle by virtue of which, the juridical
personalities of the various corporations involved are disregarded and the ensuing liability of the corporation to attach directly to its
responsible officers and stockholders These are as follows: 1.That the checks, debit memos and the pledges of the jewelries, condominium
units and trucks were constituted not exclusively in the name of [petitioner] but also either in the name of Yuyek Manufacturing
Corporation, Siain Transport, Inc., Cua Leleng and Alberto Lim is of no moment. 2. Siain and Yuyek have [a] common set of [incorporators],
stockholders and board of directors; 3. They have the same internal bookkeeper and accountant in the person of Rosemarie Ragodon; 4.
They have the same office address at 306 Jose Rizal St., Mandaluyong City; 5. They have the same majority stockholder and president in
the person of Cua Le Leng; and 6. In relation to Siain Transport, Cua Le Leng had the unlimited authority by and on herself, without authority
from the Board of Directors, to use the funds of Siain Trucking to pay the obligation incurred by the [petitioner] corporation. 7. As such,
[petitioner] corporation is now estopped from denying the above apparent authorities of Cua Le Leng who holds herself to the public as
possessing the power to do those acts, against any person who dealt in good faith as in the case of Cupertino.
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3B-Corporation Law
Provision:
Case Name: Kukan International Corporation v Hon. Amor Reyes
FACTS:
 Private respondent Romeo M. Morales doing business under the name RM Morales Trophies and Plaques was awarded a P5 million contract
for the supply and installation of signages in a building constructed in Makati sometime in March 1998.
 The contract price was later reduced to P3,388,502 because some items were deleted from the contract. Morales complied with his
contractual obligations but he was paid only the amount of P1,976,371.07 leaving a balance of P1,412,130.93.
 He filed a case against Kukan, Inc., for sum of money with the RTC of Manila docketed as Civil Case No. 99-93173. Kukan Inc., stopped
participating in the proceedings in November 2000, hence, it was declared in default and Morales presented his evidence ex-parte against
petitioner.
 On November 28, 2002, the RTC rendered a decision in favor of Morales and against Kunkan, Inc. ordering the latter to pay the sum of
P1,201,724.00 with legal interest of 12% per annum until fully paid; P50,000.00 as moral damages,P20,000.00 as attorney's fees and
P7,960.06 as litigation expenses.
 The counterclaimfiled by Kunkan, Inc. was dismissed. The decision became final and executory During the execution, the sheriff levied the
personal properties found at the office of Kukan, Inc..
 Claiming it owned the properties levied, Kukan International Corporation (KIC) fied an Affidavit of Third Party Claim. Morales filed an
Omnibus Motion praying to apply the principle of piercing the veil of corporate entity. He alleged that Kankun, Inc. and KIC are one and the
same corporation His Motion was denied. On Motion of Morales the presiding Judge of Branch 17 of RTC Manila inhibited himself from
hearing the case. It was raffled to Branch 21 which granted the Motion filed by Morales on March 12, 2007 and decreed that Kukan, Inc.
and Kukan International Inc., as one and the same corporation; that the levy made on the properties of KIC is valid; and ordering Kunkan
International Corp. and Michael Chan as jointly and severally liable to pay the award pursuant to the Decision dated November 28, 2002.
 KIC filed a Motion for Reconsideration which was denied.KIC brought the case to the Court of Appeals which rendered the Decision n
January 23, 2008 denying KIC's petition.
 The CA also denied its Motion for Reconsideration in the Resolution dated June 7, 2007. Hence, this case.
ISSUE/S:
 One of the issues raised is whether or not the trial court and the appellate court correctly applied the principle of piercing the veil of
corporate entity.
HELD:
 The Supreme Court ruled that the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate entity finds no application in this case. According to the Supreme
Court, the principle of piercing the veil of corporate entity and the resulting treatment of two related corporation as one and the same
juridical person applies only to established liability and not to confer jurisdiction. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that KIC was not
made a party defendant in Civil Case No. 99-93173.
 It entered a special but not a voluntary appearance in the trial court to assert that it was a separate entity and has a separate legal
personality from Kunkan, Inc. KIC was not impleaded nor served with summons.
 Hence, it could only assert its claim through the affidavits, comments and motions filed by special apperance before the RTC that it is a
separate juridical entity. The Supreme stated that the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate entity comes to play during the trial of the
case after the court has already acquired jurisdiction over the corporation. To justify the piercing of the veil of corporate fiction, it must be
shown by clear and convincing proof that the separate and distinct personality of the corporation was purposely employed to evade a
legitimate and binding comittment and perpetuate a fraud or like wrongdoings.
 In those instances when the Court pierced the veil of corporate fiction of two corporations, there was a confluence of the following factors:
1. A first corporation is dissolved; 2. The assets of the first corporation is transferred to a second corporation to avoid a financial liability of
the first corporation; and 3. Both corporations are owned and controlled by the same persons such that the second corporation should be
considered as a continuation and successor of the first corporation.
 In this case, the second and third factors are conspicuously absent. There is, therefore, no compelling justification for disregarding the
fiction of corporate entity separating Kukan, Inc. from KIC. In applying the principle, both the RTC and the CA miserably failed to identify
the presence of the abovementioned factors. The High Court stated that neither should the level of paid-up capital of Kukan, Inc. upon its
incorporation be viewed as a badge of fraud, for it is in compliance with Sec. 13 of the Corporation Code, which only requires a minimum
paid-up capital of PhP 5,000. The suggestion that KIC is but a continuation and successor of Kukan, Inc., owned and controlled as they are
by the same stockholders, stands without factual basis.
 The fact that Michael Chan, a.k.a. Chan Kai Kit, owns 40% of the outstanding capital stock of both corporations standing alone, is insufficient
to establish identity. There must be at least a substantial identity of stockholders for both corporations in order to consider this factor to
be constitutive of corporate identity. Petition granted
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10
3B-Corporation Law
Provision:
Case Name: Koppel Phil Inc. v Yatco
Facts:
 Koppel Philippines Inc. (KPI) has a capital stock divided into thousand (1,000) shares of P100 each.
 The Koppel Industrial Car and Equipment Company (KICEC) owns 995 shares of the total capital stock. KICEC is organized under US laws and not
licensed to do business in the Philippines. The remaining five (5) shares only were and are owned one each by officers of the KPI.
 They have the following business process: (1) "When a local buyer was interested in the purchase of railway materials, machinery, and supplies,
it asked for price quotations from KPI"; (2) "KPI then cabled for the quotation desired from Koppel Industrial Car and Equipment Company"; (3)
"KPI, however, quoted to the purchaser a selling price above the figures quoted by Koppel Industrial Car and Equipment Company"; (4) "On the
basis of these quotations, orders were placed by the local purchasers KPI paid under protest the P64,122.51 demanded by the CIR.
Total profit Php 3,772,403,82
KPI Share Php 132,201.30
KPI paid commercial broker’s tax (4% of KPI Share) Php 5,288.05
CIR demanded (1% of Total Profit) + 25% surcharge for late payment – Paid tax Php 64,122.51
 It appears that KICEC is the only foreign principal of KPI.
 The KPI corporation bore alone incidental expenses - as, for instance, cable expenses-not only those of its own cables but also those of its
"principal" .
 The KPI's "share in the profits" realized from the transactions in which it intervened was left virtually in the hands of KICEC
 Where drafts were not paid by the purchasers, the local banks were instructed not to protest them but to refer them to KPI which was fully
empowered by KICEC to instruct the banks with regards to disposition of the drafts and documents
 Where the goods were European origin, consular invoices, bill of lading, and, in general, the documents necessary for clearance were sent
directly to KPI
 If the KPI had in stock the merchandise desired by local buyers, it immediately filled the orders of such local buyers and made delivery in the
Philippines without the necessity of cabling its principal in America either for price quotations or confirmation or rejection of that agreed upon
between it and the buyer
 Whenever the deliveries made by KICEC were incomplete or insufficient to fill the local buyer's orders, KPI used to make good the deficiencies
by deliveries from its own local stock, but in such cases it charged its principal only the actual cost of the merchandise thus delivered by it from
its stock and in such transactionsKPI did not realize any profit CFI:
 KPI is a mere dummy or branch ("hechura") of KICEC. did not deny legal personality to Koppel (Philippines), Inc. for any and all purposes, but in
effect its conclusion was that, in the transactions involved herein, the public interest and convenience would be defeated and what would
amount to a tax evasion perpetrated, unless resort is had to the doctrine of "disregard of the corporate fiction."
Issues/Ruling:
 WON KPI is a domestic corporation distinct and separate from, and not a mere branch of KICEC
KPI:
 Its corporate existence as cannot be collaterally attacked and that the Government is estopped from so doing.
SC:
 Koppel (Philippines), Inc. was a mere branch or agency or dummy ("hechura") of Koppel Industrial Car and Equipment Co. The lower court
did not hold that the corporate personality of KPI would also be disregarded in other cases or for other purposes. It would have had no
power to so hold. The courts' action in this regard must be confined to the transactions involved in the case at bar "for the purpose of
adjudging the rights and liabilities of the parties in the case. They have no jurisdiction to do more peaches United States vs. Milwaukee
Refrigeration Transit
 General Rule: a corporation will be looked upon as a legal entity as a general rule, and until sufficient reason to the contrary appears
 Exception: Wthe notion of legal entity is used to defeat public convenience, justify wrong, protect fraud, or defend crime, the law will
regard the corporation as an association of persons.
 Manifestly, the principle is the same whether the "person" be natural or artificial. A very numerous and growing class of cases wherein the
corporate entity is disregarded is that (it is so organized and controlled, and its affairs are so conducted, as to make it merely an
instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of another corporation)." Where it appears that two business enterprises are owned, conducted
and controlled by the same parties, both law and equity will, when necessary to protect the rights of third persons, disregard the legal
fiction that two corporations are distinct entities, and treat them as identical.
 The fact that KPI is a mere branch is conclusively borne out by the fact, among others, that the amount of the so-called "share in the profits"
of KPIwas ultimately left to the sole, unbridled control of KICEC. If KPI was intended to function as a bona fide separate corporation, we
cannot conceive how this arrangement could have been adopted.
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 No group of businessmen could be expected to organize a mercantile corporation if the amount of that profit were to be subjected to such
a unilateral control of another corporation, unless indeed the former has previously been designed by the incorporators to serve as a mere
subsidiary, branch or agency of the latter.
 KPI charged the parent corporation no more than actual cost - without profit whatsoever - for merchandise allegedly of its own to complete
deficiencies of shipments made by said parent corporation.
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Provision:
Case Name: Heirs of Fe Tan Uy v International Exchange Bank
Facts:
 June to September 1997, International Exchange Bank granted loan to Hammer Garments Incorporation covered by promissory notes for
a total of P24,938,898.08.
 These were made pursuant to the Letter-Agreement,4 dated March 23, 1996, between iBank and Hammer, represented by its President
and General Manager, Manuel Chua (Chua) a.k.a. Manuel Chua Uy Po Tiong, granting Hammer a P 25 Million-Peso Omnibus Line.5 The
loans were secured by a P 9 Million-Peso Real Estate Mortgage executed on July 1, 1997 by Goldkey Development Corporation (Goldkey)
over several of its properties and a P 25 Million-Peso Surety Agreement7 signed by Chua and his wife, Fe Tan Uy (Uy), on April 15, 1996.
 Hammer defaulted, prompting iBank to foreclose on properties leaving an unpaid balance of Php 13Million
 iBank filed a complaint for collection for the deficiency against Chua, Uy, and Goldkey
 Goldkey denies liability citing it only acted as 3rd party guarantor
 Chua and Hammer did not file response
 iBank wants to pierce to veil of corporate personality and was granted by RTC due to:
o 1. both were family corporations of Chua and Uy, with Chua as the President and Chief Operating Officer;
o (2) both corporations shared the same office and transacted business from the same place,
o (3) the assets of Hammer and Goldkey were co-mingled; and
o (4) when Chua absconded, both Hammer and Goldkey ceased to operate. As such, the piercing of the veil of corporate fiction
was warranted. Uy, as an officer and stockholder of Hammer and Goldkey, was found liable to iBank together with Chua,
Hammer and Goldkey for the deficiency of P13,420,177.62.
Issue:
Whether or not there is guilt by association in those cases where the veil of corporate fiction may be pierced
Whether or not the "alter ego" theory in disregarding the corporate personality of a corporation is applicable to Goldkey
Ruling:
Uy is not liable; The piercing of the veil of corporate fiction is not justified
The heirs of Uy argue that the latter could not be held liable for being merely an officer of Hammer and Goldkey because it was not
shown that she had committed any actionable wrong22 or that she had participated in the transaction between Hammer and iBank. They
further claim that she had cut all ties with Hammer and her husband long before the execution of the loan.
The Court finds in favor of Uy.
Basic is the rule in corporation law that a corporation is a juridical entity which is vested with a legal personality separate and distinct
from those acting for and in its behalf and, in general, from the people comprising it. Following this principle, obligations incurred by the
corporation, acting through its directors, officers and employees, are its sole liabilities. A director, officer or employee of a corporation is
generally not held personally liable for obligations incurred by the corporation.24 Nevertheless, this legal fiction may be disregarded if it
is used as a means to perpetrate fraud or an illegal act, or as a vehicle for the evasion of an existing obligation, the circumvention of
statutes, or to confuse legitimate issues.25 This is consistent with the provisions of the Corporation Code of the Philippines

Provision:
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Case Name: WPM International Trading Inc. v Labayen
Facts:
- WPM, a domestic corporation engaged in the restaurant business with Manlapaz as its President, entered into a management agreement with
Labayen, owner of HBO Systems consultants, which authorizes the latter to operate, manage and rehabilitate Quickbite which is a restaurant owned
and controlled by WPM.
- Labayen then engaged the services of CLN Engineering Services for the renovation of Quickbite, Divisoria branch, at the cost of P432,876.02.
However out of the P432,876.02 renovation cost, only P320,000 was paid to CLN leaving a balance of P112,876.02.
- CLN then filed a case for the collection of sum of money and damages against Labayen and Manlapaz, with the latter being later on excluded by
CLN through an amendment of the complaint.
- Labayen was declared in default for her failure to file a responsive pleading, the RTC later found Labayen liable to pay CLN the amount of P112,876.02
with 12% interest per annum and 20% of the amount recoverable as attorney’s fees.
- Labayen then instituted a complaint for damages against WPM and Manlapaz claiming that she only introduced Manlapaz to CLN’s general manager
and they were the ones who agreed on the terms and conditions of the renovation agreement.
- Among Manlapaz’s defense, he claims that since WPM has a separate and distinct personality, Manlapaz cannot be made liable for Labayen’s claims.
Issue: Whether or not Manlapaz is liable in his own personal capacity
Held: No, Manlapaz is not liable in his own personal capacity

- The rule is settled that a corporation has a personality separate and distinct from the persons acting for and in its behalf and, in general, from the
people comprising it. The doctrine of piercing the corporate veil applies in three (3) basic instances, namely:
a) when the separate and distinct corporate personality defeats public convenience, as when the corporate fiction is used as a vehicle for
the evasion of an existing obligation;
b) in fraud cases, or when the corporate entity is used to justify a wrong, protect a fraud, or defend a crime; or
c) is used in alter ego cases, i.e., where a corporation is essentially a farce, since it is a mere alter ego or business conduit of a person, or
where the corporation is so organized and controlled and its affairs so conducted as to make it merely an instrumentality, agency,
conduit or adjunct of another corporation.
- Piercing the corporate veil based on the alter ego theory requires the concurrence of three elements, namely:
(1) Control, not mere majority or complete stock control, but complete domination, not only of finances but of policy and business practice
in respect to the transaction attacked so that the corporate entity as to this transaction had at the time no separate mind, will or existence
of its own.
(2) Such control must have been used by the defendant to commit fraud or wrong, to perpetuate the violation of a statutory or other
positive legal duty, or dishonest and unjust act in contravention of plaintiff’s legal right; and
(3) The aforesaid control and breach of duty must have proximately caused the injury or unjust loss complained of. The absence of any of
these elements prevents piercing the corporate veil.
- In the present case, the attendant circumstances do not establish that WPM is a mere alter ego of Manlapaz. Aside from the fact that Manlapaz
was the principal stockholder of WPM, records do not show that WPM was organized and controlled, and its affairs conducted in a manner that made
it merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of Manlapaz.
- Likewise, the records of the case do not support the lower courts’ finding that Manlapaz had control or domination over WPM or its finances. That
Manlapaz concurrently held the positions of president, chairman and treasurer, or that the Manlapaz’s residence is the registered principal office of
WPM, are insufficient considerations to prove that he had exercised absolute control over WPM.
- In this connection, the Supreme Court stress that the control necessary to invoke the instrumentality or alter ego rule is not majority or even
complete stock control but such domination of finances, policies and practices that the controlled corporation has, so to speak, no separate mind,
will or existence of its own, and is but a conduit for its principal. The control must be shown to have been exercised at the time the acts complained
of took place. Moreover, the control and breach of duty must proximately cause the injury or unjust loss for which the complaint is made.
- Finally, the Supreme Court emphasized that the piercing of the veil of corporate fiction is frowned upon and thus, must be done with caution. It can
only be done if it has been clearly established that the separate and distinct personality of the corporation is used to justify a wrong, protect fraud,
or perpetrate a deception. The court must be certain that the corporate fiction was misused to such an extent that injustice, fraud, or crime was
committed against another, in disregard of its rights; it cannot be presumed.
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Provision:
Case Name: Lanuza Jr. v BF Corporation
Name: Glenn Niño M. Sartillo
Topic: Doctrine of Piercing the Veil of Corporate Fiction
Name of Case: Lanuza, Jr. vs. BF Corporation (GR No. 174938, October 1, 2014)
Corporation Code Provision: Section 2
FACTS:
BF Corporation and Shangri-La entered into a contract, wherein BF Corporation will construct the Shangri-La mall and parking along EDSA. It provided
for arbitration in the event of a dispute, and that such award by the recognized arbiter named therein will be binding to the parties.
Shangri-La at first was paying the fees diligently, but eventually started to renege on the obligation. BF Corporation continued to build the mall and
parking building until it was completed. Shangri-La proceeded to take control of the mall and building, while BF Corporation alleged that it remains
unpaid to this day.
BF Corp filed a suit against Shangri-La and its directors. Shangri-La and the directors filed a motion to suspend proceedings, alleging that the
arbitration was not done yet. RTC denied. CA reversed, and ordered the submission of the dispute to arbitration. SC affirmed.
BF Corp and Shangri-La initiated arbitration proceedings. RTC issued the order directing the parties to proceed in accordance with RA 876. Shangri-
La and BF Corp filed motions for clarification, to clarify the “parties” referred to in the order, and whether Shangri-La’s directors should be included
in the arbitration.
ISSUE: Whether or not the directors can be compelled to submit to the arbitration clause in the contract, despite being non-parties to the contract
between BF Corp and Shangri-La
HELD:
Yes. A consequence of a corporation’s separate personality is that consent by a corporation through its representatives is not consent of the
representative, personally. Its obligations, incurred through official acts of its representatives, are its own. Hence, a corporation’s representatives
are generally not bound by the terms of the contract executed by the corporation.
The rule is settled that a corporation has a personality separate and distinct from the persons acting for and in its behalf and, in general, from the
people comprising it. The doctrine of piercing the corporate veil applies only in three (3) basic instances, namely: when the separate and distinct
corporate personality defeats public convenience; in fraud cases, and when used in alter ego cases.
When there are allegations of bad faith or malice against corporate directors or representatives, it becomes the duty of courts or tribunals to
determine if these persons and the corporation should be treated as one. Without a trial, courts and tribunals have no basis for determining whether
the veil of corporate fiction should be pierced.
Hence, when the directors, as in this case, are impleaded in a case against a corporation, alleging malice or bad faith on their part in directing the
affairs of the corporation, complainants are effectively alleging that the directors and the corporation are not acting as separate entities. In that case,
complainants have no choice but to institute only one proceeding against the parties. Under the Rules of Court, filing of multiple suits for a single
cause of action is prohibited.
In cases alleging solidary liability with the corporation or praying for the piercing of the corporate veil, parties who are normally treated as distinct
individuals should be made to participate in the arbitration proceedings in order to determine if such distinction should indeed be disregarded and,
if so, to determine the extent of their liabilities.
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Subtopic: Rules of Attribution
Provision:
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Provision:
Case Name: Ellice Agro-Industrial Corp v Rodel Young
Rules of Attribution
Ellice Agro-Industrial Corp Vs. Rodel T. Young (G.R. No. 174077 November 21, 2012)
 Private respondent and Petitioner through the petitioner’s alleged corporate secretary and attorney-in-fact Domingo, entered to a
contract to sell the respondent’s parcel of land located in Quezon.
 Pursuant to the contract to sell, respondent through Domingo made a partial payment for the acquisition of the subject property.
 Despite such payment, Petitioner failed to deliver the owner’s duplicate certificate of title of the subject property and the corresponding
deed of sale.
 Respondent filed a complaint for specific performance against Domingo and the Petitioner with the RTC
 While the case was pending Respondent Wee sent a letter to petitioner’s chairman and president, seeking a conference for the execution
of an absolute deed of sale pursuant to the contract to sell entered between the parties.
 In response, the petitioner’s counsel sent a letter to Respondent Wee, informing him that Domingo lack the authority to represent the
petitioner.
 Due to Petitioner’s failure to appear on the Pre-trial, the respondent was allowed to present their evidence ex parte.
 RTC rendered a decision ordering petitioner to deliver the owner’s duplicate copy and execute a deed of sale in favor of the respondent.
The decision became final and executor.
 Petitioner represented by Gala filed a petition for relief from judgment premised on the alleged fraud committed by Domingo in
concealing the existence of both the contract to sell and the civil case from the petitioner.
 RTC denied the petition for relief from judgment for being filed out of time
 A Petition for Annulment of judgment was initiated before the CA by the petitioner on the ground of lack of jurisdiction and intrinsic
fraud committed by Domingo, asserting that Domingo was not its President, Manager, Secretary, Cashier, Agent or Director
 CA dismissed the petition for annulment of judgment
Issue: W/N the action of Doming who represented as the Petitioner’s Corporate Secretary on the Civil Case for Specific Performance is attributable
to the Petitioner?
Ruling: No the action of Domingo cannot be imputed/attributed to the Petitioner
 Domingo was not the corporate secretary of the petitioner as she claimed to be.
 Domingo’s lack of authority to properly represent Petitioner resulted to a no valid service of summons binding the petitioner.
 Domingo was not an officer of the Petitioner, much less duly authorized by any board resolution or secretary’s certificate from petitioner
to file an answer with counterclaim in behalf of the petitioner.
 In view of this petitioner was not validly served with summons and did not voluntarily appear in the civil case. The RTC did not validly
acquire jurisdiction over the person of the Petitioner, Thus the decision by the RTC was null and void.
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Provision:
Case Name: Trinidad J. Francisco v GSIS
Rules of Attribution
Trinidad Francisco VS. GSIS (G.R. No. L-18287, March 30, 1963)
 Trinidad Francisco obtained a P400k loan from the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). She secured the loan with a parcel of
land.
 Due to some difficulties, Trinidad incurred huge arrears. This prompted GSIS to foreclose the property.
 Trinidad’s father, Atty. Vicente Francisco, wrote a letter to GSIS offering that he pay 30,000 Pesos off the loan and allow GSIS to
administer the mortgaged property instead of foreclosing it and GSIS shall receive rents from the tenants of the land until the arrears are
paid and the account is made current or up to date
 GSIS, through its general manager Rodolfo Andal, responded with a letter which states that the GSIS Board had accepted Vicente’s offer.
 GSIS did not take over the property but the Francisco’s still collected rents and turned them over to GSIS.
 GSIS demanded Francisco to pay off the loan.
 Vicente Francisco assailed with GSIS the agreement in a form of compromise binding upon GSIS.
 GSIS averred that the letter sent to Vicente Francisco in response to his offer was poorly worded and was not the actual intention of GSIS.
ISSUE: W/N GSIS is bound by the acts of its officers acting in their apparent authority?
HELD: Yes, GSIS is bounded by the compromised entered by its officer.
 A third party transacting with a corporation cannot be expected to know what occurs within a corporation, its meetings, without any
external manifestations from the corporation.
 In this case response by GSIS to Vicente Sotto by way of a telegram, is within the apparent authority of Andal.
 Vicente Francisco cannot therefore be faulted for relying on the telegramthat GSIS accepted his offer.
 GSIS cannot now ask Francisco to suddenly pay off the debt. If a corporation knowingly permits one of its officers, or any other agent, to
do acts within the scope of an apparent authorityand thus holds him out to the public as possessing power to do those acts, the
corporation will, as against anyone who has in good faith dealt with the corporation through such agent, be estopped from denying his
authority; and where it is said “if the corporation permits” this means the same as “if the thing is permitted by the directing power of the
corporation.
 GSIS cannot also deny that it has knowledge of the acceptance. A corporation cannot see, or know, anything except through its officers.
 Knowledge of facts acquired or possessed by an officer or agent of a corporation in the course of his employment, and in relation to
matters within the scope of his authority, is notice to the corporation, whether he communicates such knowledge or not.
 Andal is presumed to have knowledge of the acceptance because it was his office which sent it to Vicente. Knowledge of Andal, an officer
of GSIS, is deemed knowledge of GSIS.
 Even if the compromise agreement is void, GSIS’s silence and acceptance of the subsequent remittances of the Franciscos ratified the
compromise agreement.

Subtopic: Nationality, Citizenship and Foreign Equity (Place of Incorporation Test, Control Test, and
Grandfather Rule)
Provision:
Case Name: Filipinas Compania De Seguros v Christern, Huenefeld and Co
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FACTS:
Christern Huenefeld Corporation bought a fire insurance policy from Filipinas Compania de Seguros to cover merchandise contained in a building.
During the Japanese military occupation, this same merchandise and the building were burned, so Huenefeld filed a claim under the policy.
However, Filipinas Compania de Seguros refused to pay alleging that the policy had ceased to be in force when the United States declared war against
Germany. Filipinas Compania contended that although organized and created under Philippine laws, Huenefeld is a German subject, and hence, a
public enemy, since majority of its stockholders are Germans. On the other hand, Filipinas Compania is under American jurisdiction.
The Director of Bureau of Financing, Philippine Executive Commission ordered Filipinas Compania to pay, so Filipinas Compania did pay. The case at
bar is about the recovery of that sum paid.
ISSUES:
1. Whether or not Christern Huenefeld is a German subject.

2. Whether the fire insurance policy is enforceable against an enemy state.
HELD:
1. There is no question that majority of the stockholders of the respondent corporation were German subjects. This being so, we have to rule that
said respondent became an enemy corporation upon the outbreak of the war between the United States and Germany.
2. The Philippine Insurance Law (Act No. 2427, as amended,) in section 8, provides that "anyone except a public enemy may be insured." It stands to
reason that an insurance policy ceases to be allowable as soon as an insured becomes a public enemy.
The respondent having become an enemy corporation on December 10, 1941, the insurance policy issued in its favor on October 1, 1941, by the
petitioner (a Philippine corporation) had ceased to be valid and enforcible, and since the insured goods were burned after December 10, 1941, and
during the war, the respondent was not entitled to any indemnity under said policy from the petitioner. However, elementary rules of justice (in the
absence of specific provision in the Insurance Law) require that the premium paid by the respondent for the period covered by its policy from
December 11, 1941, should be returned by the petitioner.
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Grandfather Rule)
Provision:
Case Name: Heirs of Wilson Gamboa v Teves
FACTS:
This is a petition to nullify the sale of shares of stock of Philippine Telecommunications Investment Corporation (PTIC) by the government of the
Republic of the Philippines, acting through the Inter-Agency Privatization Council (IPC), to Metro Pacific Assets Holdings, Inc. (MPAH), an affiliate of
First Pacific Company Limited (First Pacific), a Hong Kong-based investment management and holding company and a shareholder of the Philippine
Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT).
The petitioner questioned the sale on the ground that it also involved an indirect sale of 12 million shares (or about 6.3 percent of the outstanding
common shares) of PLDT owned by PTIC to First Pacific. With the this sale, First Pacific’s common shareholdings in PLDT increased from 30.7 percent
to 37 percent, thereby increasing the total common shareholdings of foreigners in PLDT to about 81.47%. This, according to the petitioner, violates
Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which limits foreign ownership of the capital of a public utility to not more than 40%, thus:
“Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the
Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such
citizens; x x x”
ISSUE:
Whether or not PLDT is a Filipino corporation compliant with the requirements of the Consitution based on its composition.
RULING:
NO. Section 11, Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony) of the 1987 Constitution mandates the Filipinization of public utilities, to wit: “Section
11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines
or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens;
nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise
or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good
so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers
of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.”
It was proven that: (1) foreigners own 64.27% of the common shares of PLDT, which class of shares exercises the sole right to vote in the election of
directors, and thus exercise control over PLDT; (2) Filipinos own only 35.73% of PLDT’s common shares, constituting a minority of the voting stock,
and thus do not exercise control over PLDT; (3) preferred shares, 99.44% owned by Filipinos, have no voting rights; (4) preferred shares earn only
1/70 of the dividends that common shares earn; (5) preferred shares have twice the par value of common shares; and (6) preferred shares constitute
77.85% of the authorized capital stock of PLDT and common shares only 22.15%. This kind of ownership and control of a public utility is a mockery
of the Constitution.
It must be stressed, and respondents do not dispute, that foreigners hold a majority of the common shares of PLDT. In fact, based on PLDT’s 2010
General Information Sheet (GIS), which is a document required to be submitted annually to the Securities and Exchange Commission, foreigners hold
120,046,690 common shares of PLDT whereas Filipinos hold only 66,750,622 common shares. In other words, foreigners hold 64.27% of the total
number of PLDT’s common shares, while Filipinos hold only 35.73%. Since holding a majority of the common shares equates to control, it is clear that
foreigners exercise control over PLDT. Such amount of control unmistakably exceeds the allowable 40 percent limit on foreign ownership of public
utilities expressly mandated in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.
As shown in PLDT’s 2010 GIS, as submitted to the SEC, the par value of PLDT common shares is P5.00 per share, whereas the par value of preferred
shares is P10.00 per share. In other words, preferred shares have twice the par value of common shares but cannot elect directors and have only
1/70 of the dividends of common shares. Moreover, 99.44% of the preferred shares are owned by Filipinos while foreigners own only a minuscule
0.56% of the preferred shares. Worse, preferred shares constitute 77.85% of the authorized capital stock of PLDT while common shares constitute
only 22.15%. This undeniably shows that beneficial interest in PLDT is not with the non-voting preferred shares but with the common shares, blatantly
violating the constitutional requirement of 60 percent Filipino control and Filipino beneficial ownership in a public utility.
The legal and beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock must rest in the hands of Filipinos in accordance with the
constitutional mandate. Full beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock, coupled with 60 percent of the voting rights, is
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constitutionally required for the State’s grant of authority to operate a public utility. The undisputed fact that the PLDT preferred shares, 99.44%
owned by Filipinos, are non-voting and earn only 1/70 of the dividends that PLDT common shares earn, grossly violates the constitutional requirement
of 60 percent Filipino control and Filipino beneficial ownership of a public utility.
In short, Filipinos hold less than 60 percent of the voting stock, and earn less than 60 percent of the dividends, of PLDT. This directly contravenes the
express command in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution that “[n]o franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation
of a public utility shall be granted except to x x x corporations x x x organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens x x x.”
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Grandfather Rule)
Provision:
Case Name: Heirs of Wilson Gamboa v Teves (Ruling only, 2012)
Topic: Nationality, Citizenship and Foreign Equity
Name of Case: Heirs of Wilson Gamboa vs. Teves, et al. (GR No. 176579, 9 October 2012)
Corporation Code Provision: Sections 6 and 17 (4)
FACTS:
This resolves the motions for reconsideration of the 28 June 2011 Decision in the case Heirs of Wilson Gamboa vs. Teves, et al., dated 28 June 2011.
ISSUE:
WHETHER OR NOT BOTH THE VOTING CONTROL TEST AND THE BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP TEST MUST BE APPLIED TO DETERMINE WHETHER A
CORPORATION IS A "PHILIPPINE NATIONAL."
RULING:
Yes.
The Constitution expressly declares as State policy the development of an economy "effectively controlled" by Filipinos. Consistent with such State
policy, the Constitution explicitly reserves the ownership and operation of public utilities to Philippine nationals, who are defined in the Foreign
Investments Act of 1991 as Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at least 60 percent of whose capital with voting rights belongs to Filipinos.
The FIA’s implementing rules explain that "[f]or stocks to be deemed owned and held by Philippine citizens or Philippine nationals, mere legal title is
not enough to meet the required Filipino equity. Full beneficial ownership of the stocks, coupled with appropriate voting rights is essential." In
effect, the FIA clarifies, reiterates and confirms the interpretation that the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution refers to
shares with voting rights, as well as with full beneficial ownership. This is precisely because the right to vote in the election of directors, coupled
with full beneficial ownership of stocks, translates to effective control of a corporation.
Any other construction of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution contravenes the letter and intent of the Constitution. Any
other meaning of the term "capital" openly invites alien domination of economic activities reserved exclusively to Philippine nationals. Therefore,
respondents’ interpretation will ultimately result in handing over effective control of our national economy to foreigners in patent violation of the
Constitution, making Filipinos second-class citizens in their own country.
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Subtopic: Tort Liability and Doctrine of Corporate Responsibility
Provision:
Case Name: Professional Health Services Inc. v CA
Professional health Services, Inc. vs. CA
Facts:
PSI, together with Dr. Miguel Ampil (Dr. Ampil) and Dr. Juan Fuentes (Dr. Fuentes), was impleaded by Enrique Agana and Natividad Agana (later
substituted by her heirs), in a complaintfor damages filed in the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon City, Branch 96, for the injuries suffered by
Natividad when Dr. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes neglected to remove from her body two gauzeswhich were used in the surgery they performed on her on
April 11, 1984 at the Medical City General Hospital. PSI was impleaded as owner, operator and manager of the hospital.
RTC held PSI solidarily liable with Dr. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes for damages. Thus, the appeal
Issue: Whether or not PSI can be held solidarily liable with Drs. Ampil and Dr. Fuentes
Held: Petition dismissed. PSI is solidarily liable.
Ratio:
PSI as owner, operator and manager of Medical City Hospital, "did not perform the necessary supervision nor exercise diligent efforts in the
supervision of Drs. Ampil and Fuentes and its nursing staff, resident doctors, and medical interns who assisted Drs. Ampil and Fuentes in the
performance of their duties as surgeons.
Recent years have seen the doctrine of corporate negligence as the judicial answer to the problem of allocating hospital’s liability for the negligent
acts of health practitioners, absent facts to support the application of responde at superior or apparent authority. Its formulation proceeds from the
judiciary’s acknowledgment that in these modern times, the duty of providing quality medical service is no longer the sole prerogative and
responsibility of the physician. The modern hospitals have changed structure. Hospitals now tend to organize a highly professional medical staff
whose competence and performance need to be monitored by the hospitals commensurate with their inherent responsibility to provide quality
medical care.
In the present case, it was duly established that PSI operates the Medical City Hospital for the purpose and under the concept of providing
comprehensive medical services to the public. Accordingly, it has the duty to exercise reasonable care to protect from harm all patients admitted
into its facility for medical treatment. Unfortunately, PSI failed to perform such duty.
PSI’s liability is traceable to its failure to conduct an investigation of the matter reported in the nota bene of the count nurse. Such failure established
PSI’s part in the dark conspiracy of silence and concealment about the gauzes. Ethical considerations, if not also legal, dictated the holding of an
immediate inquiry into the events, if not for the benefit of the patient to whom the duty is primarily owed, then in the interest of arriving at the
truth. The Court cannot accept that the medical and the healing professions, through their members like defendant surgeons, and their institutions
like PSI’s hospital facility, can callously turn their backs on and disregard even a mere probability of mistake or negligence by refusing or failing to
investigate a report of such seriousness as the one in Natividad’s case.

Subtopic: Right to Moral Damages
Provision:
Case Name: University of the Philippines v Dizon
UP vs. Dizon
Facts:
UP entered into a General Construction Agreement with respondent Stern Builders Corporation for the construction of the extension building and
the renovation of the College of Arts and Sciences Building the campus of UP in Los Banos. In the course of the implementation of the contract,
Stern Builders submitted three progress billings corresponding to the work accomplished, but the UP paid only two of the billings. The third billing
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was not paid due to its disallowance by the COA. Despite the lifting of the disallowance, the UP failed to pay the billing, prompting Stern Builders to
sue the UP and officials to collect the unpaid billing and to recover various damages.
Meanwhile, the sheriff served notices of garnishment on the UP’s depository banks, namely: LDP and DBP. The UP assailed said garnishment of
funds. Stern Builders and dela Cruz, meanwhile, again sought the release of garnished funds.
Issue: Whether or not Stern is entitled to moral damages.
Held: Petition granted.
Ratio:
UP correctly submits here that the garnishments of its funds to satisfy the judgment awards of actual and moral damages was not validly made if
there was no special appropriation by Congress to cover the liability.
The CA and RTC thereby unjustifiably ignored the legal restriction imposed on the trust funds of the Government and its agencies and
instrumentalities to be used exclusively to fulfill the purposes for which the trusts were created or for which the funds were received except upon
express authorization by Congress or by the head of a government agency in control of funds, and subject to pertinent budgetary laws, rules and
regulations.
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Subtopic: Right to Moral Damages
Provision:
Case Name: ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp v CA
ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp v. CA
FACTS:
 Viva, through Del Rosario, offered ABS-CBN through its vice-president Charo Santos-Concio, a list of 3 film packages or 36 titles from
which ABS-CBN may exercise its right of first refusal
 Mrs. Concio informed Vic through a letter that they can only purchase 10 titles to be schedules on non-primetime slots because they
were very adult themes which the ruling of the MTRCB advises to be aired at 9:00 p.m
 February 27, 1992: Del Rosario approached ABS-CBN's Ms. Concio with a list consisting of 52 original movie titles as well as 104 re-
runs proposing to sell to ABS-CBN airing rights for P60M (P30M cash and P30M worth of television spots)
 April 2, 1992: Del Rosario and ABS-CBN general manager, Eugenio Lopez III met wherein Del Rosario allegedly agreed to grant rights
for 14 films for P30M
 April 06, 1992: Del Rosario and Mr. Graciano Gozon of RBS Senior vice-president for Finance discussed the terms and conditions of Viva's
offer to sell the 104 films, after the rejection of the same package by ABS-CBN
 April 07, 1992: Ms. Concio sent the proposal draft of 53 films for P35M which Viva's Board rejected since they will not accept anything
less than P60M
 April 29, 1992: Viva granted RBS exclusive grants for P60M
 RTC: Issued TRO against RBS in showing 14 films as filed by ABS-CBN.
o RBS also set up a cross-claim against VIVA
 RTC: ordered ABS-CBN to pay RBS P107,727 premium paid by RBS to the surety which issued their bond to lift the injunction, P191,843.00
for the amount of print advertisement for "Maging Sino Ka Man" in various newspapers, P1M attorney's fees, P5M moral damages, P5M
exemplary damages and costs. Cross-claim to VIVA was dismissed.
 ABS-CBN appealed. VIVA and Del Rosario also appealed seeking moral and exemplary damages and additional attorney's fees.
 CA: reduced the awards of moral damages to P2M, exemplary damages to P2M and attorney's fees to P500,000. Denied VIVA and Del
Rosario's appeal because it was RBS and not VIVA which was actually prejudiced when the complaint was filed by ABS-CBN
ISSUE:
1. W/N RBS is entitled to damages. -YES
2. W/N VIVA is entitled to damages. - NO
HELD: REVERSED except as to unappealed award of attorney's fees in favor of VIVA Productions, Inc.
1. YES.
 One is entitled to compensation for actual damages only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. The
indemnification shall comprehend not only the value of the loss suffered, but also that of the profits that the obligee failed to obtain. In
contracts and quasi-contracts the damages which may be awarded are dependent on whether the obligor acted with good faith or
otherwise, It case of good faith, the damages recoverable are those which are the natural and probable consequences of the breach of
the obligation and which the parties have foreseen or could have reasonably foreseen at the time of the constitution of the obligation. If
the obligor acted with fraud, bad faith, malice, or wanton attitude, he shall be responsible for all damages which may be reasonably
attributed to the non-performance of the obligation. In crimes and quasi-delicts, the defendant shall be liable for all damages which are
the natural and probable consequences of the act or omission complained of, whether or not such damages has been foreseen or could
have reasonably been foreseen by the defendant. Actual damages may likewise be recovered for loss or impairment of earning capacity
in cases of temporary or permanent personal injury, or for injury to the plaintiff's business standing or commercial credit.
 The claim of RBS for actual damages did not arise from contract, quasi-contract, delict, or quasi-delict. It arose from the fact of filing of
the complaint despite ABS-CBN's alleged knowledge of lack of cause of action. Needless to state the award of actual damages cannot be
comprehended under the above law on actual damages. RBS could only probably take refuge under Articles 19, 20, and 21 of the Civil
Code.
 In this case, ABS-CBN had not yet filed the required bond; as a matter of fact, it asked for reduction of the bond and even went to the
Court of Appeals to challenge the order on the matter, Clearly then, it was not necessary for RBS to file a counterbond. Hence, ABS-CBN
cannot be held responsible for the premium RBS paid for the counterbond
 Neither could ABS-CBN be liable for the print advertisements for "Maging Sino Ka Man" for lack of sufficient legal basis.
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 Article 2217 thereof defines what are included in moral damages, while Article 2219 enumerates the cases where they may be recovered,
Article 2220 provides that moral damages may be recovered in breaches of contract where the defendant acted fraudulently or in bad
faith. RBS's claim for moral damages could possibly fall only under item (10) of Article 2219
o (10) Acts and actions referred to in Articles 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, and 35.
 The award of moral damages cannot be granted in favor of a corporation because, being an artificial person and having existence only in
legal contemplation, it has no feelings, no emotions, no senses, It cannot, therefore, experience physical suffering and mental anguish,
which call be experienced only by one having a nervous system. A corporation may recover moral damages if it "has a good reputation
that is debased, resulting in social humiliation" is an obiter dictum. On this score alone the award for damages must be set aside, since
RBS is a corporation.
 exemplary damages are imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to moral, temperate, liquidated or
compensatory damages. They are recoverable in criminal cases as part of the civil liability when the crime was committed with one or
more aggravating circumstances in quasi-contracts, if the defendant acted with gross negligence and in contracts and quasi-contracts, if
the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner
 It may be reiterated that the claim of RBS against ABS-CBN is not based on contract, quasi-contract, delict, or quasi-delict, Hence, the
claims for moral and exemplary damages can only be based on Articles 19, 20, and 21 of the Civil Code.
 There is no adequate proof that ABS-CBN was inspired by malice or bad faith. If damages result from a person's exercise of a right, it is
damnum absque injuria.
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Subtopic: Constitutional Rights
Provision:
Case Name: Bataan Shipyard and Engineering Co v PCGG
Facts:
President Corazon Aquino promulgated Executive Orders No. 1 and 2 addressed to the PCGG to sequester among others, the properties and assets
of petitioner BASECO. The PCGG took over BASECO, it terminated existing contracts and ordered the officers to produce books and documents of the
corporation. BASECO on the other hand alleged that the sequestration without resorting to judicial action, might be made within the context of
Executive Orders Nos. 1 and 2 before March 25, 1986 when the Freedom Constitution was promulgated however considering that the new
Constitution provides that "No person shall be deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law." (Const., Art. I V, Sec. 1)." Hence, it
assailed the Constitutionality of the alleged Executive Orders, the Sequestration and Takeover Order because First, no notice and hearing was
accorded before its properties and business were taken over; Second, the PCGG is not a court, but a purely investigative agency and therefore not
competent to act as prosecutor and judge in the same cause; Third, there is nothing in the issuances which envisions any proceeding, process or
remedy by which petitioner may expeditiously challenge the validity of the takeover after the same has been effected. It also asserted that by
ordering the turnover of records and books, their right against self-incrimination was violated.
Issue: WON the acts of the PCGG infringe the Constitutional rights of BASECO.
Held:
It is elementary that the right against self-incrimination has no application to juridical persons. While an individual may lawfully refuse to answer
incriminating questions unless protected by an immunity statute, it does not follow that a corporation, vested with special privileges and franchises,
may refuse to show its hand when charged with an abuse of such privileges. Corporations are not entitled to all of the constitutional protections
which private individuals have. It is also settled that an officer of the company cannot refuse to produce its records in its possession upon the plea
that they will either incriminate him or may incriminate it." The corporation is a creature of the state. There is a reserve right in the legislature to
investigate its contracts and find out whether it has exceeded its powers. It would be a strange anomaly to hold that a state, having chartered a
corporation to make use of certain franchises, could not, in the exercise of sovereignty, inquire how these franchises had been employed, and
whether they had been abused, and demand the production of the corporate books and papers for that purpose. Hence, PCGG did not infringe any
constitutional right of BASECO.
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Provision:
Case Name: Bache and Co v Ruiz
Facts:
Respondent Misael P. Vera, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, requested respondent Judge Vivencio M. Ruiz for the issuance of a search warrant
against bache & Co. et al. alleging that the corporation violated several provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. The warrant was granted by the
Judge even though he did not personally take the depositions of the respondent-complainant. BIR agents served the search warrant at the offices of
petitioner corporation. Petitioners’ lawyers protested but the agents nevertheless proceeded with their search which yielded six boxes of documents.
The BIR then made tax assessments based on the said documents. Bache & Co filed a petition to nullify the said warrant on the ground that their
Constitutional right against unreasonable searches was violated. Respondents on the other hand assert that a Corporation is not entitled to protection
against unreasonable search and seizures. Again, we find no merit in the contention.
Issue: WON the Constitutional Right of Bache & Co. was violated.
Held:
In Linn v. United States, 163 C.C.A. 470, 251 Fed. 476, 480, it was thought that a different rule applied to a corporation, the ground that it was not
privileged from producing its books and papers. But the rights of a corporation against unlawful search and seizure are to be protected even if the
same result might have been achieved in a lawful way. The Supreme Court has impliedly recognized the he right of a corporation to object against
unreasonable searches and seizures in the case of Stonehill, Et. Al. v. Diokno, Et Al. In the case at bar, the corporation to whom the seized documents
belong, and whose rights have thereby been impaired, is itself a petitioner. On that score, petitioner corporation here stands on a different footing
from the corporations in Stonehill where only the officers of the various corporations in whose offices documents, papers and effects were searched
and seized. Hence, yes the Corporation’s Constitutional Right against Unreasonable Searches was violated.
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Provision:
Case Name: Stonehill v Diokno
FACTS:
 In violation of Central Bank Laws, Tariff and Customs Laws, Internal Revenue (Code) and the Revised Penal Code, 42 warrants were issued
against petitioners or the corporation where they are officers to search the persons above-named and/or the premises of their offices,
warehouses and/or residences, and to seize and take possession of their books of accounts, financial records, vouchers, correspondence,
receipts, ledgers, journals, portfolios, credit journals, typewriters, and other documents and/or papers showing all business transactions
including disbursements receipts, balance sheets and profit and loss statements and Bobbins (cigarette wrappers) which are the subject of the
offense.
 Petitioners filed with the Supreme Court this original action for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus and injunction, and prayed that, pending
final disposition of the present case, a writ of preliminary injunction be issued alleging the search warrants to be void since (1) they do not
describe with particularity the documents, books and things to be seized; (2) cash money, not mentioned in the warrants, were actually
seized; (3) the warrants were issued to fish evidence against the aforementioned petitioners in deportation cases filed against them; (4) the
searches and seizures were made in an illegal manner; and (5) the documents, papers and cash money seized were not delivered to the courts
that issued the warrants, to be disposed of in accordance with law
ISSUE: W/N the seizure is valid
HELD: YES. warrants for the search of 3 residences null and void; searches and seizures made are illegal; that the writ of preliminary injunction
issued
 the documents, papers, and things seized under the alleged authority of the warrants in question may be split into two (2) major groups,
namely:
 (a) those found and seized in the offices of the aforementioned corporations, and
 have no cause of action to assail the legality of the contested warrants and of the seizures made in pursuance thereof, for the simple reason
that said corporations have their respective personalities, separate and distinct from the personality of herein petitioners, regardless of the
amount of shares of stock or of the interest of each of them in said corporations, and whatever the offices they hold therein may be.
 question of the lawfulness of a seizure can be raised only by one whose rights have been invaded. Certainly, such a seizure, if unlawful, could
not affect the constitutional rights of defendants whose property had not been seized or the privacy of whose homes had not been disturbed
 (b) those found and seized in the residences of petitioners herein.
 2 points must be stressed in connection with this constitutional mandate, namely:
 (1) that no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, to be determined by the judge in the manner set forth in said provision; and - not met
 (2) that the warrant shall particularly describe the things to be seized. - not met
 without reference to any determinate provision of said laws
 the warrants authorized the search for and seizure of records pertaining to all business transactions of petitioners herein, regardless of
whether the transactions were legal or illegal.
 To uphold the validity of the warrants in question would be to wipe out completely one of the most fundamental rights guaranteed in our
Constitution, for it would place the sanctity of the domicile and the privacy of communication and correspondence at the mercy of the whims
caprice or passion of peace officers.
 Corporations are protected by Constitutional Rights as well such as the due process clause which was blatantly disregarded in this case –
although there was no representative in this case of the corporation to assail such violation.
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Subtopic: Criminal Liability
Provision:
Case Name: Ching v Secretary of Justice
Criminal Liability
25) Ching v. Sec. of Justice
Facts:
Alfredo Ching was the Senior Vice President of Philippine Blooming Mills Inc. PBMi, through Ching, applied with Rizal Commercial Banking
Corporation, RCBC for issuance of commercial letters of credit. RCBC approved the application. Goods were purchased and delivered in trust to
PBMI. Ching signed 13 trust receipts as surety. Under the receipts, Ching agreed to hold the goods in trust for the banks. In case the goods
remained unsold within the specified period, the goods were to be returned to the bank without need of any demand.
When the trust receipts matured, Ching failed to return the goods to RCBC despite demands. RCBC filed a criminal complaint for Estafa
against Ching. City Prosecutor found probable cause estafa. 13 Information of Estafa were filed against Ching in RTC of Manila.
RTC ruled that there was no estafa. City prosecutor also ruled there was no probable cause. Secretary of Justice reversed the ruling and
assailed that Ching was responsible for the offense. Ching executed the trust receipts. The execution of said receipts is enough to indict petitioner
as official responsible for violation of PD 115. Ching bound himself as corporate official of PBMI and also as its surety.
CA dismissed Chings petition on procedural grounds. CA stated that Ching failed to establish that Secretary of Justice commited grave
abuse of discretion in finding probable cause against petitioner for violation of estafa under Article 315.
Issue:
Whether or not Ching is guilty of Estafa under PD No. 115?
Held:
The Court ruled that Ching is guilty of estafa. PD No. 115 is malum prohibitum but is classified as estafa under RPC 315. It may be committed by a
corporation or other juridical entity or by natural persons.
If the crime is committed by a corporation or other juridical entity, the directors, officers, employees or other officers thereof responsible for the
offense shall be charged and penalized for the crime, precisely because of the nature of the crime and the penalty therefor. A Corporation cannot
be arrested and imprisoned hence cannot be penalized for a crime punishable by imprisonment. However, a corporation may be charged and
prosecuted for a crime if the imposable penalty is fine. Even if the statute prescribes both fine and imprisonment as a penalty, a corporation may
be prosecuted and if found guilty may be fined.
In this case, Ching signed the trust receipt in question. He is the actual, present and efficient actor. He cannot hide behind the cloak of the separate
corporate personality of PBMI.

Subtopic: Criminal Liability
Provision:
Case Name: Arnel U. Ty v NBI Supervising Agent Marvin E. Jemil
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FACTS:
Petitioners are stockholders of Omni Gas Corporation (Omni) as per Omnis General Information Sheet (GIS) dated March 6, 2004 submitted
to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Omni is in the business of trading and refilling of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders and holds
Pasig City Mayors Permit No. RET-04-001256 dated February 3, 2004.
The case all started when Joaquin Guevara Adarlo & Caoile Law Offices (JGAC Law Offices) sent a letter dated March 22, 2004 to the NBI
requesting, on behalf of their clients Shellane Dealers Association, Inc., Petron Gasul Dealers Association, Inc., and Totalgaz Dealers Association, Inc.,
for the surveillance, investigation, and apprehension of persons or establishments in Pasig City that are engaged in alleged illegal trading of petroleum
products and underfilling of branded LPG cylinders in violation ofBatas Pambansa Blg. (BP) 33, as amended by Presidential Decree No. (PD) 1865.
Earlier, the JGAC Law Offices was furnished by several petroleum producers/brand owners their respective certifications on the
dealers/plants authorized to refill their respective branded LPG cylinders, to wit: (1) On October 3, 2003, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation
(Pilipinas Shell) issued a certification of the list of entities duly authorized to refill Shellane LPG cylinders; (2) on December 4, 2003, Petron Corporation
(Petron) issued a certification of their dealers in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao authorized to refill Petron Gasul LPG cylinders; and (3) on January 5,
2004, Total (Philippines) Corporation (Total) issued two certifications of the refilling stations and plants authorized to refill
their Totalgaz and Superkalan Gaz LPG cylinders.
Agents De Jemil and Kawada attested to conducting surveillance of Omni in the months of March and April 2004 and doing a test-buy
on April 15, 2004. They brought eight branded LPG cylinders of Shellane, Petron Gasul, Totalgaz, and Superkalan Gaz to Omni for refilling. The
branded LPG cylinders were refilled, for which the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) agents paid PhP 1,582 as evidenced by Sales Invoice No.
90040 issued by Omni on April 15, 2004. The refilled LPG cylinders were without LPG valve seals and one of the cylinders was actually underfilled, as
found by LPG Inspector Noel N. Navio of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas Industry Association (LPGIA) who inspected the eight branded LPG cylinders on
April 23, 2004 which were properly marked by the NBI after the test-buy.
The NBIs test-buy yielded positive results for violations of BP 33, Section 2(a) in relation to Secs. 3(c) and 4, i.e., refilling branded LPG
cylinders without authority; and Sec. 2(c) in relation to Sec. 4, i.e., underdelivery or underfilling of LPG cylinders. Thus, on April 28, 2004, Agent De
Jemil filed an Application for Search Warrant (With Request for Temporary Custody of the Seized Items) before the Regional Trial Court (RTC)
in Pasig City, attaching, among others, his affidavit and the affidavit of Edgardo C. Kawada, an NBI confidential agent.
On the same day of the filing of the application for search warrants on April 28, 2004, the RTC, Branch 167 in Pasig City issued Search
Warrants No. 2624 and 2625. The NBI served the warrants the next day or on April 29, 2004 resulting in the seizure of several items from Omnis
premises duly itemized in the NBIs Receipt/Inventory of Property/Item Seized. On May 25, 2004, Agent De Jemil filed his Consolidated Return of
Search Warrants with Ex-Parte Motion to Retain Custody of the Seized Items before the RTC Pasig City.
Subsequently, Agent De Jemil filed before the Department of Justice (DOJ) his Complaint-Affidavits against petitioners for: (1) Violation of
Section 2(a), in relation to Sections 3(c) and 4, of B.P. Blg. 33, as amended by P.D. 1865; and (2) Violation of Section 2(c), in relation to Section 4, of
B.P. Blg. 33, as amended by P.D. 1865, docketed as I.S. Nos. 2004-616 and 2004-618, respectively.
During the preliminary investigation, petitioners submitted their Joint Counter-Affidavit, which was replied to by Agent De Jemil with a
corresponding rejoinder from petitioners.
ISSUE: WHETHER OR NOT PETITIONERS CAN BE HELD LIABLE UNDER BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 33, AS AMENDED, FOR BEING MERE DIRECTORS, NOT
ACTUALLY IN CHARGE OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUSINESS AFFAIRS OF THE CORPORATION.
HELD:
YES.
Sec. 4 of BP 33, as amended, provides for the penalties and persons who are criminally liable, thus:
Sec. 4. Penalties. Any person who commits any act herein prohibited shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine of not less
than twenty thousand pesos (P20,000) but not more than fifty thousand pesos (P50,000), or imprisonment of at least two (2)
years but not more than five (5) years, or both, in the discretion of the court. In cases of second and subsequent conviction under
this Act, the penalty shall be both fine and imprisonment as provided herein. Furthermore, the petroleum and/or petroleum
products, subject matter of the illegal trading, adulteration, shortselling, hoarding, overpricing or misuse, shall be forfeited in
favor of the Government: Provided, That if the petroleum and/or petroleum products have already been delivered and paid for,
the offended party shall be indemnified twice the amount paid, and if the seller who has not yet delivered has been fully paid,
the price received shall be returned to the buyer with an additional amount equivalent to such price; and in addition, if the
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offender is an oil company, marketer, distributor, refiller, dealer, sub-dealer and other retail outlets, or hauler, the cancellation
of his license.
Trials of cases arising from this Act shall be terminated within thirty (30) days after arraignment.
When the offender is a corporation, partnership, or other juridical person, the president, the general manager, managing
partner, or such other officer charged with the management of the business affairs thereof, or employee responsible for the
violation shall be criminally liable; in case the offender is an alien, he shall be subject to deportation after serving the sentence.
If the offender is a government official or employee, he shall be perpetually disqualified from office. (Emphasis supplied.)
Relying on the third paragraph of the above statutory proviso, petitioners argue that they cannot be held liable for any perceived violations
of BP 33, as amended, since they are mere directors of Omni who are not in charge of the management of its business affairs. Reasoning that criminal
liability is personal, liability attaches to a person from his personal act or omission but not from the criminal act or negligence of another. Since Sec.
4 of BP 33, as amended, clearly provides and enumerates who are criminally liable, which do not include members of the board of directors of a
corporation, petitioners, as mere members of the board of directors who are not in charge of Omnis business affairs, maintain that they cannot be
held liable for any perceived violations of BP 33, as amended. To bolster their position, they attest to being full-time employees of various firms as
shown by the Certificates of Employment they submitted tending to show that they are neither involved in the day-to-day business of Omni nor
managing it. Consequently, they posit that even if BP 33, as amended, had been violated by Omni they cannot be held criminally liable thereof not
being in any way connected with the commission of the alleged violations, and, consequently, the criminal complaints filed against them based solely
on their being members of the board of directors as per the GIS submitted by Omni to SEC are grossly discriminatory.
On this point, we agree with petitioners except as to petitioner Arnel U. Ty who is indisputably the President of Omni.
It may be noted that Sec. 4 above enumerates the persons who may be held liable for violations of the law, viz: (1) the president, (2) general
manager, (3) managing partner, (4) such other officer charged with the management of the business affairs of the corporation or juridical entity, or
(5) the employee responsible for such violation. A common thread of the first four enumerated officers is the fact that they manage the business
affairs of the corporation or juridical entity. In short, they are operating officers of a business concern, while the last in the list is self-explanatory.
It is undisputed that petitioners are members of the board of directors of Omni at the time pertinent. There can be no quibble that the
enumeration of persons who may be held liable for corporate violators of BP 33, as amended, excludes the members of the board of directors. This
stands to reason for the board of directors of a corporation is generally a policy making body. Even if the corporate powers of a corporation are
reposed in the board of directors under the first paragraph of Sec. 23 of the Corporation Code, it is of common knowledge and practice that the
board of directors is not directly engaged or charged with the running of the recurring business affairs of the corporation.Depending on the powers
granted to them by the Articles of Incorporation, the members of the board generally do not concern themselves with the day-to-day affairs of the
corporation, except those corporate officers who are charged with running the business of the corporation and are concomitantly members of the
board, like the President. Section 25 of the Corporation Code requires the president of a corporation to be also a member of the board of directors.
Thus, the application of the legal maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, which means the mention of one thing implies the exclusion
of another thing not mentioned.If a statute enumerates the thing upon which it is to operate, everything else must necessarily and by implication be
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excluded from its operation and effect. The fourth officer in the enumerated list is the catch-all such other officer charged with the management of
the business affairs of the corporation or juridical entity which is a factual issue which must be alleged and supported by evidence.
A scrutiny of the GIS reveals that among the petitioners who are members of the board of directors are the following who are likewise
elected as corporate officers of Omni: (1) Petitioner Arnel U. Ty (Arnel) as President; (2) petitioner Mari Antonette Ty as Treasurer; and (3) petitioner
Jason Ong as Corporate Secretary. Sec. 4 of BP 33, as amended, clearly indicated firstly the president of a corporation or juridical entity to be criminally
liable for violations of BP 33, as amended.
Evidently, petitioner Arnel, as President, who manages the business affairs of Omni, can be held liable for probable violations by Omni of
BP 33, as amended. The fact that petitioner Arnel is ostensibly the operations manager of Multi-Gas Corporation, a family owned business, does not
deter him from managing Omni as well. It is well-settled that where the language of the law is clear and unequivocal, it must be taken to mean exactly
what it says. As to the other petitioners, unless otherwise shown that they are situated under the catch-all such other officer charged with the
management of the business affairs, they may not be held liable under BP 33, as amended, for probable violations.Consequently, with the exception
of petitioner Arnel, the charges against other petitioners must perforce be dismissed or dropped.
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Subtopic: Classes of Corporation
Provision:
Case Name: Boy Scouts of the Philippines v COA
Facts:
COA issued Resolution No. 99-011 on Aug. 19, 1999 with the subject “Defining the Commission’s policy with respect to the audit of the
Boy Scouts of the Philippines”. This resolution stated that the BSP was created as a public corporation under Commonwealth Act No. 111, as
amended by PD No. 460 and RA 7278; and in the case of BSP vs NLRC the Supreme Court held that the BSP, under its charter, was a “government
controlled corporation within the meaning of Art. IX (B) (2) (1) of the Constitution” and that “the BSP is appropriately regarded as a government
instrumentality under the 1987 Administrative Code”.
BSP sought reconsideration from the COA resolution in a letter signed by the BSP president Jejomar C. Binay. It was stated that BSP is not
subject to COA’s jurisdiction and the latest amendment to its charter (RA 7278) converted it to a private corporation. It does not receive special
funds from the government nor was there any appropriation of special funds for it. Funds of BSP came from donations or membership fees. It
cannot also be considered an “agency” as it is only an “attached-agency” to DECS.
Issue:
WON BSP is considered a public corporation subject to COA’s jurisdiction?
Held:
Yes.
BSP’s charter (Commonwealth Act No. 111) entitled “An Act to create a Public Corporation to be known as The Boy Scouts of the Philippines and to
define its powers and purposes” created the BSP as a “public corporation”.
The amendment of RA 7278 only reduced the government representation in its governing body. And being an “attached-agency” does not make it
a private corporation.
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Provision:
Case Name: Republic of the Philippines v City of Paranaque
CLASSES OF CORPORATIONS (Sec. 3 & 4, Corp. Code; Sec. 2 par. 13, Administrative Code of 1987; Sec. 16, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution)
Republic of the Philippines vs City of Paranaque
FACTS:
 This is a petition for review on certiorari assailing the Order of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 195, Paranaque City (RTC), which ruled that
petitioner Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) is a government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC), a taxable entity, and,
therefore, not exempt from payment of real property taxes.
 The Public Estates Authority (PEA) is a government corporation created by virtue of P.D. No. 1084 to provide a coordinated, economical
and efficient reclamation of lands. EO 525 issued by Marcos designated PEA to be the primary agency for coordinating all reclamation
projects for the National Government. EO 380 issued by Arroyo transformed PEA to PRA.
 By virtue of its mandate, PRA reclaimed several portions of the foreshore and offshore areas of Manila Bay, including those located in
Parañaque City. Parañaque City Treasurer issued Warrants of Levy on PRA’s reclaimed properties based on the assessment for delinquent
real property for tax years 2001 and 2002.
PRA asserted that:
 It is not a GOCC under the Administrative Code, nor is it a GOCC under Section 16, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution because it is not
required to meet the test of economic viability.
 It is a government instrumentality vested with corporate powers and performing an essential public service. Although it has a capital stock
divided into shares, it may not be classified as a stock corporation because it lacks the second requisite of a stock corporation: to distribute
dividends and allotment of surplus and profits to its stockholders.
 It may not be classified as a non-stock corporation because it has no members and it is not organized for charitable, religious, educational,
professional, cultural, recreational, fraternal, literary, scientific, social, civil service, or similar purposes, like trade, industry, agriculture and
like chambers as provided in Section 88 of the Corporation Code.
 It was not created to compete in the market place as there was no competing reclamation company operated by the private sector. Also,
while PRA is vested with corporate powers under P.D. No. 1084, such circumstance does not make it a corporation but merely an
incorporated instrumentality and that the mere fact that an incorporated instrumentality of the National Government holds title to real
property does not make said instrumentality a GOCC.
City of Parañaque (respondent) argued that:
 PRA since its creation consistently represented itself to be a GOCC. PRA’s very own charter (P.D. No. 1084) declared it to be a GOCC and
that it has entered into several thousands of contracts where it represented itself to be a GOCC. In fact, PRA admitted in its original and
amended petitions and pre-trial brief filed with the RTC of Parañaque City that it was a GOCC.
 It argues that PRA is a stock corporation with an authorized capital stock divided into 3 million no par value shares, out of which 2 million
shares have been subscribed and fully paid up. Section 193 of the LGC of 1991 has withdrawn tax exemption privileges granted to or
presently enjoyed by all persons, whether natural or juridical, including GOCCs.
ISSUE:
Whether or not petitioner is an incorporated instrumentality of the national government and is, therefore, exempt from payment of real property
tax under sections 234(a) and 133(o) of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code vis-à-vis Manila International Airport Authority v. Court of
Appeals.
HELD:
Yes it is a Government Instrumentality. However, it is not a GOCC. When the law vests in a government instrumentality corporate powers, the
instrumentality does not necessarily become a corporation. Unless the government instrumentality is organized as a stock or non-stock corporation,
it remains a government instrumentality exercising not only governmental but also corporate powers.
Introductory Provisions of the Administrative Code of 1987 defines a GOCC as any agency organized as a stock or non-stock corporation, vested with
functions relating to public needs whether governmental or proprietary in nature, and owned by the Government directly or through its
instrumentalities either wholly, or, where applicable as in the case of stock corporations, to the extent of at least fifty-one (51) percent of its capital
stock: x x x.
From the above definitions, it is clear that a GOCC must be "organized as a stock or non-stock corporation" while an instrumentality is vested by law
with corporate powers. Likewise, when the law makes a government instrumentality operationally autonomous, the instrumentality remains part of
the National Government machinery although not integrated with the department framework.
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The fundamental provision above authorizes Congress to create GOCCs through special charters on two conditions: 1) the GOCC must be established
for the common good; and 2) the GOCC must meet the test of economic viability. In this case, PRA may have passed the first condition of common
good but failed the second one - economic viability. Undoubtedly, the purpose behind the creation of PRA was not for economic or commercial
activities. Neither was it created to compete in the market place considering that there were no other competing reclamation companies being
operated by the private sector.
Many government instrumentalities are vested with corporate powers but they do not become stock or non-stock corporations, which is a necessary
condition before an agency or instrumentality is deemed a GOCC. These instrumentalities perform essential public services for the common good,
services that every modern State must provide its citizens. These instrumentalities need not be economically viable since the government may even
subsidize their entire operations. These instrumentalities are not the "government-owned or controlled corporations" referred to in Section 16,
Article XII of the 1987 Constitution.
The facts, the evidence on record and jurisprudence on the issue support the position that PRA was not organized either as a stock or a non-stock
corporation. Neither was it created by Congress to operate commercially and compete in the private market. Instead, PRA is a government
instrumentality vested with corporate powers and performing an essential public service pursuant to Section 2(10) of the Introductory Provisions of
the Administrative Code. Being an incorporated government instrumentality, it is exempt from payment of real property tax.
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Provision:
Case Name: Collector of Internal Revenue v Club Filipino
CLASSES OF CORPORATIONS (Sec. 3 & 4, Corp. Code)
Collector of Internal Revenue vs Club Filipino
FACTS:
 The Club Filipino, is a civic corporation organized under the laws of the Philippines with an original authorized capital stock of P22,000,
which was subsequently increased to P200,000 to operate and maintain a golf course, tennis, gymnasiums, bowling alleys, billiard tables
and pools, and all sorts of games not prohibited by general laws and general ordinances, and develop and nurture sports of any kind
and any denomination for recreation and healthy training of its members and shareholders" (sec. 2, Escritura de Incorporacion (Deed of
Incorporation) del Club Filipino, Inc.). There is no provision either in the articles or in the by-laws relative to dividends and their distribution,
although it is covenanted that upon its dissolution, the Club's remaining assets, after paying debts, shall be donated to a charitable Phil.
Institution in Cebu (Art. 27, Estatutos del (Statutes of the) Club).
 The Club owns and operates a club house, a bowling alley, a golf course (on a lot leased from the government), and a bar-restaurant where
it sells wines and liquors, soft drinks, meals and short orders to its members and their guests. The bar-restaurant was a necessary incident
to the operation of the club and its golf-course. The club is operated mainly with funds derived from membership fees and dues. Whatever
profits it had, were used to defray its overhead expenses and to improve its golf-course. In 1951, as a result of a capital surplus, arising
from the re-valuation of its real properties, the value or price of which increased, the Club declared stock dividends; but no actual cash
dividends were distributed to the stockholders.
 In 1952, a BIR agent discovered that the Club has never paid percentage tax on the gross receipts of its bar and restaurant, although it
secured licenses. In a letter, the Collector assessed against and demanded from the Club P12,068.84 as fixed and percentage taxes,
surcharge and compromise penalty. Also, the Collector denied the Club’s request to cancel the assessment.
 On appeal, the CTA reversed the Collector and ruled that the Club is not liable for the assessed tax liabilities of P12,068.84 allegedly due
from it as a keeper of bar and restaurant as it is a non-stock corporation. Hence, the Collector filed the instant petition for review.
ISSUE:
WON the Club is a stock corporation
HELD:
NO. It is a non-stock corporation.
The facts that the capital stock of the Club is divided into shares, does not detract from the finding of the trial court that it is not engaged in the
business of operator of bar and restaurant. What is determinative of whether or not the Club is engaged in such business is its object or purpose,
as stated in its articles and by-laws. The actual purpose is not controlled by the corporate form or by the commercial aspect of the business
prosecuted, but may be shown by extrinsic evidence, including the by-laws and the method of operation. From the extrinsic evidence adduced, the
CTA concluded that the Club is not engaged in the business as a barkeeper and restaurateur.
For a stock corporation to exist, two requisites must be complied with:

1. a capital stock divided into shares and
2. an authority to distribute to the holders of such shares, dividends or allotments of the surplus profits on the basis of the shares held (sec. 3,
Act No. 1459).
Nowhere in its articles of incorporation or by-laws could be found an authority for the distribution of its dividends or surplus profits. Strictly speaking,
it cannot, therefore, be considered a stock corporation, within the contemplation of the corpo law.
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Provision:
Case Name: Dante Liban v Richard Gordon
Name of Case: Dante Liban, et al. vs. Richard Gordon (GR No L-39841 June 20, 1988)
Corporation Code Provision: Sections 3 and 4
FACTS:
Richard J. Gordon, while being an incumbent member of the Senate of the Philippines, was elected Chairman of the Philippine National Red Cross
(PNRC) during the February 23, 2006 meeting of the PNRC Board of Governors.
Petitioners, who are officers of the Board of Directors of the Quezon City Red Cross Chapter, alleged that by accepting the chairmanship of the PNRC
Board of Governors, Gordon has ceased to be a member of the Senate following Section 13, Article VI of the Constitution, which provides, among
others, that no Senator “may hold any other office or employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries, during his term without forfeiting his seat.”
ISSUE:
WHETHER OR NOT PNRC IS A GOVERNMENT- OWNED OR CONTROLLED CORPORATION FOR PURPOSES OF THE PROHIBITION IN SEC. 13, ARTICLE VI
OF THE CONSTITUTION
RULING:
No. PNRC is a Private Organization Performing Public Functions. RA 95, otherwise known as the PNRC Charter, provides that PNRC is a non-profit,
donor-funded, voluntary, humanitarian organization, whose mission is to bring timely, effective, and compassionate humanitarian assistance for the
most vulnerable without consideration of nationality, race, religion, gender, social status, or political affiliation. The PNRC is a member National
Society of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. In order to be recognized as a National Society, the PNRC has to be autonomous.
To ensure and maintain its autonomy, neutrality, and independence, the PNRC cannot be owned or controlled by the government.
Indeed, the Philippine government does not own the PNRC. The PNRC does not have government assets and does not receive any appropriation from
the Philippine Congress. The PNRC is financed primarily by contributions from private individuals and private entities obtained through solicitation
campaigns organized by its Board of Governors.
The government does not control the PNRC. The PNRC Chairman is not appointed by the President or by any subordinate government official. Only
six of the 30 members of the PNRC Board of Governors are appointed by the President of the Philippines. Thus, twenty-four members, or four-fifths
(4/5), of the PNRC Board of Governors are not appointed by the President.
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Subtopic: Nature and Classes of Shares
Provision:
Case Name: Philippine National Bank v Merelo B. Aznar
Facts:
 This case is consolidated with G.R. 172021, Merelo and Matias Aznar v. PNB
 1958: Rural Insurance and Surety Company, Inc. (RISCO) ceased operation due to business reverses
 In plaintiffs’ (Anzar et al.) desire to rehabilitate RISCO, they contributed a total amount of P212,720.00
- This was used to purchase 3 parcels of land in Cebu
- 2 in the Minicipality of Talisay and 1 in the District of Lahug, Cebu City
- Marami yung nag-contribute for the P212k, lahat sila kasama ni Aznar as defendants
 After the purchase of the lots, titles were issued in the name of RISCO
 The amount contributed by plaintiffs constituted as liens and encumbrances on the properties as annotated in the titles of said lots
 Such annotation was made pursuant to the Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of
 Directors of RISCO on March 14, 1961, and a part of it says:
- “And that the respective contributions above-mentioned (Aznar et al.) shall constitute as their lien or interest on the property
described above, if and when said property are titled in the name of RISCO, subject to registration as their adverse claim in
pursuance of the Provision of Land Registration Act, until such time their respective contributions are refunded to them
completely”
 Thereafter, various subsequent annotations were made on the same titles, including the Notice of Attachment and Writ of Execution
both dated August 3,1962 in favour of Philippine National Bank
 (PNB)
 As a result, a Certificate of Sale was issued in favor of PNB, being the lone and highest bidder of the 3
 parcels of land
 This prompted Aznar et al. to file the instant case seeking the quieting of their supposed title to the
 subject properties
 Trial court ruled against PNB on the basis that there was an express trust created over the subject properties whereby RISCO was the
trustee and the stockholders, Aznar, et al., were the beneficiaries
 Court of Appeals opined that the monetary contributions made by Aznar, et al. to RISCO can only be
 Characterized as a load secured by a lien on the subjected lots, rather than an expressed trust
Issue:
Whether or not there was a trust contract between RISCO and Aznar, et al.
Held:
NO. At the outset, the Court agrees with the Court of Appeals that the agreement contained in the Minutes of the Special Meeting of the RISCO
Board of Directors held on March 14, 1961 was a loan by the therein named stockholders to RISCO. Careful perusal of the Minutes relied upon by
plaintiffs-appellees in their claim, showed that their contributions shall constitute as “lien or interest on the property.” The term lien as used in the
Minutes is defined as "a discharge on property usually for the payment of some debt or obligation. Hence, from the use of the word "lien" in the
Minutes, We find that the money contributed by plaintiffs-appellees was in the nature of a loan, secured by their liens and interests duly
annotated on the titles. The annotation of their lien serves only as collateral and does not in any way vest ownership of property to plaintiffs.
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We are not persuaded by the contention of Aznar, et al., that the language of the subject Minutes created an express trust.
Trust is the right to the beneficial enjoyment of property, the legal title to which is vested in another. It is a fiduciary relationship that obliges the
trustee to deal with the property for the benefit of the beneficiary. Express trusts are intentionally created by the direct and positive acts of the
settlor or the trustor - by some writing, deed, or will or oral declaration. It is created not necessarily by some written words, but by the direct and
positive acts of the parties. The creation of an express trust must be manifested with reasonable certainty and cannot be inferred from loose and
vague declarations or from ambiguous circumstances susceptible of other interpretations.
At most, what Aznar, et al., had was merely a right to be repaid the amount loaned to RISCO. Unfortunately, the right to seek repayment or
reimbursement of their contributions used to purchase the subject properties is already barred by prescription
10 Years because it was based on a written contract (the minutes by the Board of Directors) in 1961 and the quieting of the title suit was brought
only in 1998
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Provision:
Case Name: Heirs of Wilson Gamboa v Teves
FACTS:
This is a petition to nullify the sale of shares of stock of Philippine Telecommunications Investment Corporation (PTIC) by the government of the
Republic of the Philippines, acting through the Inter-Agency Privatization Council (IPC), to Metro Pacific Assets Holdings, Inc. (MPAH), an affiliate of
First Pacific Company Limited (First Pacific), a Hong Kong-based investment management and holding company and a shareholder of the Philippine
Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT).
The petitioner questioned the sale on the ground that it also involved an indirect sale of 12 million shares (or about 6.3 percent of the outstanding
common shares) of PLDT owned by PTIC to First Pacific. With the this sale, First Pacific’s common shareholdings in PLDT increased from 30.7 percent
to 37 percent, thereby increasing the total common shareholdings of foreigners in PLDT to about 81.47%. This, according to the petitioner, violates
Section 11, Article XII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which limits foreign ownership of the capital of a public utility to not more than 40%, thus:
“Section 11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the
Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such
citizens; x x x”
ISSUE:
Whether or not PLDT is a Filipino corporation compliant with the requirements of the Consitution based on its composition.
RULING:
NO. Section 11, Article XII (National Economy and Patrimony) of the 1987 Constitution mandates the Filipinization of public utilities, to wit: “Section
11. No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to citizens of the Philippines
or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens;
nor shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. Neither shall any such franchise
or right be granted except under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good
so requires. The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. The participation of foreign investors in the
governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers
of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.”
It was proven that: (1) foreigners own 64.27% of the common shares of PLDT, which class of shares exercises the sole right to vote in the election of
directors, and thus exercise control over PLDT; (2) Filipinos own only 35.73% of PLDT’s common shares, constituting a minority of the voting stock,
and thus do not exercise control over PLDT; (3) preferred shares, 99.44% owned by Filipinos, have no voting rights; (4) preferred shares earn only
1/70 of the dividends that common shares earn; (5) preferred shares have twice the par value of common shares; and (6) preferred shares constitute
77.85% of the authorized capital stock of PLDT and common shares only 22.15%. This kind of ownership and control of a public utility is a mockery
of the Constitution.
It must be stressed, and respondents do not dispute, that foreigners hold a majority of the common shares of PLDT. In fact, based on PLDT’s 2010
General Information Sheet (GIS), which is a document required to be submitted annually to the Securities and Exchange Commission, foreigners hold
120,046,690 common shares of PLDT whereas Filipinos hold only 66,750,622 common shares. In other words, foreigners hold 64.27% of the total
number of PLDT’s common shares, while Filipinos hold only 35.73%. Since holding a majority of the common shares equates to control, it is clear that
foreigners exercise control over PLDT. Such amount of control unmistakably exceeds the allowable 40 percent limit on foreign ownership of public
utilities expressly mandated in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution.
As shown in PLDT’s 2010 GIS, as submitted to the SEC, the par value of PLDT common shares is P5.00 per share, whereas the par value of preferred
shares is P10.00 per share. In other words, preferred shares have twice the par value of common shares but cannot elect directors and have only
1/70 of the dividends of common shares. Moreover, 99.44% of the preferred shares are owned by Filipinos while foreigners own only a minuscule
0.56% of the preferred shares. Worse, preferred shares constitute 77.85% of the authorized capital stock of PLDT while common shares constitute
only 22.15%. This undeniably shows that beneficial interest in PLDT is not with the non-voting preferred shares but with the common shares, blatantly
violating the constitutional requirement of 60 percent Filipino control and Filipino beneficial ownership in a public utility.
The legal and beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock must rest in the hands of Filipinos in accordance with the
constitutional mandate. Full beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock, coupled with 60 percent of the voting rights, is
constitutionally required for the State’s grant of authority to operate a public utility. The undisputed fact that the PLDT preferred shares, 99.44%
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3B-Corporation Law
owned by Filipinos, are non-voting and earn only 1/70 of the dividends that PLDT common shares earn, grossly violates the constitutional requirement
of 60 percent Filipino control and Filipino beneficial ownership of a public utility.
In short, Filipinos hold less than 60 percent of the voting stock, and earn less than 60 percent of the dividends, of PLDT. This directly contravenes the
express command in Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution that “[n]o franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation
of a public utility shall be granted except to x x x corporations x x x organized under the laws of the Philippines, at least sixty per centum of whose
capital is owned by such citizens x x x.”
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Provision:
Case Name: Republic Planters Bank v Agana
Republic Planters Bank vs. Agana

[GR 51765, 3 March 1997]
First Division, Hermosisima Jr. (J): 3 concur, 1 concurs in result
Facts: On 18 September 1961, the Robes-Francisco Realty & Development Corporation (RFRDC) secured a loan from the Republic Planters Bank in
the amount of P120,000.00. As part of the proceeds of the loan, preferred shares of stocks were issued to RFRDC through its officers then, Adalia F.
Robes and one Carlos F. Robes. In other words, instead of giving the legal tender totaling to the full amount of the loan, which is P120,000.00, the
Bank lent such amount partially in the form of money and partially in the form of stock certificates numbered 3204 and 3205, each for 400 shares
with a par value of P10.00 per share, or for P4,000.00 each, for a total of P8,000.00. Said stock certificates were in the name of Adalia F. Robes and
Carlos F. Robes, who subsequently, however, endorsed his shares in favor of Adalia F. Robes. Said certificates of stock bear the following terms and
conditions: "The Preferred Stock shall have the following rights, preferences, qualifications and limitations, to wit: 1. Of the right to receive a
quarterly dividend of 1%, cumulative and participating. xxx 2. That such preferred shares may be redeemed, by the system of drawing lots, at any
time after 2 years from the date of issue at the option of the Corporation." On 31 January 1979, RFRDC and Robes proceeded against the Bank and
filed a complaint anchored on their alleged rights to collect dividends under the preferred shares in question and to have the bank redeem the
same under the terms and conditions of the stock certificates. The bank filed a Motion to Dismiss 3 private respondents' Complaint on the
following grounds: (1) that the trial court had no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the action; (2) that the action was unenforceable under
substantive law; and (3) that the action was barred by the statute of limitations and/or laches. The bank's Motion to Dismiss was denied by the trial
court in an order dated 16 March 1979. The bank then filed its Answer on 2 May 1979. Thereafter, the trial court gave the parties 10 days from 30
July 1979 to submit their respective memoranda after the submission of which the case would be deemed submitted for resolution. On 7
September 1979, the trial court rendered the decision in favor of RFRDC and Robes; ordering the bank to pay RFRDC and Robes the face value of
the stock certificates as redemption price, plus 1% quarterly interest thereon until full payment. The bank filed the petition for certiorari with the
Supreme Court, essentially on pure questions of law.
Issue [1]: Whether the bank can be compelled to redeem the preferred shares issued to RFRDC and Robes.
Held [1]: While the stock certificate does allow redemption, the option to do so was clearly vested in the bank. The redemption therefore is clearly
the type known as "optional". Thus, except as otherwise provided in the stock certificate, the redemption rests entirely with the corporation and
the stockholder is without right to either compel or refuse the redemption of its stock. Furthermore, the terms and conditions set forth therein use
the word "may". It is a settled doctrine in statutory construction that the word "may" denotes discretion, and cannot be construed as having a
mandatory effect. The redemption of said shares cannot be allowed. The Central Bank made a finding that the Bank has been suffering from
chronic reserve deficiency, and that such finding resulted in a directive, issued on 31 January 1973 by then Gov. G. S. Licaros of the Central Bank, to
the President and Acting Chairman of the Board of the bank prohibiting the latter from redeeming any preferred share, on the ground that said
redemption would reduce the assets of the Bank to the prejudice of its depositors and creditors. Redemption of preferred shares was prohibited
for a just and valid reason. The directive issued by the Central Bank Governor was obviously meant to preserve the status quo, and to prevent the
financial ruin of a banking institution that would have resulted in adverse repercussions, not only to its depositors and creditors, but also to the
banking industry as a whole. The directive, in limiting the exercise of a right granted by law to a corporate entity, may thus be considered as an
exercise of police power.
Issue [2]: Whether RFRDC and Robes are entitled to the payment of certain rate of interest on the stocks as a matter of right without necessity of a
prior declaration of dividend.
Held [2]: Both Section 16 of the Corporation Law and Section 43 of the present Corporation Code prohibit the issuance of any stock dividend
without the approval of stockholders, representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special meeting
duly called for the purpose. These provisions underscore the fact that payment of dividends to a stockholder is not a matter of right but a matter of
consensus. Furthermore, "interest bearing stocks", on which the corporation agrees absolutely to pay interest before dividends are paid to
common stockholders, is legal only when construed as requiring payment of interest as dividends from net earnings or surplus only. In compelling
the bank to redeem the shares and to pay the corresponding dividends, the Trial committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction in ignoring both the terms and conditions specified in the stock certificate, as well as the clear mandate of the law.
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Topic: Incorporation and Organization
Subtopic: Corporate Contract Law
Provision: Sections 10 – 18, Corporation Code
Case Name: Lanuza v Court of Appeals
Facts:
- In 1952, the Philippine Merchant Marine School, Inc. (PMMSI) was incorporated, with 700 founders’ shares and 76 common shares as its initial
capital stock subscription reflected in the articles of incorporation
-Onrubia et. al, who were in control of PMMSI registered the company’s stock and transfer book for the first time in 1978, recording 33 common
shares as the only issued and outstanding shares of PMMSI.
- In 1979, a special stockholders’ meeting was called and held on the basis of what was considered as a quorum of twenty-seven (27) common shares,
representing more than 2/3 of the common shares issued and outstanding.
- In 1982, Juan Acayan, one of the heirs of the incorporators filed a petition for the registration of their property rights was filed before the SEC over
120 founders’ shares and 12 common shares owned by their father
-SEC Hearing Officer: heirs of Acayan were entitled to the claimed shares and called for a special stockholders’ meeting to elect a new set of officers.
-SEC en banc: affirmed the decision
-Acayan’s shares were recorded in the stock and transfer book.
-On May 6, 1992, a special stockholders’ meeting was held to elect a new set of directors
-Onrubia et al filed a petition with SEC questioning the validity of said meeting. They alleged that the quorum for the said meeting should not be
based on the 165 issued and outstanding shares as per the stock and transfer book, but on the initial subscribed capital stock of 776 shares, as
reflected in the 1952 Articles of Incorporation.
-Petition was dismissed
-SC: shares of the deceased incorporators should be duly represented by their respective administrators or heirs concerned. Called for a stockholders
meeting on the basis of the stockholdings reflected in the articles of incorporation for the purpose of electing a new set of officers for the corporation
-CA: 1) the quorum should be based on the outstanding capital stock as found in the articles of incorporation; 2) To require a separate judicial
declaration to recognize the shares of the original incorporators would entail unnecessary delay and expense. Incorporators have already proved
their stockholdings through the provisions of the articles of incorporation.
-Lanuza et al’ contention:
1. 1992 stockholders’ meeting was valid and legal
2. Reliance on the 1952 articles of incorporation for determining the quorum negates the existence and validity of the stock and transfer book
Onrubia et al prepared
3. Onrubia et al must show and prove entitlement to the founders and common shares in a separate and independent action/proceeding in
order to avail of the benefits secured by the heirs of Acayan
-Onrubia et al’s contention, based on the Memorandum: petition should be dismissed on the ground of res judicata
-Lanuza et al’s contention: instant petition is separate and distinct from G.R. No. 131315, there being no identity of parties, and more importantly,
the parties in the two petitions have their own distinct rights and interests in relation to the subject matter in litigation
-Onrubia et al’s manifestation and motion: moved for the dismissal of the case
Issue: What should be the basis of quorum for a stockholders’ meeting—the outstanding capital stock as indicated in the articles of incorporation or
that contained in the company’s stock and transfer book?
Held: WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED and the assailed Decision is AFFIRMED. Costs against petitioners
Articles of Incorporation
- Defines the charter of the corporation and the contractual relationships between the State and the corporation, the stockholders and the State,
and between the corporation and its stockholders.
- Contents are binding, not only on the corporation, but also on its shareholders.
Stock and transfer book
- Book which records the names and addresses of all stockholders arranged alphabetically, the installments paid and unpaid on all stock for which
subscription has been made, and the date of payment thereof; a statement of every alienation, sale or transfer of stock made, the date thereof and
by and to whom made; and such other entries as may be prescribed by law
-necessary as a measure of precaution, expediency and convenience since it provides the only certain and accurate method of establishing the various
corporate acts and transactions and of showing the ownership of stock and like matters
-Not public record, and thus is not exclusive evidence of the matters and things which ordinarily are or should be written therein
In the case at bar, the articles of incorporation indicate that at the time of incorporation, the incorporators were bona fide stockholders of 700
founders’ shares and 76 common shares. Hence, at that time, the corporation had 776 issued and outstanding shares.
According to Sec. 52 of the Corp Code, “a quorum shall consist of the stockholders representing a majority of the outstanding capital stock.” As
such, quorum is based on the totality of the shares which have been subscribed and issued, whether it be founders’ shares or common shares
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To base the computation of quorum solely on the obviously deficient, if not inaccurate stock and transfer book, and completely disregarding the
issued and outstanding shares as indicated in the articles of incorporation would work injustice to the owners and/or successors in interest of the
said shares.
The stock and transfer book of PMMSI cannot be used as the sole basis for determining the quorum as it does not reflect the totality of shares which
have been subscribed, more so when the articles of incorporation show a significantly larger amount of shares issued and outstanding as compared
to that listed in the stock and transfer book.
One who is actually a stockholder cannot be denied his right to vote by the corporation merely because the corporate officers failed to keep its
records accurately. A corporation’s records are not the only evidence of the ownership of stock in a corporation.
It is no less than the articles of incorporation that declare the incorporators to have in their name the founders and several common shares. Thus, to
disregard the contents of the articles of incorporation would be to pretend that the basic document which legally triggered the creation of the
corporation does not exist and accordingly to allow great injustice to be caused to the incorporators and their heirs.
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Subtopic: Corporate Contract Law
Case Name: Excellent Quality Apparrel Inc. v Win Multi Rich Builders Inc.
Facts:
 On March 26, 1996 petitioner Excellent Quality Apparel, Inc., represented by Max Ying Vice-President for Productions and Alfiero R. Orden
entered into a contract with Multi Rich Builders represented by Wilson Chua, its President and General Manager, for the construction of a
garment factory.
 The said project was completed on Nov. 27, 1996
 Respondent Win Multi-Rich Builders, Inc. (Win) was incorporated with the SEC on Feb. 20, 1997 with Wilson Chua as its President and
General Manager. On Jan. 26, 2004 Win filed a complaint for a collection of sum of money against petitioner. It prayed for the issuance of
writ of attachment claiming that Mr. Ying was about to abscond and that petitioner was about to close.
 Petitioner denied the allegations, it claimed that it was neither about to close and owing anything to respondent.
 On Feb. 10, 2004 Win moved that its name in the case be changed from “Win Multi-Rich Builders, Inc.” to “Multi-Rich Builders, Inc.” Hence,
petitioner became aware of the variance in the name of the plaintiff. It then filed a motion to dismiss on the ground that Win Multi-Rich
(plaintiff) was not the contractor and neither a party to the contract, thus it cannot institute the case. Petitioner presented a Certificate of
Non-Registration of Corporation/Partnership from the SEC which certified that the latter did not have any records of a “Multi Rich Builders,
Inc.” It was admitted by Win that Multi Rich Builders is a sole proprietorship and was issued a business permit by Office of the Mayor of
Manila.
 RTC dismissed the motion and proceeded with the trial.
 Petitioner filed a Review on Certiorari under Rule 65 questioning the jurisdiction of the RTC. CA dismissed the petition.
Issue:
Does Win have a legal personality to institute the present case?
Held:
No.
The contract executed on May 26, 1996 was between Excellent Quality Apparel, Inc. and Multi-Rich Builders.
Win Multi-Rich Builders, Inc. was only registered on Feb. 20, 1997. It was not even a party to the contract, further it was not shown that it acquired
assets and liabilities of Multi-Rich Builders that can at least prove that it was a predecessor-in-business and hold that the latter has a standing to
institute the collection suit.
Changing the name of the case will not also hold since Win Multi-Rich Builders, Inc. is a corporation while Multi-Rich Builders is a sole proprietorship
that has no separate juridical personality from its owner (in this case Chua). These two names in effect has a separate and distinct personality from
each other and not just a mere alter-ego of each.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Purpose Clause
Case Name: Gala v Ellice Agro-Industrial Corp
Facts:
On March 28, 1979, the spouses Manuel and Alicia Gala, their children Guia Domingo, Ofelia Gala, Raul Gala, and Rita Benson, and their
encargados Virgilio Galeon and Julian Jader formed and organized the Ellice Agro- IndustrialCorporation.
As payment for their subscriptions, the Gala spouses transferred several parcels of land located in the provinces of Quezon and Laguna to
Ellice.
In 1982, Manuel Gala, Alicia Gala and Ofelia Gala subscribed to an additional 3,299 shares, 10,652.5 shares and 286.5 shares, respectively.
On June 28, 1982, Manuel Gala and Alicia Gala acquired an additional 550 shares and 281 shares, respectively.
Subsequently, on September 16, 1982, Guia Domingo, Ofelia Gala, Raul Gala, Virgilio Galeon and Julian Jader incorporated the Margo Management
and Development Corporation (Margo).
On November 10, 1982, Manuel Gala sold 13,314 of his shares in Ellice to Margo.
Alicia Gala transferred 1,000 of her shares in Ellice to a certain Victor de Villa on March 2, 1983. That same day, de Villa transferred said shares to
Margo. A few months later, on August 28, 1983, Alicia Gala transferred 854.3 of her shares to Ofelia Gala, 500 to Guia Domingo and 500 to Raul Gala.
Years later, on February 8, 1988, Manuel Gala transferred all of his remaining holdings in Ellice, amounting to 2,164 shares, to Raul Gala.
On July 20, 1988, Alicia Gala transferred 10,000 of her shares to Margo.
On June 23, 1990, a special stockholders’ meeting of Margo was held, where a new board of directors was elected. That same day, the
newly-elected board elected a new set of officers. Raul Gala was elected as chairman, president and general manager. During the meeting, the board
approved several actions, including the commencement of proceedings to annul certain dispositions of Margo’s property made by Alicia Gala. The
board also resolved to change the name of the corporation to MRG Management and Development Corporation.
Similarly, a special stockholders’ meeting of Ellice was held on August 24, 1990 to elect a new board of directors. In the ensuing
organizational meeting later that day, a new set of corporate officers was elected. Likewise, Raul Gala was elected as chairman, president and general
manager.
On March 27, 1990, respondents filed against petitioners with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) a petition for the appointment
of a management committee or receiver, accounting and restitution by the directors and officers, and the dissolution of Ellice Agro-Industrial
Corporation for alleged mismanagement, diversion of funds, financial losses and the dissipation of assets, docketed as SEC Case No. 3747. The petition
was amended to delete the prayer for the appointment of a management committee or receiver and for the dissolution of Ellice. Additionally,
respondents prayed that they be allowed to inspect the corporate books and documents of Ellice.
In turn, petitioners initiated a complaint against the respondents on June 26, 1991, docketed as SEC Case No. 4027, praying for, among
others, the nullification of the elections of directors and officers of both Margo Management and Development Corporation and Ellice Industrial
Corporation; the nullification of all board resolutions issued by Margo from June 23, 1990 up to the present and all board resolutions issued by Ellice
from August 24, 1990 up to the present; and the return of all titles to real property in the name of Margo and Ellice, as well as all corporate papers
and records of both Margo and Ellice which are in the possession and control of the respondents.
The two cases were consolidated in an Order dated November 23, 1993.
Issues:
Whether or not the lower court erred in not declaring as illegal and contrary to public policy the purposes and manner in which respondent
corporations were organized—which were, to
(1) “prevent the gala estate from being brought under the coverage of the comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP); and
(2) purportedly for “estate planning.
Held:
No.
If a corporation’s purpose, as stated in the Articles of Incorporation, is lawful, then the SEC has no authority to inquire whether the corporation has
purposes other than those stated, and mandamus will lie to compel it to issue the certificate of incorporation. The best proof of the purpose of a
corporation is its articles of incorporation and by-laws. The articles of incorporation must state the primary and secondary purposes of the
corporation, while the by-laws outline the administrative organization of the corporation, which, in turn, is supposed to insure or facilitate the
accomplishment of said purpose. In the case at bar, a perusal of the Articles of Incorporation of Ellice and Margo shows no sign of the allegedly illegal
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purposes that petitioners are complaining of. It is well to note that, if a corporation’s purpose, as stated in the Articles of Incorporation, is lawful,
then the SEC has no authority to inquire whether the corporation has purposes other than those stated, and mandamus will lie to compel it to issue
the certificate of incorporation.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Nominees and Anti-Dummy Law
Provision: Sections 10 – 18, Corporation Code, Anti-Dummy Law
Case Name: Marsman and Company Inc, v. First Coconut Central Co
Name of Case: Marsman & Company, Inc. vs. First Coconut Central Co. (GR No L-39841 June 20, 1988)
Corporation Code Provision: Sections 3 and 4
FACTS:
First Coconut Central Co., Inc. (First Coconut) purchased on installment one diesel generating unit worth P21,000 from Madrid Trading. As down
payment, First Coconut paid the P4,000. The balance of P17,000 will be paid in three (3) equal monthly installments. As security for the satisfaction
of the said obligation, a chattel mortgage over the same diesel generating unit was constituted. Madrid Trading assigned all its rights to Marsman &
Company, Inc. (Marsman). First Coconut paid Marsman P2,000, leaving a balance of P15,000. Later, First Coconut wrote Marsman appealing that
they be given thirty (30) days to settle the obligation, and enclosing in said letter a check for P1,000. After repeated failure by First Coconut to meet
its obligation, Marsman brought an action to recover the balance.
The Court of First Instance ruled in favor of Marsman. On appeal, CA ruled that the sale violated RA 1180 or the Retail Trade Nationalization Law.
ISSUE:
WHETHER OR NOT THE SALE OF A DIESEL GENERATING SET TO FIRST COCONUT WAS NULL AND VOID FOR HAVING BEEN MADE IN VIOLATION OF
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1180
RULING:
As per Section 4 of Republic Act No. 1180, for a sale to be considered, the following elements should concur: 1) The seller should be habitually
engaged in selling; 2) The sale must be direct to the general public; and 3) The object of the sale is limited to merchandise, commodities or goods for
consumption.
In this case, the first two elements are present. It is the presence of the third element that must be determined. The last element refers to the subject
of the retailer's activities or what he is selling, i.e., consumption goods or consumer goods. Consumer goods may be defined as "goods which are
used or bought for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes. Such goods are not intended for resale or further use in the production
of other products." Producer goods have been defined as "goods (as tools and raw material) that are factors in the production of other goods and
that satisfy wants only indirectly- called also auxiliary goods, instrumental goods, intermediate goods."
The article in controversy is a piece of industrial machinery—a diesel generating unit, used in the coconut central and as such may be classified as
"production or producer goods." Since the diesel generating unit is not a consumer item, it necessarily does not come within the ambit of retail
business as defined by Republic Act No. 1180.
Hence, Marsman & Company, Inc. may engage in the business of selling producer goods. It necessarily follows that petitioner cannot be guilty of
violating the Anti- Dummy Law or of using a dummy since it is not prohibited by the Retail Trade Nationalization Law from selling the diesel generating
unit to herein respondent.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Commencement of Corporate Existence, Corporate Team
Case Name: Cagayan Fishing Development Co. v Sandiko
Topic: Commencement of Corporate Existence, Corporate Term
Name of Case: Cagayan Fishing Development Co. Inc. vs. Sandiko (GR No. L-43350, December 23, 1937)
FACTS:
Manuel Tabora is the registered owner of four parcels of land. To guarantee the payment of two loans, he executed in favor of PNB
two mortgages over the four parcels of land. Later, a third mortgage on the same lands was executed in favor of Severina Buzon.
Thereafter, on May, 1930, Tabora executed a public document, by virtue of which the four parcels of land was sold to the plaintiff company (Cagayan),
said to be under process of incorporation. Cagayan filed its article incorporation with the Bureau of Commerce and Industry only on October, 1930.
A year later, the board of directors of Cagayan adopted a resolution authorizing its president to sell the four parcels of lands in question to Teodoro
Sandiko. Through a deed of sale, Cagayan sold, ceded and transferred to Sandiko all its right, titles, and interest in and to the four parcels of land.
A promissory note was drawn by the Sandiko in favor of Cagayan, payable after one year from the date thereof.
Sandiko failed to pay. Cagayan brought this action in the Court of First Instance, which absolved Sandiko.
ISSUE: Whether or not Cagayan has juridical capacity to enter into contract with Tabora
HELD:
No.
The transfer made by Tabora to Cagayan was affected on May 31, 1930 and the actual incorporation of said company was affected later on October
22, 1930. In other words, the transfer was made almost five months before the incorporation of the company.
Unquestionably, a duly organized corporation has the power to purchase and hold such real property as the purposes for which such corporation
was formed may permit and for this purpose may enter into such contracts as may be necessary. But before a corporation may be said to be lawfully
organized, many things have to be done. Among other things, the law requires the filing of articles of incorporation.
In this case, Cagayan was not yet incorporated when it entered into a contract of sale. Not being in legal existence then, it did not possess juridical
capacity to enter into the contract.
Boiled down to its naked reality, the contract was entered into not between Tabora and a non-existent corporation, but between the Manuel Tabora
as owner of the four parcels of lands on the one hand and the same Manuel Tabora, his wife and others, as mere promoters of a corporations on the
other hand. These promoters could not have acted as agent for a projected corporation since that which has no legal existence could have no agent.
A corporation, until organized, has no life and therefore no faculties.
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Case Name: Marc II Marketing v Alfredo Joson
Topic: Commencement of Corporate Existence, Corporate Term
Name of Case: Marc II Marketing, Inc. vs. Alfredo Joson (GR No. 171993, December 12, 2011)
FACTS:
Marc II Marketing, Inc. (Marc II) is primarily engaged in buying, marketing, selling and distributing in retail or wholesale for export or import household
appliances and products and other items. Petitioner Lucila V. Joson is the President and majority stockholder of the corporation. Before Marc II
Marketing, Inc. was officially incorporated, Alfredo M. Joson has already been engaged by Lucila, in her capacity as President, to work as General
Manager of the corporation, which was formalized through the execution of a Management Contract dated in 1994 under Marc Marketing, Inc., as
Marc II was yet to be incorporated. For occupying the said position, respondent was among the corporation’s corporate officers by the express
provision of Section 1, Article IV of its by-laws.
Alfredo was appointed General Manager. However, Marc II decided to stop and cease its operation due to poor sales collection. Alfredo was informed
of the termination of his services as General Manager. He filed action for reinstatement and money claim against petitioners.
ISSUE:
Whether or not Marc II’s Board of Directors could create a position for corporate officers through an enabling clause found in its corporate by-laws
HELD:
No.
The Court held that in the context of PD 902-A, corporate officers are those officers of a corporation who are given that character either by the
Corporation Code or by the corporation’s by-laws.
Section 25 of the Corporation Code specifically enumerated these corporate officers: president, secretary, treasurer and such other officers as may
be provided for in the by-laws. A careful examination of Marc II Marketing Inc.’s by-laws explicitly revealed that its corporate officers are composed
only of chairman, president, one/more vice president, treasurer and secretary. The position of general manager was not among those enumerated.
Meanwhile, paragraph 2, Section 1 of Article IV of the corporation’s by-laws empowered its Board of Directors to appoint such officers as it may
determine necessary or proper, making this an enabling provision for approving a resolution to make the position of general manager a corporate
officer. All of these acts were done without first amending its by-laws so as to include the General Manager in its roster of corporate officers. Though
the Board of Directors may create appointive positions other than the positions of corporate officers, the persons occupying such positions cannot
be viewed as corporate officers under Section 25 of the Corporation Code. The said provision of the Corporation Code safeguards the constitutionally
enshrined right of every employee to security of tenure and prevents the creation of a corporate officer position by a simple inclusion in the corporate
by-laws of an enabling clause empowering the Board of Directors.
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3B-Corporation Law
Case Name: Majority Stockholders of Ruby Industrial Corporation v Miguel Lim
FACTS:
Ruby Industrial Corporation (RUBY) is a domestic corporation engaged in glass manufacturing. Reeling from severe liquidity problems beginning in
1980, RUBY filed on December 13, 1983 a petition for suspension of payments with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) docketed as SEC
Case No. 2556.On December 20, 1983, the SEC issued an order declaring RUBY under suspension of payments and enjoining the disposition of its
properties pending hearing of the petition, except insofar as necessary in its ordinary operations, and making payments outside of the necessary or
legitimate expenses of its business.
On August 10, 1984, the SEC Hearing Panel created the management committee (MANCOM) for RUBY, composed of representatives from Allied
Leasing and Finance Corporation (ALFC), Philippine Bank of Communications (PBCOM), China Banking Corporation (China Bank), Pilipinas Shell
Petroleum Corporation (Pilipinas Shell), and RUBY represented by Mr. Yu Kim Giang.The MANCOM was tasked to perform the following functions:
(1) undertake the management of RUBY; (2) take custody and control over all existing assets and liabilities of RUBY; (3) evaluate RUBYs existing assets
and liabilities, earnings and operations; (4) determine the best way to salvage and protect the interest of its investors and creditors; and (5) study,
review and evaluate the proposed rehabilitation plan for RUBY.
Subsequently, two (2) rehabilitation plans were submitted to the SEC: the BENHAR/RUBY Rehabilitation Plan of the majority stockholders led by Yu
Kim Giang, and the Alternative Plan of the minority stockholders represented by Miguel Lim (Lim).
Both plans were endorsed by the SEC to the MANCOM for evaluation.
OnApril 26, 1991, over ninety percent (90%) of RUBYs creditors objected to the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan and the creation of a new management
committee.Instead, they endorsed the minority stockholders Alternative Plan. At the hearing of the petition for the creation of a new management
committee, three (3) members of the original management committee (Lim, ALFC and Pilipinas Shell) opposed the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan on
grounds that:(1) it would legitimize the entry of BENHAR, a total stranger, to RUBY as BENHAR would become the biggest creditor of RUBY;(2) it
would put RUBYs assets beyond the reach of the unsecured creditors and the minority stockholders; and (3) it was not approved by RUBYs
stockholders in a meeting called for the purpose.
Notwithstanding the objections of 90% of RUBYs creditors and three members of the MANCOM, the SEC Hearing Panel approved on September 18,
1991the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan and dissolved the existing management committee. It also created a new management committee and
appointed BENHAR as one of its members. In addition to the powers originally conferred to the management committee under Presidential Decree
(P.D.) No. 902-A, the new management committee was tasked to oversee the implementation by the Board of Directors of the revised rehabilitation
plan for RUBY.
ISSUE:
Whether the minority’s pre-emptive rights were violated
RULING:
Yes. Pre-emptive right under Sec. 39 of the Corporation Code refers to the right of a stockholder of a stock corporation to subscribe to all issues or
disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their respective shareholdings. The right may be restricted or denied under the articles of
incorporation, and subject to certain exceptions and limitations. The stockholder must be given a reasonable time within which to exercise their
preemptive rights. Upon the expiration of said period, any stockholder who has not exercised such right will be deemed to have waived it.
The validity of issuance of additional shares may be questioned if done in breach of trust by the controlling stockholders. Thus, even if the pre-
emptive right does not exist, either because the issue comes within the exceptions in Section 39 or because it is denied or limited in the articles of
incorporation, an issue of shares may still be objectionable if the directors acted in breach of trust and their primary purpose is to perpetuate or shift
control of the corporation, or to "freeze out" the minority interest. In this case, the following relevant observations should have signaled greater
circumspection on the part of the SEC -- upon the third and last remand to it pursuant to our January 20, 1998 decision -- to demand transparency
and accountability from the majority stockholders, in view of the illegal assignments and objectionable features of the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan,
as found by the CA and as affirmed by this Court:
There can be no gainsaying the well-established rule in corporate practice and procedure that the will of the majority shall govern in all matters
within the limits of the act of incorporation and lawfully enacted by-laws not proscribed by law.It is, however, equally true that other stockholders
are afforded the right to intervene especially during critical periods in the life of a corporation like reorganization, or in this case, suspension of
payments, more so,when the majority seek to impose their will and through fraudulent means, attempt to siphon off Rubys valuable assets to the
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great prejudice of Ruby itself, as well as the minority stockholders and the unsecured creditors.
Certainly, the minority stockholders and the unsecured creditors are given some measure of protection by the law from the abuses and impositions
of the majority, more so in this case, considering the give-away signs of private respondents perfidy strewn all over the factual landscape. Indeed,
equity cannot deprive the minority of a remedy against the abuses of the majority, and the present action has been instituted precisely for the
purpose of protecting the true and legitimate interests of Ruby against the Majority Stockholders. On this score, the Supreme Court, has ruled that:
"Generally speaking, the voice of the majority of the stockholders is the law of the corporation, but there are exceptions to this rule. There must
necessarily be a limit upon the power of the majority. Without such a limit the will of the majority will be absolute and irresistible and might easily
degenerate into absolute tyranny. x x x" (Additional emphasis supplied.)
Lamentably, the SEC refused to heed the plea of the minority stockholders and MANCOM for the SEC to order RUBY to commence liquidation
proceedings, which is allowed under Sec. 4-9 of the Rules on Corporate Recovery. Under the circumstances, liquidation was the only hope of the
minority stockholders for effecting an orderly and equitable settlement of RUBYs obligations, and compelling the majority stockholders to account
for all funds, properties and documents in their possession, and make full disclosure on the nullified credit assignments. Oblivious to these pending
incidents so crucial to the protection of the interest of the majority of creditors and minority shareholders, the SEC simply stated that in the interim,
RUBYs corporate term was validly extended, as if such extension would provide the solution to RUBYs myriad problems.
Extension of corporate term requires the vote of 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock in a stockholders meeting called for the purpose. The actual
percentage of shareholdings in RUBY as of September 3, 1996 -- when the majority stockholders allegedly ratified the board resolution approving the
extension of RUBY's corporate life to another 25 years was seriously disputed by the minority stockholders, and we find the evidence of compliance
with the notice and quorum requirements submitted by the majority stockholders insufficient and doubtful. Consequently, the SEC had no basis for
its ruling denying the motion of the minority stockholders to declare as without force and effect the extension of RUBY's corporate existence
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Defectively Formed Corporations: De Facto and Corporation by Estoppel
Provision: Section 20 & 21, Corporation Code
Case Name: Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corp v Court of Appeals
Topic: Defectively Formed Corporations: De Facto and Corporation by Estoppel
Case: PIONEER INSURANCE & SURETY CORPORATION vs CA
Name: Carmela Abergos
FACTS:
In 1965, Jacob S. Lim (petitioner in G.R. No. 84157) was engaged in the airline business as owner-operator of Southern Air Lines (SAL) a single
proprietorship. On May 17, 1965, at Tokyo, Japan, Japan Domestic Airlines (JDA) and Lim entered into and executed a sales contract for the sale and
purchase of two (2) DC-3A Type aircrafts and one (1) set of necessary spare parts for the total agreed price of US $109,000.00 to be paid in
installments. One DC-3 Aircraft with Registry No. PIC-718, arrived in Manila on June 7,1965 while the other aircraft, arrived in Manila on July 18,1965.
On May 22, 1965, Pioneer Insurance and Surety Corporation, as surety executed and issued its Surety Bond No. 6639 in favor of JDA, in behalf of its
principal, Lim, for the balance price of the aircrafts and spare parts. On June 10, 1965, Lim doing business under the name and style of SAL executed
in favor of Pioneer as deed of chattel mortgage as security for the latter's suretyship in favor of the former. It was stipulated therein that Lim transfer
and convey to the surety the two aircrafts. The deed was duly registered with the Office of the Register of Deeds of the City of Manila and with the
Civil Aeronautics Administration pursuant to the Chattel Mortgage Law and the Civil Aeronautics Law (Republic Act No. 776), respectively.
Lim defaulted on his subsequent installment payments prompting JDA to request payments from the surety. Pioneer paid a total sum of P298,626.12.
Pioneer then filed a petition for the extrajudicial foreclosure of the said chattel mortgage before the Sheriff of Davao City. The Cervanteses and
Maglana, however, filed a third party claim alleging that they are co-owners of the aircrafts, On July 19, 1966, Pioneer filed an action for judicial
foreclosure with an application for a writ of preliminary attachment against Lim and respondents, the Cervanteses, Bormaheco and Maglana.
In their Answers, Maglana, Bormaheco and the Cervanteses filed cross-claims against Lim alleging that they were not privies to the contracts signed
by Lim and, by way of counterclaim, sought for damages for being exposed to litigation and for recovery of the sums of money they advanced to Lim
for the purchase of the aircrafts in question.
After trial on the merits, a decision was rendered holding Lim liable to pay Pioneer but dismissed Pioneer's complaint against all other defendants.
ISSUES:
What legal rules govern the relationship among co-investors whose agreement was to do business through the corporate vehicle but who failed to
incorporate the entity in which they had chosen to invest? How are the losses to be treated in situations where their contributions to the intended
'corporation' were invested not through the corporate form?
RULING:
No de facto partnership was created among the parties which would entitle the petitioner to a reimbursement of the supposed losses of the proposed
corporation. The record shows that the petitioner was acting on his own and not in behalf of his other would-be incorporators in transacting the sale
of the airplanes and spare parts.
Ordinarily, when co-investors agreed to do business through a corporation but failed to incorporate, a de facto partnership would have been formed,
and as such, all must share in the losses and/or gains of the venture in proportion to their contribution. But in this case, it was shown that Lim did
not have the intent to form a corporation with Maglana et al. This can be inferred from acts of unilaterally taking out a surety from Pioneer Insurance
and not using the funds he got from Maglana et al. The record shows that Lim was acting on his own and not in behalf of his other would-be
incorporators in transacting the sale of the airplanes and spare parts.
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Case Name: Hall v Piccio
Topic: Defectively Formed Corporations: De Facto and Corporation by Estoppel
Case: Hall vs. Piccio
FACTS:
On 28 May 1947, C. Arnold Hall and Bradley P. Hall, and Fred Brown, Emma Brown, Hipolita D. Chapman and Ceferino S. Abella, signed and
acknowledged in Leyte, the article of incorporation of the Far Eastern Lumber and Commercial Co., Inc., organized to engage in a general lumber
business to carry on as general contractors, operators and managers, etc. Attached to the article was an affidavit of the treasurer stating that 23,428
shares of stock had been subscribed and fully paid with certain properties transferred to the corporation described in a list appended thereto.
Immediately after the execution of said articles of incorporation, the corporation proceeded to do business with the adoption of by-laws and the
election of its officers. On 2 December 1947, the said articles of incorporation were filed in the office of the Securities and Exchange Commissioner,
for the issuance of the corresponding certificate of incorporation. On 22 March 1948, pending action on the articles of incorporation by the aforesaid
governmental office, Fred Brown, Emma Brown, Hipolita D. Chapman and Ceferino S. Abella filed before the Court of First Instance of Leyte the civil
case, alleging among other things that the Far Eastern Lumber and Commercial Co. was an unregistered partnership; that they wished to have it
dissolved because of bitter dissension among the members, mismanagement and fraud by the managers and heavy financial losses. C. Arnold Hall
and Bradley P. Hall, filed a motion to dismiss, contesting the court's jurisdiction and the sufficiently of the cause of action. After hearing the parties,
the Hon. Edmund S. Piccio ordered the dissolution of the company; and at the request of Brown, et. al., appointed Pedro A. Capuciong as the receiver
of the properties thereof, upon the Commercial Law - Corporation Law, 2005 filing of a P20,000 bond. Hall and Hall offered to file a counter-bond for
the discharge of the receiver, but Judge Piccio refused to accept the offer and to discharge the receiver. Whereupon, Hall and Hall instituted the
present special civil action with the Supreme Court.
ISSUE:
Whether Brown, et. al. may file an action to cause the dissolution of the Far Eastern Lumber and Commercial Co., without State intervention.
HELD:
The Securities and Exchange Commission has not issued the corresponding certificate of incorporation. The personality of a corporation begins to
exist only from the moment such certificate is issued — not before. Not having obtained the certificate of incorporation, the Far Eastern Lumber and
Commercial Co. — even its stockholders — may not probably claim "in good faith" to be a corporation. Under the statue it is to be noted that it is
the issuance of a certificate of incorporation by the Director of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry which calls a corporation into being. The
immunity if collateral attack is granted to corporations "claiming in good faith to be a corporation under this act." Such a claim is compatible with
the existence of errors and irregularities; but not with a total or substantial disregard of the law. Unless there has been an evident attempt to comply
with the law the claim to be a corporation "under this act" could not be made "in good faith." This is not a suit in which the corporation is a party.
This is a litigation between stockholders of the alleged corporation, for the purpose of obtaining its dissolution. Even the existence of a de jure
corporation may be terminated in a private suit for its dissolution between stockholders, without the intervention of the state.
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Case Name: Lim v Philippine Fishing Gear Industries
DEFECTIVELY FORMED CORPORATIONS
LIM v PHILIPPINE FISHING GEAR INDUSTRIES
FACTS:
 Lim Tong Lim requested Peter Yao and Antonio Chuato engage in commercial fishing with him.
 The three agreed to purchase two fishing boats but since they do not have the money they borrowed from one Jesus Lim the brother of
Lim Tong Lim.
 Subsequently, they again borrowed money for the purchase of fishing nets and other fishing equipment.
 Yao and Chua represented themselves as acting in behalf of “Ocean Quest Fishing Corporation” (OQFC) and they contracted with Philippine
Fishing Gear Industries (PFGI) for the purchase of fishing nets amounting to more than P500k.
 However, they were unable to pay PFGI and hence were sued in their own names as Ocean Quest Fishing Corporation is a non-existent
corporation.
 Chua admitted his liability while Lim Tong Lim refused such liability alleging that Chua and Yao acted without his knowledge and consent in
representing themselves as a corporation.
ISSUE:
Whether there exists a corporation by estoppel
HELD:
Yes.
It is apparent from the factual milieu that the three decided to engage in a fishing business. Moreover, their Compromise Agreement had revealed
their intention to pay the loan with the proceeds of the sale and to divide equally among them the excess or loss. The boats and equipment used for
their business entails their common fund. The contribution to such fund need not be cash or fixed assets; it could be an intangible like credit or
industry. That the parties agreed that any loss or profit from the sale and operation of the boats would be divided equally among them also shows
that they had indeed formed a partnership. The principle of corporation by estoppel cannot apply in the case as Lim Tong Lim also benefited from
the use of the nets in the boat, which was an asset of the partnership.
Under the law on estoppel, those acting in behalf of a corporation and those benefited by it, knowing it to be without valid existence are held liable
as general partners. Hence, the question as to whether such was legally formed for unknown reasons is immaterial to the case.
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Case Name: International Express Travel and Tours v CA
DEFECTIVELY FORMED CORPORATIONS
INTERNATIONAL EXPRESS TRAVEL & TOURS v COURT OF APPEALS
FACTS:
 International Express Travel and Tour Services, Inc. (IETTSI), through its managing director, wrote a letter to the Philippine Football
Federation (Federation), through its president, Henri Kahn, wherein the former offered its services as a travel agency to the latter. The offer
was accepted.
 IETTSI secured the airline tickets for the trips of the athletes and officials of the Federation to the South East Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur
as well as various other trips to the People's Republic of China and Brisbane.
 After the Federation made two partial payments, IETTSI wrote the Federation, through Kahn a demand letter requesting for the balance.
 The Federation, through made partial payments through the following:
o Project Gintong Alay, and
o Kahn, through his personal check partial payment.
 Thereafter, no further payments were made despite repeated demands, which then prompted IETTSI to file a civil case before the RTC of
Manila.
 IETTSI sued Henri Kahn in his personal capacity and as President of the Federation and impleaded the Federation as an alternative
defendant. IETTSI sought to hold Kahn liable for the unpaid balance for the tickets purchased by the Federation on the ground that Kahn
allegedly guaranteed the said obligation.
 Kahn filed his answer with counterclaim, while the Federation failed to file its answer and was declared in default by the trial court.
 RTC ruled in favor of IETTSI and declared Henri Kahn personally liable for the unpaid obligation of the Federation. The complaint of IETTSI
against the Philippine Football Federation and the counterclaims of Kahn were dismissed.
 Only Kahn elevated the decision to the CA. The appellate court rendered a decision reversing the trial court.
 IETTSI filed a motion for reconsideration and as an alternative prayer pleaded that the Federation be held liable for the unpaid obligation.
The same was denied by the appellate court, hence this petition.
ISSUE:
Whether the appellate court properly applied the doctrine of corporation by estoppel.
HELD:
Yes.
The Court cannot subscribe to the position taken by the appellate court that even assuming that the Federation was defectively incorporated, IETTSI
cannot deny the corporate existence of the Federation because it had contracted and dealt with the Federation in such a manner as to recognize and
in effect admit its existence. The doctrine of corporation by estoppel is mistakenly applied by the appellate court to IETTSI. The application of the
doctrine applies to a third party only when he tries to escape liabilities on a contract from which he has benefited on the irrelevant ground of defective
incorporation.
In the instant case, IETTSI is not trying to escape liability from the contract but rather is the one claiming from the contract.
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Subtopic: Non-Use of Charter and Inoperation
Case Name: Chung Ka Bio v Intermediate Appellate Court
NON-USE OF CHARTER AND INOPERATION
CHUNG KA BIO v IAC
FACTS:
 Philippine Blooming Mills Company, Inc. was incorporated for a term of 25 years.
 The members of its board of directors executed a deed of assignment of all of the accounts receivables, properties, obligations and liabilities
of the old PBM in favor of Chung Siong Pek in his capacity as treasurer of the new PBM, then in the process of reincorporation.
 The new PBM was issued a certificate of incorporation by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 Chung Ka Bio and the other petitioners herein, all stockholders of the old PBM, filed with the SEC a petition for liquidation of both the old
PBM and the new PBM.
 The allegation was that the former had become legally non-existent for failure to extend its corporate life and that the latter had likewise
beenipso facto dissolved for non-use of the charter and continuous failure to operate within 2 years from incorporation.
ISSUE:
Whether the new corporation has not substantially complied with the two-year requirement of Section 22 of the new Corporation Code on non-user
because its stockholders never adopted a set of by-laws
HELD:
No.
Non-filing of the by-laws will not result in automatic dissolution of the corporation. Under Section 6(i) of PD 902-A, the SEC is empowered to “suspend
or revoked, after proper notice and hearing, the franchise or certificate of registration of a corporation” on the ground inter alia of “failure to file by-
laws within the required period.” It is clear from this provision that there must first of all be a hearing to determine the existence of the ground, and
secondly, assuming such finding, the penalty is not necessarily revocation but may be only suspension of the charter. In fact, under the rules and
regulations of the SEC, failure to file the by-laws on time may be penalized merely with the imposition of an administrative fine without affecting the
corporate existence of the erring firm.
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3B-Corporation Law
Topic: By-Laws
Subtopic: Binding Effect
Provision: Sections 46-48, Corporation Code
Case Name: PMI Colleges v NLRC
FACTS:
 PMI, an educational institution offering courses on basic seaman’s training and other marine-related courses, hired private respondent as
contractual instructor, pursuant to this engagement, private respondent then organized classes in marine engineering.
 Initially, private respondent and other instructors were compensated for services rendered during the first three periods of the
abovementioned contract. However, for reasons unknown to private respondent, he stopped receiving payment for the succeeding
rendition of services.
 Then he filed a complaint 4 before the National Capital Region Arbitration Branch on September 14, 1993 seeking payment for salaries
earned including the shipyard and plant visits in Cavite Naval Base.
 PMI manifested that Mr. Tomas G. Cloma, Jr., a member of the petitioner’s Board of Trustees wrote a letter 5 to the Chairman of the Board
on May 23, 1994, clarifying the case of private respondent and stating therein, inter alia, that under petitioner’s by-laws only the Chairman
is authorized to sign any contract and that private respondent, in any event, failed to submit documents on the alleged shipyard and plant
visits in Cavite Naval Base.
ISSUE:
 Whether the contract would be invalid just because the signatory thereon was not the Chairman of the Board which allegedly violated
petitioner’s by-laws?
HELD:
 No.
 Since by-laws operate merely as internal rules among the stockholders, they cannot affect or prejudice third persons who deal with the
corporation, unless they have knowledge of the same.” 11 No proof appears on record that private respondent ever knew anything about
the provisions of said by-laws. In fact, petitioner itself merely asserts the same without even bothering to attach a copy or excerpt thereof
to show that there is such a provision.
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3B-Corporation Law
Topic: By-Laws
Subtopic: Binding Effect
Provision: Sections 46-48, Corporation Code
Case Name: Government of Philippine Islands v El Hogar Filipino
The Government of the Philippine Islands vs. El Hogar Filipino G.R. No. L-26649 July 13, 1917
FACTS:
 The Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 1459, also known as the Corporation Law, on March 1, 1906. El Hogar Filipino, organized in
1911 under the laws of the Philippine Islands, was the first corporation organized under Sec. 171-190 Act No. 1459, devoted to the subject
of building and loan associations, their organization and administration.
 In the said law, the capital of the corporation was not permitted to exceed P3M, but Act No. 2092 amended the statute, permitting
capitalization to the amount of ten millions. El Hogar took advantage of the amendment of Act No. 1459 and amended its AOI as a result
thereof, stating that the amount of capital must not exceed what has been stated in Act No. 2092. This resulted to El Hogar having 5,826
shareholders, 125,750 shares with paid-up value of P8.7M.
 The corporation paid P7.16M to its withdrawing stockholders. The Government of the Philippine Islands filed an action against El Hogar
due to the alleged illegal holding title to real property for a period exceeding five (5) years after the same was bought in a foreclosure sale.
Sec. 13(5) of the Corporation Law states that corporations must dispose of real estate obtained within 5 years from receiving the title. The
Philippine Government also prays that El Hogar be excluded from all corporate rights and privileges and effecting a final dissolution of said
corporation.
 It appears from the records that El Hogar was the holder of a recorded mortgage on the San Clemente land as security for a P24K loan to
El Hogar. However, shareholders and borrowers defaulted in payment so El Hogar foreclosed the mortgage and purchased the land during
the auction sale. A deed of conveyance in favor of El Hogar was executed and sent to the Register of Deeds of Tralac with a request that
the certificate of title be cancelled and a new one be issued in favor of El Hogar from the Register of Deeds of Tarlac. However, no reply
was received. El Hogar filed a complaint with the Chief of the General Land Registration Office.
 The certificate of title to the San Clemente land was received by El Hogar and a board resolution authorizing Benzon to find a buyer was
issued. Alcantara, the buyer of the land, was given extension of time to make payment but defaulted so the contract treated rescinded.
Efforts were made to find another buyer. Respondent acquired title in December 1920 until the property was finally sold to Felipa Alberto
in July 1926. The interval exceeded 5 years but the period did not commence to run until May 7, 1921 when the register of deeds delivered
the new certificate of title.
 It has been held that a purchaser of land registered under the Torrens system cannot acquire the status of an innocent purchaser for value
unless the vendor is able to place the owner’s duplicate in his hands showing the title to be in the vendor. During the period before May
1921, El Hogar was not in a position to pass an indefeasible title to any purchaser.
 Therefore, El Hogar cannot be held accountable for this delay which was not due to its fault. Likewise, the period from March 25, 1926 to
April 20, 1926 must not be part of the five-year period because this was the period where respondent was under the obligation to sell the
property to Alcantara prior to the contract’s rescission due to Alcantara’s non-payment.
 Another circumstance causing the delay is the fact that El Hogar purchased the property in the full amount of the loan made by the former
owner which is nearly P24K when it was subsequently found that the property was not salable and later sold for P6K notwithstanding El
Hogar’s efforts to find a purchaser upon better terms.
ISSUE:
 Whether the acts of respondent corporation merit its dissolution or deprivation of its corporate franchise and to exclude it from all
corporate rights and privileges
HELD:
 SUSTAINED only as to administering of real property not owned by it and when permitted by contract. Causes of action:
 1) Alleged illegal holding of real property for a period exceeding five years from receipt of title-Cause of delay is not respondent’s fault
 2) That respondent is owning and holding a business lot with the structure thereon in excess of its reasonable requirements and in
contravention of Sec. 13(5) of Corpo. Law- WITHOUT MERIT Every corporation has the power to purchase, hold and lease such real property
as the transaction would of the lawful business may reasonably and necessarily require.
 3) That respondent is engaged in activities foreign to the purposes for which the corporation was created and not reasonably necessary to
its legitimate ends-VALID The administration of property, payment of real estate taxes, causing necessary repairs, managing real properties
of nonborrowing shareholders is more befitting to the business of a real estate agent or a trust company than a building and loan
association.
 4) That the by-laws of the association stating that, “the board of directors by the vote of an absolute majority of its members is empowered
to cancel shares and to return the balance to the owner by reason of their conduct or any other motive or liquidation” is in direct conflict
with Sec. 187 of the Corporation Law which provides that the board of directors shall not have the power to force the surrender and
withdrawal of unmatured stock except in case of liquidation or forfeiture of stock for delinquency-WITHOUT MERIT There is no provision
of law making it a misdemeanor to incorporate an invalid provision in the by-laws of a corporation; and if there were such, the hazards
incident to corporate effort would be largely increased.
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 5) Art. 61 of El Hogar’s by-laws which states that “ attendance in person or by proxy by shareholders owning one-half plus one of the
shareholders shall be necessary to constitute a quorum for the election of directors” is contrary to Sec. 31 of the Corpo Law which provides
that owners of the majority of the subscribed capital stock entitled to vote must be present either in person or by proxy at all elections of
directors- WITHOUT MERIT No fault can be imputed to the corporation on account of the failure of the shareholders to attend the annual
meetings and their non-attendance in meetings is doubtless to be interpreted in part as expressing their satisfaction of the way in which
things have been conducted. Mere failure of a corporation to elect officers does not terminate the terms of existing officers nor dissolve
the corporation. The general rule is to allow the officer to holdover until his successor is duly qualified.
 6) That the directors of El Hogar, instead of receiving nominal pay or serving without pay, have been receiving large compensation, varying
in amount from time to time, out of respondents’ profits- WITHOUT MERIT With the growth of the corporation, the amount paid as
compensation to the directors has increased beyond what would probably be necessary is a matter that cannot be corrected in this action.
Nor can it properly be made a basis for depriving respondent of its franchise or enjoining it from compliance with the provisions of its own
by-laws. If a mistake has been made, the remedy is to lie rather in publicity and competition.
 7) That the promoter and organizer of El Hogar was Mr. Antonio Melian and that in the early stages of the organization of the association,
the board of directors authorized the association to make a contract with him and that the royalty given to him as founder is
“unconscionable, excessive and out of proportion to the services rendered”-NOT SUSTAINED The mere fact that compensation is in excess
of what may be considered appropriate is not a proper consideration for the court to resolve. That El Hogar is in contact with its promoter
did not affect the association’s legal character. The court is of the opinion that the traditional respect for the sanctity of the contract
obligation should prevail over the radical and innovating tendencies.
 8) That Art. 70 of El Hogar’s by-laws, requiring persons elected as board of directors to be holders of shares of the paid up value of P5,000
which shall be held as security, is objectionable since a poor member or wage earner cannot serve as a director irrespective of other
qualifications- NOT SUSTAINED Corpo. Law expressly gives the power to the corporation to provide in its by-laws for the qualification of its
directors and the requirement of security from them for the proper discharge of the duties of their pffice in the manner prescribed in Art.
70 is highly prudent and in conformity with good practice.
 9) That respondent abused its franchise in issuing “special” shares alleged to be illegal and inconsistent with the plan and purposes of
building and loan associations- WITHOUT MERIT The said special shares are generally known as advance payment shares which were
evidently created for the purpose of meeting the condition caused by the prepayment of dues that is permitted. Sec. 178 of Corpo Law
allows payment of dues or interest to be paid in advance but the corporation shall not allow interest on advance payment grater than 6%
per annum nor for a period longer than one year. The amount is satisfied by applying a portion of the shareholder’s participation in the
annual earnings.The mission of special shares does not involve any violation of the principle that the shares must be sold at par.
 10) That in making purchases at foreclosure sales constituting as security for 54 of the loans, El Hogar bids the full amount after deducting
the withdrawal value, alleged to be pusuing a policy of depreciating at the rate of 10 percent per annum, the value of the real properties it
acquired and that this rate is excessive-UNSUSTAINABLE The board of directors possess discretion in this matter. There is no provision of
law prohibiting the association from writing off a reasonable amount for depreciation on its assets for the purpose of determining its real
profits. Art. 74 of its by-laws expressly authorizes the board of directors to determine each year the amount to be written down upon the
expenses for the installation and the property of the corporation. The court cannot control the discretion of the board of directors about
an administrative matter as to which they have no legitimate power of action.
 11) That respondent maintains excessive reserve funds-UNFOUNDED The function of this fund is to insure stockholders against losses.
When the reserves become excessive, the remedy is in the hands of the Legislature. No prudent person would be inclined to take a policy
in a company which had so improvidently conducted its affairs that it only retained a fund barely sufficient to pay its present liabilities and
therefore was in a condition where any change by the reduction of interest upon or depreciation in the value of securities or increase of
mortality would render it insolvent and subject to be placed in the hands of a receiver.
 12) That the board of directors has settled upon the unlawful policy of paying a straight annual dividend of 10 percent per centum regardless
of losses suffered and profits made by the corporation, in contravention with the requirements of Sec. 188 of the Corpo law- UNFOUNDED
As provided in the previous cause of action, the profits and losses shall be determined by the board of directors and this means that they
shall exercise the usual discretion of good businessmen in allocating a portion of the annual profits to purposes needful of the welfare of
the association. The law contemplates distribution of earnings and losses after legitimate obligations have been met.
 13) That El Hogar has made loans to the knowledge of its officers which were intended to be used by the borrowers for other purposes
than the building of homes and no attempt has been made to control the borrowers with respect to the use made of the borrowed funds-
UNFOUNDED There is no statute expressly declaring that loans may be made by these associations SOLELY for the purpose of building
homes. The building of himes in Sec. 171 of Corpo Law is only one among several ends which building and loan associations are designed
to promote and Sec. 181 authorizes the board of directors of the association to fix the premium to be charged.
 14) That the loans made by defendant for purposes other than building or acquiring homes have been extended in extremely large amounts
and to wealthy persons and large companies- WITHOUT MERIT The question of whether the making of large loans constitutes a misuser of
the franchise as would justify the court in depriving the association of its corporate life is a matter confided to the discretion of the board
of directors. The law states no limit as to the size of the loans to be made by the association. Resort should be had to the legislature because
it is not a matter amenable to judicial control
 15) That when the franchise expires, supposing the corporation is not reorganized, upon final liquidation of the corporation, a reserve fund
may exist which is out of all proportion to the requirements that may fall upon it in the liquidation of the company-NO MERIT This matter
may be left to the discretion of the board of directors or to legislative action if it should be deemed expedient to require the gradual
suppression of reserve funds as the time for dissolution approaches. It is no matter for judicial interference and much less could the
resumption of the franchise be justified on this ground.
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 16) That various outstanding loans have been made by the respondent to corporations and partnerships and such entities subscribed to
respondents’ shares for the sole purpose of obtaining such loans-NO MERIT Sec. 173 of Corpo Law declares that “any person” may become
a stockholder in building and loan associations. The phrase ANY PERSON does not prevent a finding that the phrase may not be taken in its
proper and broad sense of either a natural or artificial person.
 17) That in disposing real estate purchased by it, some of the properties were sold on credit and the persons and entities to which it was
sold are not members nor shareholders nor were they made members or shareholders, contrary to the provision of Corpo Law requiring
requiring loans to be stockholders only- NOT SUSTAINED The law does not prescribe that the property must be sold for cash or that the
purchaser shall be a shareholder in the corporation. Such sales can be made upon the terms and conditions approved by the parties.
Respondent is enjoined in the future from administering real property not owned by itself, except as may be permitted to it by contract
when a borrowing shareholder defaults in his obligation. In all other respects, the complaint is DISMISSED.
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3B-Corporation Law
Topic: By-Laws
Subtopic: Effect of Non-Submission of By-Laws
Provision: Sections 48, Corporation Code
Case Name: Sawadjaan v Court of Appeals
FACTS:
 Sappari K. Sawadjaan was among the first employees of the Philippine Amanah Bank (PAB) when it was created by virtue of Presidential
Decree No. 264 on 02 August 1973.
 He started as a security guard and was eventually promoted to a loans analyst. In February 1988, while designated as appraiser/investigator,
Sawadjaan was assigned to inspect the properties offered as collaterals by Compressed Air Machineries and Equipment Corporation
(CAMEC) for a credit line of Five Million Pesos (P5,000,000.00).
 On the basis of his Inspection and Report, the PAB granted the loan application. When the loan matured on 17 May 1989, CAMEC requested
an extension of 180 days, but was granted only 120 days to repay the loan. Sawadjaan was then promoted to Loans Analyst I on 01 July
1989. In January 1990, Congress passed Republic Act 6848 creating the AIIBP and repealing P.D. No. 264 (which created the PAB).
 All assets, liabilities and capital accounts of the PAB were transferred to the AIIBP, and the existing personnel of the PAB were to continue
to discharge their functions unless discharged. In the reorganization, Sawadjaan was among the personnel retained by the AIIBP. Upon
failure of CAMEC to pay, the bank, now AIIBP, discovered the ff: the TCT offered by CAMEC was spurious, the property described therein
was inexistent, and that the property covered by another TCT had a prior existing mortgage in favor of one Divina Pablico. On 08 June 1993,
the Board of Directors of the AIIBP created an Investigating Committee to look into the CAMEC transaction, which had cost the bank
P6,000,000.00 in losses.
 The Board eventually held Sawadjaan liable for the administrative offense of conduct prejudicial to the best interest of the service and
imposed on him the penalty from (originally) dismissal to suspension for 6 months.
 Sawadjaan appealed the decision but the court affirmed the bank’s finding. Sawadjaan filed a motion for new trial claiming that he had
recently discovered that at the time his employment was terminated, the AIIBP had not yet adopted its corporate by-laws.
ISSUE:
 W/N the alleged Islamic Bank has no valid by-laws and has lost its juridical personality as a corporation on 16 April 1990 W/N Islamic Bank
and its alleged Board of Directors have no jurisdiction to act in the manner they did in the absence of a valid by-laws;
RULING:
 AIIBP has a juridical personality to act as corporation! The AIIBP was created by Rep. Act No. 6848. It has a main office where it conducts
business, has shareholders, corporate officers, a board of directors, assets, and personnel.
 It is, in fact, here represented by the Office of the Government Corporate Counsel, "the principal law office of government-owned
corporations, one of which is respondent bank." At the very least, by its failure to submit its by-laws on time, the AIIBP may be considered
a de facto corporation whose right to exercise corporate powers may not be inquired into collaterally in any private suit to which such
corporations may be a party.
 Moreover, a corporation which has failed to file its by-laws within the prescribed period does not ipso facto lose its powers as such. The
SEC Rules on Suspension/Revocation of the Certificate of Registration of Corporations, details the procedures and remedies that may be
availed of before an order of revocation can be issued. There is no showing that such a procedure has been initiated in this case.
 In any case, petitioner’s argument is irrelevant because this case is not a corporate controversy, but a labor dispute; and it is an employer’s
basic right to freely select or discharge its employees, if only as a measure of self-protection against acts inimical to its interest. Regardless
of whether AIIBP is a corporation, a partnership, a sole proprietorship, or a sari-sari store, it is an undisputed fact that AIIBP is the
petitioner’s employer.
 AIIBP chose to retain his services during its reorganization, controlled the means and methods by which his work was to be performed, paid
his wages, and, eventually, terminated his services. SECTION 21 Sec. 21. Corporation by Estoppel. – All persons who assume to act as a
corporation knowing it to be without authority to do so shall be liable as general partners for all debts, liabilities and damages incurred or
arising as a result thereof: Provided, however, that when any such ostensible corporation is sued on any transaction entered by it as a
corporation or on any tort committed by it as such, it shall not be allowed to use as a defense its lack of corporate personality. One who
assumes an obligation to an ostensible corporation as such, cannot resist performance thereof on the ground that there was in fact no
corporation.
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3B-Corporation Law
Topic: Board of Directors/Trustees/Officers
Subtopic: Powers of the Board
Case Name: Robern Development Corp. v People’s Landless Association
Powers Of The Board
Robern Development Corporation VS. People’s Landless Association (G.R. No. 173622, March 11, 2013)
 Al-Amanah owned a 2000-square meter from which thru its officer-in-charge Febe O. Dalig, asked some of the members of People's
Landless Association to desist from building their houses on the lot and to vacate the, unless they are interested to buy the same.
 The informal settlers thus expressed their interest to buy the lot at P100.00 per square meter, which Al-Amanah turned down for being
far below its asking price.
 Consequently, Al-Amanah reiterated its demand to the informal settlers to vacate the lot.
 Through a letter the informal settlers together with other members comprising PELA offered to purchase the lot for P300,000.00, half of
which shall be paid as down payment and the remaining half to be paid within one year. In the lower portion of the said letter, Al-
Amanah made the following annotation:
Note: Subject offer has been acknowledged/received but processing to take effect upon putting up of the partial amt. of
P150,000.00 on or before April 15, 1993.
 PELA had deposited P150,000.00 as evidenced by four bank receipts.

 For the first three receipts, the bank labelled the payments as "Partial deposit on sale of TCT No. 138914", while it noted the 4th receipt
as "Partial/Full payment on deposit on sale of A/asset TCT No. 138914."
 PELA members remained in the property and introduced further improvements.
 Al-Amanah, thru Davao Branch Manager Abraham D. Ututalum-Al Haj, wrote then PELA President Bonifacio Cuizon, Sr. informing him of
the Head Office’s disapproval of PELA’s offer to buy the said 2,000-square meter lot.
 Al-Amanah sent similarly worded letters to 19 PELA members demanding that they vacate the lot.
 In a letter of PELA, through Atty. Pedro S. Castillo, replied that it had already reached an agreement with Al-Amanah regarding the sale of
the subject lot based on their offered price. Dear Mr.
 Acting on Robern’s undated written offer, Al-Amanah issued a Recommendation Sheet addressed to its Board Operations Committee,
indicating therein that Robern is interested to buy the lot for P400,000.00; that it has already deposited 20% of the offered purchase
price; that it is buying the lot on "as is" basis; and, that it is willing to shoulder the relocation of all informal settlers therein.
 The Head Office informed the Davao Branch Manager that the Board Operations Committee had accepted Robern’s offer, from which
Robern was informed of the acceptance.
 Al-Amanah stressed that it is Robern’s responsibility to eject the occupants in the subject lot, if any, as well as the payment of the
remaining amount within 15 days; otherwise, the P80,000.00 deposit shall be forfeited.
 In a letter Robern expressed to Al-Amanah its uncertainty on the status of the subject lot because PELA made a representation with their
office bringing with them copies of official receipts issued by Al-Amanah.
 Robern also requested for a definite statement from the bank on whether the official receipts being brandished by PELA are genuine or
not.
 To convince Robern that it has no existing contract with PELA, Al-Amanah furnished it with copies of the Head Office’s rejection letter of
PELA’s bid, the demand letters to vacate, and the proof of consignment of PELA’s P150,000.00 deposit to the RTC of Davao City that PELA
refused to withdraw.
 Al-Amanah requested for assistance for the removal of the houses not only from the Office of the City Engineer but also from Mayor
Rodrigo Duterte.
 Robern paid the balance of the purchase price. The Deed of Sale over the realty was executed and Title was issued in Robern’s name the
following day. A week later, PELA consigned P150,000.00 in the RTC of Davao City.
 PELA wrote to Al-Amanah asking the latter to withdraw the amount consigned. Three months later, as its members were already facing
eviction and possible demolition of their houses, and in order to protect their rights as vendees, PELA filed a suit for Annulment and
Cancellation of Void Deed of Sale against Al-Amanah, its Director Engr. Farouk Carpizo ,OIC Dalig, Robern, and Robern’s President and
General Manager, petitioner Rodolfo Bernardo before the RTC of Davao City. It insisted that as early as March 1993 it has a perfected
contract of sale with Al-Amanah. However, in an apparent act of bad faith and in cahoots with Robern, Al-Amanah proceeded with the
sale of the lot despite the prior sale to PELA.
 The trial court granted PELA’s prayer for a TRO, which as eventually Affirmed by CA
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 Al-Amanah and Engr. Carpizo claimed that the bank has every right to sell its lot to any interested buyer with the best offer and thus they
chose Robern. They clarified that the P150,000.00 PELA handed to them is not part of the payment but merely a deposit in connection
with its offer. They asserted that PELA was properly apprised that its offer to buy was subject to the approval of Al- Amanah’s Head
Office.
 It was stressed that Al- Amanah never entered into a sale with PELA for there was no perfected agreement as to the price since the Head
Office rejected.
 RTC dismissed PELA’s Complaint. It ruled that being a corporation, only Al- Amanah’s board of directors can bind the bank with third
persons involving the sale of its property. Thus, the purported offer made by Al- Amanah’s OIC, who was never conferred authority by the
board of directors to sell the lot, cannot bind the bank. In contrast, Unlike when it accepted Robern’s offered price, it was duly approved
by the board of directors, giving birth to a perfected contract of sale between Al-Amanah and Robern.
 CA Reversed RTC’s Decision
ISSUE: W/N there was a perfected contract of sale between PELA and Al-Amanah?
Ruling: No, there is no perfected contract of sale between PELA and Al-Amanah
 A contract of sale is perfected at the moment there is a meeting of minds upon the thing which is the object of the contract and upon the
price.
 For a contract of sale to be valid, all of the following essential elements must concur: "a) consent or meeting of the minds; b)
determinate subject matter; and c) price certain in money or its equivalent."
 It is undisputed, and PELA even acknowledge that OIC Dalig made it clear that the acceptance of the offer notwithstanding the deposit is
subject to the approval of the Head Office. Recognizing the corporate nature of the bank and that the power to sell its real properties is
lodged in the higher authorities. No false representation on her part.
 The transaction between Al-Ahmanah and PELA remained in the negotiation stage. The offer never materialized into a perfected sale.
 There was no approval from the Board Operations Committee that they accepted the sale of the lot to PELA but unlike in Robern’s case
an approval was obtained through the Board Operations Committee for the sale of the said lot.
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Subtopic: Powers of the Board
Case Name: Heirs of Fausto Ignacio v Home Bankers Savings and Trust Company
Powers Of The Board
Heirs Of Fausto C. Ignacio Vs. Home Bankers Savings and Trust Company (G.R. No. 177783, January 23, 2013)
 Fausto C. Ignacio mortgaged the properties to Home Bankers Savings and Trust Company as security for a loan extended by the Bank.
 Ignacio defaulted in the payment of the loan, the property was foreclosed and subsequently sold to the Bank in a public auction
 Ignacio offered to repurchase the property. Universal Properties Inc., the bank’s collecting agent sent Ignacio a letter which contained the
terms of the repurchase.
 Ignacio annotated in the letter new terms and conditions. He claimed that these were verbal agreements between himself and the Bank’s
collection agent, UPI.
 No repurchase agreement was finalized between Ignacio and the Bank. Thereafter the Bank sold the property to third parties.
 Ignacio then filed an action for specific performance against the Bank for the reconveyance of the properties after payment of the balance
of the purchase price. He argued that there was implied acceptance of the counter-offer of the sale through the receipt of the terms by
representatives of UPI.
 The Bank denied that it gave its consent to the counter-offer of Ignacio. It countered that it did not approve the unilateral amendments
placed by Ignacio.
 RTC: Render decision in favor Ignacio.
 CA Reversed the RTC’s decision.
Issue: W/N a contract for the repurchase of the foreclosed properties was perfected between petitioner and respondent bank.
Ruling: No. a contract of repurchase was not perfected
 Bank as a corporation can only exercise its powers and transact business through its board of directors or officers and agents authorized
by a board resolution or its by-laws.
 A person representing the corporation in negotiations must be authorized by the corporation to accept the counter-offer to a sale. Since
the Bank did not accede to the counter proposal of Ignacio, there was no valid acceptance of the offer.
 Section 23 of the Corporation Code expressly provides that the corporate powers of all corporations shall be exercised by the board of
directors. Just as a natural person may authorize another to do certain acts in his behalf, so may the board of directors of a corporation
validly delegate some of its functions to individual officers or agents appointed by it.
 Contracts or acts of a corporation must be made either by the board of directors or by a corporate agent duly authorized by the board.
Absent such valid delegation/authorization, the rule is that the declarations of an individual director relating to the affairs of the
corporation, but not in the course of, or connected with, the performance of authorized duties of such director, are held not binding on
the corporation.
 A corporation can only execute its powers and transact its business through its Board of Directors and through its officers and agents when
authorized by a board resolution or its by-laws.
 An agent cannot bind a corporation in any contract without delegation of powers from the board. Mere communication of modified terms
to a bank agent who gave his assent has no effect on the corporation.
 In the absence of conformity or acceptance by properly authorized bank officers of petitioner’s counter-proposal, no perfected repurchase
contract was born out of the talks or negotiations between petitioner and Mr. Lazaro and Mr. Fajardo.
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Subtopic: Business Judgment Rule
Case Name: Gamboa v Victoriano
RICARDO L. GAMBOA, LYDIA R. GAMBOA, HONORIO DE 1A RAMA, EDUARDO DE LA RAMA, and the HEIRS OF MERCEDES DE LA RAMA-
BORROMEO
vs.
HON. OSCAR R. VICTORIANO as Presiding Judge of the Court of First Instance of Negros Occidental, Branch II, BENJAMIN LOPUE, SR., BENJAMIN
LOPUE, JR., LEONITO LOPUE, and LUISA U. DACLES
G.R. No. L-40620. May 5, 1979
FACTS:
The herein petitioners were sued by herein defendants to nullify the issuance of 823 shares of stock of the Inocentes de la Rama, Inc. in favor of the
petitioners.
On April 4, 1972, the respondents, are the owners of 1,328 shares of stock of the Inocentes de la Rama, Inc., a domestic corporation, with an
authorized capital stock of 3,000 shares, with a par value of P100.00 per share, 2,177 of which were subscribed and issued, thus leaving 823 shares
unissued. Then President and Vice-President of the corporation, respectively, the defendants Mercedes R. Borromeo, Honorio de la Rama, and
Ricardo Gamboa, remaining members of the board of directors of the corporation, in order to forestall the takeover by the plaintiffs of the afore-
named corporation, surreptitiously met and elected Ricardo L. Gamboa and Honorio de la Rama as president and vice-president of the corporation,
respectively, and passed a resolution authorizing the sale of the 823 unissued shares of the corporation to the defendants, at par value, after which
the petitioners were elected to the board of directors of the corporation.
The respondents claimed that the sale of the unissued 823 shares of stock of the corporation was in violation of the plaintiffs' and pre-emptive rights
and made without the approval of the board of directors representing 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock, and is in disregard of the strictest relation
of trust existing between the defendants, as stockholders. The respondents prayed that a writ of preliminary injunction be issued restraining the
defendants from committing, or continuing the performance of an act tending to prejudice, diminish or otherwise injure the plaintiffs' rights in the
corporate properties and funds of the corporation, and from disposing, transferring, selling, or otherwise impairing the value of the 823 shares of
stock illegally issued. The respondent court granted the prayer.
ISSUES:
Whether or not the issuance of a writ of preliminary attachment was proper.
RULING:
NO. The claim of the petitioners, in their Addendum to the motion for reconsideration of the order denying the motion to dismiss the complaint,
questioning the trial court's jurisdiction on matters affecting the management of the corporation, is without merit. The well-known rule is that courts
cannot undertake to control the discretion of the board of directors about administrative matters as to which they have legitimate power of, action
and contracts intra vires entered into by the board of directors are binding upon the corporation and courts will not interfere unless such contracts
are so unconscionable and oppressive as to amount to a wanton destruction of the rights of the minority. In the instant case, the plaintiffs aver that
the defendants have concluded a transaction among themselves as will result to serious injury to the interests of the plaintiffs, so that the trial court
has jurisdiction over the case.
The petitioners further contend that the proper remedy of the plaintiffs would be to institute a derivative suit against the petitioners in the name of
the corporation in order to secure a binding relief after exhausting all the possible remedies available within the corporation.
An individual stockholder is permitted to institute a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation wherein he holds stock in order to protect or vindicate
corporate rights, whenever the officials of the corporation refuse to sue, or are the ones to be sued or hold the control of the corporation. In such
actions, the suing stockholder is regarded as a nominal party, with the corporation as the real party in interest. In the case at bar, however, the
plaintiffs are alleging and vindicating their own individual interests or prejudice, and not that of the corporation. At any rate, it is yet too early in the
proceedings since the issues have not been joined. Besides, misjoinder of parties is not a ground to dismiss an action.
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Case Name: Philippine Association of Stock Transfer and Registry Agencies, Inc. v Court of Appeals
Business Judgment Rule
Philippine Association Of Stock Transfer And Registry Agencies VS. CA (G.R. No. 137321, October 15, 2007)
 Petitioner Philippine Association of Stock Transfer and Registry Agencies, Inc. is an association of stock transfer agents principally
engaged in the registration of stock transfers in the stock-and-transfer book of corporations.
 Petitioner’s Board of Directors unanimously approved a resolution allowing its members to increase the transfer processing fee they
charge their clients from P45 per certificate to P75 per certificate and eventually to P100 per certificate.
 The resolution also authorized the imposition of a processing fee for the cancellation of stock certificates at P20 per certificate.
 According to petitioner, the rates had to be increased since it had been over five years since the old rates were fixed and an increase of
its fees was needed to sustain the financial viability of the association and upgrade facilities and services.
 Philippine Association of Securities Brokers and Dealers, Inc. registered its objection to the measure advanced by petitioner and
requested the SEC to defer its implementation.
 The SEC advised petitioner to hold in abeyance the implementation of the increases until the matter was cleared with all the parties
concerned.
 Petitioner nonetheless proceeded with the implementation of the increased fees.
Issue: W/N the SEC has the power to regulate fees?
Ruling: Yes the SEC has the power to regulate fees.
 The regulatory and supervisory powers of the Commission under Section 40 of the then Revised Securities Act, were broad enough to
include the power to regulate petitioner‟s fees.
 Section 47 gave the Commission the power to enjoin motu proprio any act or practice of petitioner which could cause grave or
irreparable injury or prejudice to the investing public.
 The intentional omission in the law of any qualification as to what acts or practices are subject to the control and supervision of the SEC
under Section 47 confirms the broad extent of the SEC’s regulatory powers over the operations of securities-related organizations like
petitioner.
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Case Name: Montelibano v Bacolod-Murcia Milling
Montelibano VS Bacolod-Murcia Milling
 Petitioners-appellants, Alfredo Montelibano, Alejandro Montelibano, and the Limited co-partnership Gonzaga and Company, had been
and are sugar planters
 They adhered to the defendant’s sugar central mill under identical milling contracts. The said contracts were stipulated to be in force for
30 years and provided that the resulting product should be divided in the ratio of 45% for the mill and 55%for the planters.
 Petitioner proposed to execute an amended milling contract, increasing the planters’ share to 60% of the manufactured sugar and
resulting molasses, besides other concessions, but extending the operation of the milling contract from the original 30 years to 45 years.
 The Board of Directors of the appellee Bacolod-Murcia Milling Co., Inc., adopted a resolution granting further concessions to the planters
over and above those contained in the printed Amended Milling Contract.
 The appellants initiated the present action, contending that three Negros sugar centrals with a total annual production exceeding one-
third of the production of all the sugar central mills in the province, had already granted increased participation (of 62.5%) to their
planters, and that under the resolution the appellee had become obligated to grant similar concessions to the plaintiffs.
 The appellee Bacolod-Murcia Milling Co., inc., resisted thec laim, and defended by urging that the stipulations contained in the resolution
were made without consideration; that the resolution in question was, therefore, null and void abinitio, being in effect a donation that
was ultra vires and beyond the powers of the corporate directors to adopt.
Issue: W/N the board resolution is an ultra vires act and in effect a donation from the board of directors?
Ruling: No, the resolution was not an ultra vires act
 There can be no doubt that the directors of the appellee company had authority to modify the proposed terms of the Amended Milling
Contract for the purpose of making its terms more acceptable to the other contracting parties.
 As the resolution in question was passed in good faith by the board of directors, it is valid and binding, and whether or not it will cause
losses or decrease the profits of the central, th ecourt has no authority to review them.
 Whether the business of a corporation should be operated at a loss during depression, or close down at a smaller loss, is a purely
business and economic problem to be determined by the directors of the corporation and not by the court.
 The appellee Bacolod-Murcia Milling Company is, under the terms of its Resolution and is duty bound to grant similar increases to
plaintiffs-appellants herein.
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Case Name: Filipinas Port Services, Inc. v Go
Filipinas Port Services VS. GO (G.R. No. 161886 March 16, 2007)
 FilPort is a domestic corporation engaged in stevedoring services

 Eliodoro C. Cruz (Cruz) was president of Filipinas Port Services, Inc. (Filport) since 1968. He lost his bid for re-election in 1991. A year
thereafter, Cruz wrote a letter to the corporation’s Board of Directors questioning the creation of six (6) positions and the election of
certain members of the board thereto.
 Cruz was unhappy with the Board’s action on the matter, for a year later he filed a petition with the SEC, joined by Mindanao Terminal
and Brokerage Services, Inc as co-petitioner, in a derivative suit supposedly in representation of Filport and its stockholders.
 Cruz contented that the creation of an executive committee is not provided for in the by-laws and the increase in the emoluments of
several members of the board is greatly disproportionate to the volume and character of work of said directors.
 He also questioned the re-creation of the positions of Assistant Vice President for corporate planning, operations, finance and
administration and additional positions where those holding said offices are not doing any work but earning compensation.
 These acts of mismanagement according to Cruz are detrimental to the corporation and its stockholders and so the board must account
for the amounts incurred in creating these positions and made to pay damages.
 This intra-corporate case was transferred from the SEC to the Manila Regional Trial Court(RTC) and eventually landing in the Davao RTC.
 RTC found that Filport’s Board of Directors had the power to create positions not provided for in the by-laws and the increases in salaries
are reasonable, nevertheless it ordered the directors holding the positions of Assistant Vice President for Corporate Planning, Special
Assistant to the President and Special Assistant to the Board Chairman to refund to the corporation the salaries they have received as
such officers considering that Filipinas Port Services is not a big corporation requiring multiple executive positions and that said positions
were just created for accommodation.
 CA Reverse the decision of the RTC
ISSUE: W/N the creation of an executive committee and other offices in the corporation with corresponding remunerations are within the powers
of the Board of Directors.
HELD: Yes it is within the powers of the Board of Directors
 The governing body of a corporation is its board of directors.

 Section 23 of the Corporation C ode explicitly provides that unless otherwise provided therein, the corporate powers of all corporations
formed under the Code shall be exercised, all business conducted and all property of the corporation shall be controlled and held by a
board of directors. Thus, with the exception only of some powers expressly granted by law to stockholders (or members, in case of non-
stock corporations), the board of directors (or trustees, in case of non-stock corporations) has the sole authority to determine policies,
enter into contracts, and conduct the ordinary business of the corporation within the scope of its charter, i.e., its articles of
incorporation, by-laws and relevant provisions of law.
 The authority of the board of directors is restricted to the management of the regular business affairs of the corporation, unless more
extensive power is expressly conferred.
 The concentration in the board of the powers of control of corporate business and of appointment of corporate officers and managers is
necessary for efficiency in any large organization. Stockholders are too numerous, scattered and unfamiliar with the business of a
corporation to conduct its business directly.
 In the present case, the board’s creation of the positions of Assistant Vice Presidents for Corporate Planning, Operations, Finance and
Administration, and those of the Special Assistants to the President and the Board Chairman, was in accordance with the regular
business operations of Filport as it is authorized to do so by the corporation’s by-laws, pursuant to the Corporation Code.
 The election of officers of a corporation is provided for under Section 25 of the Code
Sec. 25. Corporate officers, quorum. Immediately after their election, the directors of a corporation must formally organize by the
election of a president, who shall be a director, a treasurer who may or may not be a director, a secretary who shall be a resident and
citizen of the Philippines, and such other officers as may be provided for in the by-laws.
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 The amended Bylaws of Filport provides the following:
Officers of the corporation, as provided for by the by-laws, shall be elected by the board of directors at their first meeting after the
election of Directors.
The officers of the corporation shall be a Chairman of the Board, President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, a Treasurer, a General Manager
and such other officers as the Board of Directors may from time to time provide, and these officers shall be elected to hold office until
their successors are elected and qualified.
 The fixing of the corresponding remuneration for the positions in question is provided for in the same by-laws of the corporation,
 Under Section 35 of the Corporation Code, the creation of an executive committee must be provided for in the bylaws of the corporation.
 Notwithstanding the silence of Filport’s bylaws on the matter, we cannot rule that the creation of the executive committee by the board
of directors is illegal or unlawful. One reason is the absence of a showing as to the true nature and functions of said executive committee
considering that the “executive committee,” referred to in Section 35 of the Corporation Code which is as powerful as the board of
directors and in effect acting for the board itself, should be distinguished from other committees which are within the competency of the
board to create at anytime and whose actions require ratification and confirmation by the board.
 Another reason as held by the courts that the Board of Directors has the power to create positions not provided for in Filport’s bylaws
since the board is the corporation’s governing body, clearly upholding the power of its board to exercise its prerogatives in managing the
business affairs of the corporation.
 It was pointed out that as testified to and admitted by petitioner Cruz himself, it was during his incumbency as Filport president that the
executive committee in question was created, and that he was even the one who moved for the creation of the positions of the AVPs for
Operations, Finance and Administration. By his acquiescence and/or ratification of the creation of the aforesaid offices, Cruz is virtually
precluded from suing to declare such acts of the board as invalid or illegal. And it makes no difference that he sues in behalf of himself
and of the other stockholders.
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Subtopic: Business Judgment and the Minority Stockholders
Case Name: Ching v Subic Bay Golf and Country Club, Inc.
NESTOR CHING and ANDREW WELLINGTON, Petitioners,
vs.
SUBIC BAY GOLF AND COUNTRY CLUB, INC., HU HO HSIU LIEN alias SUSAN HU, HU TSUNG CHIEH alias JACK HU, HU TSUNG HUI, HU TSUNG TZU
and REYNALD R. SUAREZ, Respondents.
G.R. No. 174353, September 10, 2014
FACTS:
On February 26, 2003, Nestor Ching and Andrew Wellington filed a Complaint with the RTC of Olongapo City on behalf of the members of Subic Bay
Golf and Country Club, Inc. (SBGCCI) against the said country club and its Board of Directors and officers under the provisions of Presidential Decree
No. 902-A in relation to Section 5.2 of the Securities Regulation Code. The Subic Bay Golfers and Shareholders Incorporated (SBGSI), a corporation
composed of shareholders of the defendant corporation, was also named as plaintiff. The officers impleaded as defendants were the following: (1)
its President, Hu Ho Hsiu Lien alias Susan Hu; (2) its treasurer, Hu Tsung Chieh alias Jack Hu; (3) corporate secretary Reynald Suarez; and (4) directors
Hu Tsung Hui and Hu Tsung Tzu. The complaint alleged that the defendant corporation sold shares to plaintiffs at US$22,000.00 per share, presenting
to them the Articles of Incorporation which contained the following provision:
No profit shall inure to the exclusive benefit of any of its shareholders, hence, no dividends shall be declared in their favor. Shareholders shall be
entitled only to a pro-rata share of the assets of the Club at the time of its dissolution or liquidation.
However, an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation was approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), wherein the above
provision was changed as follows:
No profit shall inure to the exclusive benefit of any of its shareholders, hence, no dividends shall be declared in their favor. In accordance with the
Lease and Development Agreement by and between Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority and The Universal International Group of Taiwan, where the
golf course and clubhouse component thereof was assigned to the Club, the shareholders shall not have proprietary rights or interests over the
properties of the Club.
Petitioners claimed in the Complaint that defendant corporation did not disclose to them the above amendment which allegedly makes the shares
non-proprietary, as it takes away the right of the shareholders to participate in the pro-rata distribution of the assets of the corporation after its
dissolution. According to petitioners, this is in fraud of the stockholders who only discovered the amendment when they filed a case for injunction
to restrain the corporation from suspending their rights to use all the facilities of the club. Furthermore, petitioners alleged that the Board of Directors
and officers of the corporation did not call any stockholders’ meeting from the time of the incorporation, in violation of Section 50 of the Corporation
Code and the By-Laws of the corporation. Neither did the defendant directors and officers furnish the stockholders with the financial statements of
the corporation nor the financial report of the operation of the corporation in violation of Section 75 of the Corporation Code. Petitioners also claim
that on August 15, 1997, SBGCCI presented to the SEC an amendment to the By-Laws of the corporation suspending the voting rights of the
shareholders except for the five founders’ shares. Said amendment was allegedly passed without any stockholders’ meeting or notices to the
stockholders in violation of Section 48 of the Corporation Code. They furthermore enumerated several instances of fraud in the management of the
corporation allegedly committed by the Board of Directors and officers of the corporation.
Alleging that the stockholders suffered damages as a result of the fraudulent mismanagement of the corporation, petitioners prayed that upon the
filing of this case a temporary restraining order be issued enjoining the defendants from acting as Officers and Board of Directors of the Corporation.
After hearing, a writ of preliminary injunction be issued enjoining defendants to act as Board of Directors and Officers of the Corporation.
The RTC held that petitioners failed to exhaust their remedies within the respondent corporation itself. The RTC further observed that petitioners
Ching and Wellington were not authorized by their co-petitioner Subic Bay Golfers and Shareholders Inc. to file the Complaint, and therefore had no
personality to file the same on behalf of the said shareholders’ corporation. According to the RTC, the shareholdings of petitioners comprised of two
shares out of the 409 alleged outstanding shares or 0.24% is an indication that the action is a nuisance or harassment suit which may be dismissed
either motu proprio or upon motion in accordance with Section 1(b) of the Interim Rules of Procedure for Intra-Corporate Controversies. Petitioners
Ching and Wellington elevated the case to the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals rendered the assailed Decision affirming that of the RTC. Hence,
petitioners resort to the present Petition.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the Complaint is a nuisance or harassment suit.
HELD:
Upon a careful examination of the Complaint, the Court found that the complaint should not have been dismissed on the ground that it is a nuisance
or harassment suit. Although the shareholdings of petitioners are indeed only two out of the 409 alleged outstanding shares or 0.24%, the Court has
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held that it is enough that a member or a minority of stockholders file a derivative suit for and in behalf of a corporation. The reliefs sought in the
Complaint, namely that of enjoining defendants from acting as officers and Board of Directors of the corporation, the appointment of a receiver, and
the prayer for damages in the amount of the decrease in the value of the shares of stock, clearly show that the Complaint was filed to curb the alleged
mismanagement of SBGCCI. The causes of action pleaded by petitioners do not accrue to a single shareholder or a class of shareholders but to the
corporation itself.
However, as minority stockholders, petitioners do not have any statutory right to override the business judgments of SBGCCI’s officers and Board of
Directors on the ground of the latter’s alleged lack of qualification to manage a golf course. Contrary to the arguments of petitioners, Presidential
Decree No. 902-A, which is entitled REORGANIZATION OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WITH ADDITIONAL POWERS AND PLACING
THE SAID AGENCY UNDER THE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, does not grant minority stockholders a cause of
action against waste and diversion by the Board of Directors, but merely identifies the jurisdiction of the SEC over actions already authorized by law
or jurisprudence. It is settled that a stockholder’s right to institute a derivative suit is not based on any express provision of the Corporation Code, or
even the Securities Regulation Code, but is impliedly recognized when the said laws make corporate directors or officers liable for damages suffered
by the corporation and its stockholders for violation of their fiduciary duties.
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Subtopic: Term of Directors: Hold-over Directors
Provision: Section 23, 24, 26, 27 Corporation Code
Case Name: Valle Verde Country Club v Africa
VALLE VERDE COUNTRY CLUB, INC., et al.
vs.
VICTOR AFRICA
G.R. No. 151969, September 4, 2009
FACTS:
During the Annual Stockholders’ Meeting of petitioner Valle Verde Country Club, Inc. (VVCC), the following were elected as members of the VVCC
Board of Directors: Ernesto Villaluna, Jaime C. Dinglasan, Eduardo Makalintal, Francisco Ortigas III, Victor Salta, Amado M. Santiago, Jr., Fortunato
Dee, Augusto Sunico, and Ray Gamboa. In the years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001, however, the requisite quorum for the holding of the
stockholders’ meeting could not be obtained. Consequently, the above-named directors continued to serve in the VVCC Board in a hold-over capacity.
Two of the said members resigned (Makalintal and Dinglasan). After the resignation of Dinglasan, Eric Roxas was elected. Makalintal was replaced by
Jose Ramirez.
Respondent Africa, a member of VVCC, questioned the election of Roxas and Ramirez as members of the VVCC Board with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) and the Regional Trial Court. Africa alleged that the election of Roxas was contrary to Section 29, in relation to Section 23, of the
Corporation Code of the Philippines. The respective trial courts ruled in favor of Africa.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the elections were valid.
RULING:
YES.
Section 23 of the Corporation Code declares that "the board of directors shall hold office for one (1) year until their successors are elected and
qualified," we construe the provision to mean that the term of the members of the board of directors shall be only for one year; their term expires
one year after election to the office. The holdover period – that time from the lapse of one year from a member’s election to the Board and until his
successor’s election and qualification – is not part of the director’s original term of office, nor is it a new term; the holdover period, however,
constitutes part of his tenure. Corollary, when an incumbent member of the board of directors continues to serve in a holdover capacity, it implies
that the office has a fixed term, which has expired, and the incumbent is holding the succeeding term.
After the lapse of one year from his election as member of the VVCC Board in 1996, Makalintal’s term of office is deemed to have already expired.
That he continued to serve in the VVCC Board in a holdover capacity cannot be considered as extending his term. This holdover period, however, is
not to be considered as part of his term, which, as declared, had already expired.
With the expiration of Makalintal’s term of office, a vacancy resulted which, by the terms of Section 29 of the Corporation Code, must be filled by
the stockholders of VVCC in a regular or special meeting called for the purpose. As correctly pointed out by the RTC, when remaining members of
the VVCC Board elected Ramirez to replace Makalintal, there was no more unexpired term to speak of, as Makalintal’s one-year term had already
expired. Pursuant to law, the authority to fill in the vacancy caused by Makalintal’s leaving lies with the VVCC’s stockholders, not the remaining
members of its board of directors.
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Subtopic: Term of Directors: Hold-over Directors
Provision: Section 23, 24, 26, 27 Corporation Code
Case Name: Barayuga v Adventist University of the Philippines
BARAYUGA VS. ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
G.R. NO. 168008
Facts:
AUP is a non-stock and non-profit domestic educational institution incorporated under Philippine laws was directly under the North Philippine Union
Mission (NPUM) of the Southern Asia Pacific Division of the Seventh Day Adventists. During the 3 rd Quinquennial Session of the General Conference
of Seventh Day Adventists held f, the NPUM Executive Committee elected the members of the Board of Trustees of AUP, including the Chairman and
the Secretary. Respondent Nestor D. Dayson was elected Chairman while the petitioner was chosen Secretary.
Following the conclusion of the 3rd Quinquennial Session, the Board of Trustees appointed the petitioner President of AUP. During his tenure (
November 11 to November 13, 2002) a group from the NPUM conducted an external performance audit. The audit revealed the petitioner’s
autocratic management style, like making major decisions without the approval or recommendation of the proper committees, including the Finance
Committee; and that he had himself done the canvassing and purchasing of materials and made withdrawals and reimbursements for expenses
without valid supporting receipts and without the approval of the Finance Committee. The audit concluded that he had committed serious violations
of fundamental rules and procedure in the disbursement and use of funds. The NPUM Upon receipt of the CGAS report that confirmed the initial
findings of the auditors informed the petitioner of the findings and required him to explain.
In the January 27, 2003 special meeting, the members voted to remove him as President because of his serious violations of fundamental rules and
procedures in the disbursement and use of funds as revealed by the special audit.
The petitioner brought his suit for injunction and damages in the RTC, with prayer for the issuance of a temporary restraining order against the Board
of Trustees. He alleged that:
1. He was relieved as President without valid grounds despite his five-year term by the Board of Trustees;
2. that the Board of Trustees had thereby acted in bad faith; and
3. That his being denied ample and reasonable time to present his evidence deprived him of his right to due process.
The respondents denied the allegations of the petitioner, and claimed that petitioner had been validly removed for cause and was given the
opportunity to be heard in his defense.
Trial Court: granted the TRO
Court of Appeals: reversed the RTC decision
Issue :
Whether or not petitioner has a vested right in office
Held:
In AUP’s case, its amended By-Laws provided the term of the members of the Board of Trustees, and the period within which to elect the officers,
thusly:
Board of Trustees
Section 1. At the first meeting of the members of the corporation, and thereafter every two years, a Board of Trustees
shall be elected. It shall be composed of fifteen members in good and regular standing in the Seventh-day Adventist
denomination, each of whom shall hold his office for a term of two years, or until his successor has been elected and qualified.
If a trustee ceases at any time to be a member in good and regular standing in the Seventh-day Adventist denomination, he shall
thereby cease to be a trustee.
Officers
Section 1. Election of officers. – At their organization meeting, the members of the Board of Trustees shall elect from
among themselves a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, a President, a Secretary, a Business Manager, and a Treasurer. The same
persons may hold and perform the duties of more than one office, provided they are not incompatible with each other.
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In light of foregoing, the members of the Board of Trustees were to serve a term of office of only two years; and the officers, who included the
President, were to be elected from among the members of the Board of Trustees during their organizational meeting, which was held during the
election of the Board of Trustees every two years. Naturally, the officers, including the President, were to exercise the powers vested by Section 2 of
the amended By-Laws for a term of only two years, not five years.
Ineluctably, the petitioner, having assumed as President of AUP on January 23, 2001, could serve for only two years, or until January 22, 2003. By the
time of his removal for cause as President on January 27, 2003, he was already occupying the office in a hold-over capacity, and could be removed
at any time, without cause, upon the election or appointment of his successor. His insistence on holding on to the office was untenable, therefore,
and with more reason when one considers that his removal was due to the loss of confidence on the part of the Board of Trustees.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Term of Directors: Removal and Replacement of Directors or Trustees
Provision: Sections 28 and 29, Corporation Code
Case Name: Tan v Sycip
Tan v. Sycip
Grace Christian High School (GCHS) is a nonstock, non-profit educational corporation w/ 15 regular members, who also constitute the board of
trustees. During the annual members’ meeting only 11 living member-trustees, as 4 had already died. 7 attended the meeting through their
respective proxies. The meeting was convened and chaired by Atty. Sabino Padilla Jr. over the objection of Atty. Antonio C. Pacis, who argued that
there was no quorum. In the meeting, Petitioners Ernesto Tanchi, Edwin Ngo, Virginia Khoo, and Judith Tan were voted to replace the 4 deceased
member-trustees. SEC: meeting void due to lack of quorum (NOT living but based on AIC)
ISSUE: Whether or not dead members should still be counted in the quorum
HELD: NO. remaining members of the board of trustees of GCHS may convene and fill up the vacancies in the board
Ratio:
Except as provided, the vote necessary to approve a particular corporate act as provided in this Code shall be deemed to refer only to stocks with
voting rights:
o 1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;

o 2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
o 3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or substantially all of the corporation property;
o 4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
o 5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
o 6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another corporation or other corporations;
o 7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or business in accordance with this Code; and
o 8. Dissolution of the corporation.
Quorum in a members’ meeting is to be reckoned as the actual number of members of the corporation. Section 91 of the Corporation Code:
termination extinguishes all the rights of a member of the corporation, unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the bylaws.
Whether or not "dead members" are entitled to exercise their voting rights (through their executor or administrator), depends on those articles of
incorporation or bylaws
 By-Laws of GCHS: membership in the corporation shall be terminated by the death of the member
 With 11 remaining members, the quorum = 6.
SECTION 29. Vacancies in the office of director or trustee. -- Any vacancy occurring in the board of directors or trustees other than by removal by the
stockholders or members or by expiration of term, may be filled by the vote of at least a majority of the remaining directors or trustees, if still
constituting a quorum; otherwise, said vacancies must be filled by the stockholders in a regular or special meeting called for that purpose. A director
or trustee so elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected only for the unexpired term of his predecessor in office.
The filling of vacancies in the board by the remaining directors or trustees constituting a quorum is merely permissive, not mandatory either by the
remaining directors constituting a quorum, or by the stockholders or members in a regular or special meeting called for the purpose
By-Laws of GCHS prescribed the specific mode of filling up existing vacancies in its board of directors; that is, by a majority vote of the remaining
members of the board
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Duties of Directors: Obedience, Diligence, and Loyalty
Provision: Sections 31, 32, 33, and 34, Corporation Code
Case Name: Sanchez v Republic
Sanchez vs. Republic
Facts:
Petitioners Khan and Sanchez are key officers of University of Life Complex (ULFI). The complex was guilt using public fund and the management
was given to ULFI on the condition that the latter would remit the revenue to the government through DECS, net of all expenses. DECS demanded
the payment of its arrears but petitioners failed to remit the same. This promoted DECS to file a collection suit against petitioners. Petitioners
counter that they are mere employees and thus cannot be held personally liable.
Issue: Whether or not petitioner Sanchez, a director and chief executive officer of ULFI, can be held liable in damages under Section 31 of the
Corporation Code for gross neglect or bad faith in directing the corporation's affairs; andcralawlibrary
Held: They can be held personally liable.
Ratio:
Petitioner Sanchez claims that there is no ground for the courts below to pierce the veil of corporate identity and hold him and Kahn, who were
mere corporate officers, personally liable for ULFI's obligations to the DECS. But this is not a case of piercing the veil of corporate fiction. The DECS
brought its action against Sanchez and Kahn under Section 31 of the Corporation Code, which should not be confused with actions intended to
pierce the corporate fiction.
Section 31 of the Corporation Code makes directors-officers of corporations jointly and severally liable even to third parties for their gross
negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of their corporations. Thus:
Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. - Directors or trustees who willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently unlawful acts of
the corporation or who are guilty of gross negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of the corporation or acquire any personal or pecuniary
interest in conflict with their duty as such directors or trustees shall be liable jointly and severally for all damages resulting therefrom suffered by
the corporation, its stockholders or members and other persons. (Emphasis supplied)cralawlibrary
The DECS does not have to invoke the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate fiction. Section 31 above expressly lays down petitioner Sanchez
and Kahn's liability for damages arising from their gross negligence or bad faith in directing corporate affairs. The doctrine mentioned, on the other
hand, is an equitable remedy resorted to only when the corporate fiction is used, among others, to defeat public convenience, justify wrong,
protect fraud or defend a crime
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Corporate Officers
Case Name: Marc II Marketing, Inc. v Alfredo Joson
Mar II Marketing, Inc v. Alfredo Joson
Facts: Respondent Joson was appointed as General Manager of Marc II Marketing. Thru their agreement, respondent Joson was granted a 30% share
in the profit of the company. However, because of poor sales, respondent company ceased operation and served termination notice to respondent.
Respondent filed a case against petitioner for illegal dismissal. Petitioner counters that there is no employer-employee relationship because as a
General Manager, he is a corporate officer thus Labor Arbiter has no jurisdiction on the case.
Issue: Whether the position of General Manager is part of corporate officer divesting the LA from acquiring jurisdiction of the case.
Held: Petition dismissed. He is not a corporate officer.
Ratio:
A careful perusal of petitioner corporations by-laws, particularly paragraph 1, Section 1, Article IV, would explicitly reveal that its corporate officers
are composed only of: (1) Chairman; (2) President; (3) one or more Vice-President; (4) Treasurer; and (5) Secretary. The position of General Manager
was not among those enumerated.
Paragraph 2, Section 1, Article IV of petitioner corporations by-laws, empowered its Board of Directors to appoint such other officers as it may
determine necessary or proper. It is by virtue of this enabling provision that petitioner corporations Board of Directors allegedly approved a
resolution to make the position of General Manager a corporate office, and, thereafter, appointed respondent thereto making him one of its
corporate officers. All of these acts were done without first amending its by-laws so as to include the General Manager in its roster of corporate
officers.
With the given circumstances and in conformity with Matling Industrial and Commercial Corporation v. Coros, this Court rules that respondent was
not a corporate officer of petitioner corporation because his position as General Manager was not specifically mentioned in the roster of corporate
officers in its corporate by-laws. The enabling clause in petitioner corporations by-laws empowering its Board of Directors to create additional officers,
i.e., General Manager, and the alleged subsequent passage of a board resolution to that effect cannot make such position a corporate office. Matling
clearly enunciated that the board of directors has no power to create other corporate offices without first amending the corporate by-laws so as to
include therein the newly created corporate office. Though the board of directors may create appointive positions other than the positions of
corporate officers, the persons occupying such positions cannot be viewed as corporate officers under Section 25 of the Corporation Code. In view
thereof, this Court holds that unless and until petitioner corporations by-laws is amended for the inclusion of General Manager in the list of its
corporate officers, such position cannot be considered as a corporate office within the realm of Section 25 of the Corporation Code.
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3B-Corporation Law
Case Name: Violeta Tudtud Banate v Phil. Countryside Rural Bank
Facts:
Spouses Maglasang obtained a loan from PCRB and mortgaged the house and lot owned by their daughter and son-in-law, the spouses Cortel. They
also obtained 2 other loans secured by their other properties. Before the maturity of their said loan, Sps. Maglasang alleged that they requested
PCRB to permit them to sell their subject properties if they will pay the full amount of the loans. Allegedly, PCRB, acting through its Branch
Manager, Pancrasio Mondigo, verbally agreed to their request hence they sold their property to Violeta Banate and used the proceeds to pay the
loans. PCRB gave the owners duplicate certificate of title and Banate secured a title in her name, however the mortgage lien was carried over
hence they requested PCRB to release the morthgaged which the bank refused. They then filed an action for specific performance. The lower court
ruled in favor of Banate but CA reversed the decision on the ground that It ruled that Mondigo cannot orally amend the mortgage contract hence
it was not binding with PCRB.
Issue: WON the verbal agreement with the bank’s corporate officer binds PCRB.
Held:
Section 23 of the Corporation Code expressly provides that the corporate powers of all corporations shall be exercised by the board of
directors. The power and the responsibility to decide whether the corporation should enter into a contract that will bind the corporation are lodged
in the board, subject to the articles of incorporation, bylaws, or relevant provisions of law. In the absence of authority from the board of directors,
no person, not even its officers, can validly bind a corporation. The authority of a corporate officer or agent in dealing with third persons may be
actual or apparent. The doctrine of apparent authority, on the other hand, with special reference to banks, had long been recognized in this
jurisdiction. The existence of apparent authority may be ascertained through: 1) the general manner in which the corporation holds out an officer or
agent as having the power to act, or in other words, the apparent authority to act in general, with which it clothes him; or 2) the acquiescence in his
acts of a particular nature, with actual or constructive knowledge thereof, within or beyond the scope of his ordinary powers.
In this case, Modrigo is not clothed with apparent authority to bind PCRB and the latter did not ratified the alleged acts of Modrigo. Although a
branch manager, is the general agent and is in general charge of the corporation, with apparent authority commensurate with the ordinary business
entrusted him and the usual course and conduct thereof yet the power to modify or nullify corporate contracts remains generally in the board of
directors.
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3B-Corporation Law
Case Name: Cosare v Broadcom Asia, Inc.
Facts:
Cosare claimed he was employed as a salesman by Arevalo and incorporator of Broadcom Asian Inc. He became the AVP of Sales under Abiog, his
superior. Cosare sent letters to Arevalo about the anomalies allegedly committed by Abiog against the company. Arevalo failed to act on Cosare’s
accusations and instead was asked to tender his resignation charging him of serious misconduct and willful breach of trust. He was also given a show-
cause memo. He was not allowed to go inside the premises of the corporation and was made to wait in the receiving area. After sometime and he
never got any feedback from the corporation, he left the premises and asked the assistance of the Barangay Officers. He then filed for illegal dismissal
with the DOLE. The LA ruled in favor of Bancom Inc. NLRC reversed the decision stating e fact that Cosare was suspended from using the assets of
Broadcom hence Cosare did not abandon his work. Bancom then on appeal raised the issue that the issue is an intra-corporate controversy which
was within the jurisdiction of the RTC, instead of the LA since it involved a complaint against a corporation filed by a stockholder, who, at the same
time, was a corporate officer.
Issue: WON the contention of Bancom Asia Inc. is correct.

Held:
The mere fact that Cosare was a stockholder and an officer of Broadcom at the time the subject controversy developed failed to necessarily make
the case an intra-corporate dispute. The definition of corporate officers for the purpose of identifying an intra-corporate controversy provides that
Corporate officers’ are those officers of the corporation who are given that character by the Corporation Code or by the corporation’s by-laws. There
are three specific officers whom a corporation must have under Section 25 of the Corporation Code. These are the president, secretary and the
treasurer. The number of officers is not limited to these three. A corporation may have such other officers as may be provided for by its by-laws like,
but not limited to, the vice-president, cashier, auditor or general manager. The number of corporate officers is thus limited by law and by the
corporation’s by-laws. As may be deduced from the foregoing, there are two circumstances which must concur in order for an individual to be
considered a corporate officer, as against an ordinary employee or officer, namely: (1) the creation of the position is under the corporation’s charter
or by-laws; and (2) the election of the officer is by the directors or stockholders. It is only when the officer claiming to have been illegally dismissed
is classified as such corporate officer that the issue is deemed an intra-corporate dispute which falls within the jurisdiction of the trial courts. Cosare
in this case is not a corporate officer since records and the GIS does not show he was a corporate officer.
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Subtopic: Authority of Officers: Implied Authority
Case Name: Board of Liquidators v Heris of Maximo Kalaw
Facts:
Maximo M. Kalaw was the General Manager and board chairman of NACOCO. Together with other Board Members, they approved 60 contracts with
various corporations to deliver coconut products even though they were well aware that there was a decrease in copra productivity due to several
typhoons that ravaged the country. As a consequence, NACOCO failed to deliover the said copra products and was sued by the other parties of the
contracts. NACOCO through the Board of Liquidators then sued Kalaw and the others for the damages incurred by the Corporation due to the acts of
Kalaw et al. They alleged that Kalaw et. Al. approved the said contracts without authority.
Issue: WON Kalaw and the other Board of Directors are personally liable.
Held:
Previous contracts signed by Kalaw reaped NACOCO tremendous profits. These previous contract it should be stressed, were signed by Kalaw without
prior authority from the board. Said contracts were known all along to the board members. Nothing was said by them. The aforesaid contracts stand
to prove one thing: Obviously, NACOCO board met the difficulties attendant to forward sales by leaving the adoption of means to end, to the sound
discretion of NACOCO's general manager Maximo M. Kalaw. Our law pronounces that "[r]atification cleanses the contract from all its defects from
the moment it was constituted." By corporate confirmation, the contracts executed by Kalaw are thus purged of whatever vice or defect they may
have. Kalaw had authority to execute the contracts without need of prior approval. Everybody, including Kalaw himself, thought so, and for a long
time. Doubts were first thrown on the way only when the contracts turned out to be unprofitable for NACOCO. Hence, Kalaw and the other Board
Mmebers are not liable as corporate officers considering he acted with implied authority.
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Subtopic: Agency by Estoppel and Doctrine of Apparent Authority
Case Name: Advance Paper Corp. v Arma Traders Corp
Facts:
Advance Paper is a domestic corporation engaged in the business of producing, printing, manufacturing, distributing and selling of
various paper products. Petitioner George Haw is the President. While respondent Arma Traders is also a domestic corporation engaged in the
wholesale and distribution of school and office supplies, and novelty products. Respondent Antonio Tan was formerly the President while
respondent Uy Seng Kee Willy is the Treasurer of Arma Traders. They represented Arma Traders when dealing with its supplier, Advance Paper, for
about 14 years.
Arma Traders purchased on credit notebooks and other paper products amounting to P7,533,001.49 from Advance Paper. Upon the
representation of Tan and Uy, Arma Traders also obtained three loans from Advance Paper in the amounts of P3,380,171.82, P1,000,000.00, and
P3,408,623.94 or a total of P7,788,796.76.
As payment, Arma Traders issued 82 postdated checks payable to cash or to Advance Paper. Tan and Uy were Arma Traders’ authorized
bank signatories who signed and issued these checks which had the aggregate amount of P15,130,636.87.
Advance Paper presented the checks to the drawee bank but were dishonored either for “insufficiency of funds” or “account closed.”
Despite repeated demands, however, Arma Traders failed to settle its account with Advance Paper. The petitioners filed a complaint for collection
of sum of money with application for preliminary attachment against Arma Traders, Tan, Uy, Ting, Gui, and Ng.
Claims of the respondents:
As to the loan transactions, the respondents countered that these were the personal obligations of Tan and Uy to Advance Paper. These
loans were never intended to benefit the respondents.
The respondents also claimed that the loan transactions were ultra vires because the board of directors of Arma Traders did not issue a
board resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loans from Advance Paper. They claimed that the borrowing of money must be done only
with the prior approval of the board of directors because without the approval, the corporate officers are acting in excess of their authority or ultra
vires. When the acts of the corporate officers are ultra vires, the corporation is not liable for whatever acts that these officers committed in excess
of their authority. Further, the respondents claimed that Advance Paper failed to verify Tan and Uy’s authority to transact business with them.
Hence, Advance Paper should suffer the consequences.
RTC ordered Arma Traders to pay Advance Paper the sum of P15,321,798. The RTC held that the respondents failed to present hard,
admissible and credible evidence to prove that the sale invoices were forged or fictitious, and that the loan transactions were personal obligations
of Tan and Uy. Nonetheless, the RTC dismissed the complaint against Tan, Uy, Ting, Gui and Ng due to the lack of evidence showing that they
bound themselves, either jointly or solidarily, with Arma Traders for the payment of its account.
CA held that the petitioners failed to prove by preponderance of evidence the existence of the purchases on credit and loans
Arma Traders was not liable for the loan in the absence of a board resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loan from Advance
Paper. The CA acknowledged that Tan and Uy were Arma Traders’ authorized bank signatories. However, the CA explained that this is not sufficient
because the authority to sign the checks is different from the required authority to contract a loan.
Petitioner Arma Traders led the petitioners to believe that Tan and Uy had the authority to obtain loans since the respondents left the
active and sole management of the company to Tan and Uy since 1984. In fact, Ng testified that Arma Traders’ stockholders and board of directors
never conducted a meeting from 1984 to 1995. Citing Lipat v. Pacific Banking Corporation, the petitioners said that if a corporation knowingly
permits one of its officers or any other agent to act within the scope of an apparent authority, it holds him out to the public as possessing the
power to do those acts; thus, the corporation will, as against anyone who has in good faith dealt with it through such agent, be estopped from
denying the agent’s authority.
Respondents argue that while as a general rule, a corporation is estopped from denying the authority of its agents which it allowed to
deal with the general public; this is only true if the person dealing with the agent dealt in good faith. In the present case, the respondents claim
that the petitioners are in bad faith because the petitioners connived with Tan and Uy to make Arma Traders liable for the non-existent deliveries
of notebooks and other paper products. As to the loans, the respondents aver that these were Tan and Uy’s personal obligations with Advance
Paper.
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ISSUE:
Whether Arma Traders is liable to pay the loans applying the doctrine of apparent authority.
Held:
Yes.
HELD:
The doctrine of apparent authority provides that a corporation will be estopped from denying the agent’s authority if it knowingly
permits one of its officers or any other agent to act within the scope of an apparent authority, and it holds him out to the public as possessing the
power to do those acts.
In Inter-Asia Investment Industries v. Court of Appeals,78 we explained:
Apparent authority is derived not merely from practice. Its existence may be ascertained through (1) the general manner in which the
corporation holds out an officer or agent as having the power to act or, in other words the apparent authority to act in general, with which it
clothes him; or (2) the acquiescence in his acts of a particular nature, with actual or constructive knowledge thereof, within or beyond the scope of
his ordinary powers. It requires presentation of evidence of similar act(s) executed either in its favor or in favor of other parties. It is not the
quantity of similar acts which establishes apparent authority, but the vesting of a corporate officer with the power to bind the corporation. Also, in
People’s Aircargo and Warehousing Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, we ruled that the doctrine of apparent authority is applied when the petitioner,
through its president Antonio Punsalan Jr., entered into the First Contract without first securing board approval. Despite such lack of board
approval, petitioner did not object to or repudiate said contract, thus "clothing" its president with the power to bind the corporation.
In the present petition, we do not agree with the CA’s findings that Arma Traders is not liable to pay the loans due to the lack of board
resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loans. To begin with, Arma Traders’ Articles of Incorporation provides that the corporation may
borrow or raise money to meet the financial requirements of its business by the issuance of bonds, promissory notes and other evidence of
indebtedness. Likewise, it states that Tan and Uy are not just ordinary corporate officers and authorized bank signatories because they are also
Arma Traders’ incorporators along with respondents Ng and Ting, and Pedro Chao. Furthermore, the respondents, through Ng who is Arma
Traders’ corporate secretary, incorporator, stockholder and director, testified that the sole management of Arma Traders was left to Tan and Uy
and that he and the other officers never dealt with the business and management of Arma Traders for 14 years. He also confirmed that since 1984
up to the filing of the complaint against Arma Traders, its stockholders and board of directors never had its meeting.
Thus, Arma Traders bestowed upon Tan and Uy broad powers by allowing them to transact with third persons without the necessary
written authority from its non-performing board of directors. Arma Traders failed to take precautions to prevent its own corporate officers from
abusing their powers. Because of its own laxity in its business dealings, Arma Traders is now estopped from denying Tan and Uy’s authority to
obtain loan from Advance Paper.
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Subtopic: Liabilities of Directors, Trustees, and Officers
Case Name: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation v Menchavez
FACTS:
Pantaleon, President and Chairman of the Board of PRISMA, obtained a P1M loan from the respondent, with a monthly interest of
P40,000 payable for 6 months or P1,240,000 under the following schedule of payments:
January 8, 1994 …………………. P40,000.00
February 8, 1994 ………………... P40,000.00
March 8, 1994 …………………... P40,000.00
April 8, 1994 ……………………. P40,000.00
May 8, 1994 …………………….. P40,000.00
June 8, 1994 ………………… P1,040,000.00
Total P1,240,000.00
Pantaleon signed the promissory note in his personal capacity and as duly authorized by the Board of Directors of PRISMA. Petitioners failed to
completely pay the loan within the stipulated period and paid such amounts to respondent:
September 8, 1994 ………………P320,000.00
October 8, 1995………………….P600,000.00
November 8, 1995…………….....P158,772.00
January 4, 1997 ………………… P30,000.00
January 4, 1997: Petitioners had already paid a total of P1,108,772, but still has an outstanding balance of P1,364,151, applied a 4%
monthly interest.
Respondent filed a complaint for sum of money with the RTC to enforce the unpaid balance, plus 4% monthly interest, P30,000 in
attorney’s fees, P1,000 per court appearance and costs of suit
RTC: petitioners liable for payment of P3,526,117.00 to Menchavez
CA: affirmed RTC Decision, but modified the interest rate from 4% per month to 12% per annum, computed from the filing of the
complaint to full payment.
Petitioners admitted the loan of P1,240,000.00, but denied the 4% monthly interest for not being provided in the promissory note.
Pantaleon also denied that he made himself personally liable and made representations that the loan would be repaid 6 months. CA mistakenly
relied on their board resolution to conclude that the parties agreed to a 4% monthly interest because the board resolution was not an evidence of a
loan or forbearance of money, but merely an authorization for Pantaleon to perform certain acts, including the power to enter into a contract of
loan
ISSUE: Whether the parties agreed to the 4% monthly interest on the loan. If so, does the rate of interest apply to the 6-month payment period
only or until full payment of the loan?
HELD:
Petition is meritorious. CA Decision SET ASIDE. petitioners’ loan of P1,000,000.00 shall bear interest of P40,000.00 per month for six (6)
months from December 8, 1993 as indicated in the promissory note. Any portion of this loan, unpaid as of the end of the six-month payment
period, shall thereafter bear interest at 12% per annum. Case is REMANDED to RTC for proper computation.
Doctrine of Estoppel not applicable
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We cannot apply the doctrine of estoppel in the present case since the facts and circumstances, as established by the record, negate its
application. Under the promissory note, what the petitioners agreed to was the payment of a specific sum of P40,000.00 per month for six months
– not a 4% rate of interest per month for six (6) months– on a loan whose principal is P1,000,000.00, for the total amount of P1,240,000.00. The
board resolution simply authorizes Pantaleon to contract for a loan with a monthly interest of not more than 4%. This resolution merely embodies
the extent of Pantaleon’s authority to contract and does not create any right or obligation except as between Pantaleon and the board. Again, no
cause exists to place the petitioners in estoppel.
Piercing the corporate veil unfounded
The Court finds it unfounded and unwarranted for the lower courts to pierce the corporate veil of PRISMA.
The doctrine of piercing the corporate veil applies only in 3 basic instances: a) when the separate and distinct corporate personality defeats
public convenience, as when the corporate fiction is used as a vehicle for the evasion of an existing obligation; b) in fraud cases, or when the
corporate entity is used to justify a wrong, protect a fraud, or defend a crime; or c) is used in alter ego cases, i.e., where a corporation is essentially
a farce, since it is a mere alter ego or business conduit of a person, or where the corporation is so organized and controlled and its affairs so
conducted as to make it merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of another corporation.
In the absence of malice, bad faith, or a specific provision of law making a corporate officer liable, such corporate officer cannot be made
personally liable for corporate liabilities.
In the present case, there is no competent and convincing evidence of any wrongful, fraudulent or unlawful act on the part of PRISMA to
justify piercing its corporate veil. While Pantaleon denied personal liability in his Answer, he made himself accountable in the promissory note “in
his personal capacity and as authorized by the Board Resolution” of PRISMA. With this statement of personal liability and in the absence of any
representation on the part of PRISMA that the obligation is all its own because of its separate corporate identity, we see no occasion to consider
piercing the corporate veil as material to the case.
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Case Name: Magaling et al v Ong
Facts:
Respondent Ong instituted with the RTC Lipa a complaint of Collection of Sum of Money in the amount of P 389,000.00 against the herein
petitioners.
The complaint alleged among others that spouses Magaling is the controlling stockholders owners of Thermo Loans & Credit Corporation,
Mr. Reynaldo Magaling being the President of the corporation; that Reynaldo Magaling induced and obtained aloan from Mr. Ong the amount of
P350.000.00 with interest of 2&1/2 a month; that Reynaldo Magaling later on issued seven (7) post dated checks where only two checks were cleared
by the bank and the rest were dishonored; that despite demands, spouses Magaling and/or Thermo & Credit Loans failed, refused and neglected to
pay; that Ong's prayer for Preliminary Attachment was granted by the Court attaching the two parcel of land owned by the corporation. In their
defense, spouses Magaling argued that Ong at his own risk invested the money with Thermo Loans Corporation; that the promissory note was issued
by the corporation and they are not signatories in the checks issued by the corporation.
In the first decision of RTC, it ruled in favor of Ong and against the Thermo Loans Corporation. However, in the second decision, the Court
absolved spouses from any obligation or liability. Thus, Ong appealed the case to the Court of appeal wherein the appellate Court reversed the RTC
decision and declared spouses Magaling jointly and severally liable to Peter Ong for the corporation obligation of Thermo Loans. The Court of Appeals
pierced the veil of corporate fiction and holds the spouses Magaling liable with Thermo Loans for the corporate obligations since Reynaldo Magaling
was grossly negligent in managing the affairs of the corporation hence, this petition.
Issue: Whether or not Reynaldo Magaling personally liable for corporate liability of Thermo loans corporation?
Held:
Petition is not meritorious. It is basic that the corporation is a juridical entity with legal personality separate and distinct from those acting
for and in its behalf and, in general, from the people comprising it. The general rule is that obligations incurred by the corporation, acting through its
directors, officers and employees, are its sole liabilities and vice versa. However, there are times when solidary liabilities may be incurred and the
veil of corporate fiction may be pierced. One of the circumstances warranting the disregard of separate personality is that when directors and trustees
or, in appropriate case, the officers of a corporation acted in bad faith or with gross negligence in directing the corporate affairs. Considering that
Reynaldo Magaling was grossly negligent in directing the affairs of Thermo Loans without due regard to the plight of its investors and thus should be
held jointly and severally liable for the corporate obligation of Thermo Loans to Peter Ong.
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Case Name: Heirs of Fe Tan Uy v International Exchange Bank
LIABILITIES OF DIRECTORS, TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS (Sec. 31, Corp. Code)
Heirs of Fe Tan Uy vs International Exchange Bank
FACTS:
 Respondent International Exchange Bank (iBank), granted loans to Hammer Garments Corporation (Hammer). The loans were signed by
Hammer President Chua (Uy’s husband) and was secured by a 3rd party REM by Goldkey Dev’t and a Peso Surety Agreement signed by Chua
and Uy.
 Hammer defaulted. iBank foreclosed some the 3rd party mortgage but was however deficient. iBank now brings suit against Hammer, Chua,
Uy, and Goldkey.
 Hammer and Chua failed to file an Answer. Uy denied signing any surety agreement. Goldkey averred that its liability is only limited to the
3rd party REM, and that it cannot be held liable for Hammer’s loan since it has a separate personality apart from Hammer.
 RTC ruled among others that while Uy’s signature was forged on the surety agreement, she nonetheless should be held liable for the
outstanding obligation of Hammer because she was an officer and stockholder of that corporation.
 CA affirmed the RTC without explaining its ruling on the liability of Uy.
 The heirs of Uy argue that the latter could not be held liable for being merely an officer of Hammer because it was not shown that she had
committed any actionable wrong or that she had participated in the transaction between Hammer and iBank. They further claim that she
had cut all ties with Hammer and her husband long before the execution of the loan.
ISSUE:
WON Uy should be held liable for the outstanding obligation.
HELD:
NO. Piercing of the veil for Uy is not justified.
Before a director or officer of a corporation can be held personally liable for corporate obligations, however, the following requisites must concur:
(1) the complainant must allege in the complaint that the director or officer assented to patently unlawful acts of the corporation, or that the officer
was guilty of gross negligence or bad faith; and (2) the complainant must clearly and convincingly prove such unlawful acts, negligence or bad faith.
In this case, petitioners are correct to argue that it was not alleged, much less proven, that Uy committed an act as an officer of Hammer that would
permit the piercing of the corporate veil. A reading of the complaint reveals that with regard to Uy, iBank did not demand that she be held liable for
the obligations of Hammer because she was a corporate officer who committed bad faith or gross negligence in the performance of her duties such
that the lifting of the corporate mask would be merited. What the complaint simply stated is that she, together with her errant husband Chua, acted
as surety of Hammer, as evidenced by her signature on the Surety Agreement which was later found by the RTC to have been forged.
Considering that the only basis for holding Uy liable for the payment of the loan was proven to be a falsified document, there was no sufficient
justification for the RTC to have ruled that Uy should be held jointly and severally liable to iBank for the unpaid loan of Hammer. Neither did the CA
explain its affirmation of the RTC’s ruling against Uy. The Court cannot give credence to the simplistic declaration of the RTC that liability would attach
directly to Uy for the sole reason that she was an officer and stockholder of Hammer.
At most, Uy could have been charged with negligence in the performance of her duties as treasurer of Hammer by allowing the company to contract
a loan despite its precarious financial position. Furthermore, if it was true, as petitioners claim, that she no longer performed the functions of a
treasurer, then she should have formally resigned as treasurer to isolate herself from any liability that could result from her being an officer of the
corporation. Nonetheless, these shortcomings of Uy are not sufficient to justify the piercing of the corporate veil which requires that the negligence
of the officer must be so gross that it could amount to bad faith and must be established by clear and convincing evidence. Gross negligence is one
that is characterized by the lack of the slightest care, acting or failing to act in a situation where there is a duty to act, wilfully and intentionally with
a conscious indifference to the consequences insofar as other persons may be affected.
There is no showing that Uy committed gross negligence. And in the absence of any of the aforementioned requisites for making a corporate officer,
director or stockholder personally liable for the obligations of a corporation, Uy, as a treasurer and stockholder of Hammer, cannot be made to
answer for the unpaid debts of the corporation.
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Case Name: Domingo v Domingo
FACTS:
 Vicente Domingo granted to Gregorio Domingo, a real estate broker, the exclusive agency to sell his property in a document. Said lot has
an area of 88,477 sq. m. According to the document, said lot must be sold for P2 per sq. m. Gregorio is entitled to 5% commission on the
total price if the property is sold by Vicente or by anyone else during the 30-day duration of the agency or by Vicente within 3 months from
the termination of the agency to a purchaser to whom it was submitted by Gregorio during the effectivity of the agency with notice to
Vicente.
 Subsequently, Gregorio authorized Teofilo Purisima to look for a buyer without notifying Vicente. Gregorio promised Teofilo ½ of the 5%
commission. Teofilo introduced Oscar de Leon to Gregorio as a prospective buyer.
 Oscar submitted a written offer which was very much lower than the P2 per sq. m. price. Vicente directed Gregorio to tell Oscar to raise
his offer. After several conferences between Gregorio and Oscar, Oscar raised his offer to P1.20 per sq. m. or P109,000 in total. Vicente
agreed to said offer.
 Upon Vicente’s demand, Oscar issued a P1,000 check to him as earnest money. Vicente, then, advanced P300 to Gregorio. Subsequently,
Vicente asked for an additional P1,000 as earnest money, which Oscar promised to deliver to Vicente. The written agreement, Exhibit C,
between the parties was amended.
 Oscar will vacate on or about September 15, 1956 his house and lot at Denver St., QC, which is part of the purchase price. Later on, it was
again amended to state that Oscar will vacate his house and lot on Dec. 1, 1956 because his wife was pregnant at that time. Oscar gave
Gregorio P1,000 as a gift or propina for succeeding in persuading Vicente to sell his lot at P1.20 per sq. m. Gregorio did not disclose said
gift or propina to Vicente. Moreover, Oscar did not pay Vicente the additional P1,000 Vicente asked from him as earnest money.
 The deed of sale was not executed since Oscar gave up on the negotiation when he did not receive his money from his brother in the US,
which he communicated to Gregorio. Gregorio did not see Oscar for several weeks thus sensing that something fishy might be going on.
So, he went to Vicente’s house where he read a portion of the agreement to the effect that Vicente was still willing to pay him 5%
commission, P5,450.
 Thereafter, Gregorio went to the Register of Deeds of QC, where he discovered that a Deed of sale was executed by Amparo de Leon,
Oscar’s wife, over their house and lot in favor of Vicente. After discovering that Vicente sold his lot to Oscar’s wife, Gregorio demanded in
writing the payment of his commission.
 Gregorio also conferred with Oscar. Oscar told him that Vicente went to him and asked him to eliminate Gregorio in the transaction and
that he would sell his property to him for P104,000.
 In his reply, Vicente stated that Gregorio is not entitled to the 5% commission because he sold the property not to Gregorio's buyer, Oscar
de Leon, but to another buyer, Amparo Diaz, wife of Oscar de Leon.
 RTC held that Vicente should pay the commission to Gregorio.
 CA upheld.
ISSUE:
WON Gregorio’s act of accepting the gift or propina from Oscar constitutes a fraud which would cause the forfeiture of his 5% commission.
HELD:
YES.
The pertinent New Civil Code provisions state that:

Art. 1891. Every agent is bound to render an account of his transactions and to deliver to the principal whatever he may have
received by virtue of the agency, even though it may not be owing to the principal.
Every stipulation exempting the agent from the obligation to render an account shall be void.
xxx xxx xxx
Art. 1909. The agent is responsible not only for fraud but also for negligence, which shall be judged with more less rigor by the
courts, according to whether the agency was or was not for a compensation.
The aforecited provisions demand the utmost good faith, fidelity, honesty, candor and fairness on the part of the agent, the real estate broker in this
case, to his principal, the vendor. The law imposes upon the agent the absolute obligation to make a full disclosure or complete account to his
principal of all his transactions and other material facts relevant to the agency, so much so that the law as amended does not countenance any
stipulation exempting the agent from such an obligation and considers such an exemption as void. The duty of an agent is likened to that of a trustee.
This is not a technical or arbitrary rule but a rule founded on the highest and truest principle of morality as well as of the strictest justice.
Hence, an agent who takes a secret profit in the nature of a bonus, gratuity or personal benefit from the vendee, without revealing the same to his
principal, the vendor, is guilty of a breach of his loyalty to the principal and forfeits his right to collect the commission from his principal, even if the
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principal does not suffer any injury by reason of such breach of fidelity, or that he obtained better results or that the agency is a gratuitous one, or
that usage or custom allows it; because the rule is to prevent the possibility of any wrong, not to remedy or repair an actual damage.
The fact that the buyer appearing in the deed of sale is Amparo Diaz, the wife of Oscar de Leon, does not materially alter the situation; because the
transaction, to be valid, must necessarily be with the consent of the husband Oscar de Leon, who is the administrator of their conjugal assets including
their house and lot at No. 40 Denver Street, Cubao, Quezon City, which were given as part of and constituted the down payment on, the purchase
price of herein petitioner-appellant's lot No. 883 of Piedad Estate. Hence, both in law and in fact, it was still Oscar de Leon who was the buyer.
As a necessary consequence of such breach of trust, defendant-appellee Gregorio Domingo must forfeit his right to the commission and must return
the part of the commission he received from his principal.
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Subtopic: Compensation of Directors
Case Name: Singsong v COA
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS (Sec. 30, Corp. Code)
Singson vs COA
FACTS:
 Petitioners are the members of the Board of Philippine International Convention Center, Inc. (PICCI).
 By virtue of the PICCI By-Laws, petitioners were authorized to receive P1,000.00 per diem each for every meeting attended. An amended
resolution further granted the Members of the additional monthly RATA, in the amount of P1,500.00, to each of the petitioners. However,
payment for such grants were denied.
 The disallowance was questioned but it was upheld by herein respondent.
 Hence this petition.
ISSUE:
WON the grant of the compensation as well as the monthly RATA are valid.
HELD:
NO.
Section 30 of the Corporation Code, which authorizes the stockholders to grant compensation to its directors, states: In the absence of any provision
in the by-laws fixing their compensation, the directors shall not receive any compensation, as such directors, except for reasonable per diems;
Provided, however, that any such compensation (other than per diems) may be granted to directors by the vote of the stockholders representing at
least a majority of the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special stockholders’ meeting. In no case shall the total yearly compensation of
directors, as such directors, exceed ten (10%) percent of the net income before income tax of the corporation during the preceding year.
From this, it is clear that the directors of a corporation shall not receive any compensation for being members of the board of directors, except for
reasonable per diems. The two instances where the directors are to be entitled to compensation shall be when it is fixed by the corporation’s by-laws
or when the stockholders, representing at least a majority of the outstanding capital stock, vote to grant the same at a regular or special stockholder’s
meeting, subject to the qualification that, in any of the two situations, the total yearly compensation of directors, as such directors, shall in no case
exceed ten (10%) percent of the net income before income tax of the corporation during the preceding year.
In this regard, the Court upholds the findings of respondent that petitioners’ right to compensation as members of the PICCI Board of Directors is
limited only to per diem of P1,000.00 for every meeting attended, by virtue of the PICCI By-Laws.
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Topic: Powers of Corporations
Subtopic: General Powers
Case Name: Lily Sy v Hon. Sec. of Justice
Facts:
- Lily Sy, Merry Sy, Jennifer Sy, and Glenn Sy are all incorporators and members of family corporation Fortune Wealth Mansion Corporation
- Lily Sy alleges robbery against the said co-incorporators. Merry, Jennifer, and Glenn authorized their people to open the safe and take out
items allegedly of personal property of Lily Sy.
- The defendants allege said property are owned by the corporation
Issue:
- WoN there is robbery considering that the items allegedly stolen are properties of the corporation and the alleged robbers are
incorporators
Held:
- In this case, it was shown that respondents believed in good faith that they and the corporation own not only the subject unit but also
the properties found inside. If at all, they took them openly and avowedly under that claim of ownership.56 This is bolstered by the fact
that at the time of the alleged incident, petitioner had been staying in another unit because the electric service in the 10th floor was
disconnected. We quote with approval the CA conclusion in their Amended Decision, thus:
- Indeed, on second look, We note that what is involved here is a dispute between and among members of a family corporation, the
Fortune Wealth Mansion Corporation. Petitioner Lily Sy and respondents Merry, Jennifer, and Glenn, all surnamed Sy, are the owners-
incorporators of said corporation, which owns and manages the Fortune Wealth Mansion where petitioner allegedly resided and where
the crime of robbery was allegedly committed. As part-owners of the entire building and of the articles allegedly stolen from the 10th
floor of said building … the very same properties that are involved between the same parties in a pending estate proceeding, the
respondents cannot, as co-owners, be therefore charged with robbery. The fact of co-ownership negates any intention to gain, as they
cannot steal properties which they claim to own.
- Hence, even if we are to assume that private respondents took the said personal properties from the 10th floor of the Fortune Wealth
Mansion, they cannot be charged with robbery because again, the taking was made under a claim of ownership x x x57
- Respondents should not be held liable for the alleged unlawful act absent a felonious intent.1âwphi1 "Actus non facit reum, nisi mens
sit rea. A crime is not committed if the mind of the person performing the act complained of is 58 innocent.
- The Court adheres to the view that a preliminary investigation serves not only the purposes of the State, but more importantly, it is a
significant part of freedom and fair play which every individual is entitled to. It is thus the duty of the prosecutor or the judge, as the
case may be, to relieve the accused of going through a trial once it is determined that there is no sufficient evidence to sustain a finding
of probable cause to form a sufficient belief that the accused has committed a crime. In this case, absent sufficient evidence to establish
probable cause for the prosecution of respondents for the crime of robbery, the filing of information against respondents constitute
grave abuse of discretion.

Case Name: Violeta Tudtud Banate v Phil Countryside Rural Bank
Facts:
Spouses Maglasang obtained a loan from PCRB and mortgaged the house and lot owned by their daughter and son-in-law, the spouses Cortel. They
also obtained 2 other loans secured by their other properties. Before the maturity of their said loan, Sps. Maglasang alleged that they requested
PCRB to permit them to sell their subject properties if they will pay the full amount of the loans. Allegedly, PCRB, acting through its Branch
Manager, Pancrasio Mondigo, verbally agreed to their request hence they sold their property to Violeta Banate and used the proceeds to pay the
loans. PCRB gave the owners duplicate certificate of title and Banate secured a title in her name, however the mortgage lien was carried over
hence they requested PCRB to release the morthgaged which the bank refused. They then filed an action for specific performance. The lower court
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ruled in favor of Banate but CA reversed the decision on the ground that It ruled that Mondigo cannot orally amend the mortgage contract hence
it was not binding with PCRB.
Issues:
Whether or not the Branch Manager was validly clothed in authority to novate the contract or
Whether or not the doctrine of apparent authority applies
Held:
No.
Section 23 of the Corporation Code16 expressly provides that the corporate powers of all corporations shall be exercised by the board of directors.
The power and the responsibility to decide whether the corporation should enter into a contract that will bind the corporation are lodged in the
board, subject to the articles of incorporation, bylaws, or relevant provisions of law. In the absence of authority from the board of directors, no
person, not even its officers, can validly bind a corporation.
However, just as a natural person may authorize another to do certain acts for and on his behalf, the board of directors may validly delegate some
of its functions and powers to its officers, committees or agents. The authority of these individuals to bind the corporation is generally derived from
law, corporate bylaws or authorization from the board, either expressly or impliedly by habit, custom or acquiescence in the general course of
business.17
The authority of a corporate officer or agent in dealing with third persons may be actual or apparent. Actual authority is either express or implied.
The extent of an agent’s express authority is to be measured by the power delegated to him by the corporation, while the extent of his implied
authority is measured by his prior acts which have been ratified or approved, or their benefits accepted by his principal.18 The doctrine of "apparent
authority," on the other hand, with special reference to banks, had long been recognized in this jurisdiction. The existence of apparent authority may
be ascertained through:
1) the general manner in which the corporation holds out an officer or agent as having the power to act, or in other words, the
apparent authority to act in general, with which it clothes him; or
2) the acquiescence in his acts of a particular nature, with actual or constructive knowledge thereof, within or beyond the scope of
his ordinary powers.
Accordingly, the authority to act for and to bind a corporation may be presumed from acts of recognition in other instances when the power was
exercised without any objection from its board or shareholders.19
Notably, the petitioners’ action for specific performance is premised on the supposed actual or apparent authority of the branch manager, Mondigo,
to release the subject properties from the mortgage, although the other obligations remain unpaid. In light of our discussion above, proof of the
branch manager’s authority becomes indispensable to support the petitioners’ contention. The petitioners make no claim that Mondigo had actual
authority from PCRB, whether express or implied. Rather, adopting the trial court’s observation, the petitioners posited that PCRB should be held
liable for Mondigo’s commitment, on the basis of the latter’s apparent authority.
We disagree with this position.
Under the doctrine of apparent authority, acts and contracts of the agent, as are within the apparent scope of the authority conferred on him,
although no actual authority to do such acts or to make such contracts has been conferred, bind the principal.20 The principal’s liability, however, is
limited only to third persons who have been led reasonably to believe by the conduct of the principal that such actual authority exists, although none
was given. In other words, apparent authority is determined only by the acts of the principal and not by the acts of the agent.21 There can be no
apparent authority of an agent without acts or conduct on the part of the principal; such acts or conduct must have been known and relied upon in
good faith as a result of the exercise of reasonable prudence by a third party as claimant, and such acts or conduct must have produced a change of
position to the third party’s detriment.22
In the present case, the decision of the trial court was utterly silent on the manner by which PCRB, as supposed principal, has "clothed" or "held out"
its branch manager as having the power to enter into an agreement, as claimed by petitioners. No proof of the course of business, usages and
practices of the bank about, or knowledge that the board had or is presumed to have of, its responsible officers’ acts regarding bank branch affairs,
was ever adduced to establish the branch manager’s apparent authority to verbally alter the terms of mortgage contracts.23 Neither was there any
allegation, much less proof, that PCRB ratified Mondigo’s act or is estopped to make a contrary claim.24
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Further, we would be unduly stretching the doctrine of apparent authority were we to consider the power to undo or nullify solemn agreements
validly entered into as within the doctrine’s ambit. Although a branch manager, within his field and as to third persons, is the general agent and is in
general charge of the corporation, with apparent authority commensurate with the ordinary business entrusted him and the usual course and
conduct thereof,25 yet the power to modify or nullify corporate contracts remains generally in the board of directors.26 Being a mere branch
manager alone is insufficient to support the conclusion that Mondigo has been clothed with "apparent authority" to verbally alter terms of written
contracts, especially when viewed against the telling circumstances of this case: the unequivocal provision in the mortgage contract; PCRB’s vigorous
denial that any agreement to release the mortgage was ever entered into by it; and, the fact that the purported agreement was not even reduced
into writing considering its legal effects on the parties’ interests. To put it simply, the burden of proving the authority of Mondigo to alter or novate
the mortgage contract has not been established.27
It is a settled rule that persons dealing with an agent are bound at their peril, if they would hold the principal liable, to ascertain not only the fact of
agency but also the nature and extent of the agent’s authority, and in case either is controverted, the burden of proof is upon them to establish it.28
As parties to the mortgage contract, the petitioners are expected to abide by its terms. The subsequent purported agreement is of no moment, and
cannot prejudice PCRB, as it is beyond Mondigo’s actual or apparent authority, as above discussed.
Rescission has no legal basis; there can be no restitution of the amount paid
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Case Name: Antonio P. Salenga v Court of Appeals
Facts:
1998: President/Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Rufo Colayco issued an Order informing petitioner that, pursuant to the decision of the board of
directors of respondent CDC, the position of head executive assistant the position held by petitioner was declared redundant. Petitioner received a
copy of the Order on the same day and immediately went to see Colayco. The latter informed him that the Order had been issued as part of the
reorganization scheme approved by the board of directors. Thus, petitioners employment was to be terminated thirty (30) days from notice of the
Order.
1999: Petitioner filed a case for illegal dismissal. LA ruled in favor of Petitioner.
2000: CD was already under a different head who instructed not to file an appeal. However, an appeal was still filed by Colayco. The OGCC reiterated
its allegation that petitioner was a corporate officer, and that the termination of his employment was an intra-corporate matter. The Memorandum
of Appeal was verified and certified by Hilana Timbol-Roman, the executive vice president of respondent CDC. The Memorandum was accompanied
by a UCPB General Insurance Co., Inc. supersedeas bond covering the amount due to petitioner as adjudged by LA Darlucio. Timbol-Roman and OGCC
lawyer Roy Christian Mallari also executed on 17 March 2000 a Joint Affidavit of Declaration wherein they swore that they were the respective
authorized representative and counsel of respondent corporation. However, the Memorandum of Appeal and the Joint Affidavit of Declaration were
not accompanied by a board resolution from respondents board of directors authorizing either Timbol-Roman or Atty. Mallari, or both, to pursue the
case or to file the appeal on behalf of respondent.
Petitioner assails in the SC the said appeal stating that the lack of an accompanying Board Resolution from the CDC board makes the appeal useless.
Issue:
Whether or not the lack of the board resolution removes the representation rights of the lawyer to appeal the case in the CA
Held:
Yes. Absent the board resolution, the appeal is useless. The lack of a board resolution is a fatal mistake.
It is clear from the NLRC Rules of Procedure that appeals must be verified and certified against forum-shopping by the parties-in-interest themselves.
In the case at bar, the parties-in-interest are petitioner Salenga, as the employee, and respondent Clark Development Corporation as the employer.
A corporation can only exercise its powers and transact its business through its board of directors and through its officers and agents when authorized
by a board resolution or its bylaws. The power of a corporation to sue and be sued is exercised by the board of directors. The physical acts of the
corporation, like the signing of documents, can be performed only by natural persons duly authorized for the purpose by corporate bylaws or by a
specific act of the board. The purpose of verification is to secure an assurance that the allegations in the pleading are true and correct and have been
filed in good faith.[41]
Thus, we agree with petitioner that, absent the requisite board resolution, neither Timbol-Roman nor Atty. Mallari, who signed the Memorandum of
Appeal and Joint Affidavit of Declaration allegedly on behalf of respondent corporation, may be considered as the appellant and employer referred
to by Rule VI, Sections 4 to 6 of the NLRC Rules of Procedure
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Case Name: Advance Paper Corp v Arma Traders Corp
Facts:
Advance Paper is a domestic corporation engaged in the business of producing, printing, manufacturing, distributing and selling of various
paper products. Petitioner George Haw is the President. While respondent Arma Traders is also a domestic corporation engaged in the wholesale
and distribution of school and office supplies, and novelty products. Respondent Antonio Tan was formerly the President while respondent Uy Seng
Kee Willy is the Treasurer of Arma Traders. They represented Arma Traders when dealing with its supplier, Advance Paper, for about 14 years.
Arma Traders purchased on credit notebooks and other paper products amounting to P7,533,001.49 from Advance Paper. Upon the
representation of Tan and Uy, Arma Traders also obtained three loans from Advance Paper in the amounts of P3,380,171.82, P1,000,000.00, and
P3,408,623.94 or a total of P7,788,796.76.
As payment, Arma Traders issued 82 postdated checks payable to cash or to Advance Paper. Tan and Uy were Arma Traders’ authorized
bank signatories who signed and issued these checks which had the aggregate amount of P15,130,636.87.
Advance Paper presented the checks to the drawee bank but were dishonored either for “insufficiency of funds” or “account closed.”
Despite repeated demands, however, Arma Traders failed to settle its account with Advance Paper. The petitioners filed a complaint for collection
of sum of money with application for preliminary attachment against Arma Traders, Tan, Uy, Ting, Gui, and Ng.
Claims of the respondents
As to the loan transactions, the respondents countered that these were the personal obligations of Tan and Uy to Advance Paper. These loans were
never intended to benefit the respondents.
The respondents also claimed that the loan transactions were ultra vires because the board of directors of Arma Traders did not issue a board
resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loans from Advance Paper. They claimed that the borrowing of money must be done only with the
prior approval of the board of directors because without the approval, the corporate officers are acting in excess of their authority or ultra vires.
When the acts of the corporate officers are ultra vires, the corporation is not liable for whatever acts that these officers committed in excess of their
authority. Further, the respondents claimed that Advance Paper failed to verify Tan and Uy’s authority to transact business with them. Hence,
Advance Paper should suffer the consequences.
RTC ordered Arma Traders to pay Advance Paper the sum of P15,321,798. The RTC held that the respondents failed to present hard, admissible and
credible evidence to prove that the sale invoices were forged or fictitious, and that the loan transactions were personal obligations of Tan and Uy.
Nonetheless, the RTC dismissed the complaint against Tan, Uy, Ting, Gui and Ng due to the lack of evidence showing that they bound themselves,
either jointly or solidarily, with Arma Traders for the payment of its account.
CA held that the petitioners failed to prove by preponderance of evidence the existence of the purchases on credit and loans
Arma Traders was not liable for the loan in the absence of a board resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loan from Advance Paper. The CA
acknowledged that Tan and Uy were Arma Traders’ authorized bank signatories. However, the CA explained that this is not sufficient because the
authority to sign the checks is different from the required authority to contract a loan.
Petitioner: Arma Traders led the petitioners to believe that Tan and Uy had the authority to obtain loans since the respondents left the active and
sole management of the company to Tan and Uy since 1984. In fact, Ng testified that Arma Traders’ stockholders and board of directors never
conducted a meeting from 1984 to 1995. Citing Lipat v. Pacific Banking Corporation, the petitioners said that if a corporation knowingly permits one
of its officers or any other agent to act within the scope of an apparent authority, it holds him out to the public as possessing the power to do those
acts; thus, the corporation will, as against anyone who has in good faith dealt with it through such agent, be estopped from denying the agent’s
authority.
Respondents: argue that while as a general rule, a corporation is estopped from denying the authority of its agents which it allowed to deal with the
general public; this is only true if the person dealing with the agent dealt in good faith. In the present case, the respondents claim that the petitioners
are in bad faith because the petitioners connived with Tan and Uy to make Arma Traders liable for the non-existent deliveries of notebooks and other
paper products. As to the loans, the respondents aver that these were Tan and Uy’s personal obligations with Advance Paper.
ISSUE:
Whether Arma Traders is liable to pay the loans applying the doctrine of apparent authority.
Held:
Yes.
RATIO:
The doctrine of apparent authority provides that a corporation will be estopped from denying the agent’s authority if it knowingly permits
one of its officers or any other agent to act within the scope of an apparent authority, and it holds him out to the public as possessing the power to
do those acts.
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In Inter-Asia Investment Industries v. Court of Appeals,78 we explained:
Apparent authority is derived not merely from practice. Its existence may be ascertained through (1) the general manner in which the corporation
holds out an officer or agent as having the power to act or, in other words the apparent authority to act in general, with which it clothes him; or (2)
the acquiescence in his acts of a particular nature, with actual or constructive knowledge thereof, within or beyond the scope of his ordinary powers.
It requires presentation of evidence of similar act(s) executed either in its favor or in favor of other parties. It is not the quantity of similar acts which
establishes apparent authority, but the vesting of a corporate officer with the power to bind the corporation. Also, in People’s Aircargo and
Warehousing Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, we ruled that the doctrine of apparent authority is applied when the petitioner, through its president
Antonio Punsalan Jr., entered into the First Contract without first securing board approval. Despite such lack of board approval, petitioner did not
object to or repudiate said contract, thus "clothing" its president with the power to bind the corporation.
In the present petition, we do not agree with the CA’s findings that Arma Traders is not liable to pay the loans due to the lack of board
resolution authorizing Tan and Uy to obtain the loans. To begin with, Arma Traders’ Articles of Incorporation provides that the corporation may
borrow or raise money to meet the financial requirements of its business by the issuance of bonds, promissory notes and other evidence of
indebtedness. Likewise, it states that Tan and Uy are not just ordinary corporate officers and authorized bank signatories because they are also Arma
Traders’ incorporators along with respondents Ng and Ting, and Pedro Chao. Furthermore, the respondents, through Ng who is Arma Traders’
corporate secretary, incorporator, stockholder and director, testified that the sole management of Arma Traders was left to Tan and Uy and that he
and the other officers never dealt with the business and management of Arma Traders for 14 years. He also confirmed that since 1984 up to the filing
of the complaint against Arma Traders, its stockholders and board of directors never had its meeting.
Thus, Arma Traders bestowed upon Tan and Uy broad powers by allowing them to transact with third persons without the necessary written authority
from its non-performing board of directors. Arma Traders failed to take precautions to prevent its own corporate officers from abusing their powers.
Because of its own laxity in its business dealings, Arma Traders is now estopped from denying Tan and Uy’s authority to obtain loan from Advance
Paper.
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Case Name: Riosa v Tabaco La Suerte Corporation
Facts:
Riosa alleged that he was the owner and in actual possession of a 52-square meter commercial lot situated in Barangay Quinale, Tabaco City, Albay;
that he declared the property in his name and had been religiously paying the realty tax on the said property; that thereafter, his daughter renovated
the commercial building on the lot and introduced improvements. Subsequently, he obtained loans from Sia Ko Pio in the total amount ofP50,000.00.
Riosa claimed that by means of fraud, misrepresentation and deceit employed by Sia Ko Pio, he was made to sign the document which he thought
was a receipt and undertaking to pay the loan, only to find out later that it was a document of sale. Riosa averred that he did not appear before the
notary public to acknowledge the sale. He thus prayed for the nullification of the deed of sale and certificate of title in the name of La Suerte and the
reconveyance of the subject property to him.
In its Answer, La Suerte averred that it was the actual and lawful owner of the commercial property, after purchasing it from Riosa on
December 7, 1990; that it allowed Riosa to remain in possession of the property to avoid the ire of his father from whom he had acquired property
inter vivos, subject to his obligation to vacate the premises anytime upon demand and obtained a TCT over the property. It repeatedly asked Riosa
to vacate the premises but to no avail and Riosa’s complaint was barred by prescription, laches, estoppel and indefeasibility of La Suerte’s title.
RTC ruled in favor of Riosa and found that there was really no sale that occurred. CA reversed he ruling and held the validity of the sale.
Thus, it was elevated to the SC. Riosa argued among others that there was no board resolution authorizing Sia Ko Pio to purchase the property. La
Suerte on the other hand averred that the absence of a board resolution for the purchase of the property has no controlling consequence as La
Suerte had ratified the act of Sia Ko Pio.
Issue: Whether or not there is a valid sale when there was no board resolution to approve of the sale.
Held: NO. The Court notes that when Sia Ko Pio’s son, Juan was presented as an officer of La Suerte, he admitted that he could not find in the records
of the corporation any board resolution authorizing his father to purchase disputed property.
SEC. 36. Corporate powers and capacity. — Every corporation incorporated under this Code has the power and capacity:
7. To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease, pledge, mortgage and otherwise deal with such real and personal
property, including securities and bonds of other corporations, as the transaction of a lawful business of the corporation may
reasonably and necessarily require, subject to the limitations prescribed by the law and the Constitution.
Under these provisions, the power to purchase real property is vested in the board of directors or trustees. While a corporation may appoint
agents to negotiate for the purchase of real property needed by the corporation, the final say will have to be with the board, whose approval will
finalize the transaction. A corporation can only exercise its powers and transact its business through its board of directors and through its officers
and agents when authorized by a board resolution or its by-laws.
In the case at bench, Sia Ko Pio, although an officer of La Suerte, had no authority from its Board of Directors to enter into a contract of
sale of Riosa’s property. It is, thus, clear that the loan obtained by Riosa from Sia Ko Pio was a personal loan from the latter, not a transaction between
Riosa and La Suerte. There was no evidence to show that Sia Ko Pio was clothed with authority to use his personal fund for the benefit of La Suerte.
Evidently, La Suerte was never in the picture.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The sale is null and void. This disposition is without prejudice to any valid claim of the heirs of Sia
Ko Pio against Riosa.
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Facts:
- In 1993, BF Corporation filed a complaint for collection of money against Shangri-La and the members of its board of directors: Alfredo C. Ramos,
Rufo B. Colayco, Antonio O. Olbes, Gerardo Lanuza Jr., Maximo G. Licauco III and Benjamin C. Ramos for the outstanding balance of the construction
of Shangri-La mall and a multilevel parking structure along EDSA.
- BF Corporation alleged that Shangri-La’s directors were in bad faith in directing Shangri-La’s affairs, therefore they should be held jointly and
severally liable with the company.
- Shangri-La and Alfredo C. Ramos, Rufo B. Colayco, Maximo G. Licauco III and Benjamin C. Ramos filed a motion to suspend the proceeding because
BF Corporation failed to submit the dispute to arbitration in accordance with their contract. Which was later on denied by the RTC.
- Alfredo C. Ramos, Rufo B. Colayco, Antonio O. Olbes, Gerardo Lanuza Jr., Maximo G. Licauco III and Benjamin C. Ramos filed an answer to BF
Corporation’s complaint alleging that they had resigned as members of the Shangri-la board of directors as of July 15, 1991.
- Thereafter, a controversy arose as to whether the board of directors impleaded in the complaint should be made parties to the arbitration
proceeding.
Issue: W/N the petitioners should be made parties to the arbitration proceedings?
Held: Yes, the petitioners should be made parties to the arbitration proceedings in order to determine if the distinction between Shangri-La's
personality and their personalities should be disregarded.
- A corporation is an artificial entity created by fiction of law. This means that while it is not a person, naturally, the law gives it a distinct personality
and treats it as such. A corporation, in the legal sense, is an individual with a personality that is distinct and separate from other persons including its
stockholders, officers, directors, representatives, and other juridical entities.
- The law vests in corporations rights, powers, and attributes as if they were natural persons with physical existence and capabilities to act on their
own. For instance, they have the power to sue and enter into transactions or contracts.
- Because a corporation's existence is only by fiction of law, it can only exercise its rights and powers through its directors, officers, or agents, who
are all natural persons. A corporation cannot sue or enter into contracts without them.
- A consequence of a corporation's separate personality is that consent by a corporation through its representatives is not consent of the
representative, personally. Its obligations, incurred through official acts of its representatives, are its own. A stockholder, director, or representative
does not become a party to a contract just because a corporation executed a contract through that stockholder, director or representative.
- Hence, a corporation's representatives are generally not bound by the terms of the contract executed by the corporation. They are not personally
liable for obligations and liabilities incurred on or in behalf of the corporation.
- As a general rule, therefore, a corporation's representative who did not personally bind himself or herself to an arbitration agreement cannot
be forced to participate in arbitration proceedings made pursuant to an agreement entered into by the corporation. He or she is generally not
considered a party to that agreement.
- However, there are instances when the distinction between personalities of directors, officers, and representatives, and of the corporation, are
disregarded. We call this piercing the veil of corporate fiction.
- When there are allegations of bad faith or malice against corporate directors or representatives, it becomes the duty of courts or tribunals to
determine if these persons and the corporation should be treated as one. Without a trial, courts and tribunals have no basis for determining whether
the veil of corporate fiction should be pierced. Courts or tribunals do not have such prior knowledge. Thus, the courts or tribunals must first determine
whether circumstances exist to warrant the courts or tribunals to disregard the distinction between the corporation and the persons representing it.
The determination of these circumstances must be made by one tribunal or court in a proceeding participated in by all parties involved, including
current representatives of the corporation, and those persons whose personalities are impliedly the same as the corporation. This is because when
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the court or tribunal finds that circumstances exist warranting the piercing of the corporate veil, the corporate representatives are treated as the
corporation itself and should be held liable for corporate acts. The corporation's distinct personality is disregarded, and the corporation is seen as a
mere aggregation of persons undertaking a business under the collective name of the corporation.
- Hence, when the directors, as in this case, are impleaded in a case against a corporation, alleging malice or bad faith on their part in directing the
affairs of the corporation, complainants are effectively alleging that the directors and the corporation are not acting as separate entities. They are
alleging that the acts or omissions by the corporation that violated their rights are also the directors' acts or omissions. They are alleging that contracts
executed by the corporation are contracts executed by the directors. Complainants effectively pray that the corporate veil be pierced because the
cause of action between the corporation and the directors is the same.
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Subtopic: Specific Powers: Powert to Deny Pre-emptive Right
Case Name: Majority Stockholders of Ruby Ind. V Lim
FACTS:
Reeling from severe liquidity problems beginning in 1980, Ruby Industrial Corporation (Ruby), filed a petition for suspension of payments with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In an order, SEC declared Ruby under suspension of payments, enjoining the disposition of its properties
pending hearing of the petition, except insofar as necessary in its ordinary operations, and making payments outside of the necessary or legitimate
expenses of its business.
The SEC Hearing Panel created the management committee (Mancom) for Ruby tasked, among others, to take custody and control over all existing
assets and liabilities of Ruby, and determine the best way to salvage and protect the interest of its investors and creditors.
Two rehabilitation plans were submitted to the SEC: the BENHAR/Ruby Rehabilitation Plan of the majority stockholders led by Yu Kim Giang, and the
Alternative Plan of the minority stockholders represented by Miguel Lim (Lim). Over 90% of Ruby’s creditors objected to the Revised BENHAR/Ruby
Plan and the creation of a new management committee. Instead, they endorsed the minority stockholders’ Alternative Plan. Notwithstanding the
objections, the SEC Hearing Panel approved the Revised BENHAR/Ruby Plan and dissolved the existing Mancom. It also created a new Mancom and
appointed BENHAR as one of its members.
ISSUE: Whether the minority’s pre-emptive rights were violated
HELD:
Yes. Pre-emptive right under Sec. 39 of the Corporation Code refers to the right of a stockholder of a stock corporation to subscribe to all issues or
disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their respective shareholdings. The right may be restricted or denied under the articles of
incorporation, and subject to certain exceptions and limitations. The stockholder must be given a reasonable time within which to exercise their
preemptive rights.
The validity of issuance of additional shares may be questioned if done in breach of trust by the controlling stockholders. Thus, even if the pre-
emptive right does not exist, an issue of shares may still be objectionable if the directors acted in breach of trust and their primary purpose is to
perpetuate or shift control of the corporation, or to "freeze out" the minority interest.
The will of the majority shall govern in all matters within the limits of the act of incorporation and lawfully enacted by-laws not proscribed by law. It
is, however, equally true that other stockholders are afforded the right to intervene especially during critical periods in the life of a corporation like
reorganization, or in this case, suspension of payments, more so, when the majority seek to impose their will and through fraudulent means, attempt
to siphon off Ruby’s valuable assets to the great prejudice of Ruby itself, as well as the minority stockholders and the unsecured creditors.
Generally speaking, the voice of the majority of the stockholders is the law of the corporation, but there are exceptions to this rule. There must
necessarily be a limit upon the power of the majority. Without such a limit the will of the majority will be absolute and irresistible and might easily
degenerate into absolute tyranny.
Lamentably, the SEC refused to heed the plea of the minority stockholders for the SEC to order Ruby to commence liquidation proceedings, which is
allowed under Sec. 4-9 of the Rules on Corporate Recovery. Under the circumstances, liquidation was the only hope of the minority stockholders for
effecting an orderly and equitable settlement of Ruby’s obligations, and compelling the majority stockholders to account for all funds, properties and
documents in their possession, and make full disclosure on the nullified credit assignments. Oblivious to these pending incidents so crucial to the
protection of the interest of the majority of creditors and minority shareholders, the SEC simply stated that in the interim, Ruby’s corporate term
was validly extended, as if such extension would provide the solution to Ruby’s myriad problems.
Extension of corporate term requires the vote of 2/3 of the outstanding capital stock in a stockholders meeting called for the purpose. The actual
percentage of shareholdings in RUBY as of September 3, 1996 -- when the majority stockholders allegedly ratified the board resolution approving the
extension of RUBY's corporate life to another 25 years was seriously disputed by the minority stockholders, and we find the evidence of compliance
with the notice and quorum requirements submitted by the majority stockholders insufficient and doubtful. Consequently, the SEC had no basis for
its ruling denying the motion of the minority stockholders to declare as without force and effect the extension of Ruby's corporate existence.
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Subtopic: Specific Powers: Power to Sell Al or Substantially all of the assets
Provision: Section 40, Corporation Code and Bulk Sales Law
Case Name: Islamic Directorate of the Phils v CA
FACTS:
In 1971, the Islamic Directorate of the Philippines (IDP), was incorporated, the primary purpose of which is to establish of a mosque, school, and
other religious infrastructures in Quezon City. IDP purchased a lot in Quezon City. When President Marcos declared martial law in 1972, most of the
members of the 1971 Board of Trustees ("Tamano Group") flew to the Middle East to escape political persecution. Thereafter, two contending groups
claiming to be the IDP Board of Trustees sprung: the Carpizo group and Abbas group.
In a suit between the two groups, SEC declared the election of both the Carpizo Group and the Abbas Group as IDP board members to be null and
void. SEC recommended that a new by-laws be approved and a new election be conducted upon the approval of the by-laws. However, the SEC
recommendation was not heeded.
In 1989, the Carpizo group passed a Board Resolution authorizing the sale of the land to Iglesia Ni Cristo (INC), and a Deed of Sale was eventually
executed. In 1991, the Tamano Group filed a petition before the SEC questioning the sale. Meanwhile, INC filed a suit for specific performance before
the RTC against the Carpizo group, to compel a certain Leticia Ligon (who is apparently the mortgagee of the lot) to surrender the title. The Tamano
group sought to intervene, but the intervention was denied. In 1992, the Court subsequently ruled that the INC as the rightful owner of the land, and
ordered Ligon to surrender the titles for annotation.
ISSUE: Whether or not the sale between the Carpizo group and INC is null and void
HELD:
Yes.
Since the SEC has declared the Carpizo group as a void Board of Trustees, the sale it entered into with INC is void. Without a valid consent of a
contracting party, there can be no valid contract. The IDP, never gave its consent, through a legitimate Board of Trustees. Therefore, this is a case
not only of vitiated consent, but one where consent on the part of one of the supposed contracting parties is totally wanting. Ineluctably, the subject
sale is void and produces no effect whatsoever.
Further, the Carpizo group failed to comply with Section 40 of the Corporation Code, which provides that: " ... a corporation may, by a majority vote
of its board of directors or trustees, sell, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its property and assets...
when authorized by the vote of the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock; or in case of non-stock
corporation, by the vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members, in a stockholders' or members' meeting duly called for the purpose...."
The subject lot constitutes the only property of IDP. Hence, its sale to a third-party is a sale or disposition of all the corporate property and assets of
IDP. For the sale to be valid, the majority vote of the legitimate Board of Trustees, concurred in by the vote of at least 2/3 of the bona fide members
of the corporation should have been obtained. These twin requirements were not met in the case at bar.

Case Name: Caltex Inc. v PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp
Topic: Specific Powers – Power to Sell All or Substantially all of the assets
Name of Case: Caltex (Phil.), Inc. vs. PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp. (GR No. 150711, August 10, 2006)
FACTS:
PNOC Shipping and Transport Corp (PSTC) and Luzon Stevedoring Corporation (LUSTEVECO) entered into an Agreement of Assumption of Obligations
(Agreement), which provides that PSTC shall assume all the obligations of LUSTEVECO with respect to the claims enumerated in Annexes of the
Agreement. The Agreement also provides that PSTC shall control the conduct of any litigation pending or which may be filed with respect to the
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claims in the Annexes, among others. Among the actions enumerated in the Annexes is Caltex (Phils.), Inc. v. Luzon Stevedoring Corporation pending
before the then Intermediate Appellate Court (IAC). In its Decision, the IAC ordered LUSTEVECO to pay Caltex.
However, the judgment was not satisfied because of the prior foreclosure of LUSTEVECO’s properties. Caltex subsequently learned of the Agreement
between PSTC and LUSTEVECO. Caltex sent successive demands to PSTC. Later, PSTC informed Caltex that it was not a party to the case and thus,
PSTC would not pay LUSTEVECO’s judgment debt. PSTC advised Caltex to demand satisfaction of the judgment directly from LUSTEVECO.
Caltex filed a complaint for sum of money against PSTC. The trial court decided in favor of the Caltex, ordering PSTC to pay the sums due the latter in
the decision rendered by the Court of Appeals.
ISSUE: Whether or not PSTC is liable to Caltex
HELD:
Yes. Even without the Agreement, PSTC is still liable to Caltex.
While the disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of a corporation is allowed under Section 40 of The Corporation Code of the Philippines,
the transfer should not prejudice the creditors of the assignor. The only way the transfer can proceed without prejudice to the creditors is to hold
the assignee liable for the obligations of the assignor. The acquisition by the assignee of all or substantially all of the assets of the assignor necessarily
includes the assumption of the assignor’s liabilities, unless the creditors who did not consent to the transfer choose to rescind the transfer on the
ground of fraud. To allow an assignor to transfer all its business, properties and assets without the consent of its creditors and without requiring the
assignee to assume the assignor’s obligations will defraud the creditors. The assignment will place the assignor’s assets beyond the reach of its
creditors.
Here, Caltex could not enforce the judgment debt against LUSTEVECO. The writ of execution could not be satisfied because LUSTEVECO’s remaining
properties had been foreclosed by lienholders. In addition, all of LUSTEVECO’s business, properties and assets pertaining to its tanker and bulk
business had been assigned to PSTC without the knowledge of its creditors. Caltex now has no other means of enforcing the judgment debt except
against PSTC.
If PSTC refuses to honor its written commitment to assume the obligations of LUSTEVECO, there will be fraud on the creditors of LUSTEVECO. PSTC
agreed to take over, and in fact took over, all the assets of LUSTEVECO upon its express written commitment to pay all obligations of LUSTEVECO
pertaining to those assets, including specifically the claim of Caltex. LUSTEVECO no longer informed its creditors of the transfer of all of its assets
presumably because PSTC committed to pay all such creditors. Such transfer, leaving the claims of creditors unenforceable against the debtor, is
fraudulent and rescissible.
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Case Name: Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. v Centro Development Corp
Topic: Powers of Corporations (Specific Powers: Powers to Sell All or Substantially all the assets)
Case: Metropolitan Bank Trust & Co vs Centro Development
FACTS:
On 20 March 1990, in a special meeting of the board of directors of respondent Centro Development Corporation (Centro), its president Go Eng Uy
was authorized to mortgage its properties and assets to secure the medium-term loan of ₱84 million of Lucky Two Corporation and Lucky Two
Repacking. This authorization was subsequently approved on the same day by the stockholders.
Respondent Centro, represented by Go Eng Uy, executed a Mortgage Trust Indenture (MTI) with the Bank of the Philippines Islands (BPI). Under the
MTI, respondent Centro, together with its affiliates Lucky Two Corporation and Lucky Two Repacking or Go Eng Uy, expressed its desire to obtain
from time to time loans and other credit accommodations from certain creditors for corporate and other business purposes. To secure these
obligations from different creditors, respondent Centro constituted a continuing mortgage on all or substantially all of its properties and assets
enumerated above unto and in favor of BPI, the trustee. On 31 March 1993, Centro and BPI amended the MTI to allow an additional loan of ₱36
million and to include San Carlos Milling Company, Inc. (San Carlos) as a borrower in addition to Centro, Lucky Two Corp. and Lucky Two
Repacking. Then, on 28 July 1994, Centro and BPI again amended the MTI for another loan of ₱24 million, bringing the total obligation to ₱144 million.
Respondent Centro, represented by Go Eng Uy, approached petitioner Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank) sometime in 1994 and
proposed that the latter assume the role of successor-trustee of the existing MTI. Thereafter petitioner and respondent Centro executed the assailed
MTI, amending the previous agreements by appointing the former as the successor-trustee of BPI. It is worth noting that this MTI did not amend the
amount of the total obligations covered by the previous MTIs.
It was only sometime in 1998 that respondents herein, Chongking Kehyeng, Manuel Co Kehyeng and Quirino Kehyeng, allegedly discovered that the
properties of respondent Centro had been mortgaged, and that the MTI that had been executed appointing petitioner as trustee. They alleged that
they were not aware of any board or stockholders meeting held on 12 August 1994, when petitioner was appointed as successor-trustee of BPI in
the MTI.
Meanwhile, San Carlos obtained loans in the total principal amount of ₱812,793,513.23 from petitioner Metrobank. San Carlos failed to pay these
outstanding obligations despite demand. Thus, petitioner, as trustee of the MTI, initiated foreclosure proceedings on the mortgaged properties.
Before the scheduled foreclosure, respondents herein filed a Complaint for the annulment of the 27 September 1994 MTI with a prayer for a
temporary restraining order.
RTC dismissed the Complaint. It held that the evidence presented by respondents was insufficient to support their claim that there were no meetings
held authorizing the mortgage of Centros properties. It noted that the stocks of respondents Kehyeng constituted only 30% of the outstanding capital
stock, while the Go family owned the majority 70%, which represented more than the 2/3 vote required by Section 40 of the Corporation Code.
Centro and San Carlos filed a Complaint docketed as Civil Case No. 04-612 at Branch 56 of the RTC of Makati City praying for the nullification of the
foreclosure proceedings and prayed for the issuance of a TRO/injunction. While Civil Case No. 04-612 was pending, the clerk of court and the ex-
officio sheriff of the RTC of Makati City held an auction sale of the disputed property, during which petitioner was adjudged as the highest bidder for
₱344,700,000. On June 2, 2004, a public auction sale was conducted and METROPOLITAN BANK & TRUST CO. submitted a bid for the sale to him/it
of the mortgaged property in the amount of ₱344,700,000 xxx, which was the highest bid hence declared as the winning bidder and being the creditor
he/it did not delivery or pay cash/monies to the Clerk of Court and Ex-Officio Sheriff the bid price of ₱344,700,000 xxx and the selling price was
credited as partial/full satisfaction of indebtedness secured by the mortgage.
Because of this development, the Complaint in Civil Case No. 04-612 was amended, and Centro and San Carlos prayed for the issuance of a writ of
injunction to prevent the registration of the Certificate of Sale and the subsequent transfer to petitioner of the title to the properties. However,
Branch 56 of the RTC of Makati City subsequently denied the application.
Respondent Centro thereafter filed before the CA a Petition for Certiorari . During this time, CA-G.R. CV No. 80778, which involved the legality of the
MTI, was still pending. CA promulgated the assailed Decision in CA-G.R. CV No. 80778. The appellate court first determined whether the requirements
of Section 40 of the Corporation Code on the sale of all or substantially all of the corporations property were complied with. Based on the 18 August
1994 Secretarys Certificate, the CA found that only a quorum was present during the stockholders meeting. The appellate court thus held that the
2/3 vote required by Section 40 was not met. It ruled that the minority stockholders were deprived of their right to dissent from or to approve the
proposed mortgage, considering that they had not been notified in writing of the meeting in which the corporate action was to be discussed.
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ISSUE:
Won the amendment of the MTI failed to meet the requirements of Section 40 of the Corporation Code on notice and voting requirements.
HELD:
Reading carefully the Secretary’s Certificate, it is clear that the main purpose of the directors’ Resolution was to appoint petitioner as the new trustee
of the previously executed and amended MTI. Going through the original and the revised MTI, we find no substantial amendments to the provisions
of the contract. We agree with petitioner that the act of appointing a new trustee of the MTI was a regular business transaction. The appointment
necessitated only a decision of at least a majority of the directors present at the meeting in which there was a quorum, pursuant to Section 25 of the
Corporation Code.
The second paragraph of the directors’ Resolution No. 005, s. 1994, which empowered Go Eng Uy "to sign the Real Estate Mortgage and all
documents/instruments with the said bank, for and in behalf of the Company which are necessary and pertinent thereto," must be construed to
mean that such power was limited by the conditions of the existing mortgage, and not that a new mortgage was thereby constituted.
Moreover, it is worthy to note that respondents do not assail the previous MTI executed with BPI. They do not question the validity of the mortgage
constituted over all or substantially all of respondent Centro’s assets pursuant to the 21 March 1994 MTI in the amount of P 84 million. Nor do they
question the additional loans increasing the value of the mortgage to P 144 million; or the use of Centro’s properties as collateral for the loans of San
Carlos, Lucky Two Corporation, and Lucky Two Repacking.
Thus, Section 40 of the Corporation Code finds no application in the present case, as there was no new mortgage to speak of under the assailed
directors’ Resolution.
Nevertheless, while we uphold the validity of the stockholders’ Resolution appointing Metrobank as successor-trustee, this is not to say that we
uphold the validity of the extrajudicial foreclosure of the mortgage.
After a careful review of the records of this case, we find that petitioner failed to establish its right to be entitled to the proceeds of the MTI. There
is no evidence that petitioner, as creditor or as trustee, had a cause of action to move for the extrajudicial foreclosure of the subject properties
mortgaged under the MTI.
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Subtopic: Power to Invest in another purpose
Case Name: Republic v Sun Life
Topic: Powers of Corporations (Specific Powers: Power to invest in another purpose)
Case: Republic vs Sun life
FACTS:
On December 29, 1997, the [Court of Tax Appeals] (CTA) rendered its decision in Insular Life Assurance Co. Ltd. v. [CIR], which held that mutual life
insurance companies are purely cooperative companies and are exempt from the payment of premium tax and DST. This pronouncement was later
affirmed by this court in [CIR] v. Insular Life Assurance Company, Ltd. Sun Life surmised that[,] being a mutual life insurance company, it was likewise
exempt from the payment of premium tax and DST. Hence, on August 20, 1999, Sun Life filed with the CIR an administrativeclaim for tax credit of its
alleged erroneously paid premium tax and DST for the aforestated tax periods.
For failure of the CIR to act upon the administrative claim for tax credit and with the 2-year period to file a claim for tax credit or refund dwindling
away and about to expire, Sun Life filed with the CTA a petition for review. The CTA found in favor of Sun Life.
Seeking reconsideration of the decision of the CTA, the CIR argued that Sun Life ought to have registered, foremost, with the Cooperative
Development Authority before it could enjoy theexemptions from premium tax and DST extended to purely cooperative companies or associations
under [S]ections 121 and 199 of the Tax Code. For its failure to register, it could not avail of the exemptions prayed for. The CTA denied the CIR’s
motion for reconsideration.
ISSUE:
Whether or not respondent is exempted from payment of tax on life insurance premiums and documentary stamp tax
RULING:
YES. The Tax Code defines a cooperative as an association“conducted by the members thereof with the money collected from among themselves
and solely for their own protection and not for profit.” Without a doubt, respondent is a cooperative engaged in a mutual life insurance business.
First, it is managed by its members. Both the CA and the CTA found that the management and affairs of respondent were conducted by its member-
policyholders. SUNLIFE has been mutualized or converted from a stock life insurance company to a nonstock mutual life insurance corporation
pursuant to Section 266 of the Insurance Code of 1978. On the basis of its bylaws, its ownership has been vested in its member-policyholders who
are each entitled to one vote; and who, in turn, elect from among themselves the members of its board of trustees.
Second, it is operated with money collected from its members. Since respondent is composed entirely of members who are also its policyholders, all
premiums collected obviously come only from them. The member-policyholders constitute “both insurer and insured” who “contribute, by a system
of premiums or assessments, to the creation of a fund from which all losses and liabilities are paid.”
Third, it is licensed for the mutual protection of its members, not for the profit of anyone. A mutual life insurance company is conducted for the
benefit of its member-policyholders, who pay into its capital by way of premiums.
Under the Tax Code although respondent is a cooperative, registration with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) is not necessary in order
for it to be exempt from the payment of both percentage taxes on insurance premiums, under Section 121; and documentary stamp taxes on policies
of insurance or annuities it grants, under Section 199.
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Subtopic: Ultra Vires Acts
Provision: Section 45, Corporation Coe
Case Name: Zomer Development Corp v International Exchange Bank
Topic: Ultra Vires Acts
Case: ZOMER DEVELOPMENT CORP VS INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE BANK
FACTS:
The Board of Directors of Zomer Development Company, Inc. (petitioner) approved a resolution authorizing it to apply for and obtain a credit line
with respondent International Exchange Bank (IEB) in the amount of P60,000,000 as well as temporary excesses or permanent increases thereon as
may be approved by IEB from time to time. The Board of Directors also authorized petitioner to assign, pledge, or mortgage its properties as security
for this credit line; and to secure and guarantee the term loan and other credit facility of IDHI Prime Aggregates Corporation (Prime Aggregates) with
IEB.
Prime Aggregates obtained a term loan from IEB in the amount of P60,000,000. Petitioner, through its Treasurer Amparo Zosa (Amparo) and its
General Manager Manuel Zosa, Jr. (Zosa), executed a real estate mortgage covering three parcels of land (the real estate mortgage) in favor of IEB
to secure. Prime Aggregates subsequently obtained several loans from IEB from September 1997 until September 1998.
Prime Aggregates failed to settle its outstanding obligation which stood at P90,267,854.96 and US$211,547.12 as of September 15, 2000, drawing
IEB to file a petition for extra-judicial foreclosure of mortgage before the RTC of Cebu City.
Petitioner filed a complaint8 for Injunction with application for writ of preliminary injunction/temporary restraining order alleging that the real estate
mortgage was null and void because Amparo and Zosa were authorized to execute it to secure only one obligation of Prime Aggregates – denied.
Petitioner filed an MR - denied.
Petitioner assailed the trial court’s orders denying its prayer for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction before the CA via certiorari alleging
that the real estate mortgage it executed was null and void for being ultra vires as it was not empowered to mortgage its properties as security for
the payment of obligations of third parties; and that Amparo and Zosa were authorized to mortgage its properties to secure only a P60,000,000 term
loan and one credit facility of Prime Aggregates.
CA - trial court committed no grave abuse of discretion in denying petitioner’s prayer for preliminary injunction. It brushed aside petitioner’s
arguments that the real estate mortgage was ultra vires and that Amparo and Zosa were only authorized to mortgage petitioner’s properties to
secure the P60,000,000 term loan and one credit facility of Prime Aggregates. Hence, the present petition for review faulting the Court of Appeals
ISSUE:
Won the real estate mortgage was ultra vires
HELD:
The intention of the Members of the Board of Directors of the Petitioner, in approving the "Resolution," may be ascertained xxx also from the
contemporaneous and subsequent acts of the Petitioner, the Private Respondent and Prime Aggregates. Given the factual milieu in the present
recourse, as found and declared by the Respondent Court, there can be no equivocation that, indeed the Petitioner conformed to and ratified, and
hence, is bound by the execution, by its Treasurer and General Manager, of the "Real Estate Mortgage" in favor of the Private respondent, with its
properties used as securities for the payment of the credit and loan availments of Prime Aggregates from the Private Respondent on the basis of the
"Resolution" approved by its Board of Directors. As our Supreme Court declared, ratification and/or approval by the corporation of the acts of its
agents/officers may be ascertained through x x x the acquiescence in his acts of a particular nature, with actual or constructive thereof, whether
within or beyond the scope of his ordinary powers.
As it was, the Petitioner finally awoke from its slumber when the Private Respondent filed its "Petition" for the extra-judicial foreclosure of the "Real
Estate Mortgage", with the Sheriff, and assailed the authority of its Board of Directors to approve the said "Resolution" and of its Treasurer and
General Manager to execute the deed and brand the said "Resolution" and the said deed as "ultra vires" and hence, not binding on the Petitioner,
and hurried off to the Respondent Court and prayed for injunctive relief. Before then, the Petitioner maintained a stoic silence and adopted a "hands
off" stance. We find the Petitioner’s stance grossly inequitable. We must take heed and pay obeisance to the equity rule that if one maintains silence
when, in conscience he ought to speak, equity will debar him from speaking when, in conscience, he ought to remain silent. He who remains silent
when he ought to speak cannot be heard to speak when he ought to be silent. More, the transactions between the Petitioner and the Private
Respondent over its properties are neither malum in se or malum prohibitum. Hence, the Petitioner cannot hide behind the cloak of "ultra vires" for
a defense.
The plea of "ultra vires" will not be allowed to prevail, whether interposed for or against a corporation, when it will not advance justice but, on the
contrary, will accomplish a legal wrong to the prejudice of another who acted in good faith.
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Topic: Meetings
Subtopic: Minutes of Meetings
Provision: Section 49 to 52
Case Name: Philippine National Bank v MErelo Aznar
MINUTES OF THE MEETING
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK v AZNAR
FACTS:
 1958: Rural Insurance and Surety Company, Inc. (RISCO) ceased operation due to business reverses
 In plaintiffs’ (Anzar et al.) desire to rehabilitate RISCO, they contributed a total amount of P212,720.00. This was used to purchase 3 parcels
of land in Cebu (2 in the Minicipality of Talisay and 1 in the District of Lahug)
 After the purchase of the lots, titles were issued in the name of RISCO.
 The amount contributed by plaintiffs constituted as liens and encumbrances on the properties as annotated in the titles of said lots. Such
annotation was made pursuant to the Minutes of the Special Meeting of the Board of Directors of RISCO on March 14, 1961, and a part of
it says:
“And that the respective contributions above-mentioned (Aznar et al.) shall constitute as their lien or interest on the property described
above, if and when said property are titled in the name of RISCO, subject to registration as their adverse claim in pursuance of the Provision
of Land Registration Act, until such time their respective contributions are refunded to them completely”
 Thereafter, various subsequent annotations were made on the same titles, including the Notice of Attachment and Writ of Execution both
dated August 3,1962 in favour of Philippine National Bank (PNB).
 As a result, a Certificate of Sale was issued in favor of PNB, being the lone and highest bidder of the 3 parcels of land. This prompted Aznar
et al. to file the instant case seeking the quieting of their supposed title to the subject properties.
 Trial court ruled against PNB on the basis that there was an express trust created over the subject properties whereby RISCO was the
trustee and the stockholders, Aznar, et al., were the beneficiaries.
 CA opined that the monetary contributions made by Aznar, et al. to RISCO can only be characterised as a load secured by a lien on the
subjected lots, rather than an expressed trust
ISSUE:
Whether there was a trust contract between RISCO and Aznar, et al.
HELD:
No.
At the outset, the Court agrees with the Court of Appeals that the agreement contained in the Minutes of the Special Meeting of the RISCO Board of
Directors held on March 14, 1961 was a loan by the therein named stockholders to RISCO. Careful perusal of the Minutes relied upon by plaintiffs-
appellees in their claim, showed that their contributions shall constitute as “lien or interest on the property.” The term lien as used in the Minutes is
defined as "a discharge on property usually for the payment of some debt or obligation. Hence, from the use of the word "lien" in the Minutes, We
find that the money contributed by plaintiffs-appellees was in the nature of a loan, secured by their liens and interests duly annotated on the titles.
The annotation of their lien serves only as collateral and does not in any way vest ownership of property to plaintiffs.
The Court was not persuaded by the contention of Aznar, et al., that the language of the subject Minutes created an express trust.
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Topic: Stocks and Stockholders
Subtopic: Trust Fund Doctrine
Provision:
Case Name: Turner v Lorenzo
TRUST FUND DOCTRINE
TURNER v LORENZO SHIPPING
FACTS:
 The petitioners (Philip and Elnora Turner) held 1,010,000 shares of stock of the respondent (Lorenzo Shipping Corp.), a domestic corporation
engaged primarily in cargo shipping activities. The respondent decided to amend its articles of incorporation to remove the stockholders’
pre-emptive rights to newly issued shares of stock. The petitioners voted against the amendment and demanded payment of their shares
at the rate of P2.276/share based on the book value of the shares, or a total of P2,298,760.00.
 The respondent found the fair value of the shares demanded to be unacceptable. It insisted that the market value on the date before the
action to remove the pre-emptive right was taken should be the value, or P0.41/share (P414,100.00) and that the payment could be made
only if the respondent had unrestricted retained earnings in its books to cover the value of the shares, which was not the case.
 The disagreement on the valuation of the shares led the parties to constitute an appraisal committee pursuant to Sec. 82 of the Corporation
Code. The committee reported its valuation of P2.54/share, for an aggregate value of P2,565,400.00
 Subsequently, the petitioners demanded payment based on the valuation plus 2% month penalty from the date of their original demand
for payment, as well as the reimbursement of the amounts advanced as professional fees to the appraisers.
 Respondent refused the petitioners’ demand, explaining that pursuant to the Corporation Code, the dissenting stockholders exercising
their appraisal rights could be paid only when the corporation had unrestricted retained earnings to cover the fair value of the shares, but
that it had no retained earnings at the time of the petitioners’ demand, as borne out by its Financial Statements for Fiscal Year 1999 showing
a deficit of P72,973,114.00.
 Upon the respondent’s refusal to pay, the petitioners sued the respondent for collection and damages in the RTC.
 In a nutshell, RTC entertained the complaint and rendered a summary judgment and issued a writ of execution.
 CA ruled otherwise holding that no payment shall be made to any dissenting stockholder unless the corporation has unrestricted retained
earnings in its books to cover such payment.
ISSUE:
Whether CA correctly qualified petitioners’ appraisal right under the Trust Fund Doctrine
HELD:
Yes.
In the instant case, it was established that there were no unrestricted retained earnings when the Turners filed their complaint. In case the
corporation has no available unrestricted retained earnings in its books, Section 83 of the Corporation Code provides that if the dissenting stockholder
is not paid the value of his shares within 30 days after the award, his voting and dividend rights shall immediately be restored.
The trust fund doctrine backstops the requirement of unrestricted retained earnings to fund the payment of the shares of stocks of the withdrawing
stockholders. Under the doctrine, the capital stock, property, and other assets of a corporation are regarded as equity in trust for the payment of
corporate creditors, who are preferred in the distribution of corporate assets. The creditors of a corporation have the right to assume that the board
of directors will not use the assets of the corporation to purchase its own stock for as long as the corporation has outstanding debts and liabilities.
There can be no distribution of assets among the stockholders without first paying corporate debts. Thus, any disposition of corporate funds and
assets to the prejudice of creditors is null and void.

Provision:
Case Name: Turner v Lorenzo
TRUST FUND DOCTRINE
LU v LU YM SR
FACTS:
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 The main purpose of the complaint filed before the RTC was the annulment of the issuance of the 600,000 LLDC shares of stocks because
they had been allegedly issued for less than their par value. Thus, petitioners sought the dissolution of the corporation and the appointment
of receivers/management committee.
 The value of the 600,000 shares of stock, which are the properties in litigation, should be the basis for the computation of the filing fees.
 RTC ruled in favor of petitioners by annulling the issuance of the shares of stock subscribed and paid by respondent father and sons at less
than par value, and ordering the dissolution and asset liquidation of LLDC. The appeal of the trial court's Decision remains pending with the
appellate court.
ISSUE:
Whether petitioners paid the correct docket fees for the complaint
HELD:
Yes. The nature of the principal action/remedy sought by petitioner is to declare null and void the issuance of 600,000 unsubscribed and unissued
shares to respondents and not to recover properties of LLDC. Hence, the correct docket fees were paid
It bears noting, however, that petitioners are not claiming to own the subject shares. They do not claim to be the owners thereof entitled to be the
transferees of the shares of stock. The mention of the real value of the shares of stock, over which petitioners do not, it bears emphasis, interpose a
claim of right to recovery, is merely narrative or descriptive in order to emphasize the inequitable price at which the transfer was effected.
Under the trust fund doctrine, the capital stock, properties, and other assets of a corporation are regarded as held in trust for the corporate creditors,
who, being preferred in the distribution of the corporate assets, must first be paid before any corporate assets may be distributed among the
stockholders.
In the event of the dissolution of LLDC, therefore, petitioners would get only the value of their minority number of shares, not the value of the
600,000 shares. Indeed, a basic concept in corporate law is that a shareholder's interest in corporate property, if it exists at all, is indirect, contingent,
remote, conjectural, consequential, and collateral. A share of stock, although representing a proportionate or aliquot interest in the properties of
the corporation, does not vest its holder with any legal right or title to any of the properties, such holder's interest in the properties being equitable
or beneficial in nature. A shareholder is in no legal sense the owner of corporate properties, which are owned by the corporation as a distinct legal
person.
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Provision:
Case Name: Donina Halley v Printwell
Facts:
 BMPI (Business Media Philippines Inc.) is a corporation under the control of its stockholders, including Donnina Halley
 In the course of its business, BMPI commissioned PRINTWELL to print Philippines, Inc. (a magazine published and distributed by BMPI)
 PRINTWELL extended 30-day credit accommodation in favor of BMPI and in a period of 9 mos. BMPI placed several orders amounting to
316,000.
 However, only 25,000 was paid hence a balance of 291,000
 PRINTWELL sued BMPI for collection of the unpaid balance and later on impleaded BMPI’s original stockholders and incorporators to
recover on their unpaid subscriptions.
 It appears that BMPI has an authorized capital stock of 3M divided into 300,000 shares with P10 par value.
 Only 75,000 shares worth P750,000 were originally subscribed of which P187,500 were paid up capital.
 Halley subscribed to 35,000 shares worth P350,000 but only paid P87,500. Halley contends that: 1. They all had already paid their
subscriptions in full 2. BMPI had a separate and distinct personality 3. BOD and SH had resolved to dissolve BMPI RTC and CA o Defendant
merely used the corporate fiction as a cloak/cover to create an injustice (against PRINTWELL) o Rejected allegations of full payment in view
of irregularity in the issuance of ORs (Payment made on a later date was covered by an OR with a lower serial number than payment made
on an earlier date.
Issue:
 WON a stockholder who was in active management of the business of the corporation and still has unpaid subscriptions should be made
liable for the debts of the corporation by piercing the veil of corporate fiction
Held:
 YES!
 Such stockholder should be made liable up to the extent of her unpaid subscription Ratio: It was found that at the time the obligation was
incurred, BMPI was under the control of its stockholders who know fully well that the corporation was not in a position to pay its account
(thinly capitalized). And, that the stockholders personally benefited from the operations of the corporation even though they never paid
their subscriptions in full. The stockholders cannot now claim the doctrine of corporate fiction otherwise (to deny creditors to collect from
SH) it would create an injustice because creditors would be at a loss (limbo) against whom it would assert the right to collect.
 On piercing the veil: Although the corporation has a personality separate and distinct from its SH, such personality is merely a legal fiction
(for the convenience and to promote the ends of justice) which may be disregarded by the courts if it is used as a cloak or cover for fraud,
justification of a wrong, or an alter ego for the sole benefit of the SH. As to the Trust Fund Doctrine:
 The RTC and CA correctly applied the Trust Fund Doctrine Under which corporate debtors might look to the unpaid subscriptions for
the satisfaction of unpaid corporate debts Subscriptions to the capital of a corporation constitutes a trust fund for the payment of the
creditors (by mere analogy) In reality, corporation is a simple debtor. Moreover, the corporation has no legal capacity to release an
original subscriber to its capital stock from the obligation of paying for his shares, in whole or in part, without valuable consideration, or
fraudulently, to the prejudice of the creditors.
 The creditor is allowed to maintain an action upon any unpaid subscriptions and thereby steps into the shoes of the corporation for the
satisfaction of its debt. The trust fund doctrine is not limited to reaching the SH’s unpaid subscriptions. The scope of the doctrine when
the corporation is insolvent encompasses not only the capital stock but also other property and assets generally regarded in equity as a
trust fund for the payment of corporate debts.
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Subtopic: Subscription Contracts
Provision: Sections 60 and 61 of Corporation Code
Case Name: Ong Yong et al v Tiu
Facts:
 In 1994, the construction of the Masagana Citimall in Pasay City was threatened with stoppage and incompletion when its owner, the First
Landlink Asia Development Corporation (FLADC), which was owned by David S. Tiu, Cely Y. Tiu, Moly Yu Gow, Belen See Yu, D. Terence Y.
Tiu, John Yu and Lourdes C. Tiu (the Tius), encountered dire financial difficulties.
 It was heavily indebted to the Philippine National Bank (PNB) for P190 million.
 To stave off foreclosure of the mortgage on the two lots where the mall was being built, the Tius invited Ong Yong, Juanita Tan Ong, Wilson
T. Ong, Anna L. Ong, William T. Ong and Julia Ong Alonzo (the Ongs), to invest in FLADC. Under the Pre-Subscription Agreement they entered
into, the Ongs and the Tius agreed to maintain equal shareholdings in FLADC: the Ongs were to subscribe to 1,000,000 shares at a par value
of P100.00 each while the Tius were to subscribe to an additional 549,800 shares at P100.00 each in addition to their already existing
subscription of 450,200 shares.
 Furthermore, they agreed that the Tius were entitled to nominate the Vice President and the Treasurer plus 5 directors while the Ongs
were entitled to nominate the President, the Secretary and 6 directors (including the chairman) to the board of directors of FLADC.
 Moreover, the Ongs were given the right to manage and operate the mall. Accordingly, the Ongs paid P100 million in cash for their
subscription to 1,000,000 shares of stock while the Tius committed to contribute to FLADC a four-storey building and two parcels of land
respectively valued at P20 million (for 200,000 shares), P30 million (for 300,000 shares) and P49.8 million (for 49,800 shares) to cover their
additional 549,800 stock subscription therein. The Ongs paid in another P70 million 3 to FLADC and P20 million to the Tius over and above
their P100 million investment, the total sum of which (P190 million) was used to settle the P190 million mortgage indebtedness of FLADC
to PNB.
 The business harmony between the Ongs and the Tius in FLADC, however, was shortlived because the Tius, on 23 February 1996, rescinded
the Pre-Subscription Agreement.
 The Tius accused the Ongs of (1) refusing to credit to them the FLADC shares covering their real property contributions; (2) preventing
David S. Tiu and Cely Y. Tiu from assuming the positions of and performing their duties as Vice-President and Treasurer, respectively, and
(3) refusing to give them the office spaces agreed upon. The controversy finally came to a head when the case was commenced by the Tius
on 27 February 1996 at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), seeking confirmation of their rescission of the Pre-Subscription
Agreement. After hearing, the SEC, through then Hearing Officer Rolando G. Andaya, Jr., issued a decision on 19 May 1997 confirming the
rescission sought by the Tius.
 On motion of both parties, the above decision was partially reconsidered but only insofar as the Ongs' P70 million was declared not as a
premium on capital stock but an advance (loan) by the Ongs to FLADC and that the imposition of interest on it was correct. Both parties
appealed to the SEC en banc which rendered a decision on 11 September 1998, affirming the 19 May 1997 decision of the Hearing Officer.
The SEC en banc confirmed the rescission of the PreSubscription Agreement but reverted to classifying the P70 million paid by the Ongs as
premium on capital and not as a loan or advance to FLADC, hence, not entitled to earn interest.
 On appeal, the Court of Appeals (CA) rendered a decision on 5 October 1999, modifying the SEC order of 11 September 1998. Their motions
for reconsideration having been denied, both parties filed separate petitions for review before the Supreme Court. On 1 February 2002,
the Supreme Court promulgated its Decision, affirming the assailed decision of the Court of Appeals but with the modifications that the
P20 million loan extended by the Ongs to the Tius shall earn interest at 12% per annum to be computed from the time of judicial demand
which is from 23 April 1996; that the P70 million advanced by the Ongs to the FLADC shall earn interest at 10% per annum to be computed
from the date of the FLADC Board Resolution which is 19 June 1996; and that the Tius shall be credited with 49,800 shares in FLADC for
their property contribution, specifically, the 151 sq. m. parcel of land. The Court affirmed the fact that both the Ongs and the Tius violated
their respective obligations under the Pre-Subscription Agreement.
 On 15 March 2002, the Tius filed before the Court a Motion for Issuance of a Writ of Execution. Aside from their opposition to the Tius'
Motion for Issuance of Writ of Execution, the Ongs filed their own "Motion for Reconsideration; Alternatively, Motion for Modification (of
the February 1, 2002 Decision)" on 15 March 2002. Willie Ong filed a separate "Motion for Partial Reconsideration" dated 8 March 2002,
pointing out that there was no violation of the PreSubscription Agreement on the part of the Ongs, among others. On 29 January 2003, the
Special Second Division of this Court held oral arguments on the respective positions of the parties. On 27 February 2003, Dr. Willie Ong
and the rest of the movants Ong filed their respective memoranda. On 28 February 2003, the Tius submitted their memorandum.
Issue
 Whether the pre-Subscription Agreement executed by the Ongs is actually a subscription contract.
Held
 FLADC was originally incorporated with an authorized capital stock of 500,000 shares with the Tius owning 450,200 shares representing
the paid-up capital. When the Tius invited the Ongs to invest in FLADC as stockholders, an increase of the authorized capital stock became
necessary to give each group equal (50-50) shareholdings as agreed upon in the Pre-Subscription Agreement.
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 The authorized capital stock was thus increased from 500,000 shares to 2,000,000 shares with a par value of P100 each, with the Ongs
subscribing to 1,000,000 shares and the Tius to 549,800 more shares in addition to their 450,200 shares to complete 1,000,000 shares.
 Thus, the subject matter of the contract was the 1,000,000 unissued shares of FLADC stock allocated to the Ongs. Since these were unissued
shares, the parties' Pre-Subscription Agreement was in fact a subscription contract as defined under Section 60, Title VII of the Corporation
Code.
 A subscription contract necessarily involves the corporation as one of the contracting parties since the subject matter of the transaction is
property owned by the corporation — its shares of stock. Thus, the subscription contract (denominated by the parties as a Pre-Subscription
Agreement) whereby the Ongs invested P100 million for 1,000,000 shares of stock was, from the viewpoint of the law, one between the
Ongs and FLADC, not between the Ongs and the Tius. Otherwise stated, the Tius did not contract in their personal capacities with the Ongs
since they were not selling any of their own shares to them.
 It was FLADC that did. Considering therefore that the real contracting parties to the subscription agreement were FLADC and the Ongs
alone, a civil case for rescission on the ground of breach of contract filed by the Tius in their personal capacities will not prosper. Assuming
it had valid reasons to do so, only FLADC (and certainly not the Tius) had the legal personality to file suit rescinding the subscription
agreement with the Ongs inasmuch as it was the real party in interest therein. Article 1311 of the Civil Code provides that "contracts take
effect only between the parties, their assigns and heirs. . ." Therefore, a party who has not taken part in the transaction cannot sue or be
sued for performance or for cancellation thereof, unless he shows that he has a real interest affected thereby.
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Provision:
Case Name: Yamamoto v Nishino Leather Industries
Facts
 To disregard the separate juridical personality of a corporation, the wrongdoing or unjust act in contravention of a plaintiff’s legal rights
must be clearly and convincingly established.
 Also, without acceptance, a mere offer produces no obligation. Ryuichi Yamamoto and Ikuo Nishino agreed to enter into a joint venture
wherein Nishino would acquire such number of shares of stock equivalent to 70% of the authorized capital stock of the corporation.
 However, Nishino and his brother Yoshinobu Nishino acquired more than 70% of the authorized capital stock. Negotiations subsequently
ensued in light of a planned takeover by Nishino who would buy-out the shares of stock of Yamamoto who was advised through a letter
that he may take all the equipment/ machinery he had contributed to the company (for his own use and sale) provided that the value of
such machines is deducted from the capital contributions which will be paid to him.
 However, the letter requested that he give his “comments on all the above, soonest”. On the basis of the said letter, Yamamoto attempted
to recover the machineries but Nishino hindered him to do so, drawing him to file a Writ of Replevin.
 The Trial Court issued the writ.
 However, on appeal, Nishino claimed that the properties being recovered were owned by the corporation and the abovesaid letter was a
mere proposal which was not yet authorized by the Board of Directors. Thus, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s decision despite
Yamamoto’s contention that the company is merely an instrumentality of the Nishinos.
ISSUE:
 Whether or not Yamamoto can recover the properties he contributed to the company in view of the Doctrine of Piercing the Veil of
Corporate Fiction and Doctrine of Promissory Estoppel.
HELD:
 One of the elements determinative of the applicability of the doctrine of piercing the veil of corporate fiction is that control must have
been used by the defendant to commit fraud or wrong, to perpetuate the violation of a statutory or other positive legal duty, or dishonest
and unjust act in contravention of the plaintiff’s legal rights.
 To disregard the separate juridical personality of a corporation, the wrongdoing or unjust act in contravention of a plaintiff’s legal rights
must be clearly and convincingly established; it cannot be presumed. Without a demonstration that any of the evils sought to be prevented
by the doctrine is present, it does not apply. Estoppel may arise from the making of a promise. However, it bears noting that the letter was
followed by a request for Yamamoto to give his “comments on all the above, soonest.” What was thus proffered to Yamamoto was not a
promise, but a mere offer, subject to his acceptance. Without acceptance, a mere offer produces no obligation. Thus, the machineries and
equipment, which comprised Yamamoto’s investment, remained part of the capital property of the corporation.
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Provision:
Case Name: Ong Yong v Tiu
Ong Yong v. Tiu
Facts:
Tiu is the owner/developer of Masagana Citimall, under the First Landlink Asia Development Corporation (FLADC). Its construction was threatened
by financial constraints, thus Tiu invited Tiu to invest in said mall. A Pre-subscription agreement was made to the effect that Ongs would subscribe
to 1,000,000 shares while the Tius will subscribe to an additional 549,800 shares in addition to their already existing subscription of 450,200
shares. Squabble later on ensued which prompted Tiu to rescind the pre-subscription agreement.
Issue: Whether or not the rescission of the pre-subscription agreement was proper.
Held: No, it was not proper.
Ratio:
The Trust Fund Doctrine, first enunciated by this Court in the 1923 case of Philippine Trust Co. vs. Rivera, provides that subscriptions to the capital
stock of a corporation constitute a fund to which the creditors have a right to look for the satisfaction of their claims. This doctrine is the underlying
principle in the procedure for the distribution of capital assets, embodied in the Corporation Code, which allows the distribution of corporate
capital only in three instances: (1) amendment of the Articles of Incorporation to reduce the authorized capital stock, (2) purchase of redeemable
shares by the corporation, regardless of the existence of unrestricted retained earnings, and (3) dissolution and eventual liquidation of the
corporation. Furthermore, the doctrine is articulated in Section 41 on the power of a corporation to acquire its own shares and in Section 122 on
the prohibition against the distribution of corporate assets and property unless the stringent requirements therefor are complied with.
The distribution of corporate assets and property cannot be made to depend on the whims and caprices of the stockholders, officers or directors of
the corporation, or even, for that matter, on the earnest desire of the court a quo "to prevent further squabbles and future litigations" unless the
indispensable conditions and procedures for the protection of corporate creditors are followed. Otherwise, the "corporate peace" laudably hoped
for by the court will remain nothing but a dream because this time, it will be the creditors' turn to engage in "squabbles and litigations" should the
court order an unlawful distribution in blatant disregard of the Trust Fund Doctrine.
In the instant case, the rescission of the Pre-Subscription Agreement will effectively result in the unauthorized distribution of the capital assets and
property of the corporation, thereby violating the Trust Fund Doctrine and the Corporation Code, since rescission of a subscription agreement is
not one of the instances when distribution of capital assets and property of the corporation is allowed.
Contrary to the Tius' allegation, rescission will, in the final analysis, result in the premature liquidation of the corporation without the benefit of
prior dissolution in accordance with Sections 117, 118, 119 and 120 of the Corporation Code. The Tius maintain that rescinding the subscription
contract is not synonymous to corporate liquidation because all rescission will entail would be the simple restoration of the status quo ante and a
return to the two groups of their cash and property contributions. We wish it were that simple. Very noticeable is the fact that the Tius do not
explain why rescission in the instant case will not effectively result in liquidation. The Tius merely refer in cavalier fashion to the end-result of
rescission (which incidentally is 100% favorable to them) but turn a blind eye to its unfair, inequitable and disastrous effect on the corporation, its
creditors and the Ongs.
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Subtopic: Certificate fo Stocks and Transfer of Shares
Case Name: Puno v Puno Enterprises
RIGHTS TO INSPECT BOOKS AND RECORDS (Sec. 63 & 74, Corp. Code)
Puno vs Puno Enterprises
FACTS:
 Carlos L. Puno, who died on June 25, 1963, was an incorporator of respondent Puno Enterprises, Inc.
 On March 14, 2003, petitioner Joselito Musni Puno, claiming to be an heir of Carlos L. Puno, initiated a complaint for specific performance
against respondent. Petitioner averred that he is the son of the deceased with the latter’s common-law wife, Amelia Puno. As surviving
heir, he claimed entitlement to the rights and privileges of his late father as stockholder of respondent. The complaint thus prayed that
respondent allow petitioner to inspect its corporate book, render an accounting of all the transactions it entered into from 1962, and give
petitioner all the profits, earnings, dividends, or income pertaining to the shares of Carlos L. Puno.
 RTC ordered Puno Enterprises to let their records be inspected by plaintiff Joselito Puno.
 CA dismissed.
Issue:
Whether or not Joselito Musni Puno as an heir is automatically entitled for the stocks upon the death of a shareholder.
Held:
NO.
The stockholders right of inspection of the corporation’s books and records is based upon his ownership of shares in the corporation and the necessity
for self-protection. After all, a shareholder has the right to be intelligently informed about corporate affairs. Such right rests upon the stockholders
underlying ownership of the corporations assets and property
Upon the death of a shareholder, the heirs do not automatically become stockholders of the corporation and acquire the rights and privileges of the
deceased as shareholder of the corporation. The stocks must be distributed first to the heirs in estate proceedings, and the transfer of the stocks
must be recorded in the books of the corporation. Section 63 of the Corporation Code provides that no transfer shall be valid, except as between the
parties, until the transfer is recorded in the books of the corporation. During such interim period, the heirs stand as the equitable owners of the
stocks, the executor or administrator duly appointed by the court being vested with the legal title to the stock. Until a settlement and division of the
estate is effected, the stocks of the decedent are held by the administrator or executor. Consequently, during such time, it is the administrator or
executor who is entitled to exercise the rights of the deceased as stockholder.
Thus, even if petitioner presents sufficient evidence in this case to establish that he is the son of Carlos L. Puno, he would still not be allowed to
inspect respondents books and be entitled to receive dividends from respondent, absent any showing in its transfer book that some of the shares
owned by Carlos L. Puno were transferred to him. This would only be possible if petitioner has been recognized as an heir and has participated in the
settlement of the estate of the deceased.
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Subtopic: Certificate of Stocks and Transfer of Shares
Case Name: Reyes v RTC of Makati
CERTIFICATE OF STOCKS AND TRANSFER OF SHARES (Sec. 63 & 64, Corp. Code)
Oscar Reyes vs Makati RTC, Zenith Insurance, Rodrigo Reyes
FACTS:
 Rodrigo Reyes and Oscar Reyes are two of the four children of Pedro and Anastacia Reyes. They are all stockholders of Zenith Insurance, a
family corporation.
 Pedro died in the 1970s and Anastacia died in 1993. Pedro’s estate, presumably including his shares in Zenith, was partitioned, but
Anastacia’s was not. In 1990, Oscar Reyes had 8,715,637 shares of stock, Rodrigo had 4,250 shares, and the deceased Anastacia still had
136,598 shares of stock.
 Rodrigo and Zenith filed suit with the SEC against Oscar Reyes, for the accounting of funds and assets of Zenith to determine the shares of
stock of Pedro and Anastacia that were allegedly fraudulently and arbitrarily appropriated by Oscar without the requisite partition or
settlement of estate of Anastacia, to the detriment of his siblings.
 The case was transferred to the RTC acting as a Special Commercial Court (SCC) due to the passage of RA 8799 during the pendency of the
case.
o Oscar filed a MTD, arguing that he acquired the shares by purchasing them with his own funds from the unissued stocks of Zenith,
and that the action is primarily for the settlement of the estate, and as such should be with the probate court, not the RTC as a
SCC.
o RTC denied the motion, holding that there are two causes of action; (1) a derivative suit for accounting of the funds and assets of
Zenith, and (2) determination of the shares of stock of Anastacio and Pedro for distribution to the co-heirs which should be filed
with the probate. RTC held that it will decide only on the first cause of action.
o CA affirmed.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the suit is an intracorporate controversy properly within the jurisdiction of the RTC as a SCC.
HELD:
NO.
A review of relevant jurisprudence shows a development in the Court’s approach in classifying what constitutes an intra-corporate controversy.
Initially, the main consideration in determining whether a dispute constitutes an intra-corporate controversy was limited to a consideration of the
intra-corporate relationship existing between or among the parties.
The Court combined two tests, the relationship test (i.e. types of relationships embraced under Section 5(b) of PD 902-A), and the nature of the
controversy test (i.e. the controversy must not only be rooted in the existence of an intra-corporate relationship, but must as well pertain to the
enforcement of the parties’ correlative rights and obligations under the Corporation Code and the internal and intra-corporate regulatory rules of
the corporation) and thus declared that jurisdiction should be determined by considering not only the status or relationship of the parties, but also
the nature of the question under controversy.
UNDER THE RELATIONSHIP TEST
While Rodrigo holds shares of stock in Zenith, he holds them in two capacities: in his own right with respect to the 4,250 shares registered in his
name, and as one of the heirs of Anastacia Reyes with respect to the 136,598 shares registered in her name. What is material in resolving the issues
of this case under the allegations of the complaint is Rodrigo’s interest as an heir since the subject matter of the present controversy centers on the
shares of stocks belonging to Anastacia, not on Rodrigo’s personally-owned shares nor on his personality as shareholder owning these shares.
Upon Anastacia’s death, her children acquired legal title to her estate (which title includes her shareholdings in Zenith), and they are, prior to the
estate’s partition, deemed co-owners thereof. This status as co-owners, however, does not immediately and necessarily make them stockholders of
the corporation. Unless and until there is compliance with Section 63 of the Corporation Code on the manner of transferring shares, the heirs do not
become registered stockholders of the corporation. Simply stated, the transfer of title by means of succession, though effective and valid between
the parties involved (i.e., between the decedent’s estate and her heirs), does not bind the corporation and third parties. The transfer must be
registered in the books of the corporation to make the transferee-heir a stockholder entitled to recognition as such both by the corporation and by
third parties.
Therfore, Rodrigo must first prove that there are shareholdings that will be left to him and his co-heirs, and this can be determined only in a settlement
of the decedent’s estate. No such proceeding has been commenced to date. Second, he must register the transfer of the shares allotted to him to
make it binding against the corporation. He cannot demand that this be done unless and until he has established his specific allotment (and prima
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facie ownership) of the shares. Without the settlement of Anastacia’s estate, there can be no definite partition and distribution of the estate to the
heirs. Without the partition and distribution, there can be no registration of the transfer. And without the registration, he cannot be considered a
stockholder who may invoke the existence of an intra-corporate relationship as premise for an intra-corporate controversy within the jurisdiction of
a special commercial court. Thus, he fails under the relationship test.
UNDER THE NATURE OF CONTROVERSY TEST
Contrary to the findings of both the trial and appellate courts, there is only one cause of action alleged in the complaint. The "derivative suit for
accounting of the funds and assets of the corporation which are in the control, custody, and/or possession of the respondent [herein petitioner
Oscar]" does not constitute a separate cause of action but is, as correctly claimed by Oscar, only an incident to the "action for determination of the
shares of stock of deceased spouses Pedro and Anastacia Reyes allegedly taken by respondent, its accounting and the corresponding delivery of these
shares to the parties’ brothers and sisters." There can be no mistake of the relationship between the "accounting" mentioned in the complaint and
the objective of partition and distribution.
That an accounting of the funds and assets of Zenith to determine the extent and value of Anastacia’s shareholdings will be undertaken by a probate
court and not by a special commercial court is completely consistent with the probate court’s limited jurisdiction. It has the power to enforce an
accounting as a necessary means to its authority to determine the properties included in the inventory of the estate to be administered, divided up,
and distributed. Beyond this, the determination of title or ownership over the subject shares (whether belonging to Anastacia or Oscar) may be
conclusively settled by the probate court as a question of collation or advancement. Thus, on this score, the complaint must necessarily fail as well.
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Case Name: Ponce v Alsons Cement Corp
Certificate of Stock and Transfer of Shares
Ponce v. Alsons Cement Corp. (G.R. NO. 139802, December 10, 2002)
 Vicente C. Ponce and Fausto Gaid, incorporator of Victory Cement Corporation, executed a “Deed of Undertaking” and “Indorsement”
whereby Gaid acknowledges that Ponce is the owner of the shares and he was therefore assigning/endorsing it to Ponce
 VCC was renamed Floro Cement Corporation and then to Alsons Cement Corporation
 Up to the present, no certificates of stock corresponding to the 239,500 subscribed and fully paid shares of Gaid were issued in the name
of Fausto G. Gaid and/or the plaintiff.
 Despite repeated demands, the ACC refused to issue the certificates of stocks
 SEC Hearing Officer Enrique L. Flores, Jr. granted the motion to dismiss, upon appeal, the Commission En Banc reversed the decision of
the Hearing Officer
 Ponce, filed a complaint with the SEC for mandamus but CA dismissed for failure to state a cause of action in the absence of any
allegation that the transfer of the shares was registered in the stock and transfer book
ISSUE: W/N the certificate of stocks of Gaid can be transferred to Ponce
Ruling: NO. The certificate of stocks cannot be transferred to Ponce.
 SEC. 63. Certificate of stock and transfer of shares.–The capital stock of stock corporations shall be divided into shares for which
certificates signed by the president or vice-president, countersigned by the secretary or assistant secretary, and sealed with the seal of
the corporation shall be issued in accordance with the by-laws. Shares of stock so issued are personal property and may be transferred
by delivery of the certificate or certificates indorsed by the owner or his attorney-in-fact or other person legally authorized to make the
transfer. No transfer, however, shall be valid, except as between the parties, until the transfer is recorded in the books of the
corporation so as to show the names of the parties to the transaction, the date of the transfer, the number of the certificate or
certificates and the number of shares transferred. No shares of stock against which the corporation holds any unpaid claim shall be
transferable in the books of the corporation.
 The stock and transfer book is the basis for ascertaining the persons entitled to the rights and subject to the liabilities of a stockholder
 Where a transferee is not yet recognized as a stockholder, the corporation is under no specific legal duty to issue stock certificates in the
transferee’s name.
 In the current case, a mandamus should not issue to compel the secretary of a corporation to make a transfer of the stock on the books
of the company unless it affirmatively appears that he has failed or refused so to do, upon the demand either of the person in whose
name the stock is registered, or of some person holding a power of attorney for that purpose from the registered owner of the stock.
 Mere indorsee of a stock certificate, claiming to be the owner, will not necessarily be recognized as such by the corporation and its
officers, in the absence of express instructions of the registered owner to make such transfer to the indorsee, or a power of attorney
authorizing such transfer

Case Name: Makati Sports Club v Cheng
Certificate of Stocks and Transfer of Shares
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Makati Sports Club Inc v. Cecile Cheng (G.R. No. 178523, June 16, 2010)
 Makati Sports Club Inc (MSCI) Board of Directors adopted a resolution authorizing the sale of 19 unissued shares at a floor price of
P400,000 and P450,000 per share for Class A and B, respectively.
 Respondent Cheng was a Treasurer and Director of Makati Sports Club in 1995
 Hodreal expressed his interest to buy a share, for this purpose he sent the letter requesting to be wait listed
 McFoods acquired the shares of Makati Sports Club at P1,800,000 through Urban Bank. Stock certificate was issued to McFoods.
 McFoods advised its offer to resell , Hodreal paid McFoods P1,400,000 twice on different dates.
 Cheng advised sale by McFoods to Hodreal of the share evidenced by a new certificate that was issued
 Investigation showed that Cheng profited from the transaction because of her knowledge
 MSCI sought judgment that would order respondents to pay the sum of P1,000,000.00, representing the amount allegedly defrauded,
together with interest and damages
ISSUE: W/N MSCI was defrauded by Cheng's collaboration with Mc Foods
Ruling: NO. Cheng did not defraud MSCI
 No evidence on record that the Membership Committee acted on Hodreal's letter

 SEC. 29. (a) The Membership Committee shall process applications for membership; ascertain that the requirements for stock ownership,
including citizenship, are complied with; submit to the Board its recommended on applicants for inclusion in the Waiting List; take charge
of auction sales of shares of stock; and exercise such other powers and perform such other functions as may be authorized by the Board.
 Membership Committee failed to question the alleged irregularities attending Mc Foods’ purchase
 Price of P1,800,000.00 is P1,400,000.00 more than the floor price which was not detrimental
 Upon payment and the execution of the Deed of Absolute Sale, it had the right to demand the delivery of the stock certificate in its name.
The right of a transferee to have stocks transferred to its name is an inherent right flowing from its ownership of the stocks
 Certificate of stock paper representative or tangible evidence of the stock itself and of the various interests therein not a stock in the
corporation but is merely evidence of the holder’s interest and status in the corporation, his ownership of the share represented thereby
 MSCI failed to repurchase Mc Foods’ Class "A" share within the 30 day pre-emptive period and there was no proof that Cheng personally
profited from the transaction
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Case Name: Republic v Sandiganbayan
Certificate of Stocks and Transfer of Shares
Republic v. Sandiganbayan (G.R. No. 166859, G.R. No. 169203, G.R. No. 180702, April 12, 2011)
 The Republic commenced a Civil Case in the Sandiganbayan by complaint, impleading as defendants respondent Eduardo M. Cojuangco,
Jr. and 59 individual defendants.
 Cojuangco allegedly purchased a block of 33,000,000 shares of SMC stock through the 14 holding companies owned by the CIIF Oil Mills.
 Petitioner contends that Cojuangco is the undisputed "coconut king" with unlimited powers to deal with the coconut levy funds, who
took undue advantage of his association, influence and connection, acting in unlawful concert with Defendants Ferdinand E. Marcos,
misused coconut levy funds to buy out majority of the outstanding shares of stock of San Miguel Corporation.
 Defendants Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr., and ACCRA law offices plotted, devised, schemed, conspired and confederated with each other in
setting up, through the use of coconut levy funds, the financial and corporate framework and structures that led to the establishment of
UCPB, UNICOM, COCOLIFE, COCOMARK. CIC, and more than twenty other coconut levy-funded corporations, including the acquisition of
San Miguel Corporation shares and its institutionalization through presidential directives of the coconut monopoly.
 Sandiganbayan dismissed the case for failure of plaintiff to prove by preponderance of evidence its causes of action against defendants
with respect to the twenty percent (20%) outstanding shares of stock of San Miguel Corporation registered in defendants’ names
 Petitioner appealed the case to the Supreme Court invoking that coconut levy funds are public funds. The SMC shares, which were
acquired by respondents Cojuangco, Jr. and the Cojuangco companies with the use of coconut levy funds is in violation of respondent
Cojuangco, Jr.’s fiduciary obligation that are, necessarily, public in character and should be reconveyed to the government.
ISSUE: W/N Respondent Cojuangco Jr. used the coconut levy funds to acquire SMC shares in violation of his fiduciary obligation as a public officer?
Ruling: No, Respondent did not violate any fiduciary duties.
 It does not suffice, as in this case, that the respondent is or was a government official or employee during the administration of former
Pres. Marcos. There must be a prima facie showing that the respondent unlawfully accumulated wealth by virtue of his close association
or relation with former Pres. Marcos and/or his wife.
 It was Petitioner’s burden to establish by preponderance of evidence that respondents’ SMC shares had been illegally acquired with
coconut-levy funds was not discharged.
 The conditions for the application of Articles 1455 and 1456 of the Civil Code (like the trustee sing trust funds to purchase, or a person
acquiring property through mistake or fraud), and Section 31 of the Corporation Code (like a director or trustee willfully and knowingly
voting for or assenting to patently unlawful acts of the corporation, among others) require factual foundations to be first laid out in
appropriate judicial proceedings.
 Concluding that Cojuangco breached fiduciary duties as an officer and member of the Board of Directors of the UCPB without competent
evidence thereon would be unwarranted and unreasona le.Thus, the Sandiganbayan could not fairly find that Cojuangco had committed
breach of any fiduciary duties as an officer and member of the Board of Directors of the UCPB.
 The Amended Complaint contained no clear factual allegation on which to predicate the application of Articles 1455 and 1456 of the Civil
Code, and Section 31 of the Corporation Code. Although the trust relationship supposedly arose from Cojuangco’s being an officer and
member of the Board of Directors of the UCPB, the link between this alleged fact and the borrowings or advances was not established.
 There was no showing in the evidence, for fraud or breach of trust is never presumed, but must be alleged and proved. The thrust of the
Republic that the funds were borrowed or lent might even preclude any consequent trust implication but is more inclined to be a
contract of loan.
 To say that a relationship is fiduciary when existing laws do not provide for such requires evidence that confidence is reposed by one
party in another who exercises dominion and influence.
 Absent any special facts and circumstances proving a higher degree of responsibility, any dealings between a lender and borrower are not
fiduciary in nature.
 The shares are declared to be exclusive property of Cojuangco.
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Case Name: Fontana Resort and Country Club v Spouses Tan
FONTANA RESORT AND COUNTRY CLUB, INC. AND RN DEVELOPMENT CORP.

- versus -
SPOUSES ROY S. TAN AND SUSAN C. TAN,
G.R. No. 154670, January 30, 2012
FACTS:
Respondent spouses Roy S. Tan and Susana C. Tan bought from petitioner RN Development Corporation (RNDC) two class D shares of stock in
petitioner Fontana Resort and Country Club, Inc. (FRCCI), worth P387,300.00, enticed by the promises of petitioners sales agents that petitioner FRCCI
would construct a park with first-class leisure facilities in Clark Field, Pampanga, to be called Fontana Leisure Park (FLP); that FLP would be fully
developed and operational by the first quarter of 1998; and that FRCCI class D shareholders would be admitted to one membership in the country
club, which entitled them to use park facilities and stay at a two-bedroom villa for five (5) ordinary weekdays and two (2) weekends every year for
free.
Two years later, respondents filed before the SEC a Complaint for refund of the P387,300.00 they spent to purchase FRCCI shares of stock from
petitioners. Respondents alleged that they had been deceived into buying FRCCI shares because of petitioners fraudulent misrepresentations.
Construction of FLP turned out to be still unfinished and the policies, rules, and regulations of the country club were obscure.
Sps Tan narrated that they were able to book and avail themselves of free accommodations at an FLP villa on September 5, 1998, a Saturday. They
requested that an FLP villa again be reserved for their free use on October 17, 1998, another Saturday, for the celebration of their daughters
18th birthday, but were refused by petitioners. Petitioners clarified that respondents were only entitled to free accommodations at FLP for one week
annually consisting of five (5) ordinary days, one (1) Saturday and one (1) Sunday[,] and that respondents had already exhausted their free Saturday
pass for the year. According to respondents, they were not informed of said rule regarding their free accommodations at FLP, and had they known
about it, they would not have availed themselves of the free accommodations on September 5, 1998. In January 1999, respondents attempted once
more to book and reserve an FLP villa for their free use on April 1, 1999, a Thursday. Their reservation was confirmed by a certain Murphy
Magtoto. However, on March 3, 1999, another country club employee named Shaye called respondents to say that their reservation for April 1, 1999
was cancelled because the FLP was already fully booked.
FONTANA countered that Sps Tan had been duly informed of the privileges given to them as shareholders of FRCCI class D shares of stock since these
were all explicitly provided in the promotional materials for the country club, the Articles of Incorporation, and the By-Laws of FRCCI. It further denied
that they unjustly cancelled Sps Tan’s reservation for an FLP villa. Lastly, Fontana averred that when the spouses were first accommodated at FLP,
only minor or finishing construction works were left to be done and that facilities of the country club were already operational.
ISSUE:
Was the essence of the judgment of the SEC which ordered the return of the purchase price but not of the thing sold a declaration of rescission or
annulment of the contract of sale between RNDC and respondents?
HELD:
It does not matter that the Spouses Tan, in their Complaint, simply prayed for refund of the purchase price they had paid for their FRCCI
shares, without specifically mentioning the annulment or rescission of the sale of said shares. CA treated respondents Complaint as one for
annulment/rescission of contract and, accordingly, it did not simply order petitioners to refund to respondents the purchase price of the FRCCI shares,
but also directed respondents to comply with their correlative obligation of surrendering their certificates of shares of stock to petitioners.
In this case, respondents have miserably failed to prove how petitioners employed fraud to induce respondents to buy FRCCI shares. It can only be
expected that petitioners presented the FLP and the country club in the most positive light in order to attract investor-members. There is no showing
that in their sales talk to respondents, petitioners actually used insidious words or machinations, without which, respondents would not have bought
the FRCCI shares. Respondents appear to be literate and of above-average means, who may not be so easily deceived into parting with a substantial
amount of money. What is apparent to us is that respondents knowingly and willingly consented to buying FRCCI shares, but were later on
disappointed with the actual FLP facilities and club membership benefits.
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Case Name: Forest Hills Golf and Country Club v Vertex Sales and Trading
FOREST HILLS GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB,

vs.
VERTEX SALES AND TRADING, INC.,
G.R. No. 202205, March 6, 2013
FACTS
Forest Hills is a domestic non-profit stock corporation that operates and maintains a golf and country club facility in Antipolo City. Forest Hills was
created as a result of a joint venture agreement between Kings Properties Corporation (Kings) and Fil-Estate Golf and Development, Inc. (FEGDI).
Accordingly, Kings and FEGDI owned the shares of stock of Forest Hills, holding 40% and 60% of the shares, respectively.
In August 1997, FEGDI sold to RS Asuncion Construction Corporation (RSACC) one (1) Class "C" common share of Forest Hills for P1.1 million. Prior to
the full payment of the purchase price, RSACC transferred its interests over FEGDI's Class "C" common share to respondent Vertex Sales and Trading,
Inc. (Vertex).4 RSACC advised FEGDI of the transfer and FEGDI, in turn, requested Forest Hills to recognize Vertex as a shareholder. Forest Hills acceded
to the request, and Vertex was able to enjoy membership privileges in the golf and country club.
Despite the sale of FEGDI's Class "C" common share to Vertex, the share remained in the name of FEGDI, prompting Vertex to demand for the issuance
of a stock certificate in its name. As its demand went unheeded, Vertex filed a complaint6 for rescission with damages against defendants Forest Hills,
FEGDI, and Fil-Estate Land, Inc. (FELI) – the developer of the Forest Hills golf course. Vertex averred that the defendants defaulted in their obligation
as sellers when they failed and refused to issue the stock certificate covering the Class "C" common share. It prayed for the rescission of the sale and
the return of the sums it paid; it also claimed payment of actual damages for the defendants’ unjustified refusal to issue the stock certificate.
Forest Hills denied transacting business with Vertex and claimed that it was not a party to the sale of the share; FELI claimed the same defense. While
admitting that no stock certificate was issued, FEGDI alleged that Vertex nonetheless was recognized as a stockholder of Forest Hills and, as such, it
exercised rights and privileges of one. FEGDI added that during the pendency of Vertex's action for rescission, a stock certificate was issued in Vertex's
name, but Vertex refused to accept it.
RTC dismissed Vertex's complaint after finding that the failure to issue a stock certificate did not constitute a violation of the essential terms of the
contract of sale that would warrant its rescission. The RTC noted that the sale was already consummated notwithstanding the non-issuance of the
stock certificate. The issuance of a stock certificate is a collateral matter in the consummated sale of the share; the stock certificate is not essential
to the creation of the relation of a shareholder. Hence, the RTC ruled that the non-issuance of the stock certificate is a mere casual breach that would
not entitle Vertex to rescind the sale. CA reversed the RTC. It declared that "in the sale of shares of stock, physical delivery of a stock certificate is
one of the essential requisites for the transfer of ownership of the stocks purchased.
ISSUE:
Whether or not CA erred in declaring the rescission of the sale of one (1) Class "C" common share of Forest Hills to Vertex and ordering the return by
Forest Hills, FEGDI, and FELI to Vertex of the amount the latter paid by reason of the sale.
HELD:
The Court found for Forest Hills. The question of rescission of the sale of the share is a settled matter that the Court can no longer review in this
petition. While Forest Hills questioned and presented its arguments against the CA ruling rescinding the sale of the share in its petition, it is not the
proper party to appeal this ruling.
As correctly pointed out by Forest Hills, it was not a party to the sale even though the subject of the sale was its share of stock. The corporation
whose shares of stock are the subject of a transfer transaction (through sale, assignment, donation, or any other mode of conveyance) need not be
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a party to the transaction, as may be inferred from the terms of Section 63 of the Corporation Code. However, to bind the corporation as well as
third parties, it is necessary that the transfer is recorded in the books of the corporation. In the present case, the parties to the sale of the share were
FEGDI as the seller and Vertex as the buyer (after it succeeded RSACC). As party to the sale, FEGDI is the one who may appeal the ruling rescinding
the sale. The remedy of appeal is available to a party who has "a present interest in the subject matter of the litigation and is aggrieved or prejudiced
by the judgment. A party, in turn, is deemed aggrieved or prejudiced when his interest, recognized by law in the subject matter of the lawsuit, is
injuriously affected by the judgment, order or decree." The rescission of the sale does not in any way prejudice Forest Hills in such a manner that
its interest in the subject matter – the share of stock – is injuriously affected. Thus, Forest Hills is in no position to appeal the ruling rescinding the
sale of the share. Since FEGDI, as party to the sale, filed no appeal against its rescission, we consider as final the CA’s ruling on this matter.
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Subtopic: Rights of Shareholders: Derivative Actions and other Actions of Stockholders
Case Name: Yu v Yugaykuan
ANTHONY YU et al.
vs.
JOSEPH YUKAYGUAN et al.
GR 177549, 18 June 2009
FACTS:
Petitioners and the respondents were all stockholders of Winchester Industrial Supply, Inc. On 15 October 2002, respondents filed against petitioners
a verified Complaint forAccounting, Inspection of Corporate Books and Damages through Embezzlement and Falsification of Corporate Records and
Accounts1[6] before the RTC of Cebu. The said Complaint was filed by respondents, in their own behalf and as a derivative suit on behalf of
Winchester, Inc., and was docketed as SRC Case No. 022-CEB. The factual background of the Complaint was stated in the attached Affidavit executed
by respondent Joseph.
According to respondents, Winchester, Inc. was established and incorporated on 12 September 1977, with petitioner Anthony as one of the
incorporators, holding 1,000 shares of stock worth P100,000.00. Petitioner Anthony paid for the said shares of stock with respondent Joseph’s
money, thus, making the former a mere trustee of the shares for the latter.
The case at bar was initiated before the RTC by respondents as a derivative suit, on their own behalf and on behalf of Winchester, Inc., primarily in
order to compel petitioners to account for and reimburse to the said corporation the corporate assets and funds which the latter allegedly
misappropriated for their personal benefit.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the derivative suit is valid.
RULING:
YES.
The general rule is that where a corporation is an injured party, its power to sue is lodged with its board of directors or trustees. Nonetheless, an
individual stockholder is permitted to institute a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation wherein he holds stocks in order to protect or vindicate
corporate rights, whenever the officials of the corporation refuse to sue, or are the ones to be sued, or hold the control of the corporation. In such
actions, the suing stockholder is regarded as a nominal party, with the corporation as the real party in interest. A derivative action is a suit by a
shareholder to enforce a corporate cause of action. The corporation is a necessary party to the suit. And the relief which is granted is a judgment
against a third person in favor of the corporation.
Glaringly, a derivative suit is fundamentally distinct and independent from liquidation proceedings. They are neither part of each other nor the
necessary consequence of the other. There is totally no justification for the Court of Appeals to convert what was supposedly a derivative suit
instituted by respondents, on their own behalf and on behalf of Winchester, Inc. against petitioners, to a proceeding for the liquidation of Winchester,
Inc.
While it may be true that the parties earlier reached an amicable settlement, in which they agreed to already distribute the assets of Winchester,
Inc., and in effect liquidate said corporation, it must be pointed out that respondents themselves repudiated said amicable settlement before the
RTC, even after the same had been partially implemented; and moved that their case be set for pre-trial. Attempts to again amicably settle the
dispute between the parties before the Court of Appeals were unsuccessful.
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Case Name: Cua, Jr. v Ocampo
Facts: Petitioner is a minority stockholder of Philippine Racing Club Inc. (PRCI). PRCI wanted to developed its property in Makati thus, it opted to
acquire another domestic corporation, JTH Davies Holdings, Inc. (JTH). Resolution of the PRCI Board of Directors on the property-for-shares exchange
between PRCI and JTH was supposed to be presented for approval by the stockholders, however, the petitioner filed before the RTC a Complaint,
denominated as a Derivative Suit with prayer for Issuance of TRO/Preliminary Injunction, against the rest of the directors of PRCI and/or JTH. Petitioner
complained that respondent Solomon, as PRCI President, with the acquiescence of the majority directors of PRCI, maliciously refused and resisted the
request of respondents Miguel, et al., for complete and adequate information relative to the disputed Board Resolutions, brazenly and unlawfully
violating the rights of the minority stockholders to information and to inspect corporate books and records.
Issue: Whether or not the petitioner has cause of action.
Held: The petition is without merit.
Respondents Miguel, et al., allege another cause of action, other than the derivative suit -- the violation of their right to information relative to the
disputed Resolutions, i.e., the Resolutions dated 16 September 2006 and 11 May 2007 of the PRCI Board of Directors.
Rule 7 of the IRPICC shall apply to disputes exclusively involving the rights of stockholders or members to inspect the books and records and/or to be
furnished with the financial statements of a corporation, under Sections 742and 753 of the Corporation Code.
Rule 7, Section 2 of IRPICC enumerates the requirements particular to a complaint for inspection of corporate books and records:
Sec. 2. Complaint. - In addition to the requirements in section 4, Rule 2 of these Rules, the complaint must state the
following:
(1) The case is for the enforcement of plaintiff's right of inspection of corporate orders or records and/or to be furnished
with financial statements under Sections 74 and 75 of the Corporation Code of the Philippines;
(2) A demand for inspection and copying of books and records and/or to be furnished with financial statements made
by the plaintiff upon defendant;
(3) The refusal of defendant to grant the demands of the plaintiff and the reasons given for such refusals, if any; and
(4) The reasons why the refusal of defendant to grant the demands of the plaintiff is unjustified and illegal, stating the
law and jurisprudence in support thereof. (Emphasis ours.)
As has already been previously established herein, the right to information, which includes the right to inspect corporate books and records, is a right
personal to each stockholder. After a closer reading of the Complaint in Civil Case No. 07-610, the Court observes that only respondent Dulay actually
made a demand for a copy of all the records, documents, contracts, and agreements, emails, letters, correspondences, relative to the acquisition of
JTH x x x. There is no allegation that his co-respondents (who are his co-plaintiffs in Civil Case No. 07-610) made similar demands for the inspection or
copying of corporate books and records. Only respondent Dulay complied then with the requirement under Rule 7, Section 2(2) of IRPICC.
Even so, respondent Dulays Complaint should be dismissed for lack of cause of action, for his demand for copies of pertinent documents
relative to the acquisition of JTH shares was not denied by any of the defendants named in the Complaint in Civil Case No. 07-610, but by Atty. Jesulito
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A. Manalo (Manalo), the Corporate Secretary of PRCI, in a letter dated 17 January 2006. Section 74 of the Corporation Code, the substantive law on
which respondent Dulays Complaint for inspection and copying of corporate books and records is based, states that:
Sec. 74. Books to be kept; stock transfer agent.
xxxx
Any officer or agent of the corporation who shall refuse to allow any director, trustees, stockholder or member of the
corporation to examine and copy excerpts from its records or minutes, in accordance with the provisions of this Code, shall be
liable to such director, trustee, stockholder or member for damages, and in addition, shall be guilty of an offense which shall be
punishable under Section 144 of this Code: Provided, That if such refusal is pursuant to a resolution or order of the Board of
Directors or Trustees, the liability under this section for such action shall be imposed upon the directors or trustees who voted
for such refusal: x x x (Emphasis ours.)
Based on the foregoing, it is Corporate Secretary Manalo who should be held liable for the supposedly wrongful and unreasonable denial of respondent
Dulays demand for inspection and copying of corporate books and records; but, as previously mentioned, Corporate Secretary Manalo is not among
the defendants named in the Complaint in Civil Case No. 07-610. There is also utter lack of any allegation in the Complaint that Corporate Secretary
Manalo denied respondent Dulays demand pursuant to a resolution or order of the PRCI Directors, so that the latter (who are actually named
defendants in the Complaint) could also be held liable for the denial.
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Case Name: Hi-Yield Realty, Inc. v CA
Facts:
Respondent, a stockholder of HTSI, filed a case in RTC Makati against petitioner Hi-Yield Realty for the annulment of real estate mortgage and
foreclosure sale of lands that belong to HTSI. Petitioner moved for the dismissal of the case on ground of proper venue. Petitioner argues that the
annulment of real estate mortgage and foreclosure sale is a real action and thus it should be filed in Marikina and Quezon City where the lands are
located. RTC and CA dismissed the motion and appeal of the petitioner on ground that the action is primarily a derivative suit to redress the
alleged unauthorized acts of HTSI officers and major stockholders in connection with the lands.
Issue: Whether or not the action is a real action or a derivative suit.
Held: It is a derivative suit.
Ratio:
A derivative action is a suit by a shareholder to enforce a corporate cause of action. Under the Corporation Code, where a corporation is an injured
party, its power to sue is lodged with its board of directors or trustees. But an individual stockholder may be permitted to institute a derivative suit
on behalf of the corporation in order to protect or vindicate corporate rights whenever the officials of the corporation refuse to sue, or are the
ones to be sued, or hold control of the corporation. In such actions, the corporation is the real party-in-interest while the suing stockholder, on
behalf of the coporation, is only a nominal party.
Derivative suits are governed by a special set of rules under A.M. No. 01-2-04 SC otherwise known as the Interim Rules of Procedure Governing
Intra-Corporate Controversies under RA No. 8799. Thus, the CA did not commit grave abuse of discretion when it found that respondents correctly
filed the derivative suite before the Makati RTC where HTSI had its principal office.
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Case Name: Strategic Alliance Dev. Corp v Radstock Securities, LTD
Facts
Construction Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP) was incorporated in 1966. It was granted a franchise to construct, operate and
maintain toll facilities in the North and South Luzon Tollways and Metro Manila Expressway. CDCP Mining Corporation (CDCP Mining), an affiliate
of CDCP, obtained loans from Marubeni Corporation of Japan(Marubeni). A CDCP official issued letters of guarantee for the loans although there was
no CDCP Board Resolution authorizing the issuance of such letters of guarantee. CDCP Mining secured the Marubeni loans when CDCP and CDCP
Mining were still privately owned and managed. In 1983, CDCP’s name was changed to Philippine National Construction Corporation (PNCC) in order
to reflect that the Government already owned 90.3% of PNCC and only 9.70% is under private ownership. Meanwhile, the Marubeni loans to CDCP
Mining remained unpaid.
On 20 October 2000 and 22 November 2000, the PNCC Board of Directors (PNCC Board) passed Board Resolutions admitting PNCC’s liability to
Marubeni. Previously, for two decades the PNCC Board consistently refused to admit any liability for the Marubeni loans. In January 2001, Marubeni
assigned its entire credit to Radstock Securities Limited (Radstock), a foreign corporation. Radstock immediately sent a notice and demand letter to
PNCC.PNCC and Radstock entered into a Compromise Agreement. Under this agreement, PNCC shall pay Radstock the reduced amount of
P6,185,000,000.00 in full settlement of PNCC’s guarantee of CDCP Mining’s debt allegedly totaling P17,040,843,968.00 (judgment debt as of 31 July
2006). To satisfy its reduced obligation, PNCC undertakes to (1) "assign to a third party assignee to be designated by Radstock all its rights and
interests" to the listed real properties of PNCC; (2) issue to Radstock or its assignee common shares of the capital stock of PNCC issued at par value
which shall comprise 20% of the outstanding capital stock of PNCC; and (3) assign to Radstock or its assignee 50% of PNCC’s 6% share, for the next
27 years, in the gross toll revenues of the Manila North Tollways Corporation. Strategic Alliance Development Corporation (STRADEC)moved for
reconsideration. STRADEC alleged that it has a claim against PNCC as a bidder of the National Government’s shares, receivables, securities and
interests in PNCC.
Sison, a stockholder and former PNCC President and Board Chairman, filed a Petition for Annulment of Judgment Approving Compromise Agreement
before the Court of Appeals. The case was docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 97982.
Issue : Whether or not Sison has standing to file the petition
Held
Sison has legal standing to challenge the Compromise Agreement. Although there was no allegation that Sison filed the case as a derivative suit in
the name of PNCC, it could be fairly deduced that Sison was assailing the Compromise Agreement as a stockholder of PNCC. In such a situation, a
stockholder of PNCC can sue on behalf of PNCC to annul the Compromise Agreement.
A derivative action is a suit by a stockholder to enforce a corporate cause of action. Under the Corporation Code, where a corporation is an injured
party, its power to sue is lodged with its board of directors or trustees. However, an individual stockholder may file a derivative suit on behalf of the
corporation to protect or vindicate corporate rights whenever the officials of the corporation refuse to sue, or are the ones to be sued, or hold control
of the corporation.4[27]In such actions, the corporation is the real party-in-interest while the suing stockholder, on behalf of the corporation, is only a
nominal party.
In this case, the PNCC Board cannot conceivably be expected to attack the validity of the Compromise Agreement since the PNCC Board itself
approved the Compromise Agreement. In fact, the PNCC Board steadfastly defends the Compromise Agreement for allegedly being advantageous to
PNCC.
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Case Name: Majority Stockholders of Ruby Inc v Lim
Facts:
Ruby Industrial Corporation (RUBY) is a domestic corporation engaged in glass manufacturing. Reeling from severe liquidity problems so they filed
with SEC for petition for suspension of payments which the latter granted. management committee (MANCOM) was created and (2) rehabilitation
plans were submitted to the SEC: the BENHAR/RUBY Rehabilitation Plan of the majority stockholders led by Yu Kim Giang, and the Alternative Plan
of the minority stockholders represented by Miguel Lim (Lim). The BENHAR’RUBY Plan shall allow Yu family (BENHAR) to manage the company. This
was opposed by 40% of the stockholders, including Lim, a minority shareholder and other creditors who allegedly will be prejudiced by the plan.
Pending Appeal, BENHAR without authority elected new members of the Board and extended its corporate life. Lim together with the minority
shareholders instituted a derivative action where the real party in interest is the corporation itself.
Issue: WON Lim and the other minority stockholders have a right to sue as stockholders in behalf of the Corporation.
Held:
A derivative action is a suit by a shareholder to enforce a corporate cause of action. It is a remedy designed by equity and has been the principal
defense of the minority shareholders against abuses by the majority. For this purpose, it is enough that a member or a minority of stockholders file
a derivative suit for and in behalf of a corporation. An individual stockholder is permitted to institute a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation
wherein he holds stock in order to protect or vindicate corporate rights, whenever officials of the corporation refuse to sue or are the ones to be
sued or hold the control of the corporation. In such actions, the suing stockholder is regarded as the nominal party, with the corporation as the party
in interest. There is no forum shopping in this case as each have distinct rights to protect. Hence, yes, Lim et. Al. have the right to sue in behalf of the
Corporation.
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Case Name: Lisam Enterprises v Banco de Oro Unibank
Facts:
Lisam Enterprises Inc. (LEI) acquired residential land in Legazpi City. Spouses Soriano in their personal capacity obtained a loan with Banco de Oro
and as president and treasurer, respectively LEI, but without authority and consent of the board of said plaintiff and with the use of a falsified board
resolution, executed a real estate mortgage on the said property. Said spouses also by falsification managed to obtain a fake Deed of Assumption of
Loans making LEI liable for their personal loan. Plaintiffs commenced a derivative suit against defendants Lilian S. Soriano and the Estate of Leandro
A. Soriano, Jr., before the Securities and Exchange Commission and in regular court for the nullification of the mortgage. PCIB raised that the parties
have no locus standi. The court dismissed the case on this basis.
Issue : WON Petitioner Lolita Soriano (Corp. Secretary) has legal right to represent LEI.
Held:
In Hi-Yield Realty, Incorporated v. Court of Appeals, the Court enumerated the requisites for filing a derivative suit, as follows:
a) the party bringing the suit should be a shareholder as of the time of the act or transaction complained of, the number of his
shares not being material;
b) he has tried to exhaust intra-corporate remedies, i.e., has made a demand on the board of directors for the appropriate relief
but the latter has failed or refused to heed his plea; and
c) the cause of action actually devolves on the corporation, the wrongdoing or harm having been, or being caused to the
corporation and not to the particular stockholder bringing the suit.
A reading of the amended complaint will reveal that all the foregoing requisites had been alleged therein. Hence, the amended complaint
remedied the defect in the original complaint and now sufficiently states a cause of action. Hence, Lolita Soriano has legal standing to
represent LEI in this Derivative Suit.
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Case Name: Legaspi Towers 300 Inc., v Amelia Muer
Facts:
Pursuant to the by-laws of Legaspi Towers 300, Inc., incumbent Board Members set the meeting and the election of the new Board of the
Condominium Corp. They found out that most of the proxy votes, at its face value, irregular, thus, questionable; and for lack of time to authenticate
the same, petitioners adjourned the meeting for lack of quorum. Group of respondents challenged the adjournment of the meeting and proceeded
with the election. Petitioner filed complaint for nullification of the election results. The petitioners' motion to amend complaint to implead Legaspi
Towers 300, Inc. as plaintiff was denied on the ground that the vote is a personal right of a stockholder of a corporation, such right can only be
enforced through a direct action; hence, Legaspi Towers 300, Inc. cannot be impleaded.
Issue: WON the corporation can be impleaded in this case.
Held:
Where a stockholder or member is denied the right of inspection, his suit would be individual because the wrong is done to him personally and not
to the other stockholders or the corporation. Where the wrong is done to a group of stockholders, as where preferred stockholders' rights are
violated, a class or representative suit will be proper for the protection of all stockholders belonging to the same group. But where the acts
complained of constitute a wrong to the corporation itself, the cause of action belongs to the corporation and not to the individual stockholder or
member.
Because of the frequent occurrence of such a situation, the common law gradually recognized the right of a stockholder to sue on behalf of a
corporation in what eventually became known as a "derivative suit." It has been proven to be an effective remedy of the minority against the
abuses of management. Thus, an individual stockholder is permitted to institute a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation wherein he holds
stock in order to protect or vindicate corporate rights, whenever officials of the corporation refuse to sue or are the ones to be sued or hold the
control of the corporation. In such actions, the suing stockholder is regarded as thenominal party, with the corporation as the party-in- interest.
Petitioners complaint seek to nullify the said election, and to protect and enforce their individual right to vote, hence the corporation should not be
impleadead.
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Case Name: Ching v Subic Bay Golf and Country Club
FACTS:
On February 26, 2003, petitioners Nestor Ching and Andrew Wellington filed a Complaint with the RTC of Olongapo City on behalf of the
members of Subic Bay Golf and Country Club, Inc. (SBGCCI) against the said country club and its Board of Directors and officers under the provisions
of Presidential Decree No. 902-A in relation to Section 5.2 of the Securities Regulation Code. The Subic Bay Golfers and Shareholders Incorporated
(SBGSI), a corporation composed of shareholders of the defendant corporation, was also named as plaintiff. The officers impleaded as defendants
were the following: (1) its President, Hu Ho Hsiu Lien alias Susan Hu; (2) its treasurer, Hu Tsung Chieh alias Jack Hu; (3) corporate secretary Reynald
Suarez; and (4) directors Hu Tsung Hui and Hu Tsung Tzu. The complaint alleged that the defendant corporation sold shares to plaintiffs at
US$22,000.00 per share, presenting to them the Articles of Incorporation which contained the following provision:
No profit shall inure to the exclusive benefit of any of its shareholders, hence, no dividends shall be declared in their favor. Shareholders
shall be entitled only to a pro-rata share of the assets of the Club at the time of its dissolution or liquidation
However, on June 27, 1996, an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation was approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC), wherein the above provision was changed as follows:
No profit shall inure to the exclusive benefit of any of its shareholders, hence, no dividends shall be declared in their favor. In accordance
with the Lease and Development Agreement by and between Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority and The Universal International Group of Taiwan,
where the golf course and clubhouse component thereof was assigned to the Club, the shareholders shall not have proprietary rights or interests
over the properties of the Club. x x x. (Emphasis supplied.)
Petitioners claimed in the Complaint that defendant corporation did not disclose to them the above amendment which allegedly makes
the shares non-proprietary, as it takes away the right of the shareholders to participate in the pro-rata distribution of the assets of the corporation
after its dissolution. According to petitioners, this is in fraud of the stockholders who only discovered the amendment when they filed a case for
injunction to restrain the corporation from suspending their rights to use all the facilities of the club. Furthermore, petitioners alleged that the
Board of Directors and officers of the corporation did not call any stockholders’ meeting from the time of the incorporation, in violation of Section
50 of the Corporation Code and the By-Laws of the corporation. Neither did the defendant directors and officers furnish the stockholders with the
financial statements of the corporation nor the financial report of the operation of the corporation in violation of Section 75 of the Corporation
Code. Petitioners also claim that on August 15, 1997, SBGCCI presented to the SEC an amendment to the By-Laws of the corporation suspending
the voting rights of the shareholders except for the five founders’ shares. Said amendment was allegedly passed without any stockholders’ meeting
or notices to the stockholders in violation of Section 48 of the Corporation Code.
ISSUE: Whether or not the complaint is a derivative suit?
HELD:
On the bases of these allegations of the petition, the Court finds that the case is a derivative suit. Being a derivative suit in accordance
with Rule 8 of the Interim Rules, the stockholders and members may bring an action in the name of the corporation or association provided that he
(the minority stockholder) exerted all reasonable efforts and allege[d] the same with particularity in the complaint to exhaust of (sic) all remedies
available under the articles of incorporation, by-laws or rules governing the corporation or partnership to obtain the reliefs he desires. An
examination of the petition does not show any allegation that the petitioners applied for redress to the Board of Directors of respondent
corporation there being no demand, oral or written on the respondents to address their complaints. Neither did the petitioners appl[y] for redress
to the stockholders of the respondent corporation and ma[k]e an effort to obtain action by the stockholders as a whole. Petitioners should have
asked the Board of Directors of the respondent corporation and/or its stockholders to hold a meeting for the taking up of the petitioners’ rights in
this petition
At the outset, it should be noted that the Complaint in question appears to have been filed only by the two petitioners, namely Nestor
Ching and Andrew Wellington, who each own one stock in the respondent corporation SBGCCI. While the caption of the Complaint also names the
"Subic Bay Golfers and Shareholders Inc. for and in behalf of all its members," petitioners did not attach any authorization from said alleged
corporation or its members to file the Complaint. Thus, the Complaint is deemed filed only by petitioners and not by SBGSI.
On the issue of whether the Complaint is indeed a derivative suit, we are mindful of the doctrine that the nature of an action, as well as
which court or body has jurisdiction over it, is determined based on the allegations contained in the complaint of the plaintiff, irrespective of
whether or not the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon all or some of the claims asserted therein.
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We have also held that the body rather than the title of the complaint determines the nature of an action.
In Cua, Jr. v. Tan the Court previously elaborated on the distinctions among a derivative suit, an individual suit, and a representative or class suit:
A derivative suit must be differentiated from individual and representative or class suits, thus:
"Suits by stockholders or members of a corporation based on wrongful or fraudulent acts of directors or other persons may be classified into
individual suits, class suits, and derivative suits. Where a stockholder or member is denied the right of inspection, his suit would be individual
because the wrong is done to him personally and not to the other stockholders or the corporation. Where the wrong is done to a group of
stockholders, as where preferred stockholders’ rights are violated, a class or representative suit will be proper for the protection of all stockholders
belonging to the same group. But where the acts complained of constitute a wrong to the corporation itself, the cause of action belongs to the
corporation and not to the individual stockholder or member. Although in most every case of wrong to the corporation, each stockholder is
necessarily affected because the value of his interest therein would be impaired, this fact of itself is not sufficient to give him an individual cause of
action since the corporation is a person distinct and separate from him, and can and should itself sue the wrongdoer. Otherwise, not only would
the theory of separate entity be violated, but there would be multiplicity of suits as well as a violation of the priority rights of creditors.
Furthermore, there is the difficulty of determining the amount of damages that should be paid to each individual stockholder.
However, in cases of mismanagement where the wrongful acts are committed by the directors or trustees themselves, a stockholder or
member may find that he has no redress because the former are vested by law with the right to decide whether or not the corporation should sue,
and they will never be willing to sue themselves. The corporation would thus be helpless to seek remedy. Because of the frequent occurrence of
such a situation, the common law gradually recognized the right of a stockholder to sue on behalf of a corporation in what eventually became
known as a "derivative suit." It has been proven to be an effective remedy of the minority against the abuses of management. Thus, an individual
stockholder is permitted to institute a derivative suit on behalf of the corporation wherein he holds stock in order to protect or vindicate corporate
rights, whenever officials of the corporation refuse to sue or are the ones to be sued or hold the control of the corporation. In such actions, the
suing stockholder is regarded as the nominal party, with the corporation as the party in interest."
The reliefs sought in the Complaint, namely that of enjoining defendants from acting as officers and Board of Directors of the
corporation, the appointment of a receiver, and the prayer for damages in the amount of the decrease in the value of the shares of stock, clearly
show that the Complaint was filed to curb the alleged mismanagement of SBGCCI. The causes of action pleaded by petitioners do not accrue to a
single shareholder or a class of shareholders but to the corporation itself.
However, as minority stockholders, petitioners do not have any statutory right to override the business judgments of SBGCCI’s officers
and Board of Directors on the ground of the latter’s alleged lack of qualification to manage a golf course. Contrary to the arguments of petitioners,
Presidential Decree No. 902-A, which is entitled REORGANIZATION OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WITH ADDITIONAL POWERS
AND PLACING THE SAID AGENCY UNDER THE ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISION OF THE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT, does not grant minority
stockholders a cause of action against waste and diversion by the Board of Directors, but merely identifies the jurisdiction of the SEC over actions
already authorized by law or jurisprudence. It is settled that a stockholder’s right to institute a derivative suit is not based on any express provision
of the Corporation Code, or even the Securities Regulation Code, but is impliedly recognized when the said laws make corporate directors or
officers liable for damages suffered by the corporation and its stockholders for violation of their fiduciary duties.
At this point, we should take note that while there were allegations in the Complaint of fraud in their subscription agreements, such as
the misrepresentation of the Articles of Incorporation, petitioners do not pray for the rescission of their subscription or seek to avail of their
appraisal rights. Instead, they ask that defendants be enjoined from managing the corporation and to pay damages for their mismanagement.
Petitioners’ only possible cause of action as minority stockholders against the actions of the Board of Directors is the common law right to file a
derivative suit. The legal standing of minority stockholders to bring derivative suits is not a statutory right, there being no provision in the
Corporation Code or related statutes authorizing the same, but is instead a product of jurisprudence based on equity. However, a derivative suit
cannot prosper without first complying with the legal requisites for its institution.
Section 1, Rule 8 of the Interim Rules of Procedure Governing Intra Corporate Controversies imposes the following requirements for derivative
suits:
(1) He was a stockholder or member at the time the acts or transactions subject of the action occurred and at the time the action was
filed;
(2) He exerted all reasonable efforts, and alleges the same with particularity in the complaint, to exhaust all remedies available under the
articles of incorporation, by-laws, laws or rules governing the corporation or partnership to obtain the relief he desires;
(3) No appraisal rights are available for the act or acts complained of; and
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(4) The suit is not a nuisance or harassment suit.
The RTC dismissed the Complaint for failure to comply with the second and fourth requisites above.
Upon a careful examination of the Complaint, this Court finds that the same should not have been dismissed on the ground that it is a nuisance or
harassment suit. Although the shareholdings of petitioners are indeed only two out of the 409 alleged outstanding shares or 0.24%, the Court has
held that it is enough that a member or a minority of stockholders file a derivative suit for and in behalf of a corporation.
With regard, however, to the second requisite, we find that petitioners failed to state with particularity in the Complaint that they had exerted all
reasonable efforts to exhaust all remedies available under the articles of incorporation, by-laws, and laws or rules governing the corporation to
obtain the relief they desire. The Complaint contained no allegation whatsoever of any effort to avail of intra-corporate remedies. Indeed, even if
petitioners thought it was futile to exhaust intra-corporate remedies, they should have stated the same in the Complaint and specified the reasons
for such opinion. Failure to do so allows the RTC to dismiss the Complaint, even motu proprio, in accordance with the Interim Rules. The
requirement of this allegation in the Complaint is not a useless formality which may be disregarded at will.
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Subtopic: Rights of Shareholders: Rights to Inspect Books and Records
Provision: Section 74, Corporation Code; Interim Rules for Intra-Corporate Controversies
Case Name: Cua Jr. v Ocampo Tan
FACTS:
Philippine Racing Club, Inc. (PRCI) is a corporation organized and established under Philippine Laws to carry on a race horse business. PRCI
holds a franchise to operate a horse track and manage betting stations.
In 1999, the Articles of Incorportaion of PRCI was amended to include a secondary purpose: To acquire real properties and/or develop real
properties. PRCI owns 2 properties: Makati and Cavite property. PRCI wanted to convert the Makati Racetrack into an urban residential and
commercial use. PRCI, then developed, the Cavite property into a racetrack.
PRCI acquired a domestic corporation, JTH Davies Holdings, Inc. (JTH). PRCI wanted to manage and develop the Makati property under this
subsidiary company, JTH.
JTH was then owned by Jardine Matheson Europe B.V. (JME). To determine the value of JTH, PRCI engaged the services of the accounting firm Sycip
Gorres Velayo & Co. (SGV) to conduct a due diligence study.
Later on, in a meeting with SGV, it was determined that the Makati property can be transferred to JTH in exchange for the unissued portion
of the latter’s increased capital stock. The difference of P3,419,333,105.50 between the total zonal value of the Makati property and the aggregate
par value of the JTH shares to be issued in exchange for the same, would be reflected as additional paid-in capital of PRCI in JTH. The matter of the
proposed exchange was taken up and approved by the PRCI Board of Directors in its meeting held on 11 May 2007, again with the lone dissent of
respondent Dulay.
The 11 May 2007 Resolution of the PRCI Board of Directors on the property-for-shares exchange between PRCI and JTH was supposed to be presented
for approval by the stockholders under the afore-quoted Items No. VII and No. VIII of the Agenda.
However, on 10 July 2007, respondents Miguel, et al., as minority stockholders of PRCI, filed before the RTC a Complaint, denominated as
a Derivative Suit with prayer for Issuance of TRO/Preliminary Injunction, against the rest of the directors of PRCI and/or JTH.
The Complaint was based on three causes of action: (1) the approval by the majority directors of PRCI of the Board Resolutions dated 26
September 2006 and 11 May 2007 -- with undue haste and deliberate speed, despite the absence of any disclosure and information -- was not only
anomalous and fraudulent, but also extremely prejudicial and inimical to interest of PRCI, committed in violation of their fiduciary duty as directors
of the said corporation; (2) respondent Solomon, as PRCI President, with the acquiescence of the majority directors of PRCI, maliciously refused and
resisted the request of respondents Miguel, et al., for complete and adequate information relative to the disputed Board Resolutions, brazenly and
unlawfully violating the rights of the minority stockholders to information and to inspect corporate books and records; and (3) without being officially
and formally nominated, the majority directors of PRCI illegally and unlawfully constituted themselves as members of the Board of Directors and/or
Executive Officers of JTH, rendering all the actions they have taken as such null and void ab initio.
ISSUE: Whether or not there was a derivative suit
HELD:
The afore-quoted exposition is relevant considering the claim of respondents Miguel, et al., that its Complaint in Civil Case No. 07-610 is
not just a derivative suit, but also an intracorporate action arising from devices or schemes employed by the PRCI Board of Directors amounting to
fraud or misrepresentation. A thorough study of the said Complaint, however, reveals that the distinction is deceptive. The supposed devices and
schemes employed by the PRCI Board of Directors amounting to fraud or misrepresentation are the very same bases for the derivative suit. They are
the very same acts of the PRCI Board of Directors that have supposedly caused injury to the corporation. From the very beginning of their Complaint,
respondents have alleged that they are filing the same “as shareholders, for and in behalf of the Corporation, in order to redress the wrongs
committed against the Corporation and to protect or vindicate corporate rights, and to prevent wastage and dissipation of corporate funds and assets
and the further commission of illegal acts by the Board of Directors.” Although respondents Miguel, et al., also aver that they are seeking “redress
for the injuries of the minority stockholders against the wrongdoings of the majority,” the rest of the Complaint does not bear this out, and is utterly
lacking any allegation of injury personal to them or a certain class of stockholders to which they belong.
It is important for the Court to mention that the 26 September 2006 Resolution of the PRCI Board of Directors not only authorized the acquisition
by PRCI of up to 100% of the common stock of JTH, but it also specifically appointed petitioner Santiago Sr. to act as attorney-in-fact and proxy who
could vote all the shares of PRCI in JTH, as well as nominate, appoint, and vote into office directors and/or officers during regular and special
stockholders’ meetings of JTH. It was by this authority that PRCI directors were able to constitute the JTH Board of Directors. Thus, the protest of
respondents Miguel, et al., against the interlocking directors of PRCI and JTH is also rooted in the 26 September 2006 Resolution of the PRCI Board
of Directors.
After a careful study of the allegations concerning this derivative suit, the Court rules that it is dismissible for being moot and academic.
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The derivative suit, with respect to the Resolution dated 11 May 2007 of the PRCI Board of Directors, is similarly dismissible for lack of cause
ofaction.
The basis of a stockholder’s suit is always one of equity. However, it cannot prosper without first complying with the legal requisites for its
institution.
Rule 8, Section 1 of the Interim Rules of Procedure for Intra-Corporate Controversies (IRPICC) lays down the following requirements which
a stockholder must comply with in filing a derivative suit:
Sec. 1. Derivative action. – A stockholder or member may bring an action in the name of a corporation or association, as the
case may be, provided, that:
(1) He was a stockholder or member at the time the acts or transactions subject of the action occurred and at the time the
action was filed;
(2) He exerted all reasonable efforts, and alleges the same with particularity in the complaint, to exhaust all remedies available
under the articles of incorporation, by-laws, laws or rules governing the corporation or partnership to obtain the relief he desires;
(3) No appraisal rights are available for the act or acts complained of; and
(4) The suit is not a nuisance or harassment suit. (Emphasis ours.)
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Case Name: Ma. Belen Flordeliza C. Ang-Abaya et al v Eduardo Ang
FACTS:
Vibelle Manufacturing Corporation (VMC) and Genato Investments, Inc. (Genato) are family-owned corporations, where petitioners Ma. Belen
Flordeliza C. Ang-Abaya (Flordeliza), Francis Jason A. Ang (Jason), Vincent G. Genato (Vincent), Hanna Zorayda A. Ang (Hanna) and private respondent
Eduardo G. Ang (Eduardo) are shareholders, officers and members of the board of directors.
VMC, Genato, and Oriana Manufacturing Corporation filed a case for damages with prayer for issuance of a TRO and/or writ of preliminary injunction
against herein respondent, together with Michael Edward Chi Ang, for allegedly conniving to fraudulently wrest control/management of the
corporations.
During the pendency of the case, Eduardo sought permission to inspect the corporate books of VMC and Genato on account of petitioners’ alleged
failure and/or refusal to update him on the financial and business activities of these family corporations. Petitioners denied the request claiming that
Eduardo would use the information obtained from said inspection for purposes inimical to the corporations’ interests, considering that: "a) he is
harassing and/or bullying the Corporation[s] into writing off P165,071,586.55 worth of personal advances which he had unlawfully obtained in the
past; b) he is unjustly demanding that he be given the office currently occupied by Mr. Francis Jason Ang, the Vice-President for Finance and Corporate
Secretary; c) he is usurping the rights belonging exclusively to the Corporation; and d) he is coercing and/or trying to inveigle the Directors and/or
Officers of the Corporation to give in to his baseless demands involving specific corporate assets."
Eduardo filed an Affidavit-Complaint against petitioners Flordeliza and Jason, charging them with violation of Section 74, in relation to Section 144,
of the Corporation Code of the Philippines. Ma. Belinda G. Sandejas, Vincent, and Hanna were subsequently impleaded for likewise denying
respondent’s request to inspect the corporate books.
TC granted the permanent injunction applied by the corporations. CA annulled permanent injunction. City Prosecutor’s Office of Malabon City issued
a Resolution recommending that petitioners be charged with two counts of violation of Section 74 of the Corporation Code. DOJ denied Eduardo’s
MR.
The appellate court ruled that the Secretary of Justice committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in reversing
the Resolutions of the Malabon City Prosecutor and in finding that Eduardo did not act in good faith when he demanded for the examination of VMC
and Genato’s corporate books. It further held that Eduardo can demand said examination as a stockholder of both corporations; that Eduardo raised
legitimate questions that necessitated inspection of the corporate books and records; and that petitioners’ refusal to allow inspection created
probable cause to believe that they have committed a violation of Section 74 of the Corporation Code. CA denied the Motions for Reconsideration
filed by petitioners and the Secretary of Justice.
ISSUE: WON the Secretary of Justice committed grave abuse of discretion when it ruled that petitioners acted in good faith when they denied private
respondent’s demand for inspection for the corporate books.
HELD:
The stockholder's right of inspection of the corporation's books and records is based upon their ownership of the assets and property of
the corporation. It is, therefore, an incident of ownership of the corporate property, whether this ownership or interest be termed an equitable
ownership, a beneficial ownership, or a quasi-ownership. This right is predicated upon the necessity of self-protection. It is generally held by majority
of the courts that where the right is granted by statute to the stockholder, it is given to him as such and must be exercised by him with respect to his
interest as a stockholder and for some purpose germane thereto or in the interest of the corporation. In other words, the inspection has to be
germane to the petitioner's interest as a stockholder, and has to be proper and lawful in character and not inimical to the interest of the corporation.
Thus, contrary to Eduardo’s insistence, the stockholder’s right to inspect corporate books is not without limitations. While the right of
inspection was enlarged under the Corporation Code as opposed to the old Corporation Law.
It is now expressly required as a condition for such examination that the one requesting it must not have been guilty of using improperly
any information secured through a prior examination, or that the person asking for such examination must be acting in good faith and for a legitimate
purpose in making his demand.
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In a criminal complaint for violation of Section 74 of the Corporation Code, the defense of improper use or motive is in the nature of a
justifying circumstance that would exonerate those who raise and are able to prove the same. Accordingly, where the corporation denies inspection
on the ground of improper motive or purpose, the burden of proof is taken from the shareholder and placed on the corporation.
Taken together, all these serve to justify petitioners’ allegation that Eduardo was not acting in good faith and for a legitimate purpose in
making his demand for inspection of the corporate books. Otherwise stated, there is lack of probable cause to support the allegation that petitioners
violated Section 74 of the Corporation Code in refusing respondent’s request for examination of the corporation books.
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Case Name: Dee Ping Wee v. Lee Hiong Wee
RIGHTS TO INSPECT BOOKS AND RECORDS (Sec. 74 & 75, Corp. Code, Rule 7, Interim Rule for Intra-Corporate Controversies)
Dee Ping Wee, Araceli Wee, Marina Tan vs Lee Hiong Wee, Rosalind Wee
FACTS:
 Dee Ping Wee, Lee Hiong Wee, and Marina Tan are siblings. Araceli is the spouse of Dee Ping Wee. Rosalind is the spouse of Lee Hiong Wee.
 Petitioners were the majority stockholders of:
(1) Marcel Trading Corporation, a domestic corporation that is engaged in the business of manufacture and sale of seaweeds.
(2) Marine Resources Development Corporation, a domestic corporation that is primarily engaged in the business of cultivating
and selling marine products; and
(3) First Marcel Properties, Inc., a real estate business.
Respondents were minority stockholders in the said corporations
 Respondents sent a letter to petitioners, requesting to be allowed to see the financial statements for 2002 and 2003. Petitioners aver
however that they shall only allow the same, PROVIDED that the respondents first repay the proceeds of a bank loan which allegedly was
procured by Marcel Trading, but was diverted by Lee Hiong to fund the operations of Rico Philippines Industrial Corp (RPIC), and to give the
financial statements of RPIC, as well as for Lee Hiong to account for the export sales of RPIC which was diverted to lee Hiong’s personal HK
account.
 Respondents thus filed with the RTC 3 separate complaints for inspection of the corporate books.
o Petitioners filed Answers, alleging that the petitioners failed to state which particular records they wanted to see, that they
wanted to see the books to merely vex the petitioners, and to fish for evidence to regain management control over Marcel
Trading, Marine Resources Dev’t, and First Marcel Properties.
o RTC granted the 3 claims, holding that there was no basis to deny them the right to see the books. All 3 suits were appealed, and
was raffled to different divisions of the CA.
o CA dismissed two of the petitions for being the wrong remedy [certiorari was filed instead of appeal]. It became final.
o CA granted the third complaint as regards Marine Resources Dev’t Corp. It became final.
o During the pendency of the appeals to the CA, RTC issued upon motion a Writ of Execution since the Interim Rules provide that
the decisions are immediately executory, except if restrained by the appellate court.
o Petitioners sought to quash the writ of execution, by arguing that the final ruling of the CA on the complaint against Marine
Resources Dev’t, should be considered by the RTC as regards the one against Marcel Trading since the three complaints were
substantially the same.
o RTC denied. Hence this recourse
ISSUE:
Whether or not final decisions of the CA declaring as improper the intended inspection of corporate records of Marine Resource Dev’t, and First
Marcel Properties, are supervening events which would warrant the suspension of the execution of the RTC decision as regards the inspection of the
books of Marcel Trading
HELD:
NO.
Marine Resources Development and Marcel Trading are different corporations. Despite the fact that the parties to this case are all stockholders in
the said corporations and the respondents invoked the same provisions of law, the cases filed before the RTC were entirely distinct from and
independent of each other. The two corporations involved are primarily engaged in different businesses and do not share exactly the same set of
stockholders. The records of the case are also silent with respect to the consolidation of the cases before the trial court. Thus, any ruling on the
Marine Resources Development Case would not materially alter the substance of the judgment in Marcel Trading Case, which would render the
execution of the latter case inequitable.
The burden of proof lies with the corporation who refuses to grant to the stockholder the right to inspect corporate records. A stockholder has the
statutory right of inspection per Sec. 74 of the Corp. Code, the only express limitation being that the right of inspection should be exercised at
reasonable hours on business days; 2) the person demanding to examine and copy excerpts from the corporation's records and minutes has not
improperly used any information secured through any previous examination of the records of such corporation; and 3) the demand is made in good
faith or for a legitimate purpose. The latter two limitations, however, must be set up as a defense by the corporation if it is to merit judicial cognizance.
While the decision dated March 11, 2005 of the Court of Appeals (Fourth Division) in CA-G.R. SP No. 85880 and the Decision dated April 28, 2005 of
the Court of Appeals (Eighth Division) in CA-G.R. SP No. 85879, which adopted the ruling of the Fourth Division, had already become final and
executory for failure of respondents to appeal therefrom, the Court may no longer disturb the same in these proceedings. In any event, the
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applicability of the said decisions of the Court of Appeals (Fourth and Eighth Divisions) is limited to the letter-demand for the inspection of corporate
records of Marine Resources Development Corporation and First Marine Properties, Inc. made by respondents.
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Case Name: Sy Tiong Shion v Sy Chim
RIGHTS TO INSPECT BOOKS AND RECORDS (Sec. 74, Corp. Code, Sec. 144, Corp. Code)
Sy Tiong Shion, et al. vs Sy Chim, and Felicidad Sy
FACTS:
 Sy Chim and Felicidad Sy are spouses who are directors and stockholders in Sy Siy Ho & Sons, Inc.
 In 2003, the GIS was drawn up which showed allegedly showed a marked decrease in the shareholdings of the spouses Sy from that in the
2002 GIS. The Sy spouses averred that they did not know how this happened as they did not executed any conveyance of their shares.
 They wrote a letter to petitioners Sy to inspect the books and records of the business. Petitioners Sy refused, saying that a civil case for
accounting and damages had already been filed against the respondent Sy spouses, and that they can’t do so until the Sy spouses have
responded appropriately to the civil case.
o In the civil case, the petitioners Sy allege that the spouses Sy misappropriated certain amounts from the sales of the
corporation to the latter’s personal accounts, and that they suddenly moved residences and were not heard from after the
controversy was discovered. This is the rationale why they filed the civil case, HOWEVER this was not alleged in their Answer
to the criminal complaint.
 Given the refusal, the Sy spouses filed a criminal complaint with the prosecutor. In the Answer to the criminal complaint, petitioners Sy
merely averred that there is a prejudicial question in the civil case, hence the criminal complaint must be suspended.
 Prosecutor suspended the criminal complaints. DOJ affirmed.
 Upon R65 to the CA, CA ruled that the issue in the civil case can proceed separately from the complaint, since a finding in the civil case that
respondents mishandled or misappropriated the funds would not be determinative of their guilt or innocence in the criminal complaint.
ISSUE:
Whether or not the civil case is a prejudicial question to the criminal complaint for violation of Sec. 74 in relation to Sec. 144 of the Corporation Code.
HELD:
NO.
In order that probable cause to file a criminal case may be arrived at, or in order to engender the well-founded belief that a crime has been committed,
the elements of the crime charged should be present. This is based on the principle that every crime is defined by its elements, without which there
should be–at the most–no criminal offense.
The requisites before the penal provision under Section 144 of the Corporation Code may be applied in a case of violation of a stockholder or
member’s right to inspect the corporate books/records as provided for under Section 74 of the Corporation Code are:
1. A director, trustee, stockholder or member has made a prior demand in writing for a copy of excerpts from the corporation’s records or
minutes;
2. Any officer or agent of the concerned corporation shall refuse to allow the said director, trustee, stockholder or member of the corporation
to examine and copy said excerpts;
3. If such refusal is made pursuant to a resolution or order of the board of directors or trustees, the liability under this section for such action
shall be imposed upon the directors or trustees who voted for such refusal; and
4. Where the officer or agent of the corporation sets up the defense that the person demanding to examine and copy excerpts from the
corporation’s records and minutes has improperly used any information secured through any prior examination of the records or minutes
of such corporation or of any other corporation, or was not acting in good faith or for a legitimate purpose in making his demand, the
contrary must be shown or proved
Thus, in a criminal complaint for violation of Section 74 of the Corporation Code, the defense of improper use or motive is in the nature of a justifying
circumstance that would exonerate those who raise and are able to prove the same. Accordingly, where the corporation denies inspection on the
ground of improper motive or purpose, the burden of proof is taken from the shareholder and placed on the corporation. However, where no such
improper motive or purpose is alleged, and even though so alleged, it is not proved by the corporation, then there is no valid reason to deny the
requested inspection.
Even in their Joint Counter-Affidavit dated 23 September 2003, Sy Tiong Shiou, et al. did not make any allegation that "the person demanding to
examine and copy excerpts from the corporation’s records and minutes has improperly used any information secured through any prior examination
of the records or minutes of such corporation or of any other corporation, or was not acting in good faith or for a legitimate purpose in making his
demand." Instead, they merely reiterated the pendency of the civil case. There being no allegation of improper motive, and it being undisputed that
Sy Tiong Shiou, et al. denied spouses Sy‘s request for inspection, the Court rules and so holds that the DOJ erred in dismissing the criminal charge for
violation of Section 74 in relation to Section 144 of the Corporation Code
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Case Name: Puno v Puno Enterprises
RIGHTS TO INSPECT BOOKS AND RECORDS (Sec. 63 & 74, Corp. Code)
Puno vs Puno Enterprises
FACTS:
 Carlos L. Puno, who died on June 25, 1963, was an incorporator of respondent Puno Enterprises, Inc.
 On March 14, 2003, petitioner Joselito Musni Puno, claiming to be an heir of Carlos L. Puno, initiated a complaint for specific performance
against respondent. Petitioner averred that he is the son of the deceased with the latter’s common-law wife, Amelia Puno. As surviving
heir, he claimed entitlement to the rights and privileges of his late father as stockholder of respondent. The complaint thus prayed that
respondent allow petitioner to inspect its corporate book, render an accounting of all the transactions it entered into from 1962, and give
petitioner all the profits, earnings, dividends, or income pertaining to the shares of Carlos L. Puno.
 RTC ordered Puno Enterprises to let their records be inspected by plaintiff Joselito Puno.
 CA dismissed.
Issue:
Whether or not Joselito Musni Puno as an heir is automatically entitled for the stocks upon the death of a shareholder.
Held:
NO.
The stockholders right of inspection of the corporation’s books and records is based upon his ownership of shares in the corporation and the necessity
for self-protection. After all, a shareholder has the right to be intelligently informed about corporate affairs. Such right rests upon the stockholders
underlying ownership of the corporations assets and property
Upon the death of a shareholder, the heirs do not automatically become stockholders of the corporation and acquire the rights and privileges of the
deceased as shareholder of the corporation. The stocks must be distributed first to the heirs in estate proceedings, and the transfer of the stocks
must be recorded in the books of the corporation. Section 63 of the Corporation Code provides that no transfer shall be valid, except as between the
parties, until the transfer is recorded in the books of the corporation. During such interim period, the heirs stand as the equitable owners of the
stocks, the executor or administrator duly appointed by the court being vested with the legal title to the stock. Until a settlement and division of the
estate is effected, the stocks of the decedent are held by the administrator or executor. Consequently, during such time, it is the administrator or
executor who is entitled to exercise the rights of the deceased as stockholder.
Thus, even if petitioner presents sufficient evidence in this case to establish that he is the son of Carlos L. Puno, he would still not be allowed to
inspect respondents books and be entitled to receive dividends from respondent, absent any showing in its transfer book that some of the shares
owned by Carlos L. Puno were transferred to him. This would only be possible if petitioner has been recognized as an heir and has participated in the
settlement of the estate of the deceased.
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Case Name: Loreli Lim Po v DOJ
Facts:
- Herein private respondent, Jasper T. Tan (Tan), is a stockholder of Coastal Highpoint Ventures, Inc. (CHVI), a real estate development
company. Antonio Ng Chiu1 (Chiu) is its President. Tan claimed that Loreli Lim Po (Po) is Chiu’s personal accountant. Po asserted otherwise
and instead alleged that she is merely a consultant for CHVI.
- Tan states that pertinent information of CHVI was withheld from him such as Financial Statements. Consequently, he filed a complaint
against Chiu and Po for violation of the Corporate Code.
- Chiu and Po argues that Tan could have acquired said documents without problem himself and that his inspectors were not restricted from
conducting an audit of the corporations account.
- Tan argues otherwise
Issue:
- Whether or not there is a violation of Section 74 of the Corporation Code
Held:
- YES
- In the case at bar, we find no grave abuse of discretion on the part of the CA when it rendered its Decision28 dated January 11, 2011.
- There is ample evidence on record to support the said decision. To name one, accountants Creest O. Morales and Jay Arr T. Hernandez, who
were part of the Inspection Team sent by Tan to CHVI, executed a Joint Affidavit29 stating that the documents made available to them for
inspection were limited. Further, they claimed that on the day of the inspection, they brought a portable photocopying machine to CHVI’s
premises but they were not allowed to use the same. The offense punishable under Section 74, in relation to Section 144 of the Corporation
Code, for which Chiu was indicted, requires the unjustified disallowance or refusal by a suspect, of a stockholder’s written request to
examine or copy excerpts of a corporation’s books or minutes. The absence of any ascribed ill motives on the part of the aforementioned
accountants to make statements adverse or unfavorable to Chiu lends credibility to their declarations.
- Besides, as we ruled in Metrobank,30 in a preliminary investigation, the prosecutor is bound to determine merely the existence of probable
cause that a crime has been committed and that the accused has committed the same. The rules do not require that a prosecutor has moral
certainty of the guilt of a person for the latter to be indicted for an offense after the conduct of a preliminary investigation. Further, we
have repeatedly ruled that the determination of probable cause, for purposes of preliminary investigation, is an executive function. Such
determination should be free from the court’s interference save only in exceptional cases where the DOJ gravely abuses its discretion in the
issuance of its orders or resolutions.
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Case Name: Yuico v Quaimbao
Facts: Respondents filed with the RTC a complaint against STRADEC. The complaint prays that: (1) the election of Board of Directors be nullified on
the ground of improper venue, pursuant to Section 51 of the Corporation Code; (2) all ensuing transactions conducted by the elected directors be
likewise nullified; and (3) a special stockholders meeting be held anew.
Petitioner asserts that it is the SEC which has jurisdiction over the case. Furthermore, the action has already prescribed since the case was filed
beyond 15 day period from the day of the election. The respondents, in their comment, counter that the appellate court correctly ruled that the
power to hear and decide controversies involving intra-corporate disputes, as well as to act on matters incidental and necessary thereto, have been
transferred from the SEC to the RTCs designated as Special Commercial Courts.
Issues:
(1) Whether only the SEC, not the RTC, has jurisdiction to order the holding of a special stockholders meeting involving an intra-corporate contrive.
(2) Whether the action has already prescribed.
Held:
(1) No. Clearly, the RTC has the power to hear and decide the intra-corporate controversy of the parties herein. Concomitant to said power is the
authority to issue orders necessary or incidental to the carrying out of the powers expressly granted to it. Thus, the RTC may, in appropriate cases,
order the holding of a special meeting of stockholders or members of a corporation.
(2) Yes. Under Section 3, Rule 6 of the Interim Rules of Procedure Governing Intra-Corporate Controversies under R.A. No. 8799, an election contest
must be "filed within 15 days from the date of the election." It was only on August 16, 2004 that respondents instituted an action questioning the
validity of the March 1, 2004 stockholders election, clearly beyond the 15-day prescriptive period.
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Subtopic: Rights of Shareholders: Appraisal Right
Case Name: Turner v Lorenzo Shipping Corp
Facts:
This case concerns the right of dissenting stockholders to demand payment of the value of their shareholdings.
The disagreement on the valuation of the shares led the parties to constitute an appraisal committee pursuant to Section 82 of the Corporation
Code, each of them nominating a representative, who together then nominated the third member who would be chairman of the appraisal
committee. Thus, the appraisal committee came to be made up of Reynaldo Yatco, the petitioners’ nominee; Atty. Antonio Acyatan, the
respondent’s nominee; and Leo Anoche of the Asian Appraisal Company, Inc., the third member/chairman.
On October 27, 2000, the appraisal committee reported its valuation of P2.54/share, for an aggregate value of P2,565,400.00 for the petitioners.2
Subsequently, the petitioners demanded payment based on the valuation of the appraisal committee, plus 2%/month penalty from the date of
their original demand for payment, as well as the reimbursement of the amounts advanced as professional fees to the appraisers.3
In its letter to the petitioners dated January 2, 2001,4 the respondent refused the petitioners’ demand, explaining that pursuant to the Corporation
Code, the dissenting stockholders exercising their appraisal rights could be paid only when the corporation had unrestricted retained earnings to
cover the fair value of the shares, but that it had no retained earnings at the time of the petitioners’ demand, as borne out by its Financial
Statements for Fiscal Year 1999 showing a deficit of P72,973,114.00 as of December 31, 1999.
Upon the respondent’s refusal to pay, the petitioners sued the respondent for collection and damages in the RTC in Makati City on January 22,
2001. The case, docketed as Civil Case No. 01-086, was initially assigned to Branch 132.5
It was granted for partial performance. Petitioner sues to assail such decision
Issue:
WoN appraisal right was exercised properly
Held:
The Corporation Code defines how the right of appraisal is exercised, as well as the implications of the right of appraisal, as follows:
1) The appraisal right is exercised by any stockholder who has voted against the proposed corporate action by making a written demand on the
corporation within 30 days after the date on which the vote was taken for the payment of the fair value of his shares. The failure to make the demand
within the period is deemed a waiver of the appraisal right.
2) If the withdrawing stockholder and the corporation cannot agree on the fair value of the shares within a period of 60 days from the date the
stockholders approved the corporate action, the fair value shall be determined and appraised by three disinterested persons, one of whom shall be
named by the stockholder, another by the corporation, and the third by the two thus chosen. The findings and award of the majority of the appraisers
shall be final, and the corporation shall pay their award within 30 days after the award is made. Upon payment by the corporation of the agreed or
awarded price, the stockholder shall forthwith transfer his or her shares to the corporation.
3) All rights accruing to the withdrawing stockholder’s shares, including voting and dividend rights, shall be suspended from the time of demand
for the payment of the fair value of the shares until either the abandonment of the corporate action involved or the purchase of the shares by the
corporation, except the right of such stockholder to receive payment of the fair value of the shares.
4) Within 10 days after demanding payment for his or her shares, a dissenting stockholder shall submit to the corporation the certificates of stock
representing his shares for notation thereon that such shares are dissenting shares. A failure to do so shall, at the option of the corporation, terminate
his rights under this Title X of the Corporation Code. If shares represented by the certificates bearing such notation are transferred, and the certificates
are consequently canceled, the rights of the transferor as a dissenting stockholder under this Title shall cease and the transferee shall have all the
rights of a regular stockholder; and all dividend distributions that would have accrued on such shares shall be paid to the transferee.
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5) If the proposed corporate action is implemented or effected, the corporation shall pay to such stockholder, upon the surrender of the certificates
of stock representing his shares, the fair value thereof as of the day prior to the date on which the vote was taken, excluding any appreciation or
depreciation in anticipation of such corporate action.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, no payment shall be made to any dissenting stockholder unless the corporation has unrestricted retained earnings
in its books to cover the payment. In case the corporation has no available unrestricted retained earnings in its books, Section 83 of the Corporation
Code provides that if the dissenting stockholder is not paid the value of his shares within 30 days after the award, his voting and dividend rights shall
immediately be restored.
The trust fund doctrine backstops the requirement of unrestricted retained earnings to fund the payment of the shares of stocks of the withdrawing
stockholders. Under the doctrine, the capital stock, property, and other assets of a corporation are regarded as equity in trust for the payment of
corporate creditors, who are preferred in the distribution of corporate assets. The creditors of a corporation have the right to assume that the board
of directors will not use the assets of the corporation to purchase its own stock for as long as the corporation has outstanding debts and liabilities.
There can be no distribution of assets among the stockholders without first paying corporate debts. Thus, any disposition of corporate funds and
assets to the prejudice of creditors is null and void.
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Topic: Merger and Consolidation
Subtopic:
Provision: Section 76 to 80 Corporation Code
Case Name: Bank of the Philippine Islands v BPI Employees Union
Facts:
· The BSP approved the Articles of Merger executed on January 20, 2000 by and between BPI, and FEBTC. This Article and Plan of Merger was approved
by the SEC on April 7, 2000.Pursuant to the Article and Plan of Merger, all the assets and liabilities of FEBTC were transferred to and absorbed by BPI
as the surviving corporation. FEBTC employees, including those in its different branches across the country, were hired by petitioner as its own
employees, with their status and tenure recognized and salaries and benefits maintained. Respondent BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-
Federation of Unions in BPI Unibank is the exclusive bargaining agent of BPI¶s rank and file employees in Davao City. The former FEBTC rank-and-file
employees in Davao City did not belong to any labor union at the time of the merger.
· Prior to the effectivity of the merger, respondent union invited said FEBTC employees to a meeting regarding the Union Shop Clause of the existing
CBA between petitioner BPI and respondent union. The parties both advert to certain provisions of the existing CBA. After the meeting called by the
union, some of the former FEBTC employees joined the union, while others refused. Later, however, some of those who initially joined retracted
their membership. Respondent union then sent notices to the former FEBTC employees who refused to join, as well as those who retracted their
membership and called them to a hearing regarding the matter. When these former FEBTC employees refused to attend the hearing, the president
of the Union requested BPI to implement the Union Shop Clause of the CBA and to terminate their employment.
· After two months of management inaction on the request, respondent informed petitioner of its decision to refer the issue of the implementation of
the Union Shop Clause of the CBA to the Grievance Committee. However, the issue remained unresolved at this level and so it was subsequently
submitted for voluntary arbitration by the parties. Voluntary Arbitrator ruled in favor of petitioner BPI. Respondent Union filed a motion for
reconsideration, but the voluntary arbitrator denied the same. It appealed to the CA and the CA reversed and set aside the decision of the voluntary
arbitrator. Hence, this petition.
Issue: WON a corporation invoke its merger with another corporation as a valid ground to exempt its absorbed employees from the coverage of a
union shop clause contained in its existing CBA with its own certified labor union?
HELD:
the Articles of Merger and Plan of Merger dated April 7, 2000 did not contain any specific stipulation with respect to the employment contracts of
existing personnel of the non-surviving entity which is FEBTC. Unlike the Voluntary Arbitrator, this Court cannot uphold the reasoning that the general
stipulation regarding transfer of FEBTC assets and liabilities to BPI as set forth in the Articles of Merger necessarily includes the transfer of all FEBTC
employees into the employ of BPI and neither BPI nor the FEBTC employees allegedly could do anything about it.
Even if it is so, it does not follow that the absorbed employees should not be subject to the terms and conditions of employment obtaining in the
surviving corporation.
The rule is that unless expressly assumed, labor contracts such as employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements are not enforceable
against a transferee of an enterprise, labor contracts being in personam, thus binding only between the parties. A labor contract merely creates an
action in personam and does not create any real right which should be respected by third parties. This conclusion draws its force from the right of an
employer to select his employees and to decide when to engage them as protected under our Constitution, and the same can only be restricted by
law through the exercise of the police power.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Mindanao Savings and Loan Association v Wilkom
Facts:
First Iligan Savings and Loan Association, Inc. (FISLAI) and Davao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. (DSLAI) are entities duly registered with the SEC
primarily engaged in the business of granting loans and receiving deposits from the general public, and treated as banks.
In 1985, FISLAI and DSLAI entered into a merger, with DSLAI as the surviving corporation but their articles of merger were not registered with the SEC
due to incomplete documentation. DSLAI changed its corporate name to MSLAI by way of an amendment to its Articles of Incorporation which was
approved by the SEC.
In 1986, the Board of Directors of FISLAI passed and approved Board Resolution assigning its assets in favor of DSLAI which in turn assumed the
former’s liabilities. The business of MSLAI, however, failed. Hence, the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines ordered its liquidation
with PDIC as its liquidator.
Prior to the closure of MSLAI, Uy filed with the RTC of Iligan City, an action for collection of sum of money against FISLAI. The RTC issued a summary
decision in favor of Uy, directing FISLAI to pay. As a consequence, 6 parcels of land owned by FISLAI were levied and sold to Willkom.
In 1995, MSLAI, represented by PDIC, filed before the RTC a complaint for the annulment of the Sheriff’s Sale alleging that the sale on execution of
the subject properties was conducted without notice to it and PDIC. Respondents, in its answer, averred that MSLAI had no cause of action because
MSLAI is a separate and distinct entity from FISLAI on the ground that the “unofficial merger” between FISLAI and DSLAI (now MSLAI) did not take
effect considering that the merging companies did not comply with the formalities and procedure for merger or consolidation as prescribed by the
Corporation Code of the Philippines. RTC dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction.
CA affirmed but ruled that there was no merger between FISLAI and MSLAI (formerly DSLAI) for their failure to follow the procedure laid down by
the Corporation Code for a valid merger or consolidation.
Issue: Was the merger between FISLAI and DSLAI (now MSLAI) valid and effective?
Held: NO.
In merger, one of the corporations survives while the rest are dissolved and all their rights, properties, and liabilities are acquired by the surviving
corporation. Although there is a dissolution of the absorbed or merged corporations, there is no winding up of their affairs or liquidation of their
assets because the surviving corporation automatically acquires all their rights, privileges, and powers, as well as their liabilities.
The merger, however, does not become effective upon the mere agreement of the constituent corporations. Since a merger or consolidation involves
fundamental changes in the corporation, as well as in the rights of stockholders and creditors, there must be an express provision of law authorizing
them. The steps necessary to accomplish a merger or consolidation, as provided for in Sections 76,[24] 77,[25] 78,[26] and 79[27] of the Corporation
Code, are:
The board of each corporation draws up a plan of merger or consolidation. Such plan must include any amendment, if necessary, to the articles of
incorporation of the surviving corporation, or in case of consolidation, all the statements required in the articles of incorporation of a corporation;
(2) Submission of plan to stockholders or members of each corporation for approval. A meeting must be called and at least two (2) weeks’ notice
must be sent to all stockholders or members, personally or by registered mail. A summary of the plan must be attached to the notice. Vote of two-
thirds of the members or of stockholders representing two-thirds of the outstanding capital stock will be needed. Appraisal rights, when proper, must
be respected;
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(3) Execution of the formal agreement, referred to as the articles of merger or consolidation, by the corporate officers of each constituent
corporation. These take the place of the articles of incorporation of the consolidated corporation, or amend the articles of incorporation of the
surviving corporation;
(4) Submission of said articles of merger or consolidation to the SEC for approval;
(5) If necessary, the SEC shall set a hearing, notifying all corporations concerned at least two weeks before;
(6) Issuance of certificate of merger or consolidation.
Clearly, the merger shall only be effective upon the issuance of a certificate of merger by the SEC, subject to its prior determination that the merger
is not inconsistent with the Corporation Code or existing laws. In this case, it is undisputed that the articles of merger between FISLAI and DSLAI were
not registered with the SEC due to incomplete documentation. Consequently, the SEC did not issue the required certificate of merger. Even if it is
true that the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines recognized such merger, the fact remains that no certificate was issued by the
SEC. Such merger is still incomplete without the certification. The issuance of the certificate of merger is crucial because not only does it bear out
SEC’s approval but it also marks the moment when the consequences of a merger take place. By operation of law, upon the effectivity of the merger,
the absorbed corporation ceases to exist but its rights and properties, as well as liabilities, shall be taken and deemed transferred to and vested in
the surviving corporation. There being no merger between FISLAI and DSLAI (now MSLAI), for third parties such as respondents, the two corporations
shall not be considered as one but two separate corporations. Being separate entities, the property of one cannot be considered the property of the
other.
Thus, in the instant case, as far as third parties are concerned, the assets of FISLAI remain as its assets and cannot be considered as belonging to
DSLAI and MSLAI, notwithstanding the Deed of Assignment wherein FISLAI assigned its assets and properties to DSLAI, and the latter assumed all the
liabilities of the former. As provided in Article 1625 of the Civil Code, “an assignment of credit, right or action shall produce no effect as against third
persons, unless it appears in a public instrument, or the instrument is recorded in the Registry of Property in case the assignment involves real
property.” The certificates of title of the subject properties were clean and contained no annotation of the fact of assignment. Respondents cannot,
therefore, be faulted for enforcing their claim against FISLAI on the properties registered under its name. Accordingly, MSLAI, as the successor-in-
interest of DSLAI, has no legal standing to annul the execution sale over the properties of FISLAI. With more reason can it not cause the cancellation
of the title to the subject properties of Willkom and Go.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Bank of the Philippine Islands v Lee
Facts:
On April 26, 1988, respondent Carlito Lee (Lee) filed a complaint for sum of money with damages and application for the issuance of a writ
of attachment against Trendline and Buelva before the RTC seeking to recover his total investment in the amount of P5.8 million as he was enticed
to invest his money with Trendline upon Buelva’s misrepresentation that she was its duly licensed investment consultant or commodity saleswoman.
His investments, however, were lost without any explanation from the defendants.
RTC issued a writ of preliminary attachment whereby the Check-O-Matic Savings Accounts of Trendline with Citytrust Banking Corporation,
Ayala Branch, in the total amount of P700,962.10 were garnished. RTC found defendants jointly and severally liable to Lee for the full amount of his
investment plus legal interest, attorney’s fees and costs of suit. The defendants appealed the RTC decision to the CA.
On October 4, 1996, Citytrust and BPI merged, with the latter as the surviving corporation. The Articles of Merger provide, among others,
that "all liabilities and obligations of Citytrust shall be transferred to and become the liabilities and obligations of BPI in the same manner as if the
BPI had itself incurred such liabilities or obligations."
After the RTC judgment had become final and executory, Lee filed a Motion for Execution and was granted. He sought the release of the
garnished deposits of Trendline. When the writ was implemented, however, BPI Manager Samuel Mendoza, Jr. denied having possession, control
and custody of any deposits or properties belonging to defendants, prompting Lee to seek the production of their records of accounts with BPI.
However, on the manifestation of BPI that it cannot locate the defendants' bank records with Citytrust, the RTC denied the motion.
CA annulled the questioned orders, finding grave abuse of discretion on the part of the RTC in denying Lee’s motion to enforce the
garnishment against Trendline’s attached bank deposits with Citytrust, which have been transferred to BPI by virtue of their merger. It found BPI
liable to deliver to the RTC the garnished bank deposit of Trendline in the amount of P700,962.10, which Citytrust withheld pursuant to the RTC's
previously-issued writ of attachment.
Issues:
1. Whether or not BPI is a party of the case by virtue of the merger.
2. Whether or not the loss of bank records of a garnished deposit is not a ground for the dissolution of garnishment.
Held:
1. YES. Section 5, Rule 65 of the Revised Rules of Court requires that persons interested in sustaining the proceedings in court must be
impleaded as private respondents. Upon the merger of Citytrust and BPI, with the latter as the surviving corporation, and with all the liabilities and
obligations of Citytrust transferred to BPI as if it had incurred the same, BPI undoubtedly became a party interested in sustaining the proceedings, as
it stands to be prejudiced by the outcome of the case. Citytrust, therefore, upon service of the notice of garnishment and its acknowledgment that
it was in possession of defendants' deposit accounts in its letter-reply dated June 28, 1988, became a "virtual party" to or a "forced intervenor" in
the civil case. As such, it became bound by the orders and processes issued by the trial court despite not having been properly impleaded therein.
Consequently, by virtue of its merger with BPI on October 4, 1996, BPI, as the surviving corporation, effectively became the garnishee, thus the
"virtual party" to the civil case.
2. NO. By virtue of the writ of garnishment, the deposits of the defendants with Citytrust were placed in custodia legis of the court. From
that time onwards, their deposits were under the sole control of the RTC and Citytrust holds them subject to its orders until such time that the
attachment or garnishment is discharged, or the judgment in favor of Lee is satisfied or the credit or deposit is delivered to the proper officer of the
court. Thus, Citytrust, and thereafter BPI, which automatically assumed the former’s liabilities and obligations upon the approval of their Articles of
Merger, is obliged to keep the deposit intact and to deliver the same to the proper officer upon order of the court.
BPI cannot avoid the obligation attached to the writ of garnishment by claiming that the fund was not transferred to it, in light of the
Articles of Merger which provides that "all liabilities and obligations of Citytrust shall be transferred to and become the liabilities and obligations of
BPI in the same manner as if the BPI had itself incurred such liabilities or obligations, and in order that the rights and interest of creditors of Citytrust
or liens upon the property of Citytrust shall not be impaired by merger.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Bank of Commerce v Radio Philippines Network, Inc
FACTS:
The Traders Royal Bank (TRB) proposed to sell to Bank of Commerce (Bancommerce) its banking business consisting of specified assets and liabilities.
Bancommerce agreed subject to prior Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' (BSP's) approval of their Purchase and Assumption (P & A) Agreement. On
November 8, 2001 the BSP approved that agreement subject to the condition that Bancommerce and TRB would set up an escrow fund with another
bank to cover TRB liabilities for contingent claims.
Bancommerce entered into a P & A Agreement with TRB and acquired its specified assets and liabilities, excluding liabilities arising from judicial
actions which were to be covered by the BSP-mandated escrow of P50 million. To comply with the BSP mandate, TRB placed P50 million in escrow
with Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. (Metrobank).
Acting in G.R. 138510, Traders Royal Bank v. Radio Philippines Network (RPN), Inc., this Court ordered TRB to pay respondents RPN, Intercontinental
Broadcasting Corporation, and Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (collectively, RPN, et al.) actual damages. Based on this decision, RPN, et al. filed
a motion for execution against TRB before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon City. But rather than pursue a levy in execution of the
corresponding amounts on escrow with Metrobank, RPN, et al. filed a Supplemental Motion for Execution where they described TRB as "now Bank
of Commerce" based on the assumption that TRB had been merged into Bancommerce. Bancommerce denied that there was a merger between TRB
and Bancommerce.
ISSUE: Whether or not TRB had been merged into Bancommerce as to make the latter liable for TRB’s judgment debts
HELD:
No.
Merger is the absorption of one or more corporations by another existing corporation, which retains its identity and takes over the rights, privileges,
franchises, properties, claims, liabilities and obligations of the absorbed corporation(s). The absorbing corporation continues its existence while the
life or lives of the other corporation(s) is or are terminated. The Corporation Code requires the following steps for merger or consolidation:
(1) The board of each corporation draws up a plan of merger or consolidation. Such plan must include any amendment, if necessary, to
the articles of incorporation of the surviving corporation, or in case of consolidation, all the statements required in the articles of
incorporation of a corporation.
(2) Submission of plan to stockholders or members of each corporation for approval. A meeting must be called and at least two (2) weeks’
notice must be sent to all stockholders or members, personally or by registered mail. A summary of the plan must be attached to the
notice. Vote of two-thirds of the members or of stockholders representing two thirds of the outstanding capital stock will be needed.
Appraisal rights, when proper, must be respected.
(3) Execution of the formal agreement, referred to as the articles of merger o[r] consolidation, by the corporate officers of each constituent
corporation. These take the place of the articles of incorporation of the consolidated corporation, or amend the articles of
incorporation of the surviving corporation.
(4) Submission of said articles of merger or consolidation to the SEC for approval.
(5) If necessary, the SEC shall set a hearing, notifying all corporations concerned at least two weeks before.
(6) Issuance of certificate of merger or consolidation.
Indubitably, it is clear that no merger took place between Bancommerce and TRB as the requirements and procedures for a merger were absent. A
merger does not become effective upon the mere agreement of the constituent corporations. Section 79 of the Corporation Code further provides
that the merger shall be effective only upon the issuance by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of a certificate of merger.
Here, Bancommerce and TRB remained separate corporations with distinct corporate personalities. What happened is that TRB sold and
Bancommerce purchased identified recorded assets of TRB in consideration of Bancommerce’s assumption of identified recorded liabilities of TRB
including booked contingent accounts. There is no law that prohibits this kind of transaction especially when it is done openly and with appropriate
government approval. In strict sense, no merger or consolidation took place as the records do not show any plan or articles of merger or consolidation.
More importantly, the SEC did not issue any certificate of merger or consolidation.
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Topic: Non-Stock Corporations
Subtopic:
Provision: Sections 87 to 95, Corporation Code; Sec Memorandum Circular 8
Case Name: Dennis R. Manzanal v Ramon K. Ilusorio
FACTS:
A penthouse unit at the Baguio Country Club Corporation (BCCC) building was assigned to Ilusorio with the conformity of BCCC. For a period of five
years since the assignment, Ilusorio enjoyed the use of the unit and the club’s facilities. But that when conflict within the family arose in 1998 and
escalated to great proportions, he was barred from using the unit and was almost expelled as member of the club. This spawned his filing of multiple
suits against BCCC before the courts and SEC.
Ilusorio requested from BCCC his current statement of account. Replying, BCCC charged him the amount of P102,076.74, which he paid under protest.
He, however, requested a breakdown of the amount, which BCCC, thru Manzanal, complied with, via letter to which was attached respondent’s
Statement of Account itemizing the amount which in fact totalled P2,928,223.26.
Respondent averred that, inter alia, he should not be charged for the use of the unit as he, as owner, is entitled to its use and enjoyment. And he
cast doubt on billing him for charges dating back to 1995.
The trial court dismissed the complaint. On appeal, CA reversed the RTC Makati and ordered the reinstatement of respondent’s complaint,
ratiocinating that if the allegations in the complaint that Ilusorio is a member of BCCC and an owner of one of the units of the Club’s House Building,
the defendants-appellees had been unreasonably charging him.
ISSUE: Whether or not BCCC is correct in charging Ilusorio in the amount of P2,928,223.26
HELD:
The petition is meritorious.
The Court finds from the tenor of the demand letters that it did not deviate from the standard practice of pursuing the satisfaction of a club member’s
obligations. Respondent did not indicate in his complaint how tenuous petitioners’ claim for unpaid charges is. In his reply to petitioners’ final letter
of demand, he in fact did not contradict petitioners’ statement that his work partners and employees used his unit, thereby admitting that he welched
on his undertaking in the contract that only family members are allowed free usage.
As an exclusive organization which primarily derives life from membership fees and charges, BCCC is expected to enforce claims from members in
default of their contractual obligations.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Valley Golf and Country Club Inc. v Caram
Name of Case: Valley Golf & Country Club, Inc. vs. Caram (GR No. 158805, April 16, 2009)
Corporation Code Provision: Sections 76 to 80
FACTS:
Cong. Fermin Z. Caram, Jr., respondent’s husband, subscribed and paid in full 1 Golf Share of Valley Golf and was subsequently issued with a stock
certificate which indicated a par value of P9,000.00. Valley Golf alleged that Caram stopped paying his monthly dues and that it has sent 5 letters to
Caram concerning his delinquent account.
The Golf Share was subsequently sold at public auction. Caram thereafter died and his wife initiated intestate proceedings before the RTC. Unaware
of the pending controversy over the Golf Share, the Caram family and the RTC included the Golf Share as part of Caram’s estate. Upon partition, the
Golf Share was adjudicated to the wife. It was only through a letter that the heirs of Caram learned of the sale of the Golf Share following their inquiry
with Valley Golf about the Golf Share.
ISSUE: Whether or not non-stock corporation can seize and dispose of the membership share of a fully-paid member on account of its unpaid debts
to the corporation when it is authorized to do so under the corporate by-laws but not by the Articles of Incorporation
HELD:
The SEC hearing officer noted that under Section 67, paragraph 2 of the Corporation Code, a share stock could only be deemed delinquent and sold
in an extrajudicial sale at public auction only upon the failure of the stockholder to pay the unpaid subscription or balance for the share. The section
could not have applied in Caram’s case since he had fully paid for the Golf Share and he had been assessed not for the share itself but for his
delinquent club dues. Proceeding from the foregoing premises, the SEC hearing officer concluded that the auction sale had no basis in law and was
thus a nullity.
There is a specific provision under Title XI on Non-Stock Corporations of the Corporation Code dealing with the termination of membership in a non-
stock corporation such Valley Golf. Section 91 of the Corporation Code provides:
SEC. 91. Termination of membership.—Membership shall be terminated in the manner and for the causes provided in the articles
of incorporation or the by-laws. Termination of membership shall have the effect of extinguishing all rights of a member in the
corporation or in its property, unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws.
On the basis of Section 91, the Supreme Court ruled that the right of a non-stock corporation such as Valley Golf to expel a member through the
forfeiture of the Golf Share may be established in the by-laws alone, as is the situation in this case.
However, the Supreme Court proceed to declare the sale as invalid. The Supreme Court found that Valley Golf acted in bad faith when it sent the
final notice to Caram under the pretense they believed him to be still alive, when in fact they had very well known that he had already died.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Calatagan Golf and Country Club, Inc. v Sixto Clemente, Jr.
Topic: Non- Stock Corporations
Case: Calatagan Golf and Country Club vs Clemente
FACTS:
Clemente applied to purchase one share of stock of Calatagan. The provision on monthly dues is incorporated in Calatagan’s Articles of Incorporation
and By-Laws. It is also reproduced at the back of each certificate of stock. When Clemente became a member, the monthly charge stood at P400.00.
He paid P3,000.00 for his monthly dues on 21 March 1991 and another P5,400.00 on 9 December 1991. Then he ceased paying the dues. Ten (10)
months later, Calatagan declared Clemente delinquent for having failed to pay his monthly dues. On 1 December 1992, Calatagan’s board of directors
adopted a resolution authorizing the foreclosure of shares of delinquent members, including Clemente’s; and the public auction of these shares.
On 7 December 1992, Calatagan sent a third and final letter to Clemente, this time signed by its Corporate Secretary, Atty. Benjamin Tanedo, Jr.,
warning that unless Clemente settles his outstanding dues, his share would be included among the delinquent shares to be sold at public auction.
Again, this letter was sent to Clemente’s mailing address that had already been closed. Clemente learned of the sale of his share only in November
of 1997.
He filed a claim with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seeking the restoration of his shareholding in Calatagan with damages. SEC
rendered a decision dismissing Clemente’s complaint. The SEC further held that Calatagan had complied with all the requirements for a valid sale of
the subject share.
Clemente filed a petition for review with the CA. CA promulgated a decision reversing the SEC. Hence, the present appeal.
ISSUE:
Won Clemente is entitled to the restoration of his shareholding in Calatagan and award for damages
RULING:
Yes. It is plain that Calatagan had endeavored to install a clear and comprehensive procedure to govern the payment of monthly dues, the declaration
of a member as delinquent, and the constitution of a lien on the shares and its eventual public sale to answer for the member’s debts. Under Section
91 of the Corporation Code, membership in a non-stock corporation "shall be terminated in the manner and for the causes provided in the articles
of incorporation or the by-laws." The By-law provisions are elaborate in explaining the manner and the causes for the termination of membership in
Calatagan, through the execution on the lien of the share. The Court is satisfied that the By-Laws, as written, affords due protection to the member
by assuring that the member should be notified by the Secretary of the looming execution sale that would terminate membership in the club. In
addition, the By-Laws guarantees that after the execution sale, the proceeds of the sale would be returned to the former member after deducting
the outstanding obligations. If followed to the letter, the termination of membership under this procedure outlined in the By-Laws would accord with
substantial justice.
Calatagan argues that it exercised due diligence before the foreclosure sale and "sent several notices to Clemente’s specified mailing address. We
do not agree; we cannot label as due diligence Calatagan’s act of sending the December 7, 1992 letter to Clemente’s mailing address knowing fully
well that the P.O. Box had been closed. Due diligence or good faith imposes upon the Corporate Secretary – the chief repository of all corporate
records – the obligation to check Clemente’s other address which, under the By-Laws, have to be kept on file and are in fact on file.
The by-law provisions was clearly conceived to afford due notice to the delinquent member of the impending sale, and not just to provide an intricate
façade that would facilitate Calatagan’s sale of the share. But then, the bad faith on Calatagan’s part is palpable. As found by the Court of Appeals,
Calatagan very well knew that Clemente’s postal box to which it sent its previous letters had already been closed, yet it persisted in sending that final
letter to the same postal box. It is also noteworthy that Clemente in his membership application had provided his residential address along with his
residence and office telephone numbers. Nothing in Section 32 of Calatagan’s By-Laws requires that the final notice prior to the sale be made solely
through the member’s mailing address.
The utter bad faith exhibited by Calatagan brings into operation Articles 19, 20 and 21 of the Civil Code, under the Chapter on Human Relations.
These provisions, which the Court of Appeals did apply, enunciate a general obligation under law for every person to act fairly and in good faith
towards one another. A non-stock corporation like Calatagan is not exempt from that obligation in its treatment of its members. The obligation of a
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corporation to treat every person honestly and in good faith extends even to its shareholders or members, even if the latter find themselves
contractually bound to perform certain obligations to the corporation. A certificate of stock cannot be a charter of dehumanization.
And therefore, the award of actual damages is of course warranted since Clemente has sustained pecuniary injury by reason of Calatagan’s wrongful
violation of its own By-Laws. It would not be feasible to deliver Clemente’s original Certificate of Stock because it had already been cancelled and a
new one issued in its place in the name of the purchases at the auction who was not impleaded in this case. However, the Court of Appeals instead
directed that Calatagan to issue to Clemente a new certificate of stock. That sufficiently redresses the actual damages sustained by Clemente. After
all, the certificate of stock is simply the evidence of the share.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Tan v Sycip

Case: Tan vs Sycip
FACTS:
Grace Christian High School (GCHS) is a nonstock, non-profit educational corporation w/ 15 regular members, who also constitute the board of
trustees. During the annual members’ meeting on April 6, 1998, only 11 living member-trustees, as 4 had already died. 7 attended the meeting
through their respective proxies.
The meeting was convened and chaired by Atty. Sabino Padilla Jr. over the objection of Atty. Antonio C. Pacis, who argued that there was no
quorum. While petitioners Ernesto Tanchi, Edwin Ngo, Virginia Khoo, and Judith Tan were voted to replace the 4 deceased member-trustees.
SEC ruled that the meeting was void due to lack of quorum. CA dismissed.
ISSUE:
Won dead members should still be counted in the quorum
HELD: NO.
Having determined that the quorum in a members meeting is to be reckoned as the actual number of members of the corporation, the next question
to resolve is what happens in the event of the death of one of them.
In stock corporations, shareholders may generally transfer their shares. Thus, on the death of a shareholder, the executor or administrator duly
appointed by the Court is vested with the legal title to the stock and entitled to vote it. Until a settlement and division of the estate is effected, the
stocks of the decedent are held by the administrator or executor.
On the other hand, membership in and all rights arising from a nonstock corporation are personal and non-transferable, unless the articles of
incorporation or the bylaws of the corporation provide otherwise. In other words, the determination of whether or not dead members are entitled
to exercise their voting rights (through their executor or administrator), depends on those articles of incorporation or bylaws.
Under the By-Laws of GCHS, membership in the corporation shall, among others, be terminated by the death of the member. Section 91 of the
Corporation Code further provides that termination extinguishes all the rights of a member of the corporation, unless otherwise provided in the
articles of incorporation or the bylaws.
Applying Section 91 to the present case, we hold that dead members who are dropped from the membership roster in the manner and for the cause
provided for in the By-Laws of GCHS are not to be counted in determining the requisite vote in corporate matters or the requisite quorum for the
annual members meeting. With 11 remaining members, the quorum in the present case should be 6. Therefore, there being a quorum, the annual
members meeting, conducted with six, members present, was valid
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Primo Co., Sr. v Philippine Canine Club, Inc.
Case: PRIMO CO, SR., EDGARDO CRUZ, FE LANNY L. ALEGADO, JESTER B. ONGCHUAN, JOSEPH ONGCHUAN and LUCIANNE CHAM vs. PHILIPPINE
CANINE CLUB INC.
FACTS:
The respondent, Philippine Canine Club, Inc. (PCCI), is a non-stock, non-profit organization established in 1963 for the principal purpose of promoting
the breeding of purebred dogs. The petitioners, Primo Co, Sr.(Co), Edgardo Cruz (Cruz), Fe Lanny L. Alegado (Alegado), Jester B. Ongchuan (Jester),
Joseph Ongchuan (Joseph), and Lucianne Cham (Cham) were members of PCCI.
Sometime in 2008, the Asian Kennel Club Union of the Philippines, Inc. (AKCUPI) was established as a corporate entity, and made known its intention
to hold and to sponsor dog shows and events similar to those being held and conducted by other kennel clubs in the Philippines, including the PCCI.
Believing that there was no conflict in the goals and the objectives of PCCI and AKCUPI, and that there was no prohibition on members of PCCI
whether express or implied from joining and affiliating themselves with other kennel clubs, the petitioners registered their dogs with AKCUPI.
PCCI amended its By-laws, allegedly without the participation of its non-voting members, including the petitioners. SEC issued a Certification
approving PCCI’s Amended By-laws. Shortly thereafter, PCCI sent Co, Cruz and Jester identical letters dated December 15, 2008, informing them of
their expulsion from the organization due to their alleged “conduct prejudicial to the best interest” of PCCI. PCCI’s General Manager personally
advised Alegado about her expulsion, albeit, she has never actually received any formal communication to that effect. As regards Joseph and Cham,
PCCI allegedly threatened them with the same sanctions imposed on the other petitioners.
The petitioners filed a case for Annulment of the Amended By-laws, Injunction and Damages with application for the issuance of a TRO. They claim
that the adoption of the questioned Amended By-Laws, particularly Article VI on suspension, expulsion and termination of membership, without the
participation of PCCI’s non-voting members, constitutes a violation of Section 6 of the Corporation Code.
RTC found that although the petitioners are non-voting members of PCCI, they are still entitled to vote on the amendments of the by-laws under
Section 6 of the Corporation Code. Since the May 17, 2008 Amended By-laws was voted upon only by its voting members and without the
participation of its nonvoting members, including the petitioners, the RTC held that the Amended By-laws is questionable. The RTC thus declared
that the petitioners are entitled to the injunctive writ they prayed for.
The CA reversed the RTC Order. The petitioners filed MR – denied. Hence, this petition.
ISSUE:
Can the court enjoin the enforcement of the PCCI Amended By-laws, which has already been in effect, and the enforcement of the penalty of
expulsion against the petitioners, which has already been implemented?
RULING:
It is a universal principle of law that an injunction will not issue to restrain the performance of an act already done. A writ of injunction becomes
moot and academic after the act sought to be enjoined has already been consummated. In the present case, the act sought to be restrained by the
petitioners has already been partly accomplished. The actual suspension and expulsion of Co, Cruz, Alegado and Jester from PCCI rendered their
prayer for injunctive relief moot. Evidently, it is no longer possible to grant the relief they were seeking – that is, to stop PCCI from implementing
their suspension and expulsion – as the same has already been consummated. The status quo can no longer be restored.
Furthermore, Dayrit v. Delos Santos, the case cited by the petitioners is not squarely applicable to the present case. In Dayrit, the party praying for
an injunction alleged not only acts that were already committed or consummated, but also those acts that the defendant could still continue to
execute unless restrained. Moreover, the acts sought to be restrained in that case (i.e., making excavations, opening a ditch, and construction of a
dam) are capable of being continued or repeated. In other words, the defendant's questioned acts, even if partly or initially executed, are capable of
continuation, as these acts consist of several stages that are not consummated by a mere single act. In the present case, the suspension and expulsion
of petitioners Co, Cruz, Alegado and Jester are finished completed acts and which can only be restored depending on the final outcome of the case
on the merits. This is different from the acts enjoined in Dayrit which consisted of the making of excavations, opening a ditch, and construction of a
dam, which were all continuing. Hence, we cannot apply the ruling that "not only the commission or execution of such acts, but also their continuation
can be prevented or prohibited by an injunction."
Thus, we hold that the trial court's issuance of the writ of preliminary injunction, insofar as petitioners Co, Cruz, Alegado and Jester, is improper, as
the same may no longer be availed of.
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Topic: Special Corporations
Subtopic: Educational Corporations
Provision: Sections 106 to 108, Corporation Code
Case Name: Barayuga v Adventist University of the Philippines
EDUCATIONAL CORPORATIONS
BARAYUGA v ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES (AUP)
FACTS:
 The North Philippine Union Mission elected the members of the Board of Trustees of respondent AUP, including the chairman and the
secretary. Dayson was elected chairman while petitioner Barayuga was chosen secretary. In January 2001, the Board of Trustees appointed
Barayuga as president of AUP.
 In January 2003, a special meeting was held wherein the members of the Board of Trustees, by secret ballot, voted to remove him as
President based on the findings of the audit, to appoint an interim committee consisting of 3 members to assume the powers and functions
of president, and to recommend him to the NPUM for consideration as Associate Director of Secondary Education.
 Barayuga asked for reconsideration; however, it was denied by the Board because his reasons were not meritorious. He brought a suit for
injunction and damages in the RTC praying for the issuance of a TRO against AUP and its Board of Trustees, which was granted by the RTC.
 The respondents filed a petition for certiorari in the CA, which rendered its decision nullifying the RTC’s writ of preliminary injunction.
ISSUE:
Whether petitioner’s term as President was five years
HELD:
No.
Section 108 of the Corporation, paragraph 2 provides that although the term set for the members of the Board of Trustees is at five years, the
duration is subject to qualification as to what is otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or by-laws of the educational corporation. That
contrary provision controls on the term of office.
Under the amended By-Laws of AUP, the term of office of the members of the Board of Trustees was only of two years; and the officers, who included
the President, were to be elected from among the members of the Board during their organizational meeting, which was held during the election of
the Board of Trustees every two years, which means the officers, including the President, were to exercise the powers vested by the amended By-
Laws of AUP for a term of only 2years, not five.
By the time of his removal for cause as President, he was alreadyo ccupying the office in a hold-over capacity, and could be removed at any time,
without cause, upon the election or appointment of his successor. Thus, his removal as President of AUP, being made in accordance with the AUP
Amended By-Laws, was valid.
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Subtopic: Religious Corporations
Case Name: Iglesia Evangelica Metodista Enlas Islas Filipinas, Inc. v Lazaro
RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS
IGLESIA EVANGELICA METODISTA ENLAS ISLAS FILIPINAS INC v LAZARO
FACTS:
 In 1909, Bishop Nicolas Zamora established the petitioner Iglesia Evangelica Metodista En Las Islas Filipinas, Inc. (IEMELIF) as a corporation
sole with Bishop Zamora acting as its "General Superintendent."
 Although the IEMELIF remained a corporation sole on paper (with all corporate powers theoretically lodged in the hands of one member,
the General Superintendent), it had always acted like a corporation aggregate.
 During its 1973 General Conference, the general membership voted to put things right by changing IEMELIF's organizational structure from
a corporation sole to a corporation aggregate. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved the vote. For some reasons,
however, the corporate papers of the IEMELIF remained unaltered as a corporation sole.
 Petitioners claim that a complete shift from IEMELIF's status as a corporation sole to a corporation aggregate required, not just an
amendment of the IEMELIF's articles of incorporation, but a complete dissolution of the existing corporation sole followed by a re-
incorporation.
 RTC dismissed the action for Declaration of Nullity of Amended Articles of Incorporation which CA affirmed after an appeal was filed by the
petitioners.
ISSUE:
Whether CA erred in affirming the RTC ruling that a corporation sole may be converted into a corporation aggregate by mere amendment of its
articles of incorporation
HELD:
Yes.
The Corporation Code provides no specific mechanism for amending the articles of incorporation of a corporation sole. However, Section 109 of the
Corporation Code allows the application to religious corporations of the general provisions governing non-stock corporations.
For non-stock corporations, the power to amend its articles of incorporation lies in its members. The code requires two-thirds of their votes for the
approval of such an amendment. So how will this requirement apply to a corporation sole that has technically but one member (the head of the
religious organization) who holds in his hands its broad corporate powers over the properties, rights, and interests of his religious organization?
Although a non-stock corporation has a personality that is distinct from those of its members who established it, its articles of incorporation cannot
be amended solely through the action of its board of trustees. The amendment needs the concurrence of at least two-thirds of its membership. If
such approval mechanism is made to operate in a corporation sole, its one member in whom all the powers of the corporation technically belongs,
needs to get the concurrence of two-thirds of its membership. The one member, here the General Superintendent, is but a trustee, according to
Section 110 of the Corporation Code, of its membership. He can, with membership concurrence, increase the technical number of the members of
the corporation from “sole” or one to the greater number authorized by its amended articles.
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Subtopic: Religious Corporations
Case Name: United Church of Christ in the Philippines v Bradford United Church of Christ, Inc.
RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS
UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST IN THE PHILIPPINES, INC. (UCCP) v BRADFORD UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST, INC. (BUCCI)
FACTS:
 UCCP has three (3) governing bodies namely: the General Assembly, the Conference and the Local Church, each having distinct and separate
duties and powers. As a UCCP local church located in Cebu, BUCCI belonged to the Cebu Conference, Inc. (CCI) with whom it enjoyed
peaceful co-existence until late 1989 when BUCCI started construction of a fence that encroached upon the right-of-way allocated by UCCP
for CCI and Visayas jurisdiction.
 In 1992, BUCCI disaffiliated from UCCP. The effectivity of the disaffiliation was made to retroact to when BUCCI severed its ties from CCI.
 Consequently, BUCCI filed its Amended Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws which provided for and effected its disaffiliation from UCCP.
SEC approved the same on 2 July 1993.
 Thereafter, UCCP filed before SEC a complaint/protest initially for the disallowance of the continued use of BUCCI as corporate name. It
was alleged in the amended complaint/protest, however, that the separate incorporation and registration of BUCCI is not allowed under
the UCCP Constitution and By-laws; and that BUCCI and the respondents must be enjoined from using the name BUCCI, both in its Amended
AOI and its dealings with the public, and from using its properties.
 SEC en banc dismissed UCCP's petition (which was later affirmed by CA) to declare as null and void the amendments made to the Articles
of Incorporation of BUCCI.
ISSUE:
Whether the disaffiliation of respondents purely an ecclesiastical affair, hence, outside the jurisdiction of civil courts
HELD:
No. The Court believes that the matter at hand is not purely an ecclesiastical affair.
An ecclesiastical affair is one that concerns doctrine, creed or form of worship of the church, or the adoption and enforcement within a religious
association of needful laws and regulations for the government of the membership, and the power of excluding from such associations those deemed
unworthy of membership. Based on this definition, an ecclesiastical affair involves the relationship between the church and its members and relate
to matters of faith, religious doctrines, worship and governance of the congregation. To be concrete, examples of this so-called ecclesiastical affairs
to which the State cannot meddle are proceedings for excommunication, ordinations of religious ministers, administration of sacraments and other
activities attached with religious significance.
The SC upheld BUCCI's decision as it concerns its legal right as a religious corporation to disaffiliate from another religious corporation via legitimate
means — a secular matter well within the civil courts' purview.
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Topic: Dissolution and Liquidation
Subtopic:
Case Name: Metropolitan Bank and Trust Co. v The Board of Trustees of Riverside Mills Corp, Provident
Retirement Fund
FACTS:
 RMC established a Provident and Retirement Plan for its regular employees. Under the Plan, RMC and its employees shall each contribute
2% of the employee‘s current basic monthly salary, with RMC‘s contribution to increase by 1% every five (5) years up to a maximum of 5%.
 The contributions shall form part of the provident fund (the Fund) which shall be held, invested and distributed by the Commercial Bank
and Trust Company. On October 15, 1979, the Board of Trustees of RMCPRF (the Board) entered into an Investment Management
Agreement with Philbank (petitioner Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company).
 Pursuant to the Agreement, petitioner shall act as an agent of the Board and shall hold, manage, invest and reinvest the Fund in Trust
Account No. 1797 in its behalf.
 The Agreement shall be in force for one (1) year and shall be deemed automatically renewed unless sooner terminated either by petitioner
bank or by the Board. In 1984, RMC ceased business operations.
 Nonetheless, petitioner continued to render investment services to respondent Board. In a letter dated September 27, 1995, petitioner
informed respondent Board that Philbank‘s Board of Directors had decided to apply the remaining trust assets held by it in the name of
RMCPRF against part of the outstanding obligations of RMC.
 Subsequently, respondent RMC Unpaid Employees Association, Inc. (Association), representing the terminated employees of RMC, learned
of Trust Account No. 1797. Through counsel, they demanded payment of their share in a letter dated February 4, 1997.
 When such demand went unheeded, the Association, along with the individual members of RMCPRF, filed a complaint for accounting
against the Board and its officers.
ISSUE:
 Whether or not the functions of the Board of Trustees ceased upon with RMC‘s closure.
RULING:
 NO.
 Under Section 122 of the Corporation Code, a dissolved corporation shall nevertheless continue as a body corporate for three (3) years for
the purpose of prosecuting and defending suits by or against it and enabling it to settle and close its affairs, to dispose and convey its
property and to distribute its assets, but not for the purpose of continuing the business for which it was established. Within those three (3)
years, the corporation may appoint a trustee or receiver who shall carry out the said purposes beyond the three (3)-year winding-up period.
 Thus, a trustee of a dissolved corporation may commence a suit which can proceed to final judgment even beyond the three (3)-year period
of liquidation. In the same manner, during and beyond the three (3)-year winding-up period of RMC, the Board of Trustees of RMCPRF may
do no more than settle and close the affairs of the Fund. The Board retains its authority to act on behalf of its members, albeit, in a limited
capacity. It may commence suits on behalf of its members but not continue managing the Fund for purposes of maximizing profits.
 Here, the Board‘s act of issuing the Resolution authorizing petitioner to release the Fund to its beneficiaries is still part of the liquidation
process, which is, satisfaction of the liabilities of the Plan, and does not amount to doing business. Hence, it was properly within the Board‘s
power to promulgate.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Majority Stockholder s of Ruby Inc v Lim
Facts:
 Ruby Industrial Corporation (RUBY) is a domestic corporation engaged in glass manufacturing. Reeling from severe liquidity problems
beginning in 1980, RUBY filed on December 13, 1983 a petition for suspension of payments with the SEC which was granted.
 On August 10, 1984, the SEC Hearing Panel created the management committee (MANCOM) for RUBY, composed of representatives from
Ruby’s creditors. One of the many task of MANCOM is study, review and evaluate the proposed rehabilitation plan for RUBY.
 Subsequently, two (2) rehabilitation plans were the BENHAR/RUBYsubmitted to the SEC Rehabilitation Plan of the majority stockholders
led by Yu Kim Giang, and the Alternative Plan of the minority stockholders represented by Miguel Lim (Lim). But the implementation of
both majority plans has been enjoined by the SEC and CA. Later, the SC issued a final injunction on the implementation.
 Sept 18, 1991: Notwithstanding the injunction order, SEC issued an Order approving the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan and creating a new
management committee to oversee its implementation. It also dissolves the MANCOM.
 The Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan had proposed the calling for subscription of unissued shares through a Board Resolution from the P11.814
million of theP23.7 million ACS “in order to allow the long overdue program of the REHAB Program.”
 Oct 2, 1991: To implement the Revised plan, RUBY’s board of directors held a special meeting and took up the capital infusion of P11.814
Million representing the unissued and unsubscribed portion of the present ACS of P23.7 Million.
 The Board resolved that: The corporation be authorized to issue out of the unissued portion of the authorized capital stocks of the
corporation in the form of common stocks 11.8134.00 [Million] to be subscribed and paid in full by the present stockholders in proportion
to their present stockholding in the corporation on staggered basis… and that should any of the stockholders fail to exercise their rights to
buy the number of shares they are qualified to buy by making the first installment payment of 25% on or before October 13, 1991, then
the other stockholders may buy the same and that only when none of the present stockholders are interested in the shares may there be
a resort to selling them by public auction.
 The minority directors claimed they were not notified of said board meeting.
 Sept 1, 1996: Lim receive a Notice of Stockholders’ Meeting scheduled on September 3, 1996. The matters that will be taken up in said
meeting include the extension of RUBY’s corporate term for another twenty-five (25) years and election of Directors.
 Sept 3, 1996: Lim together with other minority stockholders, appeared in order to put on record their objections on the validity of holding
thereof and the matters to be taken therein. Specifically, they questioned the percentage of stockholders present in the meeting which the
majority claimed stood at 74.75%(from 59.829%) of the outstanding capital stock of RUBY. Lim argued that the majority stockholders
claimed to have increased their shares to 74.75% by subscribing to the unissued shares of the authorized capital stock (ACS).
 Lim pointed out that such move of the majority was in implementation of the BENHAR/RUBY Plan which calls for capital infusion of P11.814
Million representing the unissued and unsubscribed portion of the present ACS of P23.7 Million.
 Jan 20, 1998: the SC affirmed CA decision setting aside the SEC orders approving the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan because it not only
recognized the void deeds of assignments entered into with some of RUBY’s creditors in violation of the CA’s decision in CA-G.R. SP No.
18310, but also maintained a financing scheme which will just make the rehabilitation plan more costly and create a worse situation for
RUBY.
 Mar 17, 2000, Lim filed a Motion informing the SEC of acts being performed by BENHAR and RUBY. Allegedly, the implementation of the
new percentage stockholdings of the majority stockholders and the calling of stockholders’ meeting and the subsequent resolution
approving the extension of corporate life of RUBY for another twenty-five (25) years, were all done in violation of the decisions of the CA
and this Court, and without compliance with the legal requirements under the Corporation Code.
 There being no valid extension of corporate term, RUBY’s corporate life had legally ceased. Consequently, Lim moved that the SEC: (1)
declare as null and void the infusion of additional capital made by the majority stockholders and restore the capital structure of RUBY to
its original structure prior to the time injunction was issued; and (2) declare as null and void the resolution of the majority stockholders
extending the corporate life of RUBY for another twenty-five (25) years.
 Sept 18, 2002, the SEC overruled the objections raised by the minority stockholders regarding the questionable issuance of shares of stock
by the majority stockholders and extension of RUBY’s corporate term because the filing of the amendment of articles of incorporation by
RUBY in 1996 complied with all the legal requisites and hence the presumption of regularity in the act of a government entity stands. It
pointed out that Lim raised the issue only in the year 2000. Moreover, the SEC found that notwithstanding his allegations of fraud, Lim
never proved the illegality of the additional infusion of the capitalization by RUBY so as to warrant a finding that there was indeed an
unlawful act.
 Before the CA, Lim demonstrated the following evidence to rebut the presumption of regularity:
 (1) it was the board of directors and not the stockholders which conducted the meeting without the approval of the MANCOM;
 (2) there was no written waivers of the minority stockholders’ pre-emptive rights and thus it was irregular to merely notify them of the
board of directors’ meeting and ask them to exercise their option;
 (3) there was an existing permanent injunction against any additional capital infusion on the BENHAR/RUBY Plan, while the CA and this
Court both rejected the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan;
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 (4) there was no General Information Sheet reports made to the SEC on the alleged capital infusion, as per certification by the SEC. CA
Decision (which is cited by SC in its decision): - SEC erred in not finding that the October 2, 1991 meeting held by RUBY’s board of directors
was illegal because the MANCOM was neither involved nor consulted in the resolution approving the issuance of additional shares of RUBY.
 The CA further noted that the October 2, 1991 board meeting was conducted on the basis of the September 18, 1991 order of the SEC
Hearing Panel approving the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan, which plan was set by CA and SC.
 The CA pointed out that records confirmed the proposed infusion of additional capital for RUBY’s rehabilitation, approved during said
meeting, as implementing the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan. Necessarily then, such capital infusion is covered by the final injunction against
the implementation of the revised plan.
 The CA likewise faulted the SEC in relying on the presumption of regularity on the matter of the extension of RUBY’s corporate term
through the filing of amended articles of incorporation. SEC should have invalidated the resolution extending the corporate term of RUBY
for another twenty-five (25) years.
 With the expiration of the RUBY’s corporate term, the CA ruled that it was error for the SEC in not commencing liquidation proceedings.
Issue:
 WON the additional capital infusion is valid?
RULING
 No because the issuance of additional shares was done in breach of trust by the controlling stockholders.
 Here, the majority sought to impose their will and, through fraudulent means, attempt to siphon off Ruby’s valuable assets to the great
prejudice of Ruby itself, as well as the minority stockholders and the unsecured creditors.]
 Ratio: A stock corporation is expressly granted the power to issue or sell stocks. The power to issue shares of stock in a corporation is lodged
in the board of directors and no stockholders’ meeting is required to consider it because additional issuances of shares of stock do not need
approval of the stockholders.
 What is only required is the board resolution approving the additional issuance of shares. The corporation shall also file the necessary
application with the SEC to exempt these from the registration requirements under the Revised Securities Act (now the Securities
Regulation Code). But CA found, which the Court affirmed, that: the foregoing payment schedules as embodied in the said Revised plan
which gives Benhar undue advantage over the other creditors goes against the very essence of rehabilitation, which requires that no
creditor should be preferred over the other.
 One of the salient features of the Revised Benhar/Ruby Plan is to Call on unissued shares forP11.814 M and if minority will take up their
pre-emptive rights and dilute minority shareholdings. With the nullification of the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan by both CA and SC on Jan
20, 1998, the legitimate concerns of the minority stockholders and MANCOM who objected to the capital infusion which resulted in the
dilution of their shareholdings, the expiration of RUBY’s corporate term and the pending incidents on the void deeds of assignment of credit
– all these should have been duly considered and acted upon by the SEC when the case was remanded to it for further proceedings. With
the final rejection of the courts of the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan, it was grave error for the SEC not to act decisively on the motions filed
by the minority stockholders who have maintained that the issuance of additional shares did not help improve the situation of RUBY except
to stifle the opposition coming from the MANCOM and minority stockholders by diluting the latter’s shareholdings.
 Worse, the SEC ignored the evidence adduced by the minority stockholders indicating that the correct amount of subscription of additional
shares was not paid by the majority stockholders and that SEC official records still reflect the 60%-40% percentage of ownership of RUBY.
 The SEC remained indifferent to the reliefs sought by the minority stockholders, saying that the issue of the validity of the additional capital
infusion was belatedly raised. Even assuming the October 2, 1991 board meeting indeed took place, the SEC did nothing to ascertain
whether indeed, as the minority claimed: (1) the minority stockholders were not given notice as required and reasonable time to exercise
their preemptive rights; and (2) the capital infusion was not for the purpose of rehabilitation but a mere ploy to divest the minority
stockholders of their 40.172% shareholding and reduce it to a mere 25.25%. Pre-emptive right under Sec. 39 of the Corporation Code refers
to the right of a stockholder of a stock corporation to subscribe to all issues or disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their
respective shareholdings.
 The right may be restricted or denied under the articles of incorporation, and subject to certain exceptions and limitations. The stockholder
must be given a reasonable time within which to exercise their preemptive rights. Upon the expiration of said period, any stockholder who
has not exercised such right will be deemed to have waived it. The validity of issuance of additional shares may be questioned if done in
breach of trust by the controlling stockholders.
 Thus, even if the preemptive right does not exist, either because the issue comes within the exceptions in Section 39 or because it is denied
or limited in the articles of incorporation, an issue of shares may still be objectionable if the directors acted in breach of trust and their
primary purpose is to perpetuate or shift control of the corporation, or to “freeze out” the minority interest. In this case, the following
relevant observations should have signaled greater circumspection on the part of the SEC -- upon the third and last remand to it pursuant
to our January 20, 1998 decision -- to demand transparency and accountability from the majority stockholders, in view of the illegal
assignments and objectionable features of the Revised BENHAR/RUBY Plan, as found by the CA and as affirmed by this Court: There can be
no gainsaying the well-established rule in corporate practice and procedure that the will of the majority shall govern in all matters within
the limits of the act of incorporation and lawfully enacted by-laws not proscribed by law.
 It is, however, equally true that other stockholders are afforded the right to intervene especially during critical periods in the life of a
corporation like reorganization, or in this case, suspension of payments, more so, when the majority seek to impose their will and through
fraudulent means, attempt to siphon off Ruby’s valuable assets to the great prejudice of Ruby itself, as well as the minority stockholders
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and the unsecured creditors. Certainly, the minority stockholders and the unsecured creditors are given some measure of protection by
the law from the abuses and impositions of the majority, more so in this case, considering the give-away signs of private respondents’
perfidy strewn all over the factual landscape.
 Indeed, equity cannot deprive the minority of a remedy against the abuses of the majority, and the present action has been instituted
precisely for the purpose of protecting the true and legitimate interests of Ruby against the Majority Stockholders. On this score, the
Supreme Court, has ruled that: “Generally speaking, the voice of the majority of the stockholders is the law of the corporation, but there
are exceptions to this rule. There must necessarily be a limit upon the power of the majority. Without such a limit the will of the majority
will be absolute and irresistible and might easily degenerate into absolute tyranny. x x x”[67] (Additional emphasis supplied.) Lamentably,
the SEC refused to heed the plea of the minority stockholders and MANCOM for the SEC to order RUBY to commence liquidation
proceedings, which is allowed under Sec. 4-9 of the Rules on Corporate Recovery.
 Under the circumstances, liquidation was the only hope of the minority stockholders for effecting an orderly and equitable settlement of
RUBY’s obligations, and compelling the majority stockholders to account for all funds, properties and documents in their possession, and
make full disclosure on the nullified credit assignments. In fine, no error was committed by the CA when it set aside the September 18,
2002 Order of the SEC and declared the nullity of the acts of majority stockholders in implementing capital infusion through issuance of
additional shares in October 1991 and the board resolution approving the extension of RUBY’s corporate term for another 25 years.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Premiere Development Bank v Flores
FACTS:
 Panacor Marketing Corporation (Panacor for brevity), a newly-formed corporation, acquired an exclusive distributorship of products
manufactured by Colgate Palmolive Philippines, Inc. (Colgate for short). To meet the capital requirements of the exclusive distributorship,
which required an initial inventory level of P7.5 million, Panacor applied for a loan of P4.1 million with Premiere Development Bank. After
an extensive study of Panacor’s creditworthiness, Premiere Bank rejected the loan application and suggested that its affiliate company,
Arizona Transport Corporation (Arizona for short), should instead apply for the loan on condition that the proceeds thereof shall be made
available to Panacor.
 Since the P2.7 million released by Premiere Bank fell short of the P4.1 million credit line which was previously approved, Panacor negotiated
for a take-out loan with IBA-Finance Corporation (hereinafter referred to as IBA-Finance) in the sum of P10 million, P7.5 million of which
will be released outright in order to take-out the loan from Premiere Bank and the balance of P2.5 million (to complete the needed capital
of P4.1 million with Colgate) to be released after the cancellation by Premiere of the collateral mortgage on the property covered by TCT
No. T-3475.
 Premiere Bank still refused to release the requested mortgage documents specifically, the owner’s duplicate copy of TCT No. T-3475 despite
IBA-Finance payment to Premiere Bank the amount of P6,235,754.79, representing the full outstanding loan account of Arizona.
 Panacor failed to generate the required capital to meet its distribution and sales targets. On December 7, 1995, Colgate informed Panacor
of its decision to terminate their distribution agreement.
 Panacor and Arizona filed a complaint for specific performance and damages against Premiere Bank before the Regional Trial Court of Pasig
City, docketed as Civil Case No. 65577.
 On June 11, 1996, IBA-Finance filed a complaint-in-intervention praying that judgment be rendered ordering Premiere Bank to pay damages
in its favor.
 RTC Ruled in favor of Panacor and IBA
ISSUE:
 Whether the Premiere can collect its deficiency claims from the involuntarily dissolved corporations (ARIZONA TRANSPORT CORPORATION
and PANACOR MARKETING CORPORATION)?
HELD:
 No.
 The fear of Premiere Development Bank that they would have difficulty collecting its alleged loan deficiencies from respondent corporations
since they were already involuntarily dissolved due to their failure to file reportorial requirements with the Securities and Exchange
Commission is neither here nor there. In any event, the law specifically allows a trustee to manage the affairs of the corporation in
liquidation, and the dissolution of the corporation would not serve as an effective bar to the enforcement of rights for or against it.
 As early as 1939,23 this Court held that, although the time during which the corporation, through its own officers, may conduct the
liquidation of its assets and sue and be sued as a corporation is limited to three years from the time the period of dissolution commences,
there is no time limit within which the trustees must complete a liquidation placed in their hands. What is provided in Section 12224 of the
Corporation Code is that the conveyance to the trustees must be made within the three-year period. But it may be found impossible to
complete the work of liquidation within the three-year period or to reduce disputed claims to judgment. The trustees to whom the
corporate assets have been conveyed pursuant to the authority of Section 122 may sue and be sued as such in all matters connected with
the liquidation.
 Furthermore, Section 145 of the Corporation Code clearly provides that "no right or remedy in favor of or against any corporation, its
stockholders, members, directors, trustees, or officers, nor any liability incurred by any such corporation, stockholders, members, directors,
trustees, or officers, shall be removed or impaired either by the subsequent dissolution of said corporation." Even if no trustee is appointed
or designated during the three-year period of the liquidation of the corporation, the Court has held that the board of directors may be
permitted to complete the corporate liquidation by continuing as "trustees" by legal implication.25 Therefore, no injustice would arise even
if the Court does not stay the execution of G.R. 159352.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Alabang Development Corp. v Alabang Hills Village Association, Inc.
Facts:
1. Alabang Development Corporation,developer of Alabang Hills Village filed a complaint for Injunction and Damages against Alabang Hills Village
Association Inc., and its president, Rafael for allegedly starting the construction of a multi-purpose hall and a swimming pool on one of the parcels
of land still owned by ADC, without the latter’s consent and approval, and despite demand, failed to desist from constructing thereof.
2. In its answer with counter-claim, AHVAI denied ADC’s allegations and made the following claims:
a. That ADC has no legal capacity to sue because its corporate existence was already dissolved by the Securities and Exchange Corporation on May
26, 2003.
b. That ADC has no cause of action as it was merely holding the property in trust for AHVAI as beneficial owner thereof.
c. That the lot is part of the open space required by law to be provided in the subdivision.
3. The RTC dismissed ADC’s complaint holding that:

a. It has no personality to sue and that subject area is a reserved area for the benefit of the homeowners as required by law.
b. HLURB has exclusive jurisdiction over the dispute between ADC and AHVAI.
4. ADC filed a Notice of Appeal to elevate the case to the CA, which also denied its appeal, holding that it had no capacity to sue as it was already
defunct.
Held:
The Supreme Court:
“Anent the first assigned error, the Court does not agree that the CA erred in relying on the case of Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals.
The CA cited the case for the purpose of restating and distinguishing the jurisprudential definition of the terms “lack of capacity to sue”
and “lack of personality to sue;” and of applying these definitions to the present case. Thus, the fact that, unlike in the instant case, the
corporations involved in the Columbia case were foreign corporations is of no moment. The definition of the term “lack of capacity to sue”
enunciated in the said case still applies to the case at bar. Indeed, as held by this Court and as correctly cited by the CA in the case of Columbia:
“[l]ack of legal capacity to sue means that the plaintiff is not in the exercise of his civil rights, or does not have the necessary qualification to appear
in the case, or does not have the character or representation he claims[;] ‘lack of capacity to sue’ refers to a plaintiff’s general disability to sue, such
as on account of minority, insanity, incompetence, lack of juridical personality or any other general disqualifications of a party. …” In the instant
case, petitioner lacks capacity to sue because it no longer possesses juridical personality by reason of its dissolution and lapse of the three-year
grace period provided under Section 122 of the Corporation Code, as will be discussed below.
With respect to the second assigned error, Section 122 of the Corporation Code provides as follows:
SEC. 122. Corporate liquidation. – Every corporation whose charter expires by its own limitation or is annulled by forfeiture or otherwise, or whose
corporate existence for other purposes is terminated in any other manner, shall nevertheless be continued as a body corporate for three (3) years
after the time when it would have been so dissolved, for the purpose of prosecuting and defending suits by or against it and enabling it to settle
and close its affairs, to dispose of and convey its property and to distribute its assets, but not for the purpose of continuing the business for which it
was established.
At any time during said three (3) years, said corporation is authorized and empowered to convey all of its property to trustees for the
benefit of stockholders, members, creditors, and other persons in interest. From and after any such conveyance by the corporation of its property
in trust for the benefit of its stockholders, members, creditors and others in interest, all interest which the corporation had in the property
terminates, the legal interest vests in the trustees, and the beneficial interest in the stockholders, members, creditors or other persons in interest.
Upon winding up of the corporate affairs, any asset distributable to any creditor or stockholder or member who is unknown or cannot be
found shall be escheated to the city or municipality where such assets are located.
Except by decrease of capital stock and as otherwise allowed by this Code, no corporation shall distribute any of its assets or property
except upon lawful dissolution and after payment of all its debts and liabilities.
This Court has held that:

It is to be noted that the time during which the corporation, through its own officers, may conduct the liquidation of its assets and sue and be sued
as a corporation is limited to three years from the time the period of dissolution commences; but there is no time limit within which the trustees
must complete a liquidation placed in their hands. It is provided only (Corp. Law, Sec. 78 [now Sec. 122]) that the conveyance to the trustees must
be made within the three-year period. It may be found impossible to complete the work of liquidation within the three-year period or to reduce
disputed claims to judgment. The authorities are to the effect that suits by or against a corporation abate when it ceased to be an entity capable of
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suing or being sued (7 R.C.L., Corps., par. 750); but trustees to whom the corporate assets have been conveyed pursuant to the authority of Sec. 78
[now Sec. 122] may sue and be sued as such in all matters connected with the liquidation…
In the absence of trustees, this Court ruled, thus:

… Still in the absence of a board of directors or trustees, those having any pecuniary interest in the assets, including not only the shareholders but
likewise the creditors of the corporation, acting for and in its behalf, might make proper representations with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, which has primary and sufficiently broad jurisdiction in matters of this nature, for working out a final settlement of the corporate
concerns.
In the instant case, there is no dispute that petitioner’s corporate registration was revoked on May 26, 2003. Based on the above-quoted
provision of law, it had three years, or until May 26, 2006, to prosecute or defend any suit by or against it. The subject complaint, however, was
filed only on October 19, 2006, more than three years after such revocation.
It is likewise not disputed that the subject complaint was filed by petitioner corporation and not by its directors or trustees. In fact, it is
even averred, albeit wrongly, in the first paragraph of the Complaint that “[p]laintiff is a duly organized and existing corporation under the laws of
the Philippines, with capacity to sue and be sued. x x x”
Petitioner, nonetheless, insists that a corporation may still sue, even after it has been dissolved and the three-year liquidation period
provided under Section 122 of the Corporation Code has passed. Petitioner cites the cases of Gelano v. Court of Appeals, Knecht v. United Cigarette
Corporation, and Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, as authority to support its position. The Court, however, agrees with the
CA that in the abovecited cases, the corporations involved filed their respective complaints while they were still in existence. In other words, they
already had pending actions at the time that their corporate existence was terminated.
The import of this Court’s ruling in the cases cited by petitioner is that the trustee of a corporation may continue to prosecute a case
commenced by the corporation within three years from its dissolution until rendition of the final judgment, even if such judgment is rendered
beyond the three-year period allowed by Section 122 of the Corporation Code. However, there is nothing in the said cases which allows an already
defunct corporation to initiate a suit after the lapse of the said three-year period. On the contrary, the factual circumstances in the abovecited
cases would show that the corporations involved therein did not initiate any complaint after the lapse of the three-year period. In fact, as stated
above, the actions were already pending at the time that they lost their corporate existence.
In the present case, petitioner filed its complaint not only after its corporate existence was terminated but also beyond the three-year
period allowed by Section 122 of theCorporation Code. Thus, it is clear that at the time of the filing of the subject complaint petitioner lacks the
capacity to sue as a corporation. To allow petitioner to initiate the subject complaint and pursue it until final judgment, on the ground that such
complaint was filed for the sole purpose of liquidating its assets, would be to circumvent the provisions of Section 122 of the Corporation Code.
As to the last issue raised, the basic and pivotal issue in the instant case is petitioner’s capacity to sue as a corporation and it has already
been settled that petitioner indeed lacks such capacity. Thus, this Court finds no cogent reason to depart from the ruling of the CA finding it
unnecessary to delve on the other issues raised by petitioner.”
WHEREFORE, the subject judgment of the lower court ordering the register of deeds of Metro Manila, Makati Branch IV to reconstitute from
Decree No. 15170 and the plan and technical descriptions submitted, the alleged certificate of title, original and owner's duplicate copy, in the
name of Manuela Aquial is hereby annulled and set aside, and the petition for reconstitution is ordered dismissed.
The temporary restraining order of June 27, 1980 issued against respondents is hereby made and declared permanent. With costs jointly and
severally against private respondents.
The Division Clerk of Court is hereby directed to furnish the Honorable Minister of Justice a copy of the decision at bar (as well as a copy, for ready
reference, of the decision of January 27, 1981 in the related Bernal case, G.R. No. L-45168, previously ordered furnished to him) for the institution
of appropriate criminal proceedings against private respondents and all others who have assisted or conspired with them as may be warranted by
the evidence of record.
SO ORDERED.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Vitaliano Aguirre II v FQB+7
FACTS:
 Vitaliano filed a Complaint for intra-corporate dispute, injunction, inspection of corporate books and records, and damages, against
respondents Nathaniel, Priscila and Antonio for the usurpation of the management powers and prerogatives of the "real" Board of
Directors.
 The application was granted when the respondents failed to attend the hearing. The respondents filed a Petition for Certiorari and
Prohibition before the CA seeking the annulment of all the proceedings
 The CA postulated that Section 122 of the Corporation Code allows a dissolved corporation to continue as a body corporate for the limited
purpose of liquidating the corporate assets and distributing them to its creditors, stockholders, and others in interest. It does not allow the
dissolved corporation to continue its business.
 That being the state of the law, the CA determined that Vitaliano’s Complaint, being geared towards the continuation of FQB+7, Inc.’s
business, should be dismissed because the corporation has lost its juridical personality.
 Moreover, the CA held that the trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an intra-corporate dispute when the corporation is already
dissolved.
ISSUE:
 Whether the RTC has jurisdiction over an intra-corporate dispute involving a dissolved corporation.
HELD:
 Intra-corporate disputes remain even when the corporation is dissolved. Jurisdiction over the subject matter is conferred by law. R.A. No.
8799 conferred jurisdiction over intra-corporate controversies on courts of general jurisdiction or RTCs, to be designated by the Supreme
Court. Thus, as long as the nature of the controversy is intra-corporate, the designated RTCs have the authority to exercise jurisdiction over
such cases.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Viguilla et al v Philipine College of Criminology
FACTS:
 Petitioners are janitorial employees of MBMSI service agency and work in the maintenance department of petitioner PCCR.
 In 2008, the Certificate of Incorporation of MBMSI was revoked and PCCR terminated its contract with MBMSI thus causing petitioners to
be dismissed from service under MBMSI.
 Petitioners filed complaints for illegal dismissal. They allege that their real employer was not MBMSI but PCCR, contending that:
o PCCR had direct control and supervision over their work;
o PCCR had direct control over MBMSI’s operations (because Atty. Seril was Senior VP for Admin of PCCR, and President and General
Managemer of MBMI);
o there was no contractual relationship between PCCR and MBMSI; and
o PCCR selected and hired its employees.
 PCCR denied such contentions and insist that MBMSI is the direct employer of petitioners. PCCR submitted documents to prove that they
were employees of MBMSI. This included notarized quitclaims that relieve MBMSI of liability for any and all claims after receipt of
separation pay.
 LA and NLRC both found that PCCR is the real principal employer and ordered backwages, reinstatement and payment of other benefits.
MBMSI and Atty. Seril are deemed as a labor only contractor and thus are solidarily liable with PCCR and Bautista for the valid claims of
petitioners. However, due to the valid quitclaim executed to MBMSI, the liability has been extinguished.
 CA affirms, hence this case.
ISSUE:
Whether the dissolved corporation can enter into an agreement such as releases, waivers and quitclaims beyond the 3-year winding up period under
Section 122 of the Corporation Code
HELD:
Yes.
The executed releases, waivers and quitclaims are valid and binding notwithstanding the revocation of MBMSI’s Certificate of Incorporation. The
revocation does not result in the termination of its liabilities. Section 122 of the Corporation Code provides for a three-year winding up period for a
corporation whose charter is annulled by forfeiture or otherwise to continue as a body corporate for the purpose, among others, of settling and
closing its affairs.
Even if said documents were executed in 2009, six (6) years after MBMSI’s dissolution in 2003, the same are still valid and binding upon the parties
and the dissolution will not terminate the liabilities incurred by the dissolved corporation pursuant to Sections 122 and 14528 of the Corporation
Code. In the case of Premiere Development Bank v. Flores, the Court held that a corporation is allowed to settle and close its affairs even after the
winding up period of three (3) years, to wit:
Although the time during which the corporation, through its own officers, may conduct the liquidation of its assets and sue and be sued as a
corporation is limited to three years from the time the period of dissolution commences, there is no time limit within which the trustees must complete
a liquidation placed in their hands. What is provided in Section 122 of the Corporation Code is that the conveyance to the trustees must be made
within the three-year period. But it may be found impossible to complete the work of liquidation within the three-year period or to reduce disputed
claims to judgment. The trustees to whom the corporate assets have been conveyed pursuant to the authority of Section 122 may sue and be sued as
such in all matters connected with the liquidation.
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Topic: Foreign Corporations
Subtopic:
Case Name: Tuna Processing Inc v Philippine Kingford Inc
Foreign Corporations
Tuna Processing, Inc. vs. Philippine Kingford, Inc. (G.R. No. 185582, February 29, 2012)
 Kanemitsu Yamaoka, co-patentee of a US Patent, Philippine Letters Patent, and an Indonesian Patent, entered into a Memorandum of
Agreement with five Philippine tuna processors including Respondent Philippine Kingford, Inc.. The MOA provides for the enforcing of the
abovementioned patents, granting licenses under the same, and collecting royalties, and for the establishment of herein Petitioner Tuna
Processors, Inc..
 Due to a series of events, the tuna processors, including Respondent KINGFORD, withdrew from Petitioner TPI and correspondingly
reneged on their obligations.
 Petitioner TPI submitted the dispute for arbitration before the International Centre for Dispute Resolution in the State of California,
United States and won the case against Respondent KINGFORD.
 To enforce the award, Petitioner TPI filed a Petition for Confirmation, Recognition, and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award before the
RTC of Makati City.
 Respondent KINGFORD filed a Motion to Dismiss, which the RTC denied for lack of merit.
 Respondent KINGFORD then sought for the inhibition of the RTC judge, Judge Alameda, and moved for the reconsideration of the order
denying the Motion.
 Judge Alameda inhibited himself notwithstanding the unfounded allegations and unsubstantiated assertions in the motion. The case was
re-raffled to Judge Ruiz who granted Respondent KINGFORDS’s Motion for Reconsideration and dismissed the Petition on the ground that
Petitioner TPI lacked legal capacity to sue in the Philippines.
 Petitioner TPI is a corporation established in the State of California and not licensed to do business in the Philippines.
ISSUE: W/N a foreign corporation not licensed to do business in the Philippines, but which collects royalties from entities in the Philippines, sue
here to enforce a foreign arbitral award?
RULING: Yes Petitioner can sue to enforce a foreign arbitral award in the Philippines.
 Petitioner TPI, although not licensed to do business in the Philippines, may seek recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral
award in accordance with the provisions of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004.
 A foreign corporation’s capacity to sue in the Philippines is not material insofar as the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral
award is concerned.
 Rule 13.1 of the Special Rules provides that “[a]ny party to a foreign arbitration may petition the court to recognize and enforce a foreign
arbitral award.” The contents of such petition are enumerated in Rule 13.5. Capacity to sue is not included. Oppositely, in the rule on
local arbitral awards or arbitrations in instances where “the place of arbitration is in the Philippines,” it is specifically required that a
petition “to determine any question concerning the existence, validity and enforceability of such arbitration agreement” available to the
parties before the commencement of arbitration and/or a petition for “judicial relief from the ruling of the arbitral tribunal on a
preliminary question upholding or declining its jurisdiction” after arbitration has already commenced should state “[t]he facts showing
that the persons named as petitioner or respondent have legal capacity to sue or be sued.”
 it is in the best interest of justice that in the enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, the Court deny availment by the losing party
of the rule that bars foreign corporations not licensed to do business in the Philippines from maintaining a suit in Philippine courts.
When a party enters into a contract containing a foreign arbitration clause and, as in this case, in fact submits itself to arbitration, it
becomes bound by the contract, by the arbitration and by the result of arbitration, conceding thereby the capacity of the other party
to enter into the contract, participate in the arbitration and cause the implementation of the result.
 Arbitration, as an alternative mode of settlement, is gaining adherents in legal and judicial circles here and abroad. If its tested
mechanism can simply be ignored by an aggrieved party, one who, it must be stressed, voluntarily and actively participated in the
arbitration proceedings from the very beginning, it will destroy the very essence of mutuality inherent in consensual contracts.
 On the matter of capacity to sue, a foreign arbitral award should be respected not because it is favored over domestic laws and
procedures, but because Republic Act No. 9285 has certainly erased any conflict of law question.
 Even assuming, only for the sake of argument, that the RTC correctly observed that the Model Law, not the New York Convention,
governs the subject arbitral award, Petitioner TPI may still seek recognition and enforcement of the award in Philippine court, since the
Model Law prescribes substantially identical exclusive grounds for refusing recognition or enforcement.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Philippine Deposit Insurance Corp v Citibank
Foreign Corporations
Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation VS Citibank (G.R. No. 170290, April 11, 2012)
 Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC), a government instrumentality created by virtue of Republic Act No. 3591, conducted an
examination of the books of account of Citibank.
 Citibank is a banking corporation while respondent Bank of America is a national banking association, both of which is duly organized and
existing under the laws of the USA and duly licensed to do business in the Philippines.
 PDIC discovered that Citibank received from its head office and other foreign branches a total of P11,923,163,908.00 in dollars, covered
by Certificates of Dollar Time Deposit that were interest-bearing.
 These funds, lodged in the books of Citibank under the account “Their Account-Head Office/Branches-Foreign Currency,” were not
reported to PDIC as deposit liabilities that were subject to assessment for insurance.
 PDIC assessed Citibank for deficiency in the sum of P1,595,081.96.
 PDIC examined the books of accounts of BA which revealed that from BA received from its head office and its other foreign branches a
total of P629,311,869.10 in dollars, covered by Certificates of Dollar Time Deposit that were interest-bearing with corresponding maturity
dates and lodged in their books under the account “Due to Head Office/Branches.” BA also excluded these from its deposit liabilities.
 PDIC wrote seeking the remittance of P109,264.83 representing deficiency premium assessments.
 Citibank and BA sought a declaratory judgment that the money placements they received from their head office and other foreign
branches were not deposits and did not give rise to insurable deposit liabilities under Sections 3 and 4 of the PDIC Charter and the
deficiency assessments were improper and erroneous.
 RTC favored respondent, contending that there was no depositor-depository relationship between the respondents and their head office
or other branches. As a result, such deposits were not included as third-party deposits that must be insured. Rather, they were
considered inter-branch deposits which were excluded from the assessment base, in accordance with the practice of the United States
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC) after which PDIC was patterned.
 CA affirmed the decision of the RTC.
ISSUE: W/N the funds placed in the Philippine branch by the head office and foreign branches of Citibank and BA are insurable deposits under the
PDIC Charter and, as such, are subject to assessment for insurance premiums.
RULING: No, Respondents are not subject to assessment for insurance premiums
 A foreign corporation can establish its presence in the Philippines by choosing to incorporate its own subsidiary as a domestic
corporation. Such subsidiary would have its own separate and independent legal personality to conduct business in the country. In the
alternative, it may create a branch in the Philippines, which would not be a legally independent unit, and simply obtain a license to do
business in the Philippines.
 In the case of Citibank and BA, they both did not incorporate a separate domestic corporation to represent its business interests in the
Philippines. Their Philippine branches are merely branches without a separate legal personality from their parent company. Being the
same entity, the funds placed by the respondents in their respective branches in the Philippines should not be treated as deposits made
by third parties subject to deposit insurance under the PDIC Charter.
 In the leading case of Sokoloff vs.The National City Bank of New York, the Supreme Court of New York held: Where a bank maintains
branches, each branch becomes a separate business entity with separate books of account. When considered with relation to the parent
bank they are not independent agencies; they are, what their name imports, merely branches, and are subject to the supervision and
control of the parent bank
 In United States v. BCCI Holdings Luxembourg, the US CA, emphasized that “while individual bank branches may be treated as
independent of one another, each branch, unless separately incorporated, must be viewed as a part of the parent bank rather than as an
independent entity.” Philippine banking laws also state that the head office of a foreign bank and its branches are considered as one legal
entity. Section 75 of The General Banking Law and Section 5 of R.A. No. 7221 (An Act Liberalizing the Entry of Foreign Banks) both require
the head office of a foreign bank to guarantee the prompt payment of all the liabilities of its Philippine branch PDIC must be reminded of
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the purpose for its creation as the “Corporation” which is to protect the depositing public in the event of a bank closure. Suppose the
Philippine branch of Citibank suddenly closes for some reason, Citibank N.A. would then be required to answer for the deposit liabilities
of Citibank Philippines. If the Court were to adopt the posture of PDIC that the head office and the branch are two separate entities and
that the funds placed by the head office and its foreign branches with the Philippine branch are considered deposits, it would result to
the incongruous situation where Citibank, as the head office, would be placed in the ridiculous position of having to reimburse itself, as
depositor, for the losses it may incur occasioned by the closure of Citibank Philippines. Surely our law makers could not have envisioned
such a preposterous circumstance when they created PDIC
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Steelcase Inc. v Design International Selections Inc.
Facts:
Petitioner Steelcase, Inc. is a foreign corporation existing under the laws of Michigan, USA and is engaged in the manufacture of office furniture with
dealers worldwide. Design InternationalSelections, Inc. (DISI) is a corporation existing under Philippine Laws and engaged in the furniture business,
including the distribution of furniture. Steelcase and DISI orally entered into a dealership agreement whereby Steelcase granted DISI the right to
market, sell, distribute, install and service its products to end-user customers within the Philippines. The business relationship continued smoothly
until it was terminated after the agreement was breached in 1999. Steelcase filed a complaint for sum of money against DISI alleging that DISI had
an unpaid account of $600,000. It also prayed that DISI be ordered to pay actual or compensatory damages, exemplary damages, attorney’s fees and
costs of suit. Meanwhile, DISI alleged that the complaint failed to state a cause of action and that the complaint should be dismissed because of
Steelcase’s lack of legal capacity to sue in Philippine courts due to that fact that it doesn’t have a license to operate in the country.
The RTC dismissed Steelcase’s complaint. It has likewise concluded that Steelcase was“doing business” in the Philippines as contemplated by RA 7042
(The Foreign Investments Act of 1991) and since it did not have the license to do business in the country, it was barred from seeking redress from
Philippine courts until it obtained the requisite license to do so. The CA affirmed the ruling of the RTC. Steelcase contends that DISI is an independent
distributor of Steelcase products and not an agent or conduit of Steelcase.
Moreover, DISI is acting as Steelcase’s appointed local distributor, and is transacting business in its own name and for its own account.
Issue:
Whether or not Steelcase had been “doing business” in the Philippines without a license
Held:
The phrase “doing business” is clearly defined in Section 3(d) of RA 7042 (Foreign Investments Act of 1991) which states that “the phrase ‘doing
business’ shall include soliciting orders, service contracts, opening offices, whether called ‘liaison’ offices or branches; appointing representatives or
distributors domiciled in the Philippines… totaling 180 days or more; participating in the management, supervision or control of any domestic
business, firm, entity or corporation in the Philippines; and any other act or acts that imply a continuity of commercial dealings or arrangements, and
contemplate to that extent the performance of acts or works, or the exercise of some of the functions normally incident to, and in the progressive
prosecution of, commercial gain or of the purpose and object of the business organization.” The second sentence of Section 3(d) states that “the
phrase ‘doing business’ shall not be deemed to include mere investment as a shareholder by a foreign entity in domestic corporations duly registered
to do business… nor appointing a representative or distributor domiciled in the Philippines which transacts business in its own name and for its own
account.”
On such account, the appointment of a distributor in the Philippines is not sufficient to constitute “doing business” unless it is under the full control
of the foreign corporation. Steelcase, therefore, is foreign corporation not doing business in the Philippines by its act of appointing a distributor falls
under one of the exceptions under RA 7042.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Cargill Inc. v Intra Strata Assurance Corp.
CARGILL, INC.
vs.
INTRA STRATA ASSURANCE CORPORATION
G.R. No. 168266 March 15, 2010
FACTS:
Cargill (foreign) is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of theState of Delaware. Cargill executed a contract with Northern Mindanao
Corporation (NMC)(domestic), whereby NMC agreed to sell to petitioner 20,000 to 24,000 metrictons of molasses to be delivered from Jan 1 to 30
1990 for $44 per metric ton. The contract provided that CARGILL was to open a Letter of Credit with theBPI. NMC was permitted to draw up 500,000
representing the minimum priceof the contract. The contract was amended 3 times (in relation to the amount and the price).But the third amendment
required NMC to put up a performance bond whichwas intended to guarantee NMC’s performance to deliver the molasses duringthe prescribed
shipment periods.
In compliance, INTRA STRATA issued a performance bond to guaranteeNMC’s delivery. NMC was only able to deliver 219551 metric tons out of the
agreed 10,500.Thus CARGILL sent demand letters to INTRA claiming payment under theperformance and surety bonds. When INTRA failed to pay,
CARGILL filed acomplaint.
CARGILL NMC and INTRA entered into a compromise agreement approvedby the court, such provided that NMC would pay CARGILL 3 million
uponsigning and would deliver to CARGILL 6,991 metric tons of molasses. ButNMC still failed to comply.
ISSUE:
Whether or not petitioner is doing or transacting business in the Philippines in contemplation of the law and established jurisprudence.
RULING:
NO.
The determination of whether a foreign corporation is doing business in the Philippines must be based on the facts of each case. In the case at bar,
the transactions entered into by the respondent with the petitioners are not a series of commercial dealings which signify an intent on the part of
the respondent to do business in the Philippines but constitute an isolated one which does not fall under the category of "doing business." The
records show that the only reason why the respondent entered into the second and third transactions with the petitioners was because it wanted to
recover the loss it sustained from the failure of the petitioners to deliver the crude coconut oil under the first transaction and in order to give the
latter a chance to make good on their obligation.
In the present case, petitioner is a foreign company merely importing molasses from a Philipine exporter. A foreign company that merely imports
goods from a Philippine exporter, without opening an office or appointing an agent in the Philippines, is not doing business in the Philippines.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Global Business Holdings Inc.
Facts:
Surecomp Software is a foreign corp organized under the laws of the Netherlands. In 1999, it entered into a software license agreement to let Asian
Bank Corp (ABC) use Surecomp’s IMEX Software System for 20 yrs. Pursuant to the agreement, Surecomp installed the system and ABC also undertook
to pay professional services and annual maintenance fees for 5 yrs, and committed to purchase some products at discounted prices. ABC also
requested Surecomp to purchase a certain software with a promise to reimburse. However, Global failed to reimburse despite Surecomp’s delivery
of the product. Sometime in 2000, ABC merged with Global Business. When Global took over operations, it found the IMEX system unworkable and
informed Surecomp that it was going to discontinue with the software agreement and that it was going to stop payments.
Surecomp filed a complaint for breach of contract with damages in RTC-Makati for Global’s failure to pay its obligations in the agreement despite
demands. Surecomp demanded payment of actual damages and an additional amount for Global’s unilateral pretermination of the agreement, and
damages.
Instead of filing an answer, Global filed an MTD based on two grounds:
1. That Surecomp had no capacity to sue because it was doing business in the Philippines without a license; and
2. That the claim on which the action was founded was unenforceable under the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines.
Being a technology transfer arrangement, Surecomp failed to comply with Sec 87 & 88 of the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
RTC ruled that: On Ground 1: Global is estopped from denying Surecomp’s capacity to sue. Global’s argument that it was not the one who actually
contracted with Surecomp is of no moment. It does not relieve Global of its contractual obligation. On Gorund 2: This will require a hearing before
the MTD can be resolved. Surecomp moved for an outright denial of the MTD. RTC denied MTD. RTC says it sees no reason to belabor the issue on
Surecomp’s capacity to sue since there is a prima facie showing that Global entered into a contract with Surecomp and having done so, willingly, it
cannot now be made to raise the issue of capacity to sue (Merrill Lynch Futures, Inc. v. CA).
As to unenforceability of the contract, it is an executed, rather than an executor contract. The statute of frauds finds no application here. Global
filed a petition for certiorari with prayer for the issuance of a TRO and/or writ of preliminary injunction under Rule 65 before the CA, saying that
the RTC abused its discretion and acted in excess of its jurisdiction. CA denied the petition. MR denied.
Issue:
Whether Global is estopped from questioning Surecomps capacity to sue.
HELD:
YES. The determination of a corporations capacity is a factual question that requires the elicitation of a preponderant set of facts. As a rule, unlicensed
foreign non-resident corporations doing business in the Philippines cannot file suits in the Philippines. This is mandated under Section 133 of the
Corporation Code. A corporation has a legal status only within the state or territory in which it was organized. For this reason, a corporation organized
in another country has no personality to file suits in the Philippines. In order to subject a foreign corporation doing business in the country to the
jurisdiction of our courts, it must acquire a license from the Securities and Exchange Commission and appoint an agent for service of process. Without
such license, it cannot institute a suit in the Philippines.
The exception to this rule is the doctrine of estoppel. Global is estopped from challenging Surecomps capacity to sue.A foreign corporation doing
business in the Philippines without license may sue in Philippine courts a Filipino citizen or a Philippine entity that had contracted with and benefited
from it. A party is estopped from challenging the personality of a corporation after having acknowledged the same by entering into a contract with
it. The principle is applied to prevent a person contracting with a foreign corporation from later taking advantage of its noncompliance with the
statutes, chiefly in cases where such person has received the benefits of the contract.
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Due to Globals merger with ABC and because it is the surviving corporation, it is as if it was the one which entered into contract with Surecomp. In
the merger of two existing corporations, one of the corporations survives and continues the business, while the other is dissolved, and all its rights,
properties, and liabilities are acquired by the surviving corporation.This is particularly true in this case. Based on the findings of fact of the RTC, as
affirmed by the CA, under the terms of the merger or consolidation, Global assumed all the liabilities and obligations of ABC as if it had incurred such
liabilities or obligations itself. In the same way, Global also has the right to exercise all defenses, rights, privileges, and counter-claims of every kind
and nature which ABC may have or invoke under the law. These findings of fact were never contested by Global in any of its pleadings filed before
the Court.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Van Zuiden Bros LTD v GTVL Industries Inc.
FACTS:
Petitioner Zuiden, is a corporation, incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong. Zuiden is not engaged in business in the Philippines, but is suing before
the Philippine Courts, for the reasons hereinafter stated. It is engaged in the importation and exportation of several products, including lace products.
On several occasions, GTVL purchased lace products from petitioner.
The procedure for these purchases, as per the instructions of GTVL, was that Zuiden delivers the products purchased by GTVL, to a certain Hong Kong
corporation, known as Kenzar Ltd. and the products are then considered as sold, upon receipt by Kenzar of the goods purchased by GTVL. Kenzar had
the obligation to deliver the products to the Philippines and/or to follow whatever instructions GTVL had on the matter.
Insofar as Zuiden is concerned, upon delivery of the goods to KENZAR in Hong Kong, the transaction is concluded; and GTVL became obligated to pay
the agreed purchase price. However, commencing October 31, 1994 up to the present, GTVL has failed and refused to pay the agreed purchase price
for several deliveries ordered by it and delivered by Zuiden.
ISSUE:
Whether or not petitioner, an unlicensed foreign corporation, has legal capacity to sue before Philippine courts.
RULING:
YES.
An unlicensed foreign corporation not doing business in the Philippines can sue before Philippine courts. In the present case, the series of transactions
between petitioner and respondent cannot be classified as "doing business" in the Philippines under Section 3(d) of RA 7042.
An essential condition to be considered as "doing business" in the Philippines is the actual performance of specific commercial acts within the territory
of the Philippines for the plain reason that the Philippines has no jurisdiction over commercial acts performed in foreign territories.
Here, there is no showing that petitioner performed within the Philippine territory the specific acts of doing business mentioned in Section 3(d) of
RA 7042. Petitioner did not also open an office here in the Philippines, appoint a representative or distributor, or manage, supervise or control a local
business. While petitioner and respondent entered into a series of transactions implying a continuity of commercial dealings, the perfection and
consummation of these transactions were done outside the Philippines.
Further, the series of transactions between petitioner and respondent transpired and were consummated in Hong Kong. There was no single activity
which petitioner performed here in the Philippines pursuant to its purpose and object as a business organization. Moreover, petitioner’s desire to do
business within the Philippines is not discernible from the allegations of the complaint or from its attachments. Therefore, there is no basis for ruling
that petitioner is doing business in the Philippines.
Considering that petitioner is not doing business in the Philippines, it does not need a license in order to initiate and maintain a collection suit against
respondent for the unpaid balance of respondent’s purchases.
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Subtopic:
Case Name: Agilent Technologies Singapore v Integrated Silicon Technology Philippines Corp
AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES SINGAPORE (PTE) LTD., vs. INTEGRATED SILICON TECHNOLOGY PHILIPPINES CORP et al
FACTS: Petitioner Agilent is a foreign corporation, which, by its own admission, is not licensed to do business in the Philippines. Respondent
Integrated Silicon is a private domestic corporation, 100% foreign owned, which is engaged in the business of manufacturing and assembling
electronics components.
The juridical relation among the various parties in this case can be traced to a 5-year Value Added Assembly Services Agreement (VAASA), between
Integrated Silicon and HP-Singapore. Under the terms of the VAASA, Integrated Silicon was to locally manufacture and assemble fiber optics for
export to HP-Singapore. HP-Singapore, for its part, was to consign raw materials to Integrated Silicon. The VAASA had a five-year term with a
provision for annual renewal by mutual written consent. Later, with the consent of Integrated Silicon, HP-Singapore assigned all its rights and
obligations in the VAASA to Agilent.
Later, Integrated Silicon filed a complaint for “Specific Performance and Damages” against Agilent and its officers. It alleged that Agilent breached
the parties’ oral agreement to extend the VAASA. Agilent filed a separate complaint against Integrated Silicon for “Specific Performance, Recovery
of Possession, and Sum of Money with Replevin, Preliminary Mandatory Injunction, and Damages”.
Respondents filed a MTD in the 2nd case, on the grounds of lack of Agilent’s legal capacity to sue; litis pendentia; forum shopping; and failure to
state a cause of action.
ISSUE: WON an unlicensed foreign corporation not doing business in the Philippines lacks the legal capacity to file suit.
HELD: The petition is GRANTED. The Decision of the CA which dismissed the 2nd case is REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Order denying the MTD
is REINSTATED. Agilent’s application for a Writ of Replevin is GRANTED.
Ratio:
A foreign corporation without a license is not ipso facto incapacitated from bringing an action in Philippine courts. A license is necessary only if a
foreign corporation is “transacting” or “doing business” in the country. The Corporation Code provides:
Sec. 133. Doing business without a license. — No foreign corporation transacting business in the Philippines without a license, or its successors or
assigns, shall be permitted to maintain or intervene in any action, suit or proceeding in any court or administrative agency of the Philippines; but
such corporation may be sued or proceeded against before Philippine courts or administrative tribunals on any valid cause of action recognized
under Philippine laws.
The aforementioned provision prevents an unlicensed foreign corporation “doing business” in the Philippines from accessing our courts.
The principles regarding the right of a foreign corporation to bring suit in Philippine courts may thus be condensed in four statements:
if a foreign corporation does business in the Philippines without a license, it cannot sue before the Philippine courts;
if a foreign corporation is not doing business in the Philippines, it needs no license to sue before Philippine courts on an isolated transaction or on a
cause of action entirely independent of any business transaction;
if a foreign corporation does business in the Philippines without a license, a Philippine citizen or entity which has contracted with said corporation
may be estopped from challenging the foreign corporation’s corporate personality in a suit brought before Philippine courts; and
if a foreign corporation does business in the Philippines with the required license, it can sue before Philippine courts on any transaction.
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**
The challenge to Agilent’s legal capacity to file suit hinges on whether or not it is doing business in the Philippines. However, there is no definitive
rule on what constitutes “doing”, “engaging in”, or “transacting” business in the Philippines. The Corporation Code itself is silent as to what acts
constitute doing or transacting business in the Philippines.
In the Mentholatum case this Court discoursed on the two general tests to determine whether or not a foreign corporation can be considered as
“doing business” in the Philippines. The first of these is the substance test, thus:
The true test [for doing business], however, seems to be whether the foreign corporation is continuing the body of the business or enterprise for
which it was organized or whether it has substantially retired from it and turned it over to another.
The second test is the continuity test, expressed thus:
The term [doing business] implies a continuity of commercial dealings and arrangements, and contemplates, to that extent, the performance of
acts or works or the exercise of some of the functions normally incident to, and in the progressive prosecution of, the purpose and object of its
organization.]
**
The Foreign Investments Act of 1991 (the “FIA”; Republic Act No. 7042, as amended), defines “doing business” as follows:
Sec. 3, par. (d). The phrase “doing business” shall include soliciting orders, service contracts, opening offices, whether called “liaison” offices or
branches; appointing representatives or distributors domiciled in the Philippines or who in any calendar year stay in the country for a period or
periods totaling one hundred eighty (180) days or more; participating in the management, supervision or control of any domestic business, firm,
entity, or corporation in the Philippines; and any other act or acts that imply a continuity of commercial dealings or arrangements, and contemplate
to that extent the performance of acts or works, or the exercise of some of the functions normally incident to, and in the progressive prosecution
of, commercial gain or of the purpose and object of the business organization.
An analysis of the relevant case law, in conjunction with Sec 1 of the IRR of the FIA (as amended by RA 8179), would demonstrate that the acts
enumerated in the VAASA do not constitute “doing business” in the Philippines. The said provision provides that the following shall not be deemed
“doing business”:
(1) Mere investment as a shareholder by a foreign entity in domestic corporations duly registered to do business, and/or the exercise of rights as
such investor;
(2) Having a nominee director or officer to represent its interest in such corporation;
(3) Appointing a representative or distributor domiciled in the Philippines which transacts business in the representative’s or distributor’s own
name and account;
(4) The publication of a general advertisement through any print or broadcast media;
(5) Maintaining a stock of goods in the Philippines solely for the purpose of having the same processed by another entity in the Philippines;
(6) Consignment by a foreign entity of equipment with a local company to be used in the processing of products for export;
(7) Collecting information in the Philippines; and
(8) Performing services auxiliary to an existing isolated contract of sale which are not on a continuing basis, such as installing in the Philippines
machinery it has manufactured or exported to the Philippines, servicing the same, training domestic workers to operate it, and similar incidental
services.
By and large, to constitute “doing business”, the activity to be undertaken in the Philippines is one that is for profit-making.
By the clear terms of the VAASA, Agilent’s activities in the Philippines were confined to (1) maintaining a stock of goods in the Philippines solely for
the purpose of having the same processed by Integrated Silicon; and (2) consignment of equipment with Integrated Silicon to be used in the
processing of products for export. As such, we hold that, based on the evidence presented thus far, Agilent cannot be deemed to be “doing
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business” in the Philippines. Respondents’ contention that Agilent lacks the legal capacity to file suit is therefore devoid of merit. As a foreign
corporation not doing business in the Philippines, it needed no license before it can sue before our courts.
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Topic: Penal Provisions
Subtopic:
Case Name: Loreli Lim Po v DOJ
Facts: Tan is a stockholder of CHVI, a real estate development company. Chiu is the president and Loreli Lim Po is the accountant. Tan requested a
copy of the company’s financial statement and be allowed to inspect the corporate books. His request, however, was denied despite repeated
demands. Tan thus filed a case against Chiu and Po.
Issue: Whether or not Tan has a cause of action.
Held: Yes, Tan has a right to inspect the company’s financial statements and other business documents
Ratio:
There is ample evidence on record to support the said decision. To name one, accountants Creest O. Morales and Jay Arr T. Hernandez, who were
part of the Inspection Team sent by Tan to CHVI, executed a Joint AffidaviT stating that the documents made available to them for inspection were
limited. Further, they claimed that on the day of the inspection, they brought a portable photocopying machine to CHVI’s premises but they were
not allowed to use the same. The offense punishable under Section 74, in relation to Section 144 of the Corporation Code, for which Chiu was
indicted, requires the unjustified disallowance or refusal by a suspect, of a
stockholder’s written request to examine or copy excerpts of a corporation’s books or minutes. The absence of any ascribed ill motives on the part
of the aforementioned accountants to make statements adverse or unfavorable to Chiu lends credibility to their declarations.
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Topic: Penal Provisions
Subtopic:
Case Name: Yuico v Quiambao
Facts:
- On Mar. 1 2004, Aderito Z. Yujuico was elected and replaced Quiambao as the president and chairman of Strategic Alliance Development
Corporation, a domestic corporation operating as a business development and investment company.
- Yujuico then appointed Sumbilla as treasurer and Blando, who replaced Pilapil, as corporate secretary.
- Yujuico demanded to Quaimbao for the turnover of the corporate records of the company which were in possession of Casanova, the accountant
of STRADEC, who was in possession of the said records on behalf of Quiambao because the latter needed the same as part of his defense in a pending
case in court.
- Quiambao and Casanova then caused the removal of the corporate records of STRADEC from the company’s office.
- Blando likewise demanded Pilapil for the turnover of the stock and transfer book of STRADEC, to which he refused. Pilapil then proposed that such
records be deposited in a safety deposit box in Equitable-PCI Bank. Blando accepted the proposal with the agreement that it was only to be opened
in the presence of both Quiambao and Blando.
- Quiambao and Blando withdrew the safety deposit box and brought it to the offices of STRADCOM. Quiambao asked Blando to proceed to the
STRADCOM offices and upon arriving thereat, Quiambao pressured Blando to make certain entries in the stock and transfer books. After making such
entries, Blando demanded that he be given the possession of the stock and transfer book, Quiambao refused.
- Even after several demands of Blando for the turnover of the stock and transfer book of STRADEC, Quiambao repeatedly refused to turn over such.
- Thus, on August 12, 2005, Yujuico filed a criminal case against Quiambao, Pilapil and Casanova for the violation of Sec. 74 in relation to Sec. 144 of
the Corporation Code.’
- The RTC ruled that the act of refusing to allow inspection of the stock and transfer book, even though it may be a violation of Section 74(4), is not
punishable as an offense under the Corporation Code because under Sec. 74, the application of Section 144 is expressly mentioned only in relation
to the act of "refusing to allow any director, trustees, stockholder or member of the corporation to examine and copy excerpts from the corporation's
records or minutes" that excludes its stock and transfer book.
Issue: W/N the RTC’s interpretation of Sec. 74 in relation to Sec. 144 of the Corporation Code is correct
Held: No, RTC’s interpretation of Sec. 74 in relation to Sec. 144 of the Corporation Code.
- While Section 74 of the Corporation Code expressly mentions the application of Section 144 only in relation to the act of "refusing to allow any
director, trustees, stockholder or member of the corporation to examine and copy excerpts from the corporation's records or minutes," it same does
not mean that Sec. 144 no longer applies to any other possible violations of Sec. 74.
- It must be emphasized that Section 144 already purports to penalize "violations" of "any provision" of the Corporation Code "not otherwise
specifically penalized therein." Hence, we find inconsequential the fact that that Section 74 expressly mentions the application of Section 144 only
to a specific act, but not with respect to the other possible violations of the former section.
- Indeed, we find no cogent reason why Section 144 of the Corporation Code cannot be made to apply to violations of the right of a stockholder to
inspect the stock and transfer book of a corporation under Section 74(4) given the already unequivocal intent of the legislature to penalize violations
of a parallel right, i.e., the right of a stockholder or member to examine the other records and minutes of a corporation under Section 74(2). Certainly,
all the rights guaranteed to corporators under Section 74 of the Corporation Code are mandatory for the corporation to respect. All such rights are
just the same underpinned by the same policy consideration of keeping public confidence in the corporate vehicle thru an assurance of transparency
in the corporation's operations.
- Verily, we find inaccurate the pronouncement of the RTC that the act of refusing to allow inspection of the stock and transfer book is not a punishable
offense under the Corporation Code. Such refusal, when done in violation of Section 74(4) of the Corporation Code, properly falls within the purview
of Section 144 of the same code and thus may be penalized as an offense.
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Topic: Securities and Exchange Commission
Subtopic: Securities Regulations Code, Kinds of Securities
Provision: Securities and Regulations Code, PD-902-A
Case Name: Power Homes Unlimited Corp v SEC
Facts:
Power Homes Inc, a domestic corporation is duly registered with public respondent SEC and its primary purpose is to develop real estates.
Respondent Noel Manero requested public respondent SEC to investigate petitioner’s business. Upon investigation, SEC found that petitioner is
engaged in the sale or offer for sale or distribution of investment contracts, which are considered securities under Sec. 3.1 (b) of Republic Act (R.A.)
No. 8799 (The Securities Regulation Code), but failed to register them in violation of Sec. 8 of the Code. SEC issued a Cease and Desist Order (CDO)
hence this suit.
Issue: whether petitioner’s business constitutes an investment contract which should be registered with public respondent SEC before its sale or
offer for sale or distribution to the public.
Held:
An investment contract is defined in the Amended Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 8799 as a "contract, transaction or scheme
(collectively ‘contract’) whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits primarily from the efforts of
others." Our R.A. No. 8799 appears to follow this flexible concept for it defines an investment contract as a contract, transaction or scheme
(collectively "contract") whereby a person invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits not solely but primarily from the
efforts of others. Thus, to be a security subject to regulation by the SEC, an investment contract in our jurisdiction must be proved to be: (1) an
investment of money, (2) in a common enterprise, (3) with expectation of profits, (4) primarily from efforts of others.
Hence, petitioner was engaged in the sale or distribution of an investment contract. In the SEC v. Turner case, the Court ruled that It is apparent
from the record that what is sold is not of the usual "business motivation" type of courses. Rather, the purchaser is really buying the possibility of
deriving money from the sale of the plans by Dare to individuals whom the purchaser has brought to Dare. The promotional aspects of the plan,
such as seminars, films, and records, are aimed at interesting others in the Plans. Their value for any other purpose is, to put it mildly, minimal.
Once an individual has purchased a Plan, he turns his efforts toward bringing others into the organization, for which he will receive a part of
what they pay. His task is to bring prospective purchasers to "Adventure Meetings." The business scheme of petitioner in the case at bar thus, its
business constitutes an investment contract.
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Case Name: Securities and Exchange Commission v Prosperity Com Inc.
Facts:
Prosperity.Com, Inc. (PCI) sold computer software and hosted websites without providing internet service. To make a profit, PCI devised a scheme in
which, for the an amount, a buyer could acquire from it an internet website of a 15-Mega Byte (MB) capacity and by referring to PCI his own down-
line buyers, a first-time buyer could earn commissions.PCI patterned its scheme from that of Golconda Ventures, Inc. (GVI) which SEC issued a CDO
before. SEC alleged that PCIs scheme constitutes an Investment contract and, following the Securities Regulations Code, it should have first registered
such contract or securities with the SEC
Issue:. WON PCI’s scheme constitutes and Investment Contract.
Held:
The United States Supreme Court held in Securities and Exchange Commission v. W.J. Howey Co.[ that, for an investment contract to exist, the
following elements, referred to as the Howey test must concur: (1) a contract, transaction, or scheme; (2) an investment of money; (3) investment is
made in a common enterprise; (4) expectation of profits; and (5) profits arising primarily from the efforts of others. Thus, to sustain the SEC position
in this case, PCIs scheme or contract with its buyers must have all these elements.
Here, PCIs clients do not make such investments. They buy a product of some value to them: an Internet website of a 15-MB capacity. The client can
use this website to enable people to have internet access to what he has to offer to them, say, some skin cream. The buyers of the website do not
invest money in PCI that it could use for running some business that would generate profits for the investors. The last requisite in the Howey test is
lacking in the marketing scheme that PCI has adopted. Thus, its scheme does not constitute an Investment Contract.
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Case Name: Securities and Exchange Commission v Santos
FACTS:
Sometime in 2007, yet another investment scam was exposed with the disappearance of its primary perpetrator, Michael H.K. Liew (Liew),
a self- styled financial guru and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Performance Investment Products Corporation (PIPC-BVI), a foreign corporation
registered in the British Virgin Islands.
To do business in the Philippines, PIPC-BVI incorporated herein as Philippine International Planning Center Corporation (PIPC Corporation).
Because the head of PIPC Corporation had gone missing and with it the monies and investment of a significant number of investors, the
SEC was flooded with complaints from thirty-one (31) individuals against PIPC Corporation, its directors, officers, employees, agents and brokers for
alleged violation of certain provisions of the Securities Regulation Code, including Section 28 thereof. Santos was charged in the complaints in her
capacity as investment consultant of PIPC Corporation, who supposedly induced private complainants Luisa Mercedes P. Lorenzo (Lorenzo) and Ricky
Albino P. Sy (Sy), to invest their monies in PIPC Corporation.
Soon thereafter, the SEC, through its Compliance and Endorsement Division, filed a complaint-affidavit for violation of Sections 8,4 265 and
286 of the Securities Regulation Code before the Department of Justice which was docketed as I.S. No. 2007-1054. Among the respondents in the
complaint-affidavit were the principal officers of PIPC: Liew, Chairman and President; Cristina Gonzalez-Tuason, Director and General Manager; Ma.
Cristina Bautista-Jurado, Director; and herein respondent Santos.
On the whole, Lorenzo and Sy charge Santos in her capacity as investment consultant of PIPC Corporation who actively engaged in the
solicitation and recruitment of investors. Private complainants maintain that Santos, apart from being PIPC Corporation’s employee, acted as PIPC
Corporation’s agent and made representations regarding its investment products and that of the supposed global corporation PIPC-BVI. Facilitating
Lorenzo’s and Sy’s investment with PIPC Corporation, Santos represented to the two that investing with PIPC Corporation, an affiliate of PIPC-BVI,
would be safe and full-proof.
Santos’ defense consisted in: (1) denying participation in the conspiracy and fraud perpetrated against the investor-complainants of PIPC
Corporation, specifically Sy and Lorenzo; (2) claiming that she was initially and merely an employee of, and subsequently an independent information
provider for, PIPC Corporation; (3) PIPC Corporation being a separate entity from PIPC-BVI of which Santos has never been a part of in any capacity;
(4) her not having received any money from Sy and Lorenzo, the two having, in actuality, directly invested their money in PIPC-BVI; (5) Santos having
dealt only with Sy and the latter, in fact, deposited money directly into PIPC-BVI’s account; and (6) on the whole, PIPC-BVI as the other party in the
investment contracts signed by Sy and Lorenzo, thus the only corporation liable to Sy and Lorenzo and the other complainants.
On 18 April 2008, the DOJ, in I.S. No. 2007-1054, issued a Resolution signed by a panel of three (3) prosecutors, with recommendation for
approval of the Assistant Chief State Prosecutor, and ultimately approved by Chief State Prosecutor Jovencito R. Zuño, indicting: (a) Liew and
Gonzalez-Tuason for violation of Sections 8 and 26 of the Securities Regulation Code; and (b) herein respondent Santos, along with Cristina Gonzalez-
Tuason and 12 others for violation of Section 28 of the Securities Regulation Code. The same Resolution likewise dismissed the complaint against 8
of the respondents therein for insufficiency of evidence. In the 18 April 2008 Resolution, the DOJ discussed at length the liability of PIPC Corporation
and its officers, employees, agents and all those acting on PIPC Corporation’s behalf.
In sum, the DOJ panel based its finding of probable cause on the collective acts of the majority of the respondents therein, including herein
respondent Santos, which consisted in their acting as employees-agent and/or investor-agents of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI. Specifically
alluding to Santos as Investment Consultant of PIPC Corporation, the DOJ found probable cause to indict her for violation of Section 28 of the
Securities Regulation Code for engaging in the business of selling or offering for sale securities, on behalf of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI (which
were found to be an issuer13 of securities without the necessary registration from the SEC) without Santos being registered as a broker, dealer,
salesman or an associated person.
On separate motions for reconsideration of the respondents therein, including herein respondent Santos, the DOJ panel issued a Resolution
dated 2 September 2008 modifying its previous ruling and excluding respondent Victor Jose Vergel de Dios from prosecution for violation of Section
28 of the Securities Regulation Code.
Respondent Santos filed a petition for review before the Office of the Secretary of the DOJ assailing the Resolutions dated 18 April 2008
and 2 September 2008 and claiming that she was a mere clerical employee/information provider who never solicited nor recruited investors, in
particular complainants Sy and Lorenzo, for PIPC Corporation or PIPC- BVI. Santos also claimed dearth of evidence indicating she was a
salesman/agent or an associated person of a broker or dealer, as defined under the Securities Regulation Code.
The SEC filed its Comment opposing Santos’ petition for review. Thereafter, the Office of the Secretary of the DOJ, through its then
Undersecretary Ricardo R. Blancaflor, issued a Resolution dated 1 October 2009 which, as previously adverted to, excluded respondent Santos from
prosecution for violation of Section 28 of the Securities Regulation Code.
ISSUE:
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Whether or not respondent Santos acted as agent of PIPC Corp. or had enticed Luisa Mercedes P. Lorenzo or Ricky Albino P. Sy to buy PIPC
Corp. or PIPC-BVI’s investment products.
HELD: NO.
This appeal by certiorari raising the sole error of Santos’ exclusion from the Information for violation of Section 28 of the Securities
Regulation Code.
Generally, at the preliminary investigation proper, the investigating prosecutor, and ultimately, the Secretary of the DOJ, is afforded wide latitude of
discretion in the exercise of its power to determine probable cause to warrant criminal prosecution. The determination of probable cause is an
executive function where the prosecutor determines merely that a crime has been committed and that the accused has committed the same.17 The
rules do not require that a prosecutor has moral certainty of the guilt of a person simply for preliminary investigation purposes.
However, the authority of the prosecutor and the DOJ is not absolute; it cannot be exercised arbitrarily or capriciously. Where the findings
of the investigating prosecutor or the Secretary of the DOJ as to the existence of probable cause are equivalent to a gross misapprehension of facts,
certiorari will lie to correct these errors.18
While it is our policy not to interfere in the conduct of preliminary investigations, we have, on more than one occasion, adhered to some
exceptions to the general rule.
In excluding Santos from the prosecution of the supposed violation of Section 28 of the Securities Regulation Code, the Secretary of the
DOJ, as affirmed by the appellate court, debunked the DOJ panel’s finding that Santos was prima facie liable for either: (1) selling securities in the
Philippines as a broker or dealer, or (2) acting as a salesman, or an associated person of any broker or dealer on behalf of PIPC Corporation and/or
PIPC-BVI without being registered as such with the SEC.
To get to that conclusion, the Secretary of the DOJ and the appellate court ruled that no evidence was adduced showing Santos’ actual
participation in the final sale by PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI of unregistered securities since the very affidavits of complainants Lorenzo and Sy
proved that Santos had never signed, neither was she mentioned in, any of the investment documents between Lorenzo and Sy, on one hand, and
PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI, on the other hand.
The conclusions made by the Secretary of the DOJ and the appellate court are a myopic view of the investment solicitations made by Santos
on behalf of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI while she was not licensed as a broker or dealer, or registered as a salesman, or an associated person
of a broker or dealer.
We sustain the DOJ panel’s findings which were not overruled by the Secretary of the DOJ and the appellate court, that PIPC Corporation
and/or PIPC-BVI was: (1) an issuer of securities without the necessary registration or license from the SEC, and (2) engaged in the business of buying
and selling securities.
To determine whether the DOJ Secretary’s Resolution was tainted with grave abuse of discretion, we pass upon the elements for violation
of Section 28 of the Securities Regulation Code: (a) engaging in the business of buying or selling securities in the Philippines as a broker or dealer; or
(b) acting as a salesman; or (c) acting as an associated person of any broker or dealer, unless registered as such with the SEC.
Tying it all in, there is no quarrel that Santos was in the employ of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI, a corporation which sold or offered
for sale unregistered securities in the Philippines. To escape probable culpability, Santos claims that she was a mere clerical employee of PIPC
Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI and was never an agent or salesman who actually solicited the sale of or sold unregistered securities issued by PIPC
Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI.
Solicitation is the act of seeking or asking for business or information; it is not a commitment to an agreement.20
Santos, by the very nature of her function as what she now unaffectedly calls an information provider, brought about the sale of securities
made by PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI to certain individuals, specifically private complainants Sy and Lorenzo by providing information on the
investment products of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC- BVI with the end in view of PIPC Corporation closing a sale.
While Santos was not a signatory to the contracts on Sy’s or Lorenzo’s investments, Santos procured the sale of these unregistered securities
to the two (2) complainants by providing information on the investment products being offered for sale by PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI and
convincing them to invest therein.
No matter Santos’ strenuous objections, it is apparent that she connected the probable investors, Sy and Lorenzo, to PIPC Corporation
and/or PIPC-BVI, acting as an ostensible agent of the latter on the viability of PIPC Corporation as an investment company. At each point of Sy’s and
Lorenzo’s investment, Santos’ participation thereon, even if not shown strictly on paper, was prima facie established.
In all of the documents presented by Santos, she never alleged or pointed out that she did not receive extra consideration for her simply
providing information to Sy and Lorenzo about PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI. Santos only claims that the monies invested by Sy and Lorenzo did
not pass through her hands. In short, Santos did not present in evidence her salaries as a supposed “mere clerical employee or information provider”
of PIPC-BVI. Such presentation would have foreclosed all questions on her status within PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI at the lowest rung of the
ladder who only provided information and who did not use her discretion in any capacity.
We cannot overemphasize that the very information provided by Santos locked the deal on unregistered securities with Sy and Lorenzo.
In fact, Sy alleged in his affidavit, which allegation was not refuted by Santos, that he was introduced to Santos while he performed routine
transactions at his bank.
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What is palpable from the foregoing is that Sy and Lorenzo did not go directly to Liew or any of PIPC Corporation’s and/or PIPC-BVI’s
principal officers before making their investment or renewing their prior investment. However, undeniably, Santos actively recruited and referred
possible investors to PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI and acted as the go-between on behalf of PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI.
The DOJ’s and Court of Appeals’ reasoning that Santos did not sign the investment contracts of Sy and Lorenzo is specious. The contracts
merely document the act performed by Santos.
Individual complainants and the SEC have categorically alleged that Liew and PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI is not a legitimate
investment company but a company which perpetrated a scam on 31 individuals where the president, a foreign national, Liew, ran away with their
money. Liew’s absconding with the monies of 31 individuals and that PIPC Corporation and/or PIPC-BVI were not licensed by the SEC to sell securities
are uncontroverted facts.
The transaction initiated by Santos with Sy and Lorenzo, respectively, is an investment contract or participation in a profit sharing
agreement that falls within the definition of the law. When the investor is relatively uninformed and turns over his money to others, essentially
depending upon their representations and their honesty and skill in managing it, the transaction generally is considered to be an investment contract.
The touchstone is the presence of an investment in a common venture premised on a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the
entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others.
At bottom, the exculpation of Santos cannot be preliminarily established simply by asserting that she did not sign the investment contracts,
as the facts alleged in this case constitute fraud perpetrated on the public. Especially so because the absence of Santos’ signature in the contract is,
likewise, indicative of a scheme to circumvent and evade liability should the pyramid fall apart.
Lastly, we clarify that we are only dealing herein with the preliminary investigation aspect of this case. We do not adjudge respondents’ guilt or the
lack thereof. Santos' defense of being a mere employee or simply an information provider is best raised and threshed out during trial of the case.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Insider Trading, Short Swing Transactions, and Manipulation of Security Prices and other
Fraudulent acts
Case Name: Abacus Securities Corp v Ampil
FACTS:
Petitioner corporation was engaged in business as a broker and dealer of securities of listed companies at the Philippine Stock Exchange Center. On
April 8, 1997, respondent opened a cash account with petitioner for his transactions in securities and, on April 10, started trading on that account.
As a result of his trading activities, he accumulated an outstanding obligation in favor of the corporation in the principal sum of P6,617,036.22 as of
April 30, 1997. Respondent failed to settle his account upon the lapse of the required period and the extension given by petitioner, prompting it to
sell his securities on May 6, 1997, to offset his unsettled obligations. After the sale of his securities and the application of the proceeds against his
account, his remaining accountabilities to petitioner totalled P3,364,313.56. This obligation he failed to settle despite its demands. The trial court
and the Court of Appeals (CA) both held that the parties were in pari delicto and, hence, without recourse against each other. The lower courts said
that petitioner had violated Sections 23 and 25 of the Revised Securities Act (RSA) and Rule 25-1 of the Rules Implementing the Act (RSA Rules). The
violation was committed when it failed 1) to require respondent to pay for his stock purchases within three (T+3) or four days (T+4) from trading;
and 2) to request from the appropriate authority an extension of time for the payment of his cash purchases. The trial court noted that despite his
nonpayment within the required period, petitioner did not cancel his purchases. Neither did it require him to deposit cash payments before it
executed buy and/or sell orders subsequent to the first unsettled transaction.
ISSUES:
Two issues were raised by the parties:
(1) whether the pari delicto rule was applicable to the present case; and
(2) whether the trial court had jurisdiction over the case.
HELD:
First Issue: Pari Delicto
Pari Delicto Sections 23 and 25 and Rule 25-1, otherwise known as the “mandatory close-out rule,”[1] clearly vested an obligation, not just a right,
in petitioner. That obligation was to cancel or otherwise liquidate a customer’s order, if payment was not received within three days from the date
of purchase. Subsequent to an unpaid order, the broker should require its customer to deposit funds in the account sufficient to cover each
purchase, prior to the execution of the transaction. These duties were imposed upon the broker to ensure faithful compliance with the margin
requirements of the law, which forbade the broker from extending undue credit to a “cash” customer.
Respondent Liable for the First Respondent Liable for the First But Not for the Subsequent Trade But Not for the Subsequent Trade Nonetheless,
these margin requirements were applicable only to transactions entered into by the parties subsequent to the initial trades of April 10 and 11,
1997. Thus, petitioner could still collect from respondent to the extent of the difference between his outstanding obligation as of April 11, 1997,
less the proceeds from the mandatory sellout of the shares pursuant to the RSA Rules. Its right to collect was justified under the general law on
obligations and contracts.[2] Petitioner could not be denied the right to collect, as the initial transactions had been entered into pursuant to the
instructions of respondent. His obligation for stock transactions made and entered into on April 10 and 11, 1997, remained outstanding. Those
transactions were valid, and the obligations he incurred in regard to his stock purchases on those dates subsisted. At the time, there was yet no
violation of the RSA. Petitioner committed a fault only when it failed 1) to liquidate the transactions on April 14 and 15, 1997, or the fourth day
following the stock purchases; and 2) to complete its liquidation no later than ten days after, by applying the proceeds as payment for his
outstanding obligation.[3]
Elucidating further, since the buyer was not able to pay for the transactions that had taken place on April 10 and 11 -- that is, at T+4 -- the broker
was duty-bound to advance the payment to the settlement banks, without prejudice to its right to collect from the client later on.[4] It should be
clear that Congress had imposed the margin requirements to protect the general economy, not to give the customer a free ride at the expense of
the broker.[5] Not to require respondent to pay for his April 10 and 11 trades would put a premium on his circumvention of the laws and would
enable him to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of petitioner. By failing to ensure his payment of his first purchase transactions within the
period prescribed by law, thereby allowing him to make subsequent purchases, petitioner effectively converted his cash account into a credit
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3B-Corporation Law
account. The extension or maintenance of credits on nonmargin transactions, however, were specifically prohibited under Section 23(b). Thus,
petitioner was remiss in its duty and could not be said to have come to court with “clean hands,” insofar as it intended to collect on transactions
subsequent to the initial trades of April 10 and 11, 1997. Respondent Equally Guilty Respondent Equally Guilty for Subsequent Trades for
Subsequent Trades On the other hand, respondent was found to be equally guilty of entering into transactions in violation of the RSA and RSA
Rules. The Court was not prepared to accept his self-serving assertions of being an “innocent victim” in all the transactions. Obviously, he
knowingly speculated on the market by taking advantage of the “nocash-out” arrangement extended to him by petitioner. It was respondent’s
privilege to gamble or speculate, as he apparently did by asking for extensions of time and refraining from giving orders to his broker to sell, in the
hope that the prices would rise. Sustaining his argument would have amounted to relieving him of the risks of his own speculation and saddling
petitioner with the consequences after the result turned out to be unfavorable.[6] His conduct as an investor was precisely the sort deplored by the
law. Thus, with respect to his counterclaim for damages for having been allegedly induced by petitioner to generate additional purchases despite
his outstanding obligations, the Court held that he deserved no legal or equitable relief. In the final analysis, both parties had acted in violation of
the law and did not come to court with clean hands as regards the transactions subsequent to the initial one made on April 10 and 11, 1997. In this
case, the pari delicto rule applied only to transactions entered into after those initial trades. Pursuant to RSA Rule 25-1, petitioner should have
liquidated the transactions (sold the stocks) on the fourth day after (at T+4) and completed its liquidation not later than ten days following the last
day for the customer to pay (effectively at T+14). Respondent’s outstanding obligation, therefore, was to be determined on the basis of the closing
prices -- at T+14 -- of the stocks purchased.
Second Issue: Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction The instant controversy related to acts committed by the parties in the course of their business relationship. An ordinary civil case
seeking to enforce rights arising from the Agreement (AOF) between the parties, the suit was intended to enable petitioner to collect on the
alleged outstanding debt incurred by respondent for his stock purchases. To be sure, the RSA and its Rules were to be read into the Agreement that
the parties had entered into. Thus, to determine whether they had fulfilled their obligations under this Agreement, the Court passed upon their
compliance with the RSA and its Rules. In no way did it thereby deprive the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of the authority to
determine willful violations of the RSA and impose appropriate sanctions, as provided under Sections 45 and 46 of the Act. Thus, the Court upheld
the SEC in its Opinion, as follows: “As to the issue of jurisdiction, it is settled that a party cannot invoke the jurisdiction of a court to secure
affirmative relief against his opponent and after obtaining or failing to obtain such relief, repudiate or question that same jurisdiction. “Indeed,
after voluntarily submitting a cause and encountering an adverse decision on the merits, it is too late for petitioner to question the jurisdictional
power of the court. It is not right for a party who has affirmed and invoked the jurisdiction of a court in a particular matter to secure an affirmative
relief, to afterwards deny that same jurisdiction to escape a penalty.”
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3B-Corporation Law
Fraudulent acts
Case Name: SEC v Interport Resources Corp
FACTS:
The Board of Directors of IRC approved a Memorandum of Agreement with GHB (Ganda Holdings Berhad). Under said memorandum of
agreement, IRC acquired 100% of the entire capital stock of GEHI (Ganda Energy Holdings Inc.) which would own and operate a 102 megawatt gas
turbine power generating barge. In exchange, IRC will issue to GHB 55% of the expanded capital stock of IRC. On the side, IRC would acquire 67% of
the entire capital of PRCI (Philippine Racing Club).
It is alleged herein that a press release announcing the approval of the agreement was sent to the Philippine Stock Exchange through
facsimile and the SEC, but the facsimile machine of the SEC could not receive it. However, the SEC received reports that the IRC failed to make timely
public disclosures of its negotiations with GHB and that some of its directors, heavily traded IRC shares utilizing this material insider information. For
this reason, the SEC required the directors to appear before the SEC to explain the alleged failure to disclose material information as required by the
Rules on Disclosure of Material Facts. Unsatisfied with the explanation, the SEC issued an order finding that the IRC violated the Rules in connection
with the then Old Securities Act when it failed to make timely disclosures of its negotiations with GHB. In addition, the SEC found that the directors
of IRC entered into transactions involving IRC shares in violation of the Revised Securities Act.
Respondents, however, questioned the authority of the SEC to investigate on said matter since according to PD 902-A, jurisdiction upon
the matter was conferred upon the PED (Prosecution and Enforcement Department) of the SEC – however, this issue is already moot since pending
the disposition of the case, the Securities Regulation Code was passed thereby effectively repealing PD 902-A and abolishing the PED. They also
contended that their right to due process was violated when the SEC required them to appear before the SEC to show cause why sanctions should
not be imposed upon them since such requirement shifted the burden of proof to respondents.
Issue:
1.) Whether or not the SEC has authority to file suit against respondents for violations of the RSA.
2.) Whether or not their right to due process was violated when the SEC denied the parties of their right to cross examination.
Held:
The Revised Securities Act does not require the enactment of implementing rules to make it binding and effective. The provisions of the
RSA are sufficiently clear and complete by themselves. The requirements are specifically set out and the acts which are enjoined are determinable.
To tule that absence of implementing rules can render ineffective an act of Congress would empower administrative bodies to defeat the legislative
will by delaying the implementing rules. Where the statute contains sufficient standards and an unmistakable intent (as in this case, the RSA) there
should be no impediment as to its implementation.
The court does not discern any vagueness or ambiguity in the RSA such that the acts proscribed and/or required would not be understood
by a person of ordinary intelligence. The provision explains in simple terms that the insider's misuse of nonpublic and undisclosed information is the
gravamen of illegal conduct and that the intent of the law is the protection of investors against fraud committed when an insider, using secret
information, takes advantage of an uninformed investor. Insiders are obligatd to disclose material information to the other party or abstain from
trading the shares of his corporation. This duty to disclose or abstain is based n 2 factors: 1) the existence of a relationship giving access, directly or
indirectly to information intended to be available only for a corporate purpose and not for the personal benefit of anyone and 2) the inherent
unfairness involved when a party takes advantage of such information knowing it is unavailable to those with whom he is dealing.
This obligation to disclose is imposed upon "insiders" which are particularly officers, directors or controlling stockholders but that definition
has already been expanded and not includes those persons whose relationship of former relationship to the issuer or the security that is not generally
available and the one who learns such a fact from an insider knowing that the person from whom he learns such fact is an insider. In some case,
however, there may be valid corporate reasons for the nondisclosure of material information but it should not be used for non-corporate purposes.
Respondent contends that the terms "material fact", "reasonable person", "nature and reliability" and "generally available" are vaguely used in
the RSA because under the provision of the said law what is required to be disclosed is a fact of special significance, meaning:
1. a material fact which would be likely to affect the market price of a security or;
2. one which a reasonable person would consider especially important in determining his course of action with regard to the shares of stock.
But the court dismissed said contention and stated that material fact is already defined and explained as one which induces or tends to induce
or otherwise affect the sale or purchase of securities. On the other hand, "reasonable person" has already been used many times in jurisprudence
and in law since it is a standard on which most of legal doctrines stand (even the doctrine on negligence uses such standard) and it has been held to
mean "a man who relies on the calculus of common sense of which all reasonable men have in abundance"
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3B-Corporation Law
As to "nature and reliability" the proper adjudicative body would be able to determine if facts of a certain nature and reliability can influence a
reasonable person's decision to retain, buy or sell securities and thereafter explain and justify its factual findings in its decision since the same must
be viewed in connection with the particular circumstances of a case.
As to "generally available", the court held also that such is a matter which may be adjudged given the particular circumstances of the case. The
standards of which cannot remain at a standstill.
There is no violation of due process in this case since the proceedings before the PED are summary in nature. The hearing officer may require
the parties to submit their respective verified position papers together will all supporting documents and affidavits of witnesses. A formal hearing is
not mandatory and it is within the discretion of the hearing officer to determine whether or not there is a need for a formal hearing. Moreover, the
law creating the PED empowers it to investigate violations of the rules and regulations and to file and prosecute such cases. It does not have an
adjudicatory powers. Thus, the PED need not comply with the provisions of the Administrative Code on adjudication.
The SEC retained jurisdiction to investigate violations of the RSA, reenacted in the Securities Regulations Code despite the abolition of the PED.
In this case, the SEC already commenced investigating the respondents for violations of the RSA but during the pendency of the case the Securities
and Regulations Code was passed thereby repealing the RSA. However, the repeal cannot deprive the SEC of its jurisdiction to continue investigating
the case.
Investigations by the SEC is a requisite before a criminal case may be referred to the DOJ since the SEC is an administrative agency with the
special competence to do so. According to the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, the courts will not determine a controversy involving a question
within the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal where the question demands the exercise of sound administrative discretion requiring the
specialized knowledge and expertise of said administrative tribunal to determine technical and intricate matters of fact.
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3B-Corporation Law
Fraudulent acts
Case Name: La Bugal – B’Laan Tribal Corp v Ramos
INSIDER TRADING, SHORT SWING TRANSACTIONS AND MANIPULATION OF SECURITY PRICES AND OTHER FRAUDULENT ACTS
La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association vs DENR Secretary Ramos
FACTS:
 On July 25, 1987, then President Corazon C. Aquino issued Executive Order (E.O.) No. 279 authorizing the DENR Secretary to accept, consider
and evaluate proposals from foreign-owned corporations or foreign investors for contracts or agreements involving either technical or
financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals, which, upon appropriate recommendation of the
Secretary, the President may execute with the foreign proponent.
 On March 3, 1995, then President Fidel V. Ramos approved R.A. No. 7942 to "govern the exploration, development, utilization and
processing of all mineral resources." R.A. No. 7942 defines the modes of mineral agreements for mining operations, outlines the procedure
for their filing and approval, assignment/transfer and withdrawal, and fixes their terms. Similar provisions govern financial or technical
assistance agreements.
 On April 9, 1995, 30 days following its publication, R.A. No. 7942 took effect. Shortly before the effectivity of R.A. No. 7942, however, or on
March 30, 1995, the President entered into an FTAA with WMCP covering 99,387 hectares of land in South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Davao
del Sur and North Cotabato.
 On August 15, 1995, then DENR Secretary Victor O. Ramos issued DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 95-23, s. 1995, otherwise known
as the Implementing Rules and Regulations of R.A. No. 7942. This was later repealed by DAO No. 96-40, s. 1996 which was adopted on
December 20, 1996.
 On January 10, 1997, counsels for petitioners sent a letter to the DENR Secretary demanding that the DENR stop the implementation of
R.A. No. 7942 and DAO No. 96-40, giving the DENR fifteen days from receipt to act thereon.
 Petitioners filed suit to permanently enjoin respondents from acting on any FTAA agreement, declare the RA 7942 and its IRR as
unconstitutional and null and void, and cancel the FTAA with Western Mining. SC en banc ruled in favor of petitioners.
 Hence this MR. During the pendency of the suit, the WMCP shares were bought by Sagittarius Mining, a Philippine corporation.
Issue:
Whether or not Sec. 7.9 of the FTAA to WMCP is valid.
Held:
NO.
While Section 7.7 gives the government a 60 percent share in the net mining revenues of WMCP from the commencement of commercial production,
Section 7.9 deprives the government of part or all of the said 60 percent. Under the latter provision, should WMCP's foreign shareholders -- who
originally owned 100 percent of the equity -- sell 60 percent or more of its outstanding capital stock to a Filipino citizen or corporation, the State
loses its right to receive its 60 percent share in net mining revenues under Section 7.7.
Evidently, what Section 7.7 grants to the State is taken away in the next breath by Section 7.9 without any offsetting compensation to the State. Thus,
in reality, the State has no vested right to receive any income from the FTAA for the exploitation of its mineral resources. Furthermore, it appears
that what is given to the State in Section 7.7 is by mere tolerance of WMCP's foreign stockholders, who can at any time cut off the government's
entire 60 percent share. They can do so by simply selling 60 percent of WMCP's outstanding capital stock to a Philippine citizen or corporation, as
what happened in this case, when they sold the shares to Sagittarius Mining. Moreover, the proceeds of such sale will of course accrue to the foreign
stockholders of WMCP, not to the State.
The sale of 60 percent of WMCP's outstanding equity to a corporation that is 60 percent Filipino-owned and 40 percent foreign-owned will still trigger
the operation of Section 7.9. Effectively, the State will lose its right to receive all 60 percent of the net mining revenues of WMCP; and foreign
stockholders will own beneficially up to 64 percent of WMCP, consisting of the remaining 40 percent foreign equity therein, plus the 24 percent pro-
rata share in the buyer-corporation.
It is possible that the inclusion of the offending provision was initially prompted by the desire to provide some form of incentive for the principal
foreign stockholder in WMCP to eventually reduce its equity position and ultimately divest in favor of Filipino citizens and corporations. However, as
finally structured, Section 7.9 has the deleterious effect of depriving government of the entire 60 percent share in WMCP's net mining revenues,
without any form of compensation whatsoever. Such an outcome is completely unacceptable. By their mere divestment of up to 60 percent equity
in WMCP in favor of Filipino citizens and/or corporations, the local and foreign stockholders get a windfall. Their share in the net mining revenues of
WMCP is automatically increased, without their having to pay the government anything for it. In short, the provision in question is without a doubt
grossly disadvantageous to the government, detrimental to the interests of the Filipino people, and violative of public policy.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Tender Offer, Margin Trading, and Other Regulated Activities
Case Name: CEMCO Holdings Inc v National Life
TENDER OFFER, MARGIN TRADING & OTHER REGULATED ACTIVITIES (Sec. 19, RA 8799)
CEMCO Holdings vs National Life
FACTS:
 Union Cement Corporation (UCC), a publicly-listed company, has two principal stockholders – UCHC, a non-listed company, with shares
amounting to 60.51%, and petitioner Cemco with 17.03%. Majority of UCHC’s stocks were owned by BCI with 21.31% and ACC with 29.69%.
Cemco, on the other hand, owned 9% of UCHC stocks.
 In a disclosure letter dated 5 July 2004, BCI informed the PSE that it and its subsidiary ACC had passed resolutions to sell to Cemco BCI’s
stocks in UCHC equivalent to 21.31% and ACC’s stocks in UCHC equivalent to 29.69%.
 In the PSE Circular for Brokers, it was stated that as a result of petitioner Cemco’s acquisition of BCI and ACC’s shares in UCHC, petitioner’s
total beneficial ownership, direct and indirect, in UCC has increased by 36% and amounted to at least 53% of the shares of UCC. PSE inquired
with the SEC on whether the Tender Offer Rule in Rule 19 of the IRR of Securities Regulation Code is applicable or not. SEC answered in
the negative.
 National Life, a minority stockholder of UCC, sent a letter to Cemco demanding the mandatory Tender Offer Rule. Cemco denied.
 National Life filed a complaint with the SEC to declare the purchase of Cemco of the ACC and BCI shares to be void.
o SEC ruled for National Life, and ordered Cemco to make a tender offer to National Life.
o CA affirmed.
ISSUE:
WON the Tender Offer Rule applies to the indirect acquisition of shares in a listed company, in this case, the indirect acquisition by Cemco of 36% of
UCC, a publicly-listed company, through its purchase of the shares in UCHC, a non-listed company .
HELD:
YES.
Tender offer is a publicly announced intention by a person acting alone or in concert with other persons to acquire equity securities of a public
company. A public company is defined as a corporation which is listed on an exchange, or a corporation with assets exceeding P50,000,000.00 and
with 200 or more stockholders, at least 200 of them holding not less than 100 shares of such company. Stated differently, a tender offer is an offer
by the acquiring person to stockholders of a public company for them to tender their shares therein on the terms specified in the offer. Tender offer
is in place to protect minority shareholders against any scheme that dilutes the share value of their investments. It gives the minority shareholders
the chance to exit the company under reasonable terms, giving them the opportunity to sell their shares at the same price as those of the majority
shareholders.
Under existing SEC Rules, the 15% and 30% threshold acquisition of shares under the Section 19 of RA 8799 was increased to thirty-five percent
(35%). It is further provided therein that mandatory tender offer is still applicable even if the acquisition is less than 35% when the purchase would
result in ownership of over 51% of the total outstanding equity securities of the public company.
The SEC and the Court of Appeals ruled that the indirect acquisition by petitioner of 36% of UCC shares through the acquisition of the non-listed
UCHC shares is covered by the mandatory tender offer rule. The SEC and the Court of Appeals accurately pointed out that the coverage of the
mandatory tender offer rule covers not only direct acquisition but also indirect acquisition or "any type of acquisition."
The legislative intent of Section 19 of the Code is to regulate activities relating to acquisition of control of the listed company and for the purpose of
protecting the minority stockholders of a listed corporation. Whatever may be the method by which control of a public company is obtained, either
through the direct purchase of its stocks or through an indirect means, mandatory tender offer applies.
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3B-Corporation Law
Subtopic: Tender Offer, Margin Trading, and Other Regulated Activities
Case Name: Abacus Securities Corp v Ampil
TENDER OFFER, MARGIN TRADING & OTHER REGULATED ACTIVITIES (Section 23 & 25, RA 8799)
Abacus Securities vs Ampil
FACTS:
 Petitioner corporation was engaged in business as a broker and dealer of securities of listed companies at the Philippine Stock
Exchange Center.
 On April 8, 1997, respondent opened a cash account with petitioner for his transactions in securities and, on April 10, started trading
on that account. As a result of his trading activities, he accumulated an outstanding obligation in favor of the corporation in the principal
sum of P6,617,036.22 as of April 30, 1997.
 Respondent failed to settle his account upon the lapse of the required period and the extension given by petitioner, prompting
it to sell his securities on May 6, 1997, to offset his unsettled obligations. After the sale of his securities and the application of
the proceeds against his account, his remaining accountabilities to petitioner totalled P3,364,313.56. This obligation he failed to settle
despite its demands.
 The trial court and the CA both held that the parties were in pari delicto and, hence, without recourse against each other. The lower
courts said that petitioner had violated Sections 23 and 25 of the Revised Securities Act (RSA) and Rule 25-1 of the Rules
Implementing the Act (RSA Rules). The violation was committed when it failed 1) to require respondent to pay for his stock
purchases within three (T+3) or four days (T+4) from trading; and 2) to request from the appropriate authority an extension of
time for the payment of his cash purchases. The trial court noted that despite his nonpayment within the required period,
petitioner did not cancel his purchases. Neither did it require him to deposit cash payments before it executed buy and/or sell
orders subsequent to the first unsettled transaction.
ISSUE:
1) Whether the pari delicto rule is applicable in the present case, and
2) Whether the trial court had jurisdiction over Abacus alleged violation of the Revised Securities Act.
HELD:
YES.
Sections 23 and 25 and Rule 25-1, otherwise known as the “mandatory close-out rule,” [1] clearly vested an obligation, not just a right, in petitioner.
That obligation was to cancel or otherwise liquidate a customer’s order, if payment was not received within three days from the date of purchase.
Subsequent to an unpaid order, the broker should require its customer to deposit funds in the account sufficient to cover each purchase, prior to the
execution of the transaction. These duties were imposed upon the broker to ensure faithful compliance with the margin requirements of the law,
which forbade the broker from extending undue credit to a “cash” customer.
It will be noted that trading on credit (or “margin trading”) allows investors to buy more securities than their cash position would normally allow.
Investors pay only a portion of the purchase price of the securities; their broker advances for them the balance of the purchase price and keeps the
securities as collateral for the advance or loan. Brokers take these securities/stocks to their bank and borrow the “balance” on it, since they have to
pay in full for the traded stock. Hence, increasing margins i.e., decreasing the amounts which brokers may lend for the speculative purchase and
carrying of stocks is the most direct and effective method of discouraging an abnormal attraction of funds into the stock market and achieving a more
balanced use of such resources.
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3B-Corporation Law

Topic: Subtopic: Provision: Case Name: Facts:: 1 3B-Corporation Law

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Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation

Subtopic: Concession Theory and Corporate Franchises

DOCTRINE OF LIMITED LIABILITY

DONNINA HALLEY vs PRINTWELL, INC.

Creditors may go after the unpaid subscriptions.

DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL

CONCEPT BUILDERS v NLRC

It cannot be pierced in this case.

DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL

DONNINA HALLEY vs PRINTWELL, INC.

It can be pierced when the corporation is used as a clock for illegality.

SIAIN ENTERPRISES v. CUPERTINO

The Court finds in favor of Uy.

Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation

Issue: Whether or not Manlapaz is liable in his own personal capacity

Held: No, Manlapaz is not liable in his own personal capacity

Ruling: No the action of Domingo cannot be imputed/attributed to the Petitioner

HELD: Yes, GSIS is bounded by the compromised entered by its officer.

Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation

1. Whether or not Christern Huenefeld is a German subject.

Professional health Services, Inc. vs. CA

Held: Petition dismissed. PSI is solidarily liable.

Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation

Issue: Whether or not Stern is entitled to moral damages.

Held: Petition granted.

ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp v. CA

25) Ching v. Sec. of Justice

Whether or not Ching is guilty of Estafa under PD No. 115?

Topic: Definitions and Attributes of Corporation

liable for violations of BP 33, as amended.

WON BSP is considered a public corporation subject to COA’s jurisdiction?

Republic of the Philippines vs City of Paranaque

CLASSES OF CORPORATIONS (Sec. 3 & 4, Corp. Code)

Collector of Internal Revenue vs Club Filipino

For a stock corporation to exist, two requisites must be complied with:

Republic Planters Bank vs. Agana

Does Win have a legal personality to institute the present case?

LIM v PHILIPPINE FISHING GEAR INDUSTRIES

INTERNATIONAL EXPRESS TRAVEL & TOURS v COURT OF APPEALS

CHUNG KA BIO v IAC

 PELA had deposited P150,000.00 as evidenced by four bank receipts.

Ruling: No. a contract of repurchase was not perfected

Whether or not the issuance of a writ of preliminary attachment was proper.

Issue: W/N the SEC has the power to regulate fees?

Ruling: Yes the SEC has the power to regulate fees.

Montelibano VS Bacolod-Murcia Milling

Ruling: No, the resolution was not an ultra vires act

 FilPort is a domestic corporation engaged in stevedoring services

HELD: Yes it is within the powers of the Board of Directors

 The governing body of a corporation is its board of directors.

Whether or not the Complaint is a nuisance or harassment suit.

Whether or not the elections were valid.

Whether or not petitioner has a vested right in office

o 1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;

Held: They can be held personally liable.

Mar II Marketing, Inc v. Alfredo Joson

Held: Petition dismissed. He is not a corporate officer.

Issue: WON the contention of Bancom Asia Inc. is correct.

Claims of the respondents:

In Inter-Asia Investment Industries v. Court of Appeals,78 we explained:

January 8, 1994 …………………. P40,000.00

February 8, 1994 ………………... P40,000.00

March 8, 1994 …………………... P40,000.00