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A-Profesional Sewing TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNS-Book - TÀI LIỆU HAY NÊN XEM PDF
A-Profesional Sewing TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNS-Book - TÀI LIỆU HAY NÊN XEM PDF
FOR DESIGNERS .
JULIE COLE SHARON CZACHOR
To Jules' dear Mum, Megan C l a r k , and Sharon's dear mother, Marie Rose N o v o t n y , w h o encouraged us in our
g: ,
$: ;
EXTENDED.CONTENTS
PREFACE x i i Needles 45 Fabric Stabilizers 75
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x i i i Stitches 51 Stabilizing Tapes 75
INTRODUCTION xiw Let's Stitch! 51 Underlining-Fully Covering the Fabric 79
STYLE KEY x v i i Project Preparation 53 Interfacing Garment Parts 82
Fitting the Garment 54 Interfacing Tricky Fabrics 83
Pressing Equipment 56 Transfer Your Knowledge 86
CHAPTER 1 How to Press a Garment 57 Stretch Your Creativity 86
The Design Process: Why Construction Should Transfer Your Knowledge 58 STOP! What Do I Do If.. . 87
Matter to the Fashion Designer I Stretch Your Creativity 59 Self-critique 90
Style I.D. 1 STOP! What Do I Do If.. . 59 Review Checklist 90
Key Terms 1 Self-critique 59
Gather Your Tools 2 Reeiew Checklist 59
Now Let's Get Started 2 CHAPTER 4
The Fashion Designer 2 Darts: Tapering to Fit the Garment 91
The Importance of Having Construction CHAPTER 3 Style I.D. 91
Knowledge 4 Introduction to Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Key Terms 91
The Design Process 5 Foundation 61 Gather Your Tools 92
Review Checklist 12 Style I.D. 61 Now Let's Get Started 92
Key Terms 61 Stitching Tricky Fabrics 99
Gather Your Tools 63 Transfer Your Knowledge 104
CHAPTER 2 Now Let's Get Started 63 Stretch Your Creativity 107
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags 13 What Are Stabilizers? 63 STOP! What Do I Do If. . . 108
Style I.D. 13 Why Use a Stabilizer? 63 Self-critique 108
Key Terms 13 How to Judge if the Garment Needs Review Checklist 108
Gather Your Tools 15 a Stabilizer 63
Now Let's Get Started 15 Who Chooses the Stabilizer for the
Know Your Fabric 15 Garment? 67 CHAPTER 5
It All Begins with the Pattern 21 Types of Stabilizers 69 Pockets: Building a Handy Compartment 109
Seam Allowance 25 How to Choose the Best Stabilizer for Your Style I.D. 109
Laying Out and Cutting Fabric 31 Project 72 Key Terms 109
Thread Types 45 How to Apply Stabilizers 74 Gather Your Tools 109
Vllt
Extended Contents
Now Let's Get Started 111 More Advanced Seam Stitching 171 Transfer Your Knowledge 235
Interfacing in Pockets and Flaps 111 Stitching Seams in Tricky Fabrics 178 Stretch Your Creativity 235
Pocket Linings 111 Transfer Your Knowledge 182 STOP! What Do I Do If.. . 235
Pocket Styles 113 Stretch Your Creativity 183 Self-critique 237
Bar Tacks 129 STOP! What Do I Do I f . . . 183 Review Checklist 237
Closures on Pockets 130 Self-Critique 184
Pockets in Tricky Fabrics 130 Review Checklist 185
Transfer Your Knowledge 131 CHAPTER 9
Stretch Your Creativity 131 Waistbands:Planning the Horizontal Edge 239
STOP! What Do I Do If. . . 133 CHAPTER 7 Key Terms 239
Self-critique 133 Tucks and Pleats: Tailoring a Texture 187 Style I.D. 241
Review Checklist 133 Style I.D. 187 Gather Your Tools 241
Key Terms 187 Now Let's Get Started 241
Gather Your Tools 188 Stitching Tricky Fabrics 255
CHAPTER 6 Now Let's Get Started 188 Transfer Your Knowledge 258
Seams:Joining It All Together 12, Tucks 190 Stretch Your Creativity 258
Key Terms 135 Meats 196 STOP! What Do I Do If.. . 259
Style I.D. 137 Stitching Tricky Fabrics 201 Self-critique 260
Gather Your Tools 137 Transfer Your Knowledge 204 Review Checklist 260
Now Let's Get Started 137 Stretch Your Creativity 204
Let's Prepare to Stitch 138 STOP! What Do I Do If. .. 2C '
Let's Begin to Stitch 142 Self-critique 205 CHAPTER 10
Open or Closed Seams 145 Review Checklist 205 Ruffles and Flounces: Feminine and Fli~ty261
Serged Seam Finish 145 Style I.D. 261
Safety Stitch 147 Key Terms 261
Shaped Seams 147 CHAPTER 8 Gather Your Tools 262
Piped Seams 149 Zippers: Fastening Your Way into Now Let's Get Started 262
Eased Seam 154 the Garment 207 Let's Stitch Ruffles and Flounces 264
Gathered Seam 156 Style I.D. 207 Stitching the Hems 265
Topstitched Seams 157 Key Terms 207 Surface Application 269
Sandwiched Seam 161 Gather Your Tools 207 Seam Application 272
Intersecting Seams 161 Now Let's Get Started 209 Edge Application 273
Other Seam Finishes 164 What Is a Zipper? 209 How to Press 275
Some Essential Hand Stitches Used for Zipper Types 211 Stitching Ruffles and Flounces in Tricky
Stitching Seams 170 Stitching Tricky Fabrics 228 Fabrics 276
Professioaal S e w ~ n gTechniques for Deszgner,
Transfer Your Knowledge 278 Gather Your Tools 313 Closed Cuffs 361
Stretch Your Creativity 279 Now Let's Get Started 315 Other Wrist Finishes 363
STOP! What D o I Do I f . . . 280 Shaped Facings 320 Casings 363
Self-critique 281 Keyhole and Slashed Openings 325 Bias Binding with Ties 365
Review Checklist 281 ExtendedISelf-Facing 329 Shirring Elastic 366
Bands 331 Sleeve Vent 366
Bias Facing 334 Stitching Cuffs and Other Wrist Finishes in
C H A P T E R 11 Bias Bindings 338 Tricky Fabrics 367
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck 283 How to Join the Facing to the Lining 339 Transfer Your Knowledge 369
Key Terms 283 Other Edge Finishes 339 Stretch Your Creativity 369
Style LD. 285 Stitching Facings in Tricky Fabrics 339 STOP! What D o I Do I f . . . 372
Gather Your Tools 285 Transfer Your Knowledge 342 Self-critique 373
Now Let's Get Started 285 Stretch Your Creativity 342 Review Checklist 373
Types of Collars 286 STOP! What D o I D o I f . . . 342
Stitching Collars Begins with Correct Sclf-Critique 344
Patterns 287 Review Checklist 344 C H A P T E R 14
Stitching the Collar to the Neckline 288 Sleeves: Rounding O f f the Arni 375
Get the Stabilizer Right! 289 Style I.D. 375
Collars Stitched with N o Neck Facing 290 C H A P T E R 13 Key Terms 375
Collars Stitched with Front Neck Facing Cuffi and Other Wrist Fiiiishes: Encircling Gather Your Tools 377
Only 300 the Wrist 345 Now Let's Get Started 377
Collars Stitched with Front and Back Neck Style I.D. 345 Set-in Sleeves 378
Facings 304 Key Terms 345 Sleeves Cut-in-One With All or Part of the
Stitching Collars in Tricky Fabrics 305 Gather Your Tools 347 Garment 385
Transfer Your Knowledge 308 Now Let's Get Started 347 Sleeve Heads 389
Stretch Your Creativity 308 Make Sure the Cuff Fits Comfortably 348 Shoulder Pads 390
STOP! What D o I D o I f . . . 309 How to Choose the Appropriate Wrist Pressing the Sleeves 392
Self-critique 311 Finish 349 Stitching Tricky Fabrics 393
Review Checklist 311 Stabilizing Cuffs 350 Transfer Your Knowledge 396
Let's Stitch 350 Stretch Your Creativity 396
Open Cuffs 350 STOP! What D o I D o I f . . . 396
C H A P T E R 12 Plackets 350 Self-critique 398
Facings: Encasing Un5nished Edges 313 Preparing the Wrist 355 Review Checklist 398
Style I.D. 313 Trims Stitched to the Cuffs 355
Key Terms 313 Stitching the Cuffs 356
Extended C o n t e n t s
gar- Collestion
Cutting
designer. By focusing on the design process, from researching t r e , n d ~ : $ $ $. h.e . ~ t ~ $ ~of~ tthe
ion Designing
colleotion, this chapter emphasizes why one needs to have a working.:knowl~)~~~:~fall
.. . .
these Draping
, . .: Dress Form
areas to be a well-rounded designer: Combined Knowing how to s.titchgiiqxents is a skill on Fabric
with researching trends, fabric is both the entry which the fashion designer will reljr-during his Fashion Designer . ,
point of this process and the designer's ar- or her entire career. For this reason, fashion stu-
tistie mediam. Knowing. . how to stitch fabric dents need to know how to sew.
into clothes emp0wers:he design? with more
howkedge 0%de~iga~ossibili~es.~ STYLE I.D.
P a ~ . i s & , p a c i o fthedesignprocess: Here is the desigtier work with the basic es-
if rhe:patrems . a n & . & correctly, &e ihe sential equipment at. fier for.his) fingertips.. A
c+ot be &che&eo:mecdjr;
,. The type seam tape measure is. .swinging 'aiound her neck.
,
I "OTE
A dress form is a replica of a woman's body
shape. In this book, we use two forms: one
1
form without limbssits on astand and the
other form has legs and hangs free from the
stand. Dress forms are available i n various
sizes and shapes, padded and covered i n
linen or jersey. They are pinnable and adjust-
RESEARCH TRENDS
1- DESIGNING
----
A
I
I
I
d
I
AND/OR
DRAPING
SAMPLE
GRADING
F I G U R E 1.2 T H E D E S I G N P R O C E S S F R O M C O N C E P T T O P R O D U C T I O N -
A F A S H I O N D E S I G N E R N E E D S T O WAVE A W O R K I N G K N O W L E D G E O F ALL T H E S E A R E A S
artistic component of the job. Students can signer does but it is not the whole story. Some tory. The designer is often called on to resolve
imagine themselves working in a charming fashion designers work in this type of environ- manufacturing or quality control problems.
design studio sketching marvelous collections ment, but only a few make it to the very top. These problems could be assessing poor-quality
for the rich and famous, and playing with amaz- Depending on the size of the company, the de- fabric, badly made patterns, wrong color fabric,
ing fabrics. And of course in between design- signer may be involved with the whole design poor stitching, or a fitting problem. Having
ing collections, trips to Paris, Milan, New York, process or be part of a design team and occa- knowledge of all aspects of the design pro-
and London would be a necessity. sionally do humdrum work. cess will prepare the design student for what is
Yes, this can be part of what a fashion de- The designer is the fashion library of the fac- ahead. Figure 1.2 sets out all the steps involved
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
in the design process from the conceptualiza- niques involve stitching darts, pockets, seams,
tucks and pleats, zipp.ers, waistbands, ruffles
rm
tion of ideas to the production.
Fashion design programs teach a vast and flounces, collars, facings, cuffs, sleeves,
FABRIC
number of design subjects, including sketch- hems, linings, and closures, all of which are
ing, d at tern making, draping, designing, tex- covered in this book. Clothing construction
tiles, clothing construction, and grading, along also involves understanding fabric, the sewing pAnERNs 4
with important computer subjects in the course machine, and the equipment needed to accom-
curriculum. This comprehensive education pre- plish this task. PRODUCTION
pares design students so they d o have a work- A student once commented, "Skip the stitch-
ing knowledge of the skills needed to work in ing and let's just design!" This comment shocked
the fashion industry. Notice it says a working us! A fashion design student needs to see the rel-
knowledge; this doesn't mean you have to know evance in learning how to sew garments and re-
~anaws/r~lms
about everything! However, the more you alize how connected it is to the design process.
know, the better you will be as a designer. Obviously this person hopes to be the designer
When creating a collection, a designer may described at the beginning of this chapter, who
~roduceas few as 10 or as many as 60 or more
coordinating garments. As the designer develops
the collection, all the components-the fabric,
patternmaking, construction, and trims- F I G U R E 1.3 AS T H E D E S I G N E R S i(ETCHES. ALL
THESE A S P E C T S OF THE D E S I G N P R O C E S S N E E D
should be in his or her mind as each aspect con- TO CONNECT I N HER M I N D .
nects together (Figure 1.3).
Sometimes students struggle with learn-
ing how to sew, especially when they have had
no stitching background. This process can be
hard-however, stitching is an essential part of
the design process, which will become clear as
this book unfolds. So don't give up if you find
stitching tough-it takes time and patience to
learn!
sits in a design studio sketching and playing patternmaking, draping, cutting, stitching, fit-
with fabrics and is uninvolved with the whole ting, notions, and trims, which all contribute to IMPORTANT
production of the collection. Two questions we making the first "proto" sample garment. The To know hbric-
would ask the student are, 'How can you design design process is repeated over and over as the col- Use fabric.
if you can't sew?" and, "How can you design lection is built. From there the final sample goes Lookat fabric.
Touch and feel fabric.
if you don't know patternmaking?" These two into production, where the patterns are graded in
Cut fabric.
aspects are closely linked. preparation for manufacturing the garment. Stitch fabric.
Having these skills equips a designer to Design to the fabric.
oversee manufacturing or the production of a THE DESIGN PROCESS
The only way to learn about fabric is by
collection. Very often the designer instructs the The sections of the design process outlined in actually workina with different ones. Then,
sample hand (the person who stitches the first Figure 1.2 are explained here to emphasize how eventually. like the experienced designer.
prototype, or "proto," sample) how to stitch the each connects together, and the importance of the design student will be able to lookat a
garments in the collection. Without these skills, having this knowledge. fabric and envision the designs into which
the designer is limited in her or his ability to i t can be made. In Chapter a, "Know Your
oversee the quality of garments. Zac Posen, a
very successfuldesigner, has arranged his studio
The Importance of Fabric to the Designer -
The designer is a fabric sculptor. Design stu-
1 Fabric" will explain more about the qualities
of each fabric type.
in the style of a European atelier so he can be in- dents need to become experts in fabric. Choos-
volved in the production of his collections. He ing a suitable fabric for the design is one of the lines in a knit garment than in one of woven
notes, "Nearly all of the studio is given over to most important aspects of the design process. fabric. Becoming knowledgeable about fabric
actually making up clothes, with all the sewers Fabric selection and style development act in also involves observing different fabric surface
and patternmakers, so that we can oversee the tandem. If an unsuitable fabric is chosen for a patterns and textures, and this is discussed
quality c~nstruction."~ style, then the design won't work. more fully in Chapter 2. We suggest you take
The most exciting thing about teaching in a Start by understanding the variety and qual- a peek at Figure 2.15, as it illustrates this point.
fashion design program is seeing how each el- ities of each fabric before they are applied to a Notice the interesting one-way fabric print and
ement of the design process, from research to design. This involves learning the differences the simplicity of the design. The designer in this
the final garment, interconnects. Figure 1.2 il- between natural and synthetic fibers, fabric case has observed the fabric surface pattern and
lustrates how the design process connects from weaves (plain, twill, satin), and woven and knit- lets the fabric speak for itself. The design is un-
concept to production; each aspect of the design ted fabrics. These fabric details are important, complicated, with no design lines to speak of,
process needs the others. as each type of fabric can influence the design. except for the side seams; too many design lines
The first step in the design process is to re- Each fabric has a different structure, and un- would spoil this bold fabric pattern.
search trends for inspiration. A designer's inspi- derstanding each will help the designer design To get acquainted with fabric, the designer
ration can come from anywhere-architecture, to the fabric. For example, knit and woven fab- also plays and drapes with fabric on the form
cars, landscapes, color, different cultures, or rics need very different designs, because knit to determine how it performs when pleated,
movies, just to mention a few. The design pro- fabric stretches and woven fabrics don't. For folded, tucked, gathered, or scrunched. By
cess progresses to fabric, sketching, designing this reason, it is advisable to use fewer design draping two very different fabric weights, such
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
as silk taffeta and silk georgette, it will become Why the Designer Needs to Know and stitch closures. All empower the designer
obvious how different each looks on the form. HOWto Drape Fabric. . , by-imparting an overall knowledge of design.
Taffeta is crisp to the hand and when gathered Some designers like to draft flat patterns math- Not every fabric is stitched in exactly the same
or tucked it holds its shape. On the other hand, ematicallyusing specs andmeasurements, while way; seams and hems are not stitched in a uni-
silk georgette is soft to the hand, sheer, and deli-
others like to drape the fabric on the form, then form way on every garment. The construction
cate, and it drapes softly to skim the body when take the draped fabric pieces and make the pat- method needs to match the type and weight of
cut to its best advantage. Refer to Chapter 2, tern from them. Draping fabric helps the design fabric, as we shall see in Chapter 2.
"Know Your Fabric." student understand the shape of the form and
how fabric can be molded to enhance a wom- Why the Designer Needs to Know
Why the Designer Needs to Know an's body. This in turn empowers the designer about Notions and Trims
How to Sketch with more design possibilities for placing line Notions and trims are all the supplies needed
Sketching is the first part of the design process. in the design. for cbnstructing garments other than the fabric.
It is the fundamental tool used to communicate Notions can be buttons, snaps, zippers, thread,
a seam, a dart, a pocket, a zipper, topstitching, Why the Designer Needs to Know tape, elastic, ribbon, piping, interfacing, or a
or buttons, so it is not only an artistic plea- How to Cut Fabric lace trim. The designer needs to be involved in
sure but also a phase during which functional Knowing how to cut fabric following the grain- choosing these details and therefore needs an
and structural design need to be taken into lines is essential, as they must be correctly artistic eye to harmonize them with the fabric
consideration. placed parallel to the selvage. Refer to Chapter and design. A designer can learn what notions
2, "Placing the Patterns 'On Grain.'" Placing the and trims are available by researching the Inter-
Why the Designer Needs to Know grainlines in certain directions can also change net for the latest items. The designer also directs
How to Draft Patterns the look of the fabric surface. The fabric surface the choice of what basic items to use, such as the
Learning how to construct patterns mathemat- can have a texture, a bold large print, stripe, type, weight, and length of a zipper; the type,
ically and knowing where to place each line check, one-way pattern, or have a furry pile. size, and design of a button; and the color of the
for darts, seams, pockets, ruffles, and other The designer needs cutting knowledge so that topstitching.
design details empowers the designer in know- when the darts, seams, gathering, and tucks are The notions and trims that are used matter,
ing how line in design can be used to enhance stitched, the fabric surface looks its best. This is as you will learn by using this textbook. For ex-
a woman's body. Structuring patterns is like explored in Chapter 2, "Laying Out and Cut- ample, the weight of the zipper needs to suit the
architecture-we use line and shape to build ting Fabric." fabric weight, and the zipper needs to be long
form. Making patterns is all about using line, enough so the garment will open comfortably,
proportion, balance, and shape as each pattern Why the Designer Needs to Know allowing the customer to get in and out easily.
is drafted. Each seam is placed to fit the curves How to Sew Garments The type of button (glass, metal, wood, or
of a woman's body-placement is not arbitrary. The designer needs to learn how to sew darts, leather) needs to be compatible with the fabric
Many students find line placement difficult be- pockets, seams, zippers, ruffles, tucks, pleats, type and suitable for laundering. The interfac-
cause they have not thought this through at the waistbands, collars, facings, cuffs, sleeves, ing also needs to suit the fabric weight and the
sketching stage. hems, and linings, and how to embellish fabrics part of the garment in which it is beingused. All
The Design Process: W h y Construction Should M a t t e r to the Fashion Designer
.................................................................................
.~..........
FIGURE 1.5 S T R U C T U R A L
DESIGN: WATERPROOF
Why the Designer Needs to Know
RAINCOAT about Functional, Structural, and
Decorative Design
A designer needs to address these three as-
THE COLLAR IS HIGH pects-functional, structural, and decorative
-ENOUGH TO PROVIDE
L WARMTH design-when designinggarments. Eachof these
aspects has equal value. If these areas of design
are ignored, it can ultimately affect the sale of
the collection. And without sales, the designer
does not have a job!
It is the designer's responsibility to create
clothes that function, feel comfortable, and are
THE FAURIC IS
user-friendly in the way they work. Garments
WATERPROOF AND that represent interesting designs made in qual-
THE COAT URGE
/ ENOUGH TO WEAR
ity fabrics that are comfortable to move in, and
OVER OTHER stitched with quality stitches, are what women
BUITON STITCHING - NEED TO GARMErn
B E 6 0 0 0 QUALITY
want! This is what makes one design and de-
CONSTRUCTIONAND HOLl signer stand out from the rest. Coco Chanel,
THE GAWAENTTOGETHER
one of the most famous designers in fashion
history, knew how important this was. Chanel
said, "I make fashion women can live in, breathe
in, feel comfortable in, and look younger in."'
Her revolutionary designs changed the way
women dressed, from being confined to feeling
comfortable. As design students, let's continue
Chanel's tradition!
THE COAT I S WNG ENOUGH Each of the garments in Figure 1.4, Figure 1.5,
FOR PROTECTION FROM THE
ELEMENTS and Figure 1.6 demonstrates each area of design:
functional, structural, and decorative.
Functional Design
Functional design refers to how the garment
works physically on the body. This is an im-
portant aspect on which the designer needs to
focus. Garments need to work physically for the
T h e Desz,on Piocesr W h y C o n s t , u c ~ i o nSi7ould Matter t o t h e Fashion Designer
purpose they are made for (police or firefighter's pocket needs to be generous enough for the COMFORT
uniform, ball gown, swimwear, and more). hand to rest in it, and luaybc hold keys and Comfort is all about how the garment feels
some cash. Notice that the pants in Figure 1.4 when it is worn. Customers sllould not feel re-
Garments need to feel comfortable on the body and the raincoat in Figure 1.5 show comfort- stricted when sitting in the office, walking the
and be made froin pleasant-feeling fabric. able, adequately sized pockets. In Chapter 5, dog, jumping for joy, running to catch the train,
Garments need to provide adequate room for "Pocket Styles" will explain more about the crouching to pick up the baby, or reaching for
movement yet hold their shape to the form. placemelit and size of pockets. that hidden candy on the top kitchen shelf. To
Garments need to be made in a suitable fabric A skirt vent must be long enougll to allow enable coinfort and movement in a garment,
type and weight to suit the style and provide a person to walk easily. Similarly, a jacket "ease" is incorporated into the garment at the
protection, warmtl?, or coolness. vent allows room for the jacket to spread patternniaking stage. Ease is the excess fabric
when a person is sitting. Figure 1.4 illus- that can be pinched from both sides of your
HOW T H E GARMENT WORKS PHYSICALLY trates how important a vent is for functional garment. Different amounts of ease will be
This aspect of designing is the designer's respoil- design in a jacket and skirt. Refer to Chap- added depending on the style, silhouette, and
sibility. A customer trying on a garment does ter 15, "Vent." fabric type-some fabrics have more "give" than
not want to struggle getting in and out of tlie A strapless bodice must be structured with others-and the age group of the target cus-
garment. If the garment is co~nplicatedto put underlining and boning so it won't slip down tomer also defines the amount of ease used. For
on, or uncoinfortahle in some way, or too tight when the wearer is on the dance floor-a example, the strapless dress in Figure 1.6 would
to walk in, the customer will leave the fitting customer does not want to keep tugging at not have any ease in the bodice, as it must fit
room and look for another brand. Busy people the garment to keep it up all evening-this tightly to the body. In comparison, the raincoat
don't want to be bothered with complicated would be dysfunctional design. The zipper in Figure 1.5 needs excess fabric ("ease"), as it is
openings and uiicomfortable clothing. also needs to open from the top edge of the worn over other clothing.
Here are a few practical tips pertaining to garment to 7 inches below the waistline so the
some areas of functional design that the designer customer can coinfortably get in and out of FABRIC SELECTION NEEDS T O SUIT THE
needs to attend to when designing clothes: the garment (see Figure 1.6). Refer to Chapter F U N C T I O N O F T H E GARMENT
3, "Underlining," and Chapter 6, "Boning." The function of the garment influences the
The closure of a garment must work simply Neck openings must be large enough in a knit fabric selection. This aspect of functional design
and efficiently. Buttonholes need to fit or woven fabric to slip comfortably over the is the designer's responsibility. Some examples
comfortably over the button and not feel too head without feeling too tight-women do to consider:
tight or too loose. Snap closures need to hold not want to spoil their hair! Men also do not
the garment securely closed. Dysfunctional want to feel choked or suffocated. Many stu- A raincoat is designed to keep out rain;
closures that easily "pop" open are not going dents forget about this aspect of functional therefore, the fabric needs to be weather-
to sell. All of the garments in Figures 1.4, 1.5, design-a garment is utterly dysfunctional proof or waterproof (or both). The cut of the
and 1.6 have closures-do take a look at them. when it can't slip over the head. In Figure 1.4 coat must be large enough and long enough
Apocket needs to be positioned so the hand a knit top has been slipped comfortably over to wear over other clothes with the neck high
enters at a comfortable level. The size of the the head and paired with the jacket. enough to help keep the rain out-this is an
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
~~ ~.
lined and lined will also have added warmth. GET IN AND OUT OFTHE DRESS
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e cannot stress enou~8.th.e,importa.nce of the preparation needed in any sewing project K E Y TERMS
W before.you begin. Many design students don't prepare and end up in a ta%l,e and.dih-
couraged in their sewing ability..This h a ~ t e outlines
r the, importance bf prepara2ionmd shows
Bulk
Embroidery Scissors
you how to do it. Every fabric-frgm si!&$eoi~eth.to a knit jersey-behaves differ&tlX.s i l k Grainlines
georgette is a soft, drapable, lightweight, sheer fabric, whereas wool jerseyis.amedium- Ironing Board
. . . . Matchpoints
weight k d t fabric that stretches. XJnd&tanding the project, and an idea dPthe.ngsioq.n,eededto Needle Board
the fabric you are working with.is.vipbp suc- get staited.'Ultimately it ~:.p~ev&t+stakesi' . ~ . !., . -Notchas . s. ,, .,
cessful s.tiwhbing.Since fabric is: ~ h e - & ~ i ~ e tI.?fsone needle or thread typk ,db+~'t work, try . Presring Cloth '
medium, +e choices for nodom. ,and trims are another size or type until! you . c o up ~ yith Rotary CntterFMats . . . .~. .~
,
fabric driven. It.can%.beassumed thatthe same "just theright one" to suiqyop~@bric.. . . . . :'~. ... -;scissors:
, .i;u.w :
**:..;:,~;,:
,~>. ,,
': .' '
norions, .such as:the duead type; needk type, - ~ ~ e ~ i,.~ P m c t i c e t h i s P & ~ . p ~ e p a r a ~'~ n ~ & ~.Seam r. A@&w+qqe ~
'
~
' ~
.,,- .....
..r8aitd':C&pers
. , , .. ,
garment to findthe. ri~~~n&c&s..$&s%it each Thetools needidin your sewingkit arepicmred - Velvaboard
. , .~
fabric. Sampling first:giv& &$&&d&e&jdnnfoi ~ in Eigure2.1.
Professional Sewing Techniqwes for Designers
r
F I G U R E 2.1:
S T Y L E LD.: T O O L S
FABRIC
PINS
-
SFAMGAUGE
HAND SEWING NEEDLES
L
AWL
MACHINE SEWING NEEDLES
TRACING WHEEL
BUTTONHOLE CUTTER
ROTARY CUTTER
6&,
SEAM RIPPER b- -
FABRIC MARKING PEN OR CHALK - 1-
EMBROIOERYSCISSORS
-4? PRESSING HAM
SCISSORS
=-zs WOPTURNER
CLIPPERS
TAPE MEPISURE
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags 15
~ ~ ~ . ~ . . .. . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
GATHER YOUR TOOLS Awl-for marking dart points and matchpoints handling specialty fabrics will be discussed in
These are the essential tools used for stitching on the pattern and fabric. the section "Stitching Tricky Fabrics."
garments: Tracing wheel-for tracing the pattern line in Table 2.1 lists some of the categories of fab-
patternmaking and seamlines for stitching; rics, along with their general uses and care.
Fabric-the designer's medium. can be either plain edge or serrated. The following fabrics are a joy to work with
Scissors-to cut fabric. and have become our favorites over the many
Tape measure-to measure patterns and fabric. NOW LET'S GET STARTED years of our sewing. This list can be added to
Thread-to stitch fabric. Before cutting and stitching fabric, a design as you work with fabric and find your own
Pins-to pin patterns to fabric, and pin seams student needs to understand what fibers the favorites.
together in preparation for stitching. fabric is made from, as this influences how the
Seam ripper-to remove unwanted stitching. fabric behaves, how to stitch it, and what no- Wool crepe: Easy to sew, it doesn't wrinkle
Thread clippers-to snip threads after tions to use. in higher qualities, has a pebbly surface, is
stitching. stable, and drapes well. It's great for suits,
Point turner-to get perfect angled corners on KNOW YOUR FABRIC tailored pants, bias-cut garments, and
collars and cuffs. The design process begins with fabric. Fabric dresses.
Buttonhole cutter-to cut open machine- is the designer's artistic medium. Choosing Woolflannel/worsted: Easy to sew, wool has
stitched buttonholes. a suitable fabric for a style is one of the most a soft, spongier surface, and worsted has a
Embroidery scissors-for precise cutting into important aspects of the design process. Fabric harder, stronger, flatter surface. The weight
a point. selection and style development must work in of the wool determines its use-heavier
Machine sewing needles-for stitching seams tandem. If an unsuitable fabric is chosen for a wools and double-faced wool make great
with the sewing machine. style, then the design won't work. coats and outer jackets, while lighter-weight
Hand sewing needles-for stitching seams and The designer must understand different va- wools can be used for tailored jackets, pants,
hems by hand. rieties and qualities of fabric before attempting skirts, and dresses, all of which should be
Fabric marking pen or chalk-for marking a design. Silk georgette won't make a tailored lined to avoid bagging out.
seams, darts points, and matchpoints. jacket. Designers need to be experts in fabric se- Silk dupioni: Easy to sew, stable, and crisp, it
Loop turner-for turning bias loops. lection to understand which fabric suits which has a nubby textured surface and is available
Pressing ham-a pressing aid. style. The experienced designer is a fabric sculp- in a range of colors. It works well for tops,
Pressing cloth-to protect the fabric surface tor who can look at a fabric, feel it, and envision dresses, skirts, jackets and pants, and evening
from the iron. a design that will suit the fabric. The designer wear.
Iron-for pressing garments. develops this ability through continuous ex- Jersey knit: Once you learn the correct way
Bobbin-for stitching seams; both top thread perimentation with fabric. Some designers work to pattern, cut, and stitch knits, they will
and bobbin threads are needed to stitch directly with the fabric while others sketch de- soon transform from being a tricky fabric
seams. signs first and then search for a suitable fabric to a favorite fabric to work with. Rayon or
Seam gauge-for measuring the seam for the design. To know fabric, use it! silk jersey drapes beautifully; it is light to
allowance. In each chapter, detailed information on medium weight; and, combined with silk,
16 Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
r...............
Cotton Slmng, sbscrbent, versatile, takes dye well, comes in Lightweight to heavyweightgarments, bed linens. Wash, hot water, hand or machine, bleach whites, use fabric
many weights, textures, and weaves. No static cling, upholsteryand other home furnishing items, quilting soflener to reduce wrinkling, tumble dry; press while damp or use
tends to wrinkle, and shrink. Works well blended with steam imn.
other fibers.
I Wan, absorbent resists wrinkling, weakens and Coats, sub, pants, skirts, especially Dry clean; some wools are washable by hand in mild soap and cool
stretches when wet, comas in many weights, colors, tailored styles water. Carefulsteam pressing is m o d effective,allow garment to
weaves, and textures; shrinks, tends to 'pill? is flame cool before moving
resistant and water repellent. Can be damaged by
inconen pressing.
Linen Absorbent, comfortable, comes in many weights, Warm-weather garments, dresses. Mouses, Dry clean, or launder if preshrunk
stmng, slighlly stiff hand, wears st edges, shrinks, and pants, suits
wrinkles; oftenmixed wilh conon to reduce wrinkling
Sllk Absorbent, stmng, deep luster, takes dye well, may Dresses, suits, blouses, lining, lingerie, evening, and Dry dean; may be hand washable; test a sample for bleeding
bleed, comes in many weights and weaves; medium bridd wear
and heavier weights resistwrinkles; pmne to static
cling; often woven with linen.
-
lade
Rayon Weaker than natural fibers, mewhat absorbent, dries Is used to make luxurious. silky fabrics such as Dry clean; test for hand washing. Avoid high imn temperatures,
fast; tends to winkle, is pmne to stetie cling, miste bmcade, crepe, faille, satin, jersey, tricot, and lace, for which melt rayon acetale or viscose
stretching and shrinking. lingerie, blouses, dresses, and linings
Aaylic Sofl, warm, lighhveight, wrinkle resistant slightly OHen blendedwith o h r fibers to make shew fabrics, Can be dry cleaned but usually laundered, wan,blmble dly. Press
absorbent, dries quickiy, may 'pill.' knits, and pile fabrics that are used for dresses, -at- with low swing on wmng side of fabric.
ers, sport, and workclothes.
Strong, low absorbency, smooth, elastic, resists Oftenblendedwith other fibersfor wide variety of ter Hand or machine wash, nnse thomughly: drip dry or tumble dry d
wrinkles and shrinkage tures and weights for use in bbuses, dresses, linings, low setting. W a n imn only if needed.
and swimwear
-.-.,->ter
. Stmng, low absorbency, quiekdrying, resists wrinkles, Onen combined with other fibers to f o n many Machine wash depending on the other fiber if blended. W a n imn.
stretching, and abrasion; can pill, and have static cling. weights and W r e s ; used for garmentsfor all types Fabric softener reduces static cling
of clothing.
Micmfiber Durable, densely woven, fine fibers, can be water Usualbj polyester; used for dl types of clothing Machine wash low temperature; tumble dry low; low temperature
repellent iron if needed.
Gettzng P r e p n r e d Avozd~ngSnngr
it is luxurious and feels wonderful in tops, fibers such as Lycra to give it some stretch. for medium plaids, and 1 yard for large plaids.
tanks, turtlenecks, dresses, pants, cardigans, Denim ravels and is prone to shrinking, so it Crosswise and lengthwise stripes require about
hoodies, scarves, and lingerie. needs to be pretreated in the way the garment the same extra yardage as plaids. When work-
Wool double knit: Easy to sew, medium will be cared for before stitching. This fabric ing with a repeat, it is essential to measure the
weight, and stable, wool double knit can be can be stitched into anything. distance between the beginning of one motif and
a combiilatioil of several fibers, including the beginning of the next motif. Placement of
rayon, cotton, and synthetics. It looks great Table 2.2 categorizes the weights of fabric, types the pattern pieces on these motifs, especially if
as a cardigan, tank, T-shirt, skirt, unstruc- of fabric, thread, and machine needles to use they are spaced far apart, will require additional
tured pants, and jackets. when stitching, as well as recommended stitch yardage and this should be measured at the fabric
Felted wool: This type of wool is produced lengths. Although the table doesn't include all store before purchasing the fabric. If the fabric
by washing wool or wool double knit in fabrics, it can be used as a reference point when is being ordered via the Internet and it is not
hot water and drying it in a hot dryer. The sampling. possible to physically measure it, ask for help.
agitation causes the wool fibers to mesh Otherwise, order at least one garment length of
together, creating a dense fabric that needs no Tricky Fabrics-What They Are and extra yardage. These are suggested amounts, and
finishing. How to Prepare to Use Them the designer may wish to add even more yard-
Brocade: Easy to sew (surprise!) but beauti Tricky fabrics require more time and effort to age as a safeguard. These fabrics require careful,
ful, it lends itself to dramatic designs in many become successfully stitched garments. They thoughtful layout of the pattern onto the fabric
weights. It looks great stitched as formal have special requirements that must be thought and accurate transfer of markings. At all costs,
wear and casual wear, too, such as tops, of before cutting into the fabric. Often they avoid placing the center of a flower or a geomet-
coats, vests, and bags. require special interfacing or stabilizing, a par- ric shape directly over the bust area! Extra time
Upholstery fabric: Many fabrics found in ticular needle for the best-quality stitch, or a may be needed to handbaste seams, or darts to
the home-decorating section are suitable notion that is not readily available at the local prevent slippage of the seam when stitching.
for structured garments. After prewashing, chain fabric store. Additional yardage may be
to soften and remove sizing or other fabric required for the garment. After sampling the Sheer Fabrics
treatments, fabulous jackets, coats, and bags fabric, the design student may find his or her Many sheer fabrics are slippery (for example,
can be sewn. stitching skills are not up to the challenge of the chiffon, organza, and tulle), and special atten-
Cotton: A natural fiber, it comes in many fabric or that this particular fabric is not suit- tion must be paid when cutting them. Additional
weights and textures. Over time, cotton able for the garment after all. pattern pieces may need to be drawn and cut for
becomes softer and softer. It blends well with each side of the garment when cutting in a single
other fibers, combining its best qualities of Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns, layer. Use tissue paper or pattern paper under
softness and durability. The muslin used in the and Repeat Patterns the fabric in a single layer, and pin through the
classroom by design students is 100% cotton. Extra yardage is required to accommodate fabric, pattern, and tissue to prevent the fabric
Denim: Denim has a twill weave, which fabrics that must be matched up to create a from slipping while cutting or sewing. When
makes it super durable, and now comes in continuous pattern around the body. Add ap- cutting, use fabric weights to avoid marking the
many weights and can be blended with other proximately % yard for small plaids, 1/2 yard fabric with holes from the pins.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. ~ . . ~~~. ~ ..
TABLE 2.2 THREAD, NEEDLE, AND STITCH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SELECTED FABRICS
Fabric Fabric ; MachlmeNeedles # Stltch Length (mm)
Webht
Sheer Batiste, c h ' l n , nylon tricot, fine All.purpme polyester; heirloom sewing thread; silk thread Universal or Microtexl MSharp 6018 5519 2.0
lace, orgam, net or fine machine embroidery thread 6012
Handkerchief linen, lawn, sheer Mercerized conon 5013; silk thread Universal 70110 or 80112 2.5
crepe, wile
Light Crepe de chine, collon, gauze. All-purpose polyester Universal 8018 or 5519 2.0
I georgene, gingham
Knits, double knits, velour For knits wodly nylon in bobbin or for serger loopers Stretch 75/11 Zigzag 0.512.5
Wool challis All-purpose polyester or fine conon, silk Universal 80112 2.5
<
.
Terw cloth..velveteen All-purpose
. . .polyester
. or cdton
I
Universal 80112
I
2.5 or 3.0
Canvas AII~p~rpose
polyester;upholstery JeanslDenim 100116 or 110/18 3.5
-
Lace or rough surface could snag the threads that float Knits
This beautiful fabric is available in different on the surface of the satin. Be careful to cover the
The very thing that makes knits wonderful is
weights and can be sheer and fine or heavily cutting surface with paper or tissue paper. All
also what makes them tricky-stretch. Too
embellished. When working with lace, keep in pattern pieces should be cut and laid out in one
much stretch and the garment fit could be a di-
mind that there is definitely a pattern, or repeat, direction to ensure that no shading occurs. The
saster; not enough stretch and it could be a di-
to work with. Additional pattern pieces may wrong needle or thread weight will cause pulled
saster! The amount of stretch in a knit replaces
need to be cut when cutting out the lace in a threads, or holes in the fabric that cannot be re-
many fitting details such as darts, so it is im-
single layer. Stitching the garment with tissue moved. Plus, overpressing can cause the satin to
portant to have the right amount of stretch in
paper will protect the lace from snagging on the look limp and worn out. Satin is a difficult fabric
the fabric. Some knits stretch only in the width
feed dogs, as explained in Chapter 6 . Choose to work with and requires patience and a clearand/or the length. The huge variety of weights,
tissue paper in a color that blends with the lace, understanding of how to handle the fabric. blends, and textures of knits requires careful
in case little bits of paper remain after stitch- consideration of the use of the knit for the style
ing. Often, lace is expensive; however, a small Beaded Fabrics of the garment. If the knit is tubular, avoid using
amount used in a section of a garment can be Often beading is done by hand or machine on the creased fold unless the permanent crease is
effective. Careful measuring and layout of the silk chiffon as a base, so working with beaded desired for the design. Whenlaying out knits for
pattern piece on the lace ensures efficient use of fabrics requires knowledge of several things: cutting, it is especially important that the entire
the lace-again, avoid placing aprominent motif the beading is usually a pattern or a repeat; the piece of fabric be supported, and not hanging
in the bust area. threads that hold the beading to the cloth must off the edge of the cutting surface. This would
be reinforced before cutting; the beads must be cause distortion of the pieces being cut. Nap or
Satin removed from the seam allowances before stitch- surface finish on knits can cause shading on the
In any blend, inany weight, satin needs the most ing; and the correct needle and thread must be fabric. Check to see if the knit can be cut "top
delicate handling. The designer must sample ev- chosenfor the weight of the base fabric. Pressing and tail" (with one piece facing up and one piece
erything before stitching this fabric. Marking can damage the beads, so steam and finger-press facing down) or whether it must be cut with
pen could bleed through the fabric, and remov- from the wrong side of the garment. Place tissue all pattern pieces lying in the same direction to
ing the markings with water will spot the satin; paper or pattern paper beneath the fabric when ensure that no shading occurs. Sharp pins and
the wrong-sized pins could mar the surface of cutting and stitching to prevent snagging and to sharp cutting tools are critical for smooth, ac-
the fabric with pulled threads; the slightest nick help feed the fabric along the feed dogs. curate cutting, as often %-inch seam allowances
P r o f e s s i o n n l Sewing Techniques f o r Designers
are used when working with knits. Knits can be in which this pile lies is called the nnp. When onto the fabric at low temperatures. Velvet can
stitched on either sergers or sewing machines. you run your hand against the hap, the fabric he steamed while on the dress form, but this
Proper stabillzing of the shoulder, neckline, and feels rough and shows the deepest, richest color. must be done very carefully to avoid crushing
armhole areas prevents the seams from stretch- When you run your hand in the other direction, the pile-once the pile has been crushed, it can't
-
ing while stitching. Use stretch needles for knits with the nap, the fabric is smooth and appears
to avoid skipped stitches. Pressin, t he seams can lighter. The designer decides in which direction
leave impressions on the garment; use strips o f to place the nap, but this should be consistent
be revived. The quality of velvet varies-always
use the best quality that is cost effectivefor the
garment being stitched.
paper underneath to prevent this, and set the when laying out the pattern pieces on the fabric.
temperature o f the iron to match the fibers o f Because the beauty o f velvet is the nap, avoiding Leather
the knit. Never apply the iron directly on the crushing the nap is a consideration at every step Leather is sold by the individual skin or hide, in
surface o f a knit; it will scorch the fibers, create o f construction when using this fabric. Marking many weights (the number o f ounces per square
a shine that can't be removed, and flatten the must be visible, but must not mar the surface o f foot), colors, and textures. Many skins have
fibers. Keep pressing to a minimum. the velvet. Velvet slips when cutting and stitch- imperfections, which affect the way the pat-
ing, so use tissue paper or pattern paper beneath tern pieces can be placed. It is essential to have
Denim the fabric to prevent this problem. Handhasting full pattern pieces for each section o f the gar-
Although denim is considered the "work- [he seams and using silk thread helps to elimi- ment. All leather should be cut in a single layer.
horse" o f cottons, it comes in many weights, nate slippage; using silk thread leaves no visible Leather does not actually have a grain, but it is
blends, and surface treatments. Pretreat denim marks or holes on velvet. Pins can leave unat- easy to distinguish the length versus width o f
to shrink the yardage and remove excess dye, tractive dents i f l e f t in the fabric too long, or i f the skin. The pattern pieces should be placed on
which could bleed onto other garments. Press accidentally left in the fabric while steaming a the skin lengthwise as much as possible, since
the denim while still slightly damp to prevent seam. Velvet ravels and is messy to work with, the width has more give. Use weights to hold
permanent creases. When cutting denim, it is as the short fibers o f the pile are released from pattern pieces in place, and mark with chalk or
critical to be on the straight-of-grain,otherwise the surface after cutting. Velvet garments are dressmaker carbon, using a smooth-edged trac-
problems such as twisting occur. When seams almost always lined, and the seams are covered ing wheel. Binder clips or glue sticks can be used
intersect, or when hemming, pound the seams by the lining. Placing an iron on velvet crushes in place of traditional basting. A Glover needle
with a mallet to flatten, making them easier to the nap and creates shine, which cannot be re- is used for any hand stitches, and waxed thread
stitch through. A strong, sturdy denimljeans moved. Use a Velvaboard or needle board to is used to sew on buttons. A leather machine
needle should be used to avoid skipped stitches support the velvet while steaming above the needle in the appropriate size for the weight
and accornrnodate the heavier thread available seam from [he wrong side o f the fabric. After o f the leather is necessary to prevent skipped
for topstitching the seams and hems. the steam has penetrated the fabric, finger-press stitches. Never backstitch-it cuts the leather.
the seain open, patting along the seam as it After stitching the seams, tie o f f the threads,
Velvet cools. Allow tach section to cool before moving topstitch, or use leather cement, and pound
Velvet is a short pile fabric that is made by weav- the fabric. For synthetic velvets, use the lowest with a rubber mallet to flatten and hold seams in
ing extra loops on the surface of the fabric, and iron temperature that will produce steam, but To press leather, use a warm iron with no
then cutting to produce the pile. The direction be very careful to prevent water from spitting steam, covering the leather with brown paper.
G e t t i n g Prepared: A v o i d i n g Snags
~~~~~~~~~~.~
. . . . . .... ~~.~~~~~~~~~~
~
Faux Fur and the difficulty of pressing the seams flat. Full IT A U BEGINS WITH THE PATTERN
Faux fur is a pile synthetic fabric with either pattern pieces are necessary for laying out the Correct stitching begins with correct pattern-
a knitted or a woven backing of cotton or syn- garment on a single layer of fabric. Trying to cut making; correct pattern marking communicates
thetic fiber. It is available in an amazing assort-out a double layer of heavyweight fabric results how the fabric is to be cut. If the patterns are
ment of plush textures that mimic real furs. in the fabric shifting. Some pieces end up being not made and marked correctly, then the fabric
Additional yardage of approximately ?A to % too big and some too small. Pattern weights are cannot be cut correctly and the garment cannot
yard is required for these fabrics, which should needed to hold the pattern pieces in place while be stitched correctly! In our classes, we often
be cut out with the nap (pile feeling smooth, cutting, as pins often get lost in the depth of the notice students who are confused and unsure of
going down) in a single layer. A razor blade fabric. Snip ('/sN into the fabric) to mark notches how to stitch the garment, and why is this? No
can be used to cut the backing to avoid cut- in the seam allowances; thread tracing, chalk, pattern markings!- The students then scramble
ting the fur that gives a blunt look to the cut or temporary marking pens also work-sample in their bags or lockers trying to locate the pat-
edges. Remove the fur from the seam allow- to see what shows up best on the fabric. Direc- terns while valuable class time is lost. When they
ances before stitching the seams, and handbaste tionally sew the seams with the nap, lengthen finally locate the pattern, they realize they never
to prevent the fur from creeping or puckering the stitch length, and adjust the pressure on the marked the patterns, and this explains why they
when machine stitching. Stitch directionally, presser foot (Figure 2.23) if possible. A presser couldn't stitch the garment together. Let's look
with the nap. Reinforce stress areas with tape foot holds the fabric against the feed dogs, at each pattern marking in more depth.
and slightly clip curved edges. Seams cannot moving the fabric along as stitches are formed.
be pressed in the traditional manner due to the Instead of using self-fabric for facings or the Grainlines
pile; either steam and then finger-press, or use a under collars, use a contrasting, lighter-weight Grainlines are one of the most important pat-
Velvaboard and press lightly with the tip of the fabric or line the garment, edge-to-edge. Press- tern markings, as they affect the way the gar-
iron over a press cloth. The temperature of the ing heavyweight fabrics involves lots of steam, ment hangs and retains its shape. The grainline
iron should be as low as possible to avoid melt- muscle, a wooden clapper to flatten the seams, communicates the direction in which each pat-
ing the backing if it is synthetic. The choice of and avoiding visible impressions from the seams tern is to be placed on the fabric and cut. As the
a specific faux fur should be based on its use in on the front of the garment. pattern is plotted, the grainline is one of the first
the garment, and whether it is washable or must This is by no means a complete list of what pattern markings to be drawn on the pattern.
be dry cleaned. Using contrasting fabric such as might be considered tricky or difficult-to-work- (Refer to Table 2.3 later in this chapter for more
satin or taffeta or the lined-to-the-edge method with fabrics but rather represents the fabrics most information.) Without marked grainlines, a pat-
reduces the bulk of traditional facings. often encountered by design students in class tern might be cut in any direction you chose;
projects. this could result in a peculiar, twisted-looking
Heavyweight Fabrics As you approach each chapter, the section garment that would be difficult to stitch to-
These fabrics require special treatment simply on tricky fabrics will guide you through the gether, and would drape and fit poorly.
because of their bulk. Heavyweight fabrics are dos and don'ts at each construction step. For
often stiff; match the style of the garment being example, if you are unsure whether a collar can Lengthwise Grain
designed to the weight of the fabric. Notched be made of a particular tricky fabric, consult This grainline is drawn parallel to the center
collars can be difficult to sew because of the bulk Chapter 11for details. frondcenter back of the pattern (Figure 2.2).
P ~ o f e i i i o n n lS e w i n g Techiziques foor D e s i g n e r s
Crosswise Grain
-
This grainline is drawn at a 90-degree anale to
the center frontkenter back (see Figure 2.2). To indicate the front of the garment, one You can see how important notches are and
notch is placed on the seamlines (Figure2.3a).To how they make a huge difference in the stitching
Bias Grain indicate the back of the garment, two notches are process-this is why correct pattern marking
This grainline is drawn at a 45-degree angle placed on the seamlines (Figure 2.3a). Very Iong results in correct stitching. When the notches
to the center frontlcenter back (Figure 2.2). seams may need more than one set of notches. have been marked on the pattern, snipped in
Notches are also placed in different positions the fabric, and matched together in the stitching
Notches along thc seamline (Figure 2.3b). Make sure that process, the garment will sit perfectly and drape
Notches are marked on the pattern when the if the pattern was flipped in the opposite direc- beautifully on the body.
pattern is being drafted. A notch is marked with tion, the notches could not be matched to any
a '/a-inch pencil mark drawn at a 90-degree angle other seam. Matchpoints and Dart Points
to the seamline. Notches can indicate the width When two fabric pieces are stitched to form Matchpoints indicate precisely the points that
of a dart, which fabric pieces are to be ?laced to- a seam, each end of the seam is pinned together. must come together when stitching a seam or
gether, and the amount of seam and hem allow- After this, the notches are pinned together and applying a pocket, pocket tab, or ruffle to the
ance to be stitched. then the seam is pinned in between these points. surface of the garment.' Both matchpoints are
Getting Prepared A v o i d i n g Snags
Pattern Labeling
Labeling of each pattern piece is important to
communicate the part of the garment the pat-
tern is meant for, the size of the pattern, and
how many fabric pieces need to be cut.
Figure 2.3a shows the pattern marking and
labeling that must he communicated on the pat-
terns for designs that are symmetrical. Notice
the bodice in this figure is the same on both
sides-this is what makes the bodice symmetri-
cal-both sides are equal and mirror images of
each other.
In Figure 2.3b the bodice is asymmetrical;
this means that both sides of the garment are
not equal or the same. Notice that every pattern
piece is a different shape, and each piece says
"Cut 1." The patter11 is also labeled "R.S.U."-
this stands for "Right Side Up." When the pat-
tern is placed on the fabric, it must be facing up The information listed helow must be com-
on the correct side of the fabric; this ensures the municated on every pattern:
garment can be stitched correctly if it is cut cor-
rectly. If the patterns were to be turned over to Name of pattern (Front, Back, Side Front,
the other side and cut, it would be impossible to Side Back, Sleeve, Collar, etc.)
stitch the garment! Refer to Figure 2.3b. Size of pattern
Patterns for asy~nmetricaldesigns can also Amouilt to be cut (Cut 1, Cut 2)
be labeled "W.S.U." (Wrong Side Up), which in- Whether the pattern is to be placed on the fold
dicates the pattern is placed on the wrong side of (Patterns cut on the fold are always Cut I.)
the fabric. How the pattern is laid on the fabric Whether interfacing is also to he cut from the
is guided by the fabric surface. garment pattern, and how Inany pieces are
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~.~.........~~~~......
'
to be cut (Label to communicate this-Cut
1.01 Cut 2 from self fabric, Cut 1 or Cut 2
interfacing, as shown in Figure 2.5a and b.)
PATTERN TIP
I f the pattern markings and notches are not
plotted on the pattern and then snipped and
marked i n the fabric, when the machinist
- side UD
R.S.U. = Richt
CF. = Center front
\4 CF notch
IMPORTANT
"k
Sttubbt hanun9
Enclosedseams: facings, collars, and knit seams
Side seam, shoulder seam, princess seams, and other seams
W
1" Centwback seam
Seams for fittings
GEOMETRY-GRAINLINES
Lengthwise grainline is a line drawn parallel to the Crosswise grainline is a horizontalline drawn at right Bias grainline is a diagonal line drawn at a &-degree
centerfront. angips to the center front. It is also referred to as 90- angle to the center front.
degree right angle.
Front bodice
Hem Allowances allowance. Wide, bulky hems look thick and Straight skirts made in a medium to heavy-
The hem allowance is the width between the ugly and show a ridge from the correct side of weight fabric can have 1%-inch to 2-inch hem
hemline and the hem edge. The hem allowance is the garment; this does not give a quality finish to allowances (Figure 2.9a).
folded back under the garment to the wrong side the garment. In general, the wider and fuller the A-line skirts have a wider silhouette, so
of the fabric; the clean finished edge is the fin- skirt, the narrower the hern width needs to be. reduce the hem allowance to 1%inches to
ished hemline. There are times that the designer
"
leaves a raw deconstructed hem edge as a design
detail. When stitching hems, the fabric and gar-
This is how bulk is reduced. The following tips
will help define the hem allowance used for dif-
ferent garment silhouettes. Also refer to Chapter
- reduce hulk (Figure 2.9b).
A flared skirt is wider again, so reduce the
hem allowance to 1 inch (Figure 2.9~).
ment silhouette determine the width of the hem 15 for more information about hems. A full-circle skirt is full and flouncy: reduce
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags
the hem width to '/z inch so bulk will not be BLE 2.4 SEAM ALLOWANCES
a concern. In sheer fabrics a narrow hem will
not shadow and will look inconspicuous from
Endwed
Seams
I
the correct side of the fabric (Figure 2.9d).
Hem allowances in knits are reduced to ?hto I
m n Fabrics and flnn Knits
grnwfill (incher) 1w 1t ' w. ~
-
I . - -.
*"
~
weft intersect
Warp yarns is the bias grainline
< t
Woven fabrics don't stretch like knits. Al- erally, patterns for knit fabrics don't need ease, Whether you are working with a knit or
though the fabric width does have a little give, darts, or fitting lines other than those required woven fabric will influence the stitches and
this is not to be confused with a stretch fabric. for fitting the side seams. The stretch element hem finishes used on the garment. When the
Both woven and knit fabrics stretch across replaces the need for ease. However, this aspect seams are stitched in woven fabrics, the edges
the bias grain and stretch at any angle be- is individualized depending on the amount of need to be finished because woven fabric frays
tween lengthwise and crosswise grains. stretch in each knit fabric. Knits can be stable, easily; on the other hand, knit fabrics need
The difference between a knit and a woven moderately stretchy, or stretchy. Ease must to be stitched with a stretch stitch and do not
fabric influences how the pattern is madc, be incorporated into the patterns for woven fray. However, the edges are frequently serged
and how the garment fits on the body. Gen- fabrics if the garment is to fit the body. to add a quality finish to the garment.
:ting Prepared: Avoiding Snal
Lengthwise Grain
The lengthwise grainis the most frequently used
grainline for cutting woven fabric. One reason
for this is that it has very little give; in other
words, it doesn't stretch. Consequently, when
vertical seams such as side seams or princess
seams are stitched, the lengthwise grain helps to
control the stitching and prevents seams from
stretching in the stitching process. Another
reason is very practical: the fabric layout is more
economical. (Refer to Figure 2.18.) Lengthwise grain
t Selvage
and the fabric will not drape in the same way as have an impact on the fit of the garment. When grain. Also notice that the garment has no center-
it would if the fabric were cut on the lengthwise a decision is made to cut a garment on the cross- back seam so it does not interrupt the flow of the
grain. Take a piece of fabric and observe this for grain, it is usually fabric driven, as is the case in border design; a left side seam zipper is used and
yourself. Cutting garments on the crossgrainpro- Figure 2.11. Notice that the fabric border adds a the neckline is large enough to slip over the head.
duces more "give" across the fabric, and this may bold accent on the hemline when cut on the cross- This is how fashion meets function.
P , o f e s s i o n a l Ser,rng T e c h n i q u e s for D e s i g n e r s
Bias Grain
Bias grain stretches the most and is therefore
more difficult to cut and stitch, but it is well
worth the effort! A bias-cut garment drapes
beautifully, especially in lightweight, sheer
fahric. Cutting a striped fabric on the bias grain
influences how the stripe looks in the final
design (Figure 2.12).
Knit Fabric
Knit fabric also has a grainline, hut different
terminology is used to describc it. The length-
wise grain is comprised of loops called wales.
The number of wales across the fabric depends
on the count (size or thickness) of the yarn used.
The crosswise grain on knit fabrics is formed by
loops called courses. Examine the vertical ribs
on knit fabric before cutting; to find the length-
wise grain, follow the direction of the wales, as
knits generally don't have a selvage. The courses place them in the washing machine on the knits benefit from the same process desc '
need to be at right angles to the wales for the rinse cycle using the minimum amount of earlier regarding wool.
fabric to be "on grain." water. Then place the fabric in the dryer; the D o not prewash fabric that requires dry
heat will shrink the fabric. cleaning.
Fabric Layout Preparation To preshrink fabrics that must be hand Many fabrics do not need to he prewashed.
Preshrinking the Fabric washed, prewash them by hand in cold water. Fabrics such as silk, rayon, polyester, and
If you were to take the fabric and immediately To preshrink wool, first lay the fabric on other synthetic fabrics do not necd to be pre-
cut it without doing the necessary preparation a flat surface that fully supports the entire shrunk; however, if you intend to hand wash
first, it could have disastrous effects on the final piece; next, place an iron directly above the a garment made in silk, then do prewash it
garment. Many fabrics shrink when they are fabric and continuously release steam into first.
laundered or dry cleaned. The most common of the fabric. Allow the fabric to dry completely
these are 100 percent cotton, wool, linen, rayon, before moving it. Or, finish the cut ends of Fabric Alignment
and knit fabrics. Many fabrics need to be pre- the yardage with serging or a zigzag stitch Before the patterns are laid on the fahric, the
shrunk so the fit of the garment is not affected and take it to the dry cleaners for shrinking. fabric needs to be aligned so the lengthwise and
after laundering. All knit fabrics shrink to some degree, so it is crosswise grains are positioned exactly at right
To preshrink machine-washable fabrics, best to prewash washable knit fabrics; wool angles to each other. To begin, align the fabric
G e t t t n g Prepared: Avotdtng Snags
on the crossgrain, from selvage to selvage, so it fabrics can be torn successfully, but fabrics Method 2: If the fabric is coarsely woven, get
is straight and "on grain." This is not done by with a coarse or loose weave cannot. Some close up to the fabric and, using good eye
ruling a line across the fabric and cutting along delicate fabrics may be affected by the action judgment, carefully cut across the weft cross-
the line. To align the crossgrain, use one of the of tearing, which can cause little pulls to grain. Checks and stripes can also be cut "on
following three methods: appear in the lengthwise grain. Knits will not grain" this way.
tear; only woven fabric can tear on the cross- Method 3: The third method is to pull a weft
Method 1: Tear the fabric firmly across the grain. Always sample first to see if the cross- thread across the fabric. This is quite easily
crossgrain. This method of aligning the grain of the fabric can be torn. To tear the done in coarsely woven fabrics. To do this,
fabric graininess is the most accurate. How- fabric, snip the selvage with scissors and tear snip into the selvage; pull out a weft fiber
ever, many fabrics cannot be torn because the fabric; snip the other selvage with scissors. with a pin and gently pull the fiber that
the action of tearing the fibers would be too The selvage can easily rip up the lengthwise shows the weft grain on the fabric; cut along
harsh. Synthetic fibers, some cottons, and silk grain if you don't cut with scissors. the pulled thread.
BACKSHIRT
CUT 1
SIZE 10
One-Way Design
The garment in Figure 2.15 has been cut from
a one-way fabric design. - Notice how the fabric
surface design in the layout all point inone direc-
tion; this is what classifies the fabric as a one-way
design. The fabric design also has a repeat pat-
tern, which must be matched across the fabric at
the side seams so when stitched, the fabric design
will continue around the garment. The front and
back pattern pieces have also been centered on
the fabric design. Fabrics with one-way designs
need this special attention in the cutting for the
garment to look spectacular. Keep the garment
design simple in these types of fabric and let the
fabric be the focus of the design.
sr F I G U R E 2.14 S T R A I G H T E N I N G T M E G R A I N
Napped Fabric
A one-way fabric layout is also needed when
cutting a pile weave or a napped fabric. When
After the crossgrain is perfectly cut "on grain," fabric back into alignment, fold the fabric on a fabric is napped, the short fiber ends of spun
fold the two selvages together as illustrated in the bias grain, hold at both ends, and gently pull yarns are raised with a soft fabric, surface and
Figure 2.13. Observe how the fabric lays; if it is the fabric, stretching the bias grain (Figure 2.14). the fibers lie smoothly in one direction. Because
perfectly flat, then the fabric is in alignment. If it Then refold the fabric with the selvages together of this, all napped fabric mast be cut in one
does not lay flat and looks distorted or twisted, to see if the fabricis inalignment. If the fabric still direction. When you touch napped fabric you
then the fabric is out of alignment. To pull the doesn't lie flat, repeat the process until it does. will notice that one direction ("with the nap")
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags
~ . . ~ ...~... ..~~ . . . . . ~
. ~ ~~
~ ~ ~~
~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ .
feels smooth while the other direction ("with- Although the fabric can be cut in either direc- special care when laying out the pattern and cut-
out nap") feels rough. As the light catches the tion, cutting must be directional; that is, all ting the fabric so the fabric pattern matches to-
fabric surface, the color will look different from patterns must be placed on the fabric one way. gether on all seamlines. Fabrics with repeat pat-
different directions. Hold the fabric against Some pile weave fabrics are velvet, terry cloth, terns require extra yardage, so make sure you
your body and look downward along the fabric. corduroy, and suede-cloth. purchase enough fabric initially.
Fabric "without nap" has a rich depth of color.
When holding the fabric "with nap," it looks Repeat Pattern Large Prints
lighter and more delicate in color. The fabric can The fabric in Figure 2.15 is not only a one-way Plan carefully; don't place large flowers or cir-
be cut in either direction; however, the darker fabric design but it also has a repeat pattern. cles on the bust and backside. Place the patterns
option is often preferred because of its richness. Fabrics that have a repeat fabric need extra- on the print so any motifs are centered on the
Proferrional Sewing Techniques for Designers
Checks
Plaids and checks need to be
cut carefully so that when the
garment is stitched together
the checks match horizon-
tally and vertically on the
garment (at the shoulder
seams and other horizontal F I G U R E 2.16 C U T T I N G A GARMENT I N CHECK F A B R I C
seams). Again, time and careful
preparation are required when laying pat-
terns on checked or plaid fabric. Garments with You will notice that the front underarm seam across the fabric mtlst match on the side seams.
bold checks that do not match draw attention does not match the back underarm seam on the If the stripes are cut to match, then they
to a badly designed and constructed garment. same check. It is impossible to match the under- will be stitched to match. Figure 2.17
Checks can be even or uneven; uneven checks arms for the entire seam length when there is a illustrates how a striped fabric can be
cannot be matched in both directions. The fabric dart in the side seam. So match the checks from cut on all three grainlines.
in Figure 2.16 is a one-way check fabric. Can you the hem up to the first dart leg.
see this? If the garment patterns were turned Fabric Border
upside down, the color blocking would be in a Stripes Fabrics with borders have a decorative design
different order. So, this fabric has to be cut direc- Stripes can be lots of fun to work with. They mnning down the length of the fabric. Garments
tionally, and the grainline indicates this clearly. offer the designer broad scope to be creative are usually cut on the crossgrain to take advan-
The pattern also needs to be centered. in how the fabric is cut. Striped fabric can be tage of the border design. Very often the border
When placing the patterns on the fabric, cut on the lengthwise, crosswise, or bias grain. is scalloped, or it may be a fabric print, as in
make sure the notches and pattern markings The cutting of a wide stripe takes more time Figure 2.11. Bordered fabrics are often embroi-
match in the same check. Place the underarm and thought to plan than a tiny, narrow stripe, dered, with eyelet designs or scalloped lace. Let
seams of the sleeve and body on the same check. which does not need matching. Stripes cut the border be used to the design's advantage.
G e t t i n g Prepared: Avoiding Snags
F I G U R E 2.17 C U T T I N G S T R I P E F A B R I C
Allover Print or a Fabric with a this before purchasing the fabric so you know
Plain &$ace the exact yardage for the design.
Fabric can be cut with the patterns topped
and tailed. This means that the patterns can be When laying out the fabric, it can be folded
turned in either lengthwise direction, as illus- in half down the length by bringing the sel-
trated in Figure 2.18. The print in this figure has vage edges together. Place the correct sides of
an allover fabric print and does not have a pre- the fabric together and pin the selvage edges 2.3b). Clean the cutting surface first. Lay a
dominant design to be matched or centered on together every 4 to 5 inches. This is an ideal piece of pattern paper on the table when cut-
the fabric. Many fabrics can be cut this way. method for cutting designs that are sym- ting delicate fabric so it does not snag. Place
metrical (Figure 2.13). the correct side of the fabric facing down on
Fabric Layout If the design is asymmetrical, then the pat- the table. Figures 2.18 and 2.19 both illustrate
Before cutting the fabric, do a practice layout to terns must be placed on a single layer of fabric cut in a single layer.
plan how the pattern pieces will be placed on fabric. Be sure to place the patterns correctly Delicate fabrics such as chiffon, georgette,
the fabric. This ensures you will have adequate following the pattern directions (R.S.U. or and silk charmeuse can be slippery to cut.
yardage before you begin. It is a good idea to do W.S.U.) so they will be cut correctly (Figure When the fabric is delicate and slippery, draw
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
F I G U R E 2.18 CUTTING
AN ALLOVER PRINT: THE
PATTERNS ARE TOPPED
AND TAILED. Back' '
cut 1
Front
cut 1
* +
-
Two directional fabric can
be cut in both directions
pins on the corner of each pattern section Embroidery Scissors of stitching is what you use to clip the threads
and place some pins in between (Figure 2.20). when stitching. Sit the thread clippers by the
Embroidery scissors are approximately 4 to
Don't overpin, as this takes too much time machine so they can be easily picked up to snip
6 inches long; they are small and used for de-
and is not necessary; just use a sufficient threads. Using thread clippers is faster and
tailed cutting such as cutting into a point or
number of pins to hold the patterns to the cutting the end of each buttonhole. It is better
more efficient than scissors-time efficiency
fabric. Place weights on the fabric to stabilize is important in manufacturing, so try to be
to use embroidery scissors when cutting into
it before you begin cutting. these areas, as small scissors are easier to con-
conscious of this while in design school. When
trol than large scissors. threads are snipped with larger scissors, you
Cutting Equipment run the risk of cutting the fabric by mistake.
Figure 2.1 shows the hand cutting equipment Thread Clippers Using thread clippers gives you more control
needed to cut fabric, interfacing, underlining, Thread clippers should sit right by your side over what you are doing. Oh yes-thread clip-
lining, and threads. as you stitch. The SEW, CLIP,PRESS method pers are not for cutting fabric!
Scissors
Purchase a quality pair of scissors for cutting
fabric and never use them for cutting paper.
Bent-handled scissors are shaped for comfort;
the handles accommodate more fingers so you
have better control when cutting fabric. A good,
average pair of scissors to use in design school
would be 7 to 8 inches long. In manufacturing
settings, larger scissors are used, at least 10 to 12
inches long. Right- or left-handed scissors are
available. Have your scissors sharpened if they
are not cutting fabric accurately.
Rotary Cutter/Mats
Some students like to use a rotary cutter, as they
find them quick and efficient for cutting. They
also come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Make
sure a mat is placed underneath the fabric when
using the rotary cutter. Otherwise, the cuts will
indent the table, and later, if delicate fabrics are
placed on the table, they could snag.
FIGURE 2.19 CUTTING DELICATE FABRIC
Professional Sewing Techniques f o r Designers
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . . ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . .
Selvage
Cutting the Fabric If you have a difficult angle to cut, then move tern piece, as this will misshape your garment
Once the fabric is laid on the table and cutting your body so you can cut at any angle rather and change the fit. Smooth, accurate cutting is
begins, the fabric must not be moved; once each than moving the fabric. Fabric that is moved can essential.
piece is cut, then it can be moved. Many stu- easily slip out of alignment and move off grain. After the fabric is cut, the pattern markings
dents sit and cut and then twist the fabric this When cutting fabric, use sharp scissors or are transferred to the fabric to give the direc-
way and that to cut armholes and necklines and shears. Cut outside the edge of the pattern; tion for how to stitch the garment together. We
other difficult angles. No-this is not the way to don't cut off any of the pattern. And don't add cannot stress enough how important it is to
cut! Stand up and be in control of your work. any extra fabric when cutting around each pat- transfer all the pattern markings to the wrong
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags
. ........ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ... .... . ~ ~ . ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
A) F l G U R E 2.21A F A B R I C
side of the fabric before you begin to stitch-ul- MARKING PEN
Snipping Notches
Notches snipped in the fabric should be no
longer than '/s inch in length. It is important
that notches not be cut longer than this length.
Many students cut very long notches and cut
into the seamline, which makes it impossible to
stitch the most basic seam.
IMPORTANT - -
Always sample the trarlng paper on your
fabric. checking to see if it can be easily
removed from the fabric with a damp cloth. face when stitched. An awl can also be used to with a fabric marking pen, such as Mark-B-
brush, or fabric eraser. Applying heat to the mark these positions on fabric, as indicated in Gone, or chalk (a Chaco-liner dispenses the
traced markings will set the markings into Figure 2.21b. Push the awl gently through the chalk in a fine line), on the wrong side of the
the fabric. fabric and don't make the hole too big. fabric (Figyre 2.21a). To mark, place a pin
Dart and matchpoints can also be marked througbboth layers of fabric (if cut on the fold)
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
... ... ... . . . . .. . . .......................
TRACING
PAPER 1 :ORRECTSIDE
BF FABRIC
NEEDLE POINT -
TRACING WHEEL
J F FABRIC
1 I
The goal when stitching your project is to find NOTE ew specialty needles, in all sizes. This may seem
the combination of fabric, needles, and threads Several liquid sewing aids, such as Sewer's ike a lot of needles, but remember that needles
that gives the best results. That is why sampling Aid, have been developed to help the thread ~reakfrequently, particularly when students
pass through the tension discs for smoother re rushing to meet deadlines. The parts of the
is so important. Poor-quality thread can affect
stitching. Ifyou find that the thread is not pass-
the tension of the stitches by feeding through leedle are shown in Figure. 2.22a. The different
ingsmoothly along the threading path, add a
the tension discs unevenly, resulting in unbal- dropof theSewer'sAid,very sparingly, to the
components of the needle are:
anced stitches. This creates weak seams, which spooland the bobbin thread. This is especially
results in precious time spent ripping out and helpfulwhen usingdecorative threads. The shank-the top section of the needle that
redoing stitches. The wrong-sized needle can fits into the sewing machine
ruin the fabric by pulling threads in the fabric, The shaft-the long body of the needle
causing runs; or leave holes in seam allowances recede. To highlight stitching on the surface, The groove-found on the front of the shaft
that have to be ripped out; or worse, break in use a contrasting color. in home sewing needles and on the back of
the middle of a seam, causing a rip or tear in the
fabric. Most often, the thread used in the needle How Do I Choose the Appropriate
of the sewing machine is also used in the bobbin. Thread for My Fabric?
Keep in mind the following: Choosing the correct thread for the fabric being
used is critical to good stitching. Without well-
Create a sample using the fabric, the needle, formed stitches, the seams won't hold, and
and the thread that will be used for the final without good seams, you won't have a quality
garment. Make a note of the information on garment! Threads should be selected for their
the sample worksheet; keep this handy for ref- color, weight, and the type of stitching being
erence when stitching the same fabric again. done. The thread must be compatible in weight
Industrial sewing machines have the timing with the fabric being stitched-you wouldn't
set to stitch a balanced stitch with thread on use jeans thread on silk charmeuse. Different
cones of several thousand yards, usually sup- threads can be used for different purposes, and
plied in black and white-check with your more than one thread can be used in a project.
instructor to see if other types of thread such
as Gutterman or Mettler will work in the NEEDLES
machines, or sample! Sewing machine needles are small but hugely
When stitching will be visible on the surface important-needles can make or break your
of the garment, color match the thread or stitch. The type should be selected according
use a contrasting color; if a matching color is to the construction of the fabric, and the size
not available, choose a slightly darker shade should be selected according to the weight of FIGURE 2.22A FIGURE 2.226
to blend into the background-dark colors the fabric. It's always a good idea to have on SINGLE NEEDLE TWIN NEEDLE
Professional Sewing Techniques f o r Designers
I
Sewing Machine Needle Types Universal: The universal needle has a modi-
The type of needle required depends on the fied ballpoint tip and works well on both NOTE
weight of your fabric, and the needle size is woven and knit fabrics. Because of its shape, Twin needles are used only in front-to-back
I
it also helps to prevent skipped stitches. It is threading machines with zigzagfeatures.
an essential contributor to the way the needle
The needles must be able to fit into the width
works. The needle should be small enough to available in sizes 8 to 19.
of the throat plate of the machine.
pierce the fabric without leaving a hole; if the Ballpoint The ballpoint needle is specifically
needle is too large, it can leave holes in the fabric designed for knit and elastic fabrics and has
or cause the thread to shred. The thread must a rounded point rather than a sharp point. * Metallic needle: Metafil and Metallica needles
lie along the groove of the needle to form good The needle pushes between the yarns rather are used for sewing with decorative metallic
stitches. If the thread is too thick, it will move than piercing them. This needle is available threads. These needles have a large elongated
out of the groove, causing the thread to break in sizes 9 to 16; the larger the needle size, the eye and groove that allows fragile metallic
or skip stitches. If the thread is too fine, the more rounded is the needle point. and synthetic threads to flow through the eye
stitches might be loose on top of the fabric. Leather: This needle has a special wedge- smoothly. They are available in sizes 11and 14.
Just as there are good-quality threads, so are shaped cutting tip that allows it to pierce Embroidery needle: This needle is designed
there good-quality needles. A cheaper needle heavy leathers. Do not use this needle on to stitch with the fine threads used in ma-
might seem like a bargain, but it will wear out imitation leathers, suede, vinyl, or woven chine embroidery. Because it is a very stable
faster, cause damage to your fabric, and possi- fabrics-it will cut the fabric rather than pierce needle, it can withstand the high stitching
bly damage the sewing machine. Sewing ma- it. This needle is available in sizes 10 to 19. speeds of machine-embroidered designs.
chine needles cannot be sharpened; replace the Microtex/Sharp: This needle has a very sharp Available in sizes 11 and 14, this needle is
sewing machine needle after each project or ap- point for sewing microfibers, silk, synthetic suitable for woven fabric or knits.
proximately every four to eight hours of sewing leather, or suede and can also be used for heir- Twin needles: This needle is actually two
time. Synthetic fabrics, fleece, and heavy up- loom stitching. It is available in sizes 8 to 16. needles on a single shaft that produces two
holstery fabric dull needles faster. Embroidery Jeans/Denim: This needle has a strong, rows of straight stitching on the surface with
designs with thousands of stitches require fresh slender shaft and sharp tip to pierce heavy, a zigzag stitch underneath (Figure 2.22b).
needles frequently. tightly woven fabrics such as denim, canvas, Suitable for both woven and knit fabrics,
The needle types and sizes recommended for upholstery fabric, artificial leather, and these needles come with two sets of number-
articular fabrics are listed in Table 2.2 and de- canvas. It has a longer eye, which makes it ing. The first number indicates the needle
scribed below. suitable for topstitching as well. This needle size. For instance, 4.0/80 indicates there are
is available in sizes 10 to 18. two size 80 (12) needles set 4.0 mm apart.
Topstitching: This extra-sharp needle is not as Twin needles are available in universal,
I
IMPORTANT rounded as the universal. It has a longer eye ballpoint, jeans, and stretch variations, with
Alwoysson~plathe thread, needle, and fabric and deeper groove to accommodate heavier needle widths set 1.6 to 8.0 mm apart and
before beginning the garment. topstitching and decorative threads. This type needle sizes of 70 to 100.
of needle is available in sizes 10 to 16. Other specialty needles: Many needles on the
Professional Sewing Techniqrces for Designers
TABLE 2.5 NEEDLES AND THREADS TO USE WHEN STITCHING TRICKY FABRICS HOWDO I Choose the Appropriate
Mpchine Needle for M y Project?
Determine the needle size by the fabric weight.
After choosing the needle size, match the
needle point to the fabric.
The needle type and name are usually deter-
mined by the characteristics of the point.
The style of seam being constructed often
requires a specialty needle, such as for top-
stitching, in addition to the needle being used
for general garment construction. Refer to
Chapter 6 for detailed information.
market address other stitching techniques, Needles and Threads to Use When Bobbins
such as triple, hemstitch, spring, quilting, Stitching Tricky Fabrics A bobbin is a small spool that holds approxi-
self-threading, and titanium-coated needles. It Table 2.5 lists needle and thread information for mately 50 or more yards of thread, placed into
is up to the student designer to research which use in stitching the tricky fabrics that are cov- a bobbin case, which is inserted into the sewing
needle will produce the best result in tandem ered in every chapter. machine (Figure 2.1). All sewing machines re-
with the thread and fabric being used. quire a specific type of bobbin in order to be
G e t t i n g Prepared: Avoiding Snags
.. . ~~ ~ ~~~~~-~~~~~~~ . ~~ .~..
FIGURE 2.23 THREADING THE SEWING MACHINE: FIGURE 2.24A AND B CHECKING THE BOBBIN TENSION
EACH INDUSTRIAL SEWING MACHINE I S THREADED
I N A SIMILAR WAY; HOWEVER, THE NEEDLES
USED FOR EACH BRAND OF MACHINE MAY DIFFER
SLIGHTLY.
Upperthread &
bobbin threads
pulled back Tension Have lever
underthe adjustment in this
Bobbin
foot readv direction
to stitch / to insent
/ a)
bobbin
P u l l t h e throat plate to the leR
and insert the b o b b i n underneath 'Lever
able to form stitches with the upper thread of is pushed forward to lock it in place. The thread ity usually stem from improperlywound bobbins.
the sewing machine. If the bobbin is wound too is threaded through a spool holder and a separate The only answer is to remove the bobbin and the
fast, it will be uneven and lumpy, resulting in tension disc that winds the thread smoothly onto thread, and start over, slowly winding the thread
poor stitch quality. the bobbin. If the spool holder is not threaded onto the bobbin.
properly, the thread will wind onto the bobbin in
Winding the Bobbin a mess-and it will not feed properly through the Tension
Onindustrialsewingmachines,thebobbinwinder bobbin case to form good stitches. When student Check the bobbin tension. To do this, thread
is located on the outside of the machine. A spindle designers are becoming familiar with industrial the bobbin and hold the thread in one hand with
holds the bobbin (only) in place after a small lever sewing machines, problems with the stitch qual- the bobbin hanging below (Figure 2.24a). Shake
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
the thread; the bobbin should bounce down Inserting the Bobbin into the ~ a c h i n e 2.24b). The lever must close with a click, indi-
with the thread still holding the bobbinin place. The bobbin is placed inside the bobbin case, cating that the bobbinlbobbin case is indeed
If the bobbin does not move, then the tension is with the thread plaied throuih the tension locked into position. If it is not clearly locked
too tight. If the thread lets the bobbin run away, slot. A small, hinged lever is opened to slide the into place, the needle thread will not meet the
then tension is too loose. bobbinlbobbin case onto the spindle located bobbin thread to form a stitch, and the needle
under the throat plate of the machine (Figure will break, causing possible damage to the
a) b) d el
Temporarymachine Easelgathering Penanent Top stitches
basting stitches stitcher stitches
bobbin case and to the timing of the machine. The stitch length is most important, as the
I
As every industrial sewing machine is different, stitches need to hold the garment together. NOTE
and each bobbinlbobbin case is individualized When instructors grade garments. students
to the sewing machine for which it is manufac- LET'S STITCH! will lose points if threads have not been
tured, it is impossible for the bobbindbobbin There is rhythm to sewing and it goes like this: clipped and the garment has not been
adequately pressed.
cases to be interchanged. Turn the hand wheel S E K CLIP, PRESS. This stitching rhythm
one full turn to bring the bobbin thread to the should be used from the start when you begin
needle plate opening. This forms a loop with your first row of stitching. This method of tionally as it was sewn, is called melding the
the upper thread and is pulled up and under stitching needs to be firmly planted in the sew- stitches. This simply means that the stitches
the presser foot, ready to begin stitching. er's mind from the beginning; with experience, are being set into the fabric by pressing in the
it will become second nature to you. Be assured direction in which they were sewn. So the
STITCHW it will ultimately be quicker as you methodi- wise person presses as he/she sews!
Stitch Lengths cally sew, clip, and press. At the end of your project the garment
Not all seams will be stitched using the same should only need a light press. Students
stitch lengths. The number of stitches stitched per always feel rushed to meet deadlines (we
inch needs to be adequate to hold the garment se- S stands for SEW-sew the seam. see this constantly) and if you follow this
curely together. The stitch length determines the C stands for CLIP-Clip the threads a s you sew. process of SEW, CLIP, PRESS, the finishing
stitch durability. Longer stitches are temporary, P stands for PRESS-Press the seams as you sew. touches to the garment will be minimal. Get-
and shorter stitches are stronger. The stitch length ting to the deadline will not be as stressful.
is also determined by the purpose of the stitch- FollowingtheSEW, CLIP, PRESS method of stitch- Refer to Chapter 18 for details on finishing
ing. Figure 2.25 sets out the length of stitches ing will help to produce a professional-quality the garment.
used when stitching muslin, the fabric that is most garment. There's a lot of competition out there, so
often used to teach sewing at school: while at school learn to sew at the highest standard Stitching Seams
possible. Insert the correct needle size to suit the
Machine basting stitches (Figure 2.25a) fabric type and weight.
Ease/Gathering stitches (Figure 2.25b) Use muslin fabric to practice stitching, as
Permanent stitches (Figure 2.25~) Why Is This Method of Stitching Important? muslin is a good, medium-weight fabric on
Staystitch (Figure 2.25d) The garment will always be clean with no which to practice.
Topstitching (Figure 2.25e) threads to get tangled up; this helps to keep When sampling, place two layers of fabric to-
your work manageable. gether with the correct sides together. As you
Stitches are scrutinized in production in qual- Pressing as you sew ensures that after every stitch, check to make sure the needle is not
ity control. Garments with too few stitches will seam is stitched, it lays flat, ready to stitch making little pulls in the fabric. If it is, stop
not hold together and will be sent back to the the next seam to this section. Little pleats or stitching and use a different needle size to
manufacturer, and this will incur a huge cost for puckers can be stitched into unpressed seams avoid damaging your fabric. Table 2.2 lists the
the manufacturer. very easily. Pressing each seam flat, direc- needle sizes that best suit each fabric weight.
Professional Sewing Techniqires for Designers
Reducing Bulk
Bulk occurs when several layers of fabric are
stitched together and refers to the thickness of
the seams. Thick seams can produce an ugly
ridge on the correct side of the fabric if the bulk
is not reduced. It is most important to attend
to reducing bulk as seams are stitched, rather
than thinking you can get back to it later. It's
/ not always possible to get back inside a garment
F I G U R E 2.26A, 8. C STITCH L E N G T H S FOR M U S L I N section after it's been stitched.
Getting Prepared: Avoiding Snags 63
Fabric weights are not all uniform; they to remove the stitches without damaging the
divide into heavyweight, medium weight, and fabric, they must be taken out with consider-
lightweight fabrics. Depending on the fabric ation of the fabric and the thread using a seam
weight and the type of seam stitched, bulk is ripper (Figure 2.27).
more prevalent in some seams than others. Bulk A very handy tool, the seam ripper is available
needs to be reduced from collar corners, over- in many configurations, but the best seam ripper
lapping pleats, intersecting seams, seam inser- is one that feels comfortable in the hand and is
tions (when a trim or binding is added into a large enough to grip without the fingers going
seam), and any other thick seams. The follow- numb. The point of the seam ripper should be
ing references from other chapters will help you very sharp, and the small, curved section (which
to understand bulk. is actually the cutting blade) should be sharp as
well, to easily slice through any thread.
Figure 6.29a shows how bwlk is cut away When faced with removing a long section of
from an intersecting seam to reduce the stitches, carefully place the point of the seam
thickness. ripper under a stitch, lifting it slightly away
Figure 6.34b shows how excessfabricis cut from the fabric and cutting through it with the
away from a flat-felled seam to reduce bulk. curved area of the ripper. Continue this process
Figure 6.18d shows a seam with piping; this every inch or so. Once you remove the bobbin
type of seam becomes very thick with four thread from the other side of the seamline, the
layers of fabric and bwlk needs to be reduced short, cut threads will pull out easily. Do not
so the seam does not show a ridge from the attempt to pull the entire length of stitches out
correct side of the fabric. by yanking on the thread-the threads will FIGURE 2.27 SEAM RIPPER: HOW TO USE
Figure 15.27 shows how to reduce b d k from tighten up and be even more difficult to remove
a scallop seam allowance. while possibly ripping the fabric. Never attempt you plan to use, interfacing choice, and the sup-
Bulk is also reduced in hems to prevent ugly to remove stitches by pulling the fabric apart. plies needed. It also gives a clear direction for
ridges from showing on the correct side of the stitching order (Figure 2.29) you will use
the fabric. Look at Figure 15.7 to see how to PROJECT PREPARATION to stitch the garment together. Even though
reduce bulk on hems. It is really important to begin any new project there is a general stitching order (and this book
with preparation. Students who start stitching is written in this order), that order may change
How to Use a Seam Ripper to the garment without first planning it can get into for each style. For example, a pocket may be
Remove Unwanted Stitches a muddle. We advise you think through every stitched to the fabric surface as the first step in
No matter how carefully we stitch, occasion- garment project first before beginning to stitch. the stitching order, or it could be stitched last in
ally the stitches are off, the stitch quality is not Filling in a design worksheet (Figure 2.28) the stitching order. So individualize your own
good, the stitching is not the correct length-in will help you to define the fabric type, weight, stitching order for each garment.
short, the stitches need to be removed. In order and fibers, along with the seam and hem stitches Stitch seam and hem samples after cut-
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g T e c h n i q n e s for D e s i g n e r s
Description of Garment
I
1 Fabric Swatches
Outer Fabric/Lining/Interfacing
Before beginning your garment, think through the stitching order. Before beginning any garment stitch some samples to decide on the best
Write down the constructional order of how the garment will be stitching techniques to suit your fabric and design. Several samples need
stitched together. to be stitched before deciding on the best one for the project. This prepa-
ration is well worth the time involved as it may save making stitching
1. mistakes on the actual garment. Also sample some stabilizers to find the
one to suit your fabric.
2.
3.
4. 2" x 2" Interfacing
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Seam Stitching
11.
12.
13.
14. or Topstitching
15.
56 Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
..................................... ~ ..~....~... . .~.. . ........................................
. ~ ~ . ~ .. . ~ .
ened, the sleeve cut shorter, and so on, until the time to acquire your own equipment, but you able to press a fabric sample first before pressing
designer is satisfied with the new proportions will soon find you are unable th live without the~garment.
and fit of the -garment. Muslin is the fabric (100 these tools, as they really do give great support
percent cotton) most often used to fit garments, when pressing beautiful fabric. Pressing Cloth
and the term making.muslin refers to this activ- A pressing cloth is a square of open-weave
ity. Once the muslin version is satisfactory, the Ironing Board cotton or muslin fabric about the size of a men's
garment is cut in the final fabric. However, the An ironing board is used for ironing clothes and handkerchief (Figure 2.31~).Actually, a white
fitting does not stop there. In fact, the garment linen (Figure 2.31a). Ironing boards can be free- men's handkerchief is the perfect pressing cloth!
is in development until the last stitch! standing, built in, pullout, or fold away. Which- The pressing cloth is placed over the fabric sur-
It is always best to make all muslins using a ever style of ironing board is used, the padded face for protection and to prevent the iron from
weight that is similar to the fabric that will be work surface should be heat resistant. An iron- leaving shine marks. The cloth can be dampened
used in your final garment. At school, stitch- ing board has a cotton ironing board cover that to provide extra steam when pressing. A natu-
ing and patternmaking fittings are made using should be replaced when damaged or worn. ral-colored piece of silk organza also makes an
muslin fabric, and this is an excellent choice for excellent pressing cloth; since it is sheer you can
practicing. However, it is very difficult to get an Steam Iron see what you are doing when pressing.
accurate first fit inmuslinwhen the final garment A steain iron is used for pressing seams, hems, Wool/mohair can be used as a press cloth for
you are making will be constructed of a heavier- and the final garment (Figure 2.31b). The iron has tweeds and knits; it works like a needle board,
weight fabric, for example, a coat of heavy wool a metal plate that smoothly glides over the fabric. preventing the nap from being flattened when
tweed. It is impossible to get an accurate fit and An iron has a temperature dial to control the pressed. A rectangle of woolJmohair can be
drape when your final garment will be made of heat. On domestic irons the dial is marked with stitched to have a single layer of cotton such as
a fabric that is lighter in weight than the muslin, fabric types such as "linen/cotton," "wool/silk," muslin on one side and be finished on all sides
for example, if 100percent cotton muslin is used and "synthetic." At school it's not that simple, as with a serger.
to make a draft garment that will be manufac- the dial is numbered 1,2,3,4,5. The numbers on
tured as a final garment from lightweight, sheer the dial indicate the following settings: number Seam Roll
silk georgette. 1 is the lowest setting and corresponds to fabrics A seam roll is a firm cylinder-like cushion cov-
When making a muslin for leather, use felt; that require low temperatures, such as synthet- ered with cotton on one side and wool on the
this an ideal substitute fabric. For coats and ics, rayons, and so forth; number 2 corresponds other (Figure 2.31d). A seam roll is used to press
jackets made in wool or cashmere, use uphol- to silk without steam; number 3 corresponds long, narrow seams such as the inseam or out-
stery fabric as the muslin. to wool and is the beginning of adding steam; seam of a pant leg or underarm seams. Use the
number 4 corresponds to linen; and number 5 cotton side for pressing most fabrics; the wool
PRESSING EQUIPMENT is the highest setting, with the most amount of side can be used for pressing woolen fabrics.
Having the correct pressing tools helps to heat, which in the case of the gravity-feed irons Using a seam roll helps to avoid seam impres-
achieve quality workmanship. Pressing is im- is really hot! Change the heat temperature to sions that might otherwise show to the correct
portant, as you are about to find out. It may take match the fabric type when pressing. It is advis- side of the garment after pressing.
FIGURE 2.51 PRESSING EaUIPMENT
Sleeve Board ends to steam out ease at the cap of sleeves. If darts, sleeve head, lapels, collars, and curved
A sleeve board is a small-scale wooden iron- you make half-size muslins at school, the sleeve areas of a garment (Figure 2.30f). The covering
ing board with rounded, padded ends (Figure board is excellent for pressing a smaller size. is usually of wool and cotton.
2.31e). It is a wonderful pressing tool. It is used
for pressing sleeves, short seams, and hard-to- Tailor's Ham HOW TO PRESS A GARMENT
get-at areas that do not fit over a regular-sized A tailor's ham is a firm, rounded, or oval cush- Construction pressing has a basic aim: to press
ironing board; it canalso beusedon the rounded ion that provides a pressing surface to shape a specific detail without pressing the entire area.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . ~. .. ~~~~~ ~~~ .. .~~ ~
~~ ~ ~
The garment has to be positioned correctly and impression on the front of the garment. turned to the inside of the garment shape
the proper equipment must be used to press a Bust darts-press dawn. : with the fingers to perfect the line of the
detail. Always press on the grain in the same di- Waistline and shoulder darts-press toward faced edges.
rection the stitching was done. Don't skip steps, center front or center back of the garment. Hems-press with the wrong side of the gar-
because ~ressingmakes the next construction Double-pointed darts or contour darts- ment facing out, using a lifting rather than a
step easier. Keep all pressed garment sections as clip at the widest point to lie flat and press gliding motion. Always press the hem along
flat as possible rather than rolled up in a ball, or toward the center front or center back of the the fabric grain from hemline to hem edge.
thrown in a bag (and thus needing to be pressed garment. Gathers and shirring-press by working
again before you are able to continue sewing). Darts in heavyweight fabric-slash to within the point of the iron into the gathers and
Overpressing can ruin fabric! Take pride in the M inch of the dart point, place over the tai- pressing toward the stitching line. Avoid
work accomplished from the very beginning of lor's ham, and press open with the point of creases by lifting the folds away from the
each garment. the iron. Then press again along each side of iron as pressed.
Remove pins and basting before pressing- the stitching line. Pleats-these are basted before pressing on
pins can mar the fabric as well as the iron. Use Elbow darts-press before the sleeve is the wrong side of the fabric along the foldline
silk thread to baste to avoid leaving impressions constructed. Then press the seam open on a to set the crease. From the correct side of the
in the fabric when pressing. sleeve board. garment, remove the basting; press, using
Always press the seams as they are stitched, Sleeve cap easing-steam press easing to a strip of paper under each pleat to prevent
pressing the seams flat as they are sewn, and then shape. leaving an impression.
open to either side. Then place the seams on a Shoulder seams-press crosswise, the way
seam roll, a tailor's ham, or on the edge of the the shoulder curves away from the seamline, Final pressing can be kept to a minimum touch-
sleeve board. Smooth the fabric crosswise and and press the seam open on the underside up here and there if each step of construction
open the seam. Press the point of the iron in the from the neckline to the armhole. Then, from pressing has been done with care. Hang the gar-
direction of the grain. Finally, press the seam on the correct side of the fabric, shape and press ment properly to maintain its shape-choose
the outside of the garment, using a press cloth. the back shoulder line on the lengthwise a strong, contoured hanger. Fasten buttons
Areas that are to be shaped are placed over grain around the edge of the curved seam roll or closures and zippers to retain the garment
a section of the tailor's ham or a seam roll that or tailor's ham. shape. Refer to Chapter 18 for more informa-
properly fits the area to be pressed. Garment Armhole seam-lay the top sleeve seam (be- tion on final pressing.
areas that must be shaped in this way are: tween the notches) with edges together, over
the edge of the sleeve board with the sleeve TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Curved seams such as a yoke or bodice seam. side up. Use the point of the iron to press the Once you get into the rhythm of sampling a
Bust and waistline curves on a fitted seam. seam allowances only. (The underarm section project, transfer this system of stitching to all
Waistline seams-press toward the bodice. of the seam should not be pressed open; it's other stitching. Just don't sample muslin fabric;
Darts and tucks-place a strip of paper trimmed.) transfer your knowledge and sample every
under the fold of the dart to avoid leaving an Understitched facings-are pressed and fabric before beginning a new garment.
G e t t i n g Prepared: Avoiding Snags
..........................................
his chapter discuss@th&i'&@rtance of using stabilizers to add structure, shape, and KEY TERMS
T ,..l,,;.--.. . . ' ~ ~
reinforcement to garments. O'ur first impression of a garment is the silhouette, which is tha
outside shape of the garment. Whether the garment silhouette has volume or is close fitting, .
. .
. .
. ..
~8dbrie
., . Stabilize?
': ' ~.,F~&&&I~-'
attention needs to be given to the foundation of the garment and how it is going to be built or fi~~~.b;itings
structured. Sometimes when a garment is on the runway in a student fashion show, the struc- . int&f&cing
STISlUZlUG 61-
WITH TAPE
INSIDEVIEW OF "LSD"
F
ing, such as at the collar and cuffs. Still other applies to clothing. The foundation in clothing is
garments only need their edges stabilized with the stabilizer; it is an additional layer that offers IMPORTANT
tape for reinforcement and to prevent the fabric light-, medium-, or heavyweight support to a Don't be tempted to skip this step-it is im-
from stretching in the construction process. fabric before or during the construction process portant! If a necessary stabilizer is left out of
thegarment. you may bevery disappointed
The tweed wool coat, plaid wool dress, and the to hold the garment shape. Some fabrics don't
with the finished product.
popular "little black dress" (LBD) in Figure have the crispness and body needed to hold the
3.1 have all been stabilized to different degrees. shape of the garment. For example, a skirt made
Inside views show how each garment has been in medium-weight taffeta, gathered at the waist-
structured with a stabilizer (see Figure 3.lb, d, line, will hold a crisp structured shape, while a Adds quality and extends the life of the
and f). Each style in the Style I.D. will be re- floaty silk georgette fabric won't hold the shape garment.
ferred to throughout this chapter. in the same way-it drapes quite differently. Sta- Can add softness; stabilizers don't necessar-
bilizers can be added in many different ways to ily make the garment feel stiff.
GATHER YOUR TOOLS give support and structure to the garment when Prevents the garment from wrinkling.
Think ahead and purchase a variety of fusible needed. Can improve the fit of the garment.
and nonfusible stabilizers, a few yards of in- A stabilizer can add structure to the entire Prevents the garment from sagging or
terfacing in different weights and colors, and garment, as illustrated by the coat in Figure stretching out of shape.
stabilizing tapes (bias and straight grain tapes). 3.lb, or to individual parts, such as the collar, Prevents seams from stretching or puckering
Don't depend on your local fabric store to have cuffs, and midriff section of the plaid wool in the stitching process; seams lay flatter
these items in stock. It is recommended that you dress in Figure 3.ld. A stabilizing tape can also with a stabilizer.
look online for these products and order now! add lightweight support to garment edges, as in Reinforces loosely woven fabric.
It is important to use good-quality products, as the armhole and neckline illustrated in Figure Prevents seam slippage.
the final garment will reflect the quality of its 3.lf. To view other important key application Provides crisp edges so they don't cave in.
components. Refer to the "Where to Buy" sec- points for stabilizing other garments, refer to Give support to areas that are clipped.
tion in this text for ordering supplies. Figure 3.2.
Learning how to judge when a stabilizer is
NOW LEPS GET STARTED WHY USE A STABILIZER? needed is an important aspect of studying fash-
The underlying structure of a garment is the Using a stabilizer correctly can transform ion design, because a stabilizer helps to hold the
first and most important part of clothing con- your garment from one that is quite ordinary- silhouette or shape of the garment.
struction. Remember, the stabilizer is the foun- looking to one that is quite extraordinary.
dation on which the garment is built. A stabilizer: HOW TO JUDGE IF THE GARMENT
NEEDS A STABILIZER
WHAT ARE STABILIZERS? Helps hold the shape of the garment. Following are three steps to help the student
The architecture of clothing is everything. Helps the appearance and performance of the designer ascertain if a stabilizer is needed in a
When a building is erected, it needs a founda- garment by adding support, strength, stabil- garment.
tion to support its structure. The same concept ity, and reinforcement.
P r o f e s s z o n a l S e u z n g T e c h n z q & e s for D e s i g n e r s
Shirt
Skirts
a) b) Waistband
Pants
d)
Waistband
Pocket --------
-Neckline
Arrors shoulder
front & back
Sleeve
lacket hem
UNDERLINING
PADDING AND N m l N G
ADDED m BOLD THE
STWCTUREOFTHEDRESS I -----= SKtRTSIWOUElTE
Analyze the Design ever, the body cannot always fully support the that stands away from the human form. Figure
The first step is to analyze the sketch of the entire shape of the garment. 3.3b is a transparent view of the dress, showing
design and have a clear picture in your mind The garment parts that stand away from the the space between the form and the silhouette
of the overall garment shape or silhouette you human form are the ones in which stabilizing of the garment. The designer's responsibility
want to create. When the garment is worn, the needs to be considered. Figure3.3ais asketch of is to think through how the strapless bodice
human body gives the garment form. How- a strapless cocktail dress with a gathered skirt would be stabilized to fit to the form and how
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ . ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
b
on the jacket hold their shape and stand away
Analyze the Fabric from the fabric surface; the fabric has the stiff-
The designer's artistic medium is ness combined with the fullness to also struc-
fabric. Careful study of the fabric is ture the flowers. Refer to Chapter 6, "Godets,"
therefore the second step. for stitching instructions.
The designer relies on the fabric to It is not only garments that stand away from
\ take on many different shapes. The the human form that need structure. Some form-
type, weight, and drape of the fabric fitting garments also need stabilizing because
either give shape the fabric does not have the required body, and
and form or allow for the reasons set out in the previous section,
the fabric to softly "Why Use a Stabilizer?"
drape. The original "little back dress" designed by
Take the fabric in Hubert de Givenchy, was worn by Audrey Hep-
your hands; feel it, fold burn in the movie Breakfan at TjJany's. This leg-
r it, and scrunch it to assess
whether the weight of the fabric
endary dress has inspired many designers to create
their own versions, and the elegant, form-fitting
suits the design. Drape the fabric on the LBD in Figure 3.le is one version?
form; observe whether the fabric is crisp and We have already touched on the fact that this
firm enough to hold the shape required for the dress could be structured with a lightweight
Introduction to Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
~~~ ~
seam stabilizer. However, let's discuss the LBD it if used. This chapter is so important because
further. There are no rules as to how this dress it is the designer's responsibility to make this
should be structured; there are many options, decision.
but there is no one right way. Figure 3.7a also Whendesigners createcollections, they begin
shows the option of fully underlining the dress. by sketching their ideas. To do this, they define
Figure 3.7b illustrates how the dress could be the outside edges of the garment (that is, the sil-
stabilized with an interfacing applied to the houette) by defining the neckline, shoulder line,
facing as an alternative method. The decision armhole, sleeve, side seams, and hemline. The
about whether to fully or partially stabilize a designer then uses line to create shapes within
formfitting dress is fabric driven, as you have the silhouette. This is done by arranging and
learned in this section. rearranging the design elements of line, shape,
color, and texture. It is then the designer's re-
Analyze the Garment Edges sponsibility to transform each design into a real
Now, for the third step, take a look at Figure 3.7 garment. This is only made possible by under-
and observe the shape of the garment edges. In standing the medium, which isfabric.
particular, look at the armholes and neckline. If the fabric needs a stabilizer, then the de-
Notice in this illustration how these sections are
partially cut onthe bias grain. Any part of the gar-
ment cut on bias grain is stretchy, as you learned
in Chapter 2. These three garment pieces-one
front piece and two back pieces-when stitched
together form the LBD in Figure 3.le.
Any garment edges that are fully or partially
signer chooses the type of stabilizer and its
placement. It is important for the manufac-
turing of the garment that the designer un-
derstand stabilizers and what they can do for
a garment. Stabilizers may be a new concept for
the student designer. Now is the time to begin
learning their importance, and the key applica-
k
cut on the bias, such as neckline and armholes, tion points where they need to be placed. Refer
have the potential to stretch in the construction back to Figure 3.2 if you need to refresh your
process. To prevent this from happening, they memory about these points.
need to be stabilized. The designer needs to con- Stabilizers are a crucial part of any success-
sider how to do this. There are three options: un- ful garment. There is no checklist that says,
derlining, interfacing, or using stabilizing tape. "You need a stabilizer in this fabric!" If only
designers did have this formula their jobs would
WHO CHOOSES THE STABILIZER be so much easier. Yet part of the creativity and
FOR THE GARMENT? excitement of creating clothes is the discovery
In garment manufacturing, someone needs to be of what works and what doesn't work.
responsible for deciding whether or not to use Deciding whether a stabilizer is needed FIGURE 3 . 5 VOLUME AND FULLNESS HOLD THE
STRUCTURE O F T H E SKIRT AND FLOWERS W l T H O U l
a stabilizer in the garment, and where to place in the garment is the first important decision, NEEDING A STABILIZER.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~ ~ ~~~. ~. ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
F I G U R E 3.6 T H E
DESIGNER I S APPLYING
-
I rlRE DRESS
DERLINED,
T H E CORRECT T Y P E
AND WEIGHT O F
FUSIBLE INTERFACING
TO T H E FABRIC. @KIN6AND
IWTERFAClWG
TYPES OF STABILIZERS I
The term stabilizer refers broadly to anything I
that can be used to help structure the fabric.
This encompasses interfacing, fabric, boning,
wire, fishing line, netting, tulle, and mesh
stretch knit. For the purposes of this chapter,
we will concentrate on all-fabric stabilizers.
The three stabilizing categories discussed
in this chapter are stabilizing tape, interfacing,
and underlining. Other types of stabilizers are
discussed in later chapters: boning, in Chapter
6; fishing line, netting, and tulle, in Chapter
15. It is impossible to outline every stabilizer
available. If you need to know more about
other stabilizers, ask your instructor for more
information.
Many stabilizers are interchangeable; an in-
terfacing can be used as an underlining, an in-
terfacing, or a stabilizing tape. This chapter ex-
plains each of these uses, and describes how to
apply them in garment construction.
Interfacing
Interfacings are the most common stabilizers FIGURE 3.8 SHAPED GARMENT EDGES OF "LITTLE BLACK DRESS" IN FIG. 5 . 1 ~NEED STABILIZING
used in garments today. Interfacings are manu-
factured in three different structures: woven, facing before purchasing; some interfacings are Woven lnterfacing
nonwoven, and knit. Within each type, differ- 60 inches wide, others, 30 inches wide, and yet Woven interfacings are no different from
ent weights, widths, hand, color, and weaves are others somewhere between these two widths. It fabric in the way they are formed. Warp
available. They are produced in popular colors is also important to take notice of the manufac- and weft threads are woven vertically and hor-
such as black, white, natural, red, and dark and turer's instructions describing how each one is izontally and intersect with each other. Just as
light charcoal. Check the width of each inter- to be applied. fabrics come in a variety of fibers, so do inter-
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~
I
it ensures the most stability (Figure 3.10).
-F Knit Interfacing
---8
u
Fusible lnterfacing
Fusible interfacings can be woven, nonwoven,
or knit. What makes interfacing fusible is the
shiny resin, like tiny dots on one side. When heat
is applied, the resin bonds to the fabric. The size < CROSS GRAIN
of the adhesive dots determines how the inter- HAS MORE GIVE
individual cut fabric pieces. Proceed with cau- and sleeves can be supported by netting. you are using has a stretch capacity, then choose
tion when machine stitching a sew-in interfac- Refer back to Figure 2 . 3 ~to vie^ how net- a s~bilizerthat suetches-in other words, com-
ing as it can easily be pulled out of alignment in ting structures the skirt in the silk strapless bine like with like. To understand why match-
the stitching process. cocktail dress in Figure 3.3a. Notice the net- ing the type of interfacing to the specific needs
Some fabrics must have sew-in stabiliz- ting has been stitched to a lining, as it can be of the fabricis soimportant, let's considervelvet.
ers. These fabrics are velvet, faux fur, synthetic very scratchy on the skin. Velvet is a short-pile fabric with a nap. Fabrics
leather, lace, some brocades, some sheers, some Textured weft is a wovenlfusible interfacing such as these cannot have an iron placed directly
silks, sequined and beaded fabrics, open-weave and blends superbly with textured fabrics onto the fabric, as it will damage the surface.
fabrics, metallics, vinyls, and water-repellent such as tweed, silk dupioni, and boucle. The (Refer to Chapter 2, "Tricky Fabrics.") In this
fabrics. Refer to "Interfacing Tricky Fabrics" texture and weave of the interfacing blends case, don't use a fusible stabilizer; instead, use a
later in this chapter for more detail. If a fusible and does not change the fabric surface. Our sew-in stabilizer.
stabilizer were to be used on these fabrics, the all-time favorite weft interfacing is Superior
fabric surfaces would be damaged because they Soft Superior. It gives exceptional structure Weight
do not react well to heat. d e n used as an underlining for jackets and The fabric and stabilizer weights need to be com-
Following are some sew-in stabilizers com-, coats. It adds body without feeling stiff. ~atibleand equal to each other; this is a good
4n is used not only for garment-fitting general rule. The final weight of the fabric and
monly used to stabilize garments:
- purposes (toile) but also as a sew-in underlin- stabilizer together should not drastically change
- Organza is a lightweight, sheer fabric that
adds a lightweight support; it adds stiffness
ing. Drapery fabrics, used for curtains, also
make an excellent sew-in underlining.
the weight or appearance of the fabric. When
choosing a stabilizer, always keep in mind the
without adding weight. One hundred percent integrity of the fabric-the sheerness or heavi-
sheer silk is much easier to use than polyester HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST ness. For example, if a heavy interfacing were
organza. STABILIZER FOR YOUR PROJECT to be used to stabilize a lightweight sheer fabric,
Hair canvas is another sew-in available in Here are some tips to help you when choosing the two would work against each other and not
light, medium, and heavy weights. It adds ex- whichstabilizer touse. Letthefabricbe your guide be compatible. Don't choose a stabilizer that is
ceptional body to tailored garments. Canvas when choosing the stabilizer. The color, weight, heavier than the fabric you are stabilizing; rather,
can be made from a mixture of fibers. One and type of stabilizer-whether woven, knit, or choose like with like. There are no "rules" to say
combination of fibers is 41 percent acrylic, 19 fusible or nonfusible--must suit the fabric. which weiglit of interfacing goes with each fabric
percent hair, 15 percent polyester, 15 percent weight-it is always best to sample.
viscose, and 10 percent cotton; this fiber mix Type
means it must be dry cleaned. (Fusible canvas Like fabric, interfacing is characterized by fiber Color
is also available.) Cotton batiste also gives a content, weight, finish, and texture. The stabi- The color of the stabilizer is important. If the
lightweight support. (Fusible batiste is also lizer used should never change the appearance wrong color is chosen, it could change the color
available.) of the fabric surface. The stabilizer needs to be of the garment fabric. The color of the stabilizer
Netting used as a stabilizer also helps to hold compatible with the weight, hand, or stretch of needs to blend with the overall background color
the shape of the garment silhouette. Skirts the garment fabric. For example, if the fabric of the fabric. If the overall fabric is dark, then
Introduction t o Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
. .......
choose a dark-colored stabilizer; if the over- and uncomfortable when the arm is bent. If
~
~
all fabric color is light, then choose a white or a a fusible interfacing is appropriate, SofKnit IMPORTABIT
beige-colored stabilizer. A natural color stabilizer is ideal as it gives a light structure. Note that i One place where interfatins color can De very
neutralizes white fabric; a white stabilizer placed
under white fabric makes it look even whiter!
applying a stretch knit interfacing to a woven
fabric will eliminate the stretch element.
The front facing and pocket flaps have been
interfaced with the same lightweight in-
noticeable from the h c e of the garment is
around tha buttonholes after they are slit.
The fabric surface should not have changed; too heavy, choose an alternative stabilizer of drape the fabric, and then sample so that he or
if bubbles appear from the fusible interfacing, lighter weight. she can make an informed decision about the
then choose another type and sample again. Roll the sample and observe whether it forms appropriate stabilizer. Some garments may need
It is tempting to whip the fused fabric from a smooth roll without creasing. This is im- both an underlining and an interfacing; there are
the ironing board to begin stitching; how- portant, especially for stabilizing collars. no rules. It has been said beforethe decision is
ever. don't do this. Let the fused fabric cool Observe the fabricface to see if it has fabric and design driven!
down first. changed.
After fusing, the interfacing and fabric will Experiment with as many samples as you STABILIZING TAPES
be stitched as onepiece of fabric. need to find the "correct" one. Stabilizing tapes are narrow tapes approxi-
Keep any correct samples, label each, and put mately !4 inch to '/z inch wide. They are ap-
Sew-in Stabilizer them on a ring or in a notebook. Refer to the lied to the seamline to prevent the seams from
A sew-in interfacing is handbasted to the fabric samples for reference as a resource for the stretching in the stitching process. A variety of
swatch as shown in Figure 3.12b. Handbasting fusure. different tapes can be used to stabilize seams
is a technique in which temporary stitches are (Table 3.1). Stabilizing tapes can be purchased
used to lend support in the construction of a FABRIC STABILIZERS on the roll or cut on straight or bias grains from
garment; these stitches are later removed. When The next sections of this chapter describe three fusible or nonfusible interfacing yardage. This
handbasting, always work on a flat surface, types of fabric stabilizers: stabilizing tapes, last option is discussed later in the chapter.
and use a thread color that matches your gar- underlining, and interfacing. An underlining Fusible tapes are pressed to the seamline,
ment. Stitch long stitches. They can be even or covers the entire fabric piece, while an interfac- and sew-in tapes handbasted to the seamline.
uneven-the style of handbasting is not impor- ing is applied to the facings and individual gar- Match the type and weight of stabilizer tape to
tant. The stitch length of handbasting will vary ment pieces, such as collars, cuffs, pockets, and the fabric, and color-match the tape as closely as
according to the fabric type. Use a shorter stitch waistbands, so they hold their shape. A stabiliz- possible to the fabric background color. Stabi-
length for lightweight fabric and a longer stitch ing tape gives lightweight support because it is lizing tapes can be used in place of an underlin-
for heavier-weight fabric. In Chapter 6, you will applied to the garment seamlines only. ing or interfacing and are successfully used on
see how handbasting stitches also hold seams in To view how each stabilizer looks from the lightweight fabrics, as they reduce bulk.
place before machine stitching. inside of a garment, turn to Figures 3.lf and 3.7a. Let's turn back to the LBD inFigure 3.le and
Each figure provides an inside view of the LBD 3.lf to see where the stabilizing tape has been
Testing the Stabilizer dress in Figure 3.lc of the Style I. D. Once the area positioned in a single layer around the neckline
Fold the fabric in half and "hand feel" (the has been stabilized with a stabilizing tape, under- and armholes of the garment. The tape stabilizes
stabilizer will be sandwiched between both lining, or interfacing, it will feel slightly heavier the garment edges so they will not stretch in the
layers of fabric) to see if the two weights and crisper, but to different degrees depending on construction process. The dress would be lined
are compatible together. The fabric weight the type and weight of stabilizer used. edge-to-edge, that is, both fabric and lining go
should not have changed all that much. If You may be asking, How do I choose the best all the way to the edges. The inside construction
it feels too limp, consider a crisper, heavier fabric stabilizer for my garment? The way for- would then be covered with the lining. Refer to
stabilizer or add a second layer. If it feels ward is for the designer to feel the fabric weight, Chapter 16, "Open Edge-to-Edge Lining."
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
TABLE 3.1 STABILIZING TAPE CHART own tape. Refer to "Cutting Stabilizing Tapes"
fuqther on in this chapter for cutting directions.
siw-in Tape
Twill tape is a narrow, sturdy, woven, straight
grain tape that is purchased by the yard. It is
available in black and white only, and comes in a
variety of widths. You will find the %:inch tape
anideal width for stabilizingseams; a wider tape
will add too much bulk. Polyester twill tape is
.srriau*rC less bulky than 100 percent cotton tape. Figure
3.14 shows how twill tape looks when applied
to a seam. How it is stitched will be explained
under "Stitching Order" later.
Since twill tape is firm, it is an excellent sta-
bilizer for woven fabrics that need to fit firmly
Bias-UR to the body. Seams that have been stabilized
shaped tape
with twill tape will never stretch when worn or
during washing.
Don't try to stitch twill tape around shaped
seams, such as necklines and armholes, as it isn't
Seam slippage is another reason why a stabi- and pull out simultaneously with both hands. flexible enough for use there. It can, however, be
lizing tape may be applied to the seams. Seam This would equal the stress the garment would stitched to contoured, curved seamlines.
slippage happens when the yarns separate, be subject to. If seam slippage occurs, you must Fabric selvage makes an excellent sew-in sta-
pulling away from the seams. This usually only reinforce every seam (this means both sides of b i i i g tape for sheer fabrics. It is the perfect sub-
affects seams under stress and not seam edges, the fabric are taped) under pressure or choose stitute for twill tape when a firm hold is needed
such as necklines and armholes-it may affect an alternative fabric for the garment (Figure on a lightweight sheer fabric. The beauty of using
sleeves, as they have stress on them. Seam slip- 3.13). the selvage is that it willperfectly match your fab-
page is more likely to occur in smooth-yarn ric in color and weight and will never add bulk.
fabrics such as microfibers and polyesters, and Types of Stabilizing Tapes Carefully cut off the firm %-inch narrow woven
in loosely woven fabrics. If you think this may Fusible Tape finished edges on either side of the woven fabric.
be a problem, then test the fabric first. To do Fusible lightweight straight or bias grain tape is Tricot is a lightweight stabilizing tape made
this, cut two 4-by-6-inch swatches, stitch a available on the roll in 100 percent cotton and from 100 percent nylon. It is available in black,
%-inch seam, and press open; hold the swatches comes in black and white. If you cannot pur- white, and ivory. One brand on the market,
in both hands with the seam running vertically, chase one to match your fabric, you can cut your which is ideal for stabilizing lightweight fabrics
Introduction to Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
A) FUSIBLE
SQUARE
FABRIC PIECE
F I G U R E 3.12 S A M P L I N G INTERFACING F U S I B L E
and knit fabrics, is Seams Great. Its beauty is the Seams Great will not give the firmness re- Cutting Stabilizing Tapes
sheerness and lightweight touch, which doesn't quired to hold the waistline or the top edge Stabilizing tape can be cut on straight or bias
add anv bulk or shadow from the correct side of a strapless bodice firmly to the body. We grain %-inch wide, or cut to follow the shape
of the fabric. It is available cut on the bias or advise not to use it for these purposes-it is a of the seam. The criteria for choosing the grain
straight grain. If Seams Great is not available lightweight stabilizer. Remember, the stabilizer, along which to cut the tape is directed by the
in the store nearest you, then cut to your own fabric, and end use must fit together-use twill shape or angle of the seam it is being applied to.
specifications from tricot interfacing. tape or the selvage instead. Straight grain tape is excellent for stabilizing
straight seams or slightly curved or contoured
seams. It can be cut from nonwoven or woven
interfacing and will give a stable hold to a seam.
Let's refer back to the "Key Application Points
for Stabilizers" and review the pants in Figure
3.2d. The pant has an angled pocket open-
ing, which is cut on the bias grain. A straight
grain tape can be applied to a straight or slightly
curved seam to prevent the seam from stretch-
ing in the stitching process. The tape also pre-
vents the pocket from stretching in response to
constant use. Figure 3.14 shows twill tape being
applied to the curved pocket of these pants. A
straight grain tape will also stabilize a curved
waistline seam in place. Refer to Chapter 9 for
more information.
Bias-cut tape has the flexibility to be shaped
and can be used to stabilize curved, round, or
other shaped seams. The stabilizing tape for the
LBD in Figure 3.lf would be bias cut, because
the seams it is applied to are shaped. For a closer
view of how the neckline and armhole seams are
shaped for the LBD, refer to Figure 3.7. Figure
3.15 illustrates bias grain (fusible and sew-in)
tapes applied to the neckline and armhole.
Shaped tape is cut exactly as a mirror image
of the seamline s h a ~ that
e needs to be stabilized.
Use the pattern to cut the shape to be stabilized.
Place the pattern on the interfacing along the
same pattern grainline (if woven interfacing is
being used). Draw around the outer edge, then
cut the tape approximately f/s inch wide, parallel
to the outer edge. When the tape is positioned on
the seamline, the seam allowance will have been
FIGURE P.18 STABILIZING TAPE HAS BEEN APPLIED TO BOTH SIDES
Q F T H E FABRICTO PREVW+TSEAM SLLPP4GE. eliminated, which reduces bulk (Figure 3.16).
Introduction to Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
Stitching Order
I allowance
This order applies to all stabilizing tapes: IMPORTANT
Keepa store of tapes, fusible and nonfusible,
Stabilizing tapes are applied before the darts cut on the bias and straight grains, in both
black and white.
and seams are stitched.
Lay the garment piece on a flat surface. Place
the wrong side of the tape against the wrong
side of the fabric. Don't stretch the tape as Figure 3.15 also illustrates a straight grain
YOU apply it. tape stitched to the shoulder seam of a knit
For fusible tape, follow the instructions garment to prevent the seam from stretching
described under "How to Fuse" earlier. Press when the garment is worn.
the fusible tape to the fabric, centered on the Stitch the seam as you normally would, using
seamline. Figure 3.15 illustrates a bias-cut the allotted seam allowance. The stitching is
-Pin in place fusible tape being applied to the neckline. centered on the tape.
For sew-in tapes, handbaste or pin the tape Seams with any tape, even twill tape, can still
in position just inside the seam allowance, as be clipped, understitched, and pressed open.
illustrated on the armhole in Figure 3.15.
After the tape has been handbasted, ma- UNDERLINING-FULLY
chine stitch it just inside the seamline, as COVERING THE FABRIC
illustrated. Pins may also secure the tape An underlining is another layer of fabric or in-
terfacing applied to the entire garment fabric or
parts of the garment fabric to stabilize and to
add structure or even warmth without adding
bulk. An underlining can also be referred to as
a backing.
Here are some good reasons to underline a
garment:
Handbaste the two pieces of fabric together garment, use the same pattern pieces you would
1/16 inch inside the seam allowance. For direc- use to cut the outer garment fabric.
tions, refer to the explanation of handbast- Individual pieces fused to the garment
- fabric
ing under "Sew-in Stabilizer" earlier. After are cut separately first before they are fused to-
the two fabrics have been stitched together, gether. The wrong side of the interfacing is then
treat them as one fabric in the construction placed to the wrong side of each garment piece,
process. and the two pieces are fused together. This is the
After the two pieces are basted together, place same method that is used to fuse an interfacing
the pattern back on top of the fabric pieces. to a facing. Refer to "How to Fuse" earlier in
Snip the notches and apply the pattern mark- this chapter for more detailed instructions.
ings to the underlining. When underlining a In manufacturing, a steam iron with a flat
garment, don't add the pattern markings until bed presser' would be used to fuse large sections . , , ,p
A'MH0LE
after the underlining has been applied. at a time; this is extremely efficient. It is worth
Handbaste the center of all darts to stabi-
lize the two fabrics together before they are
inquiring whether your dry cleaner can fuse a
large amount of fabric on a clamshell press.
I
stitched so they don't shift in the stitching Block fusing involves cutting lengths of gar-
process (Figure 3.17). ment fabric to fit the size of the pattern pieces.
Stitch open seams when the fabric has a The same length of fusible interfacing is cut and
sew-in stabilizer; stitching closed seams block fused to the fabric. After fusing the pieces
will add too much bulk. Refer to Chapter 6 , together, each pattern piece is placed on the
"Open or Closed Seams." fused fabric following the grainlines and cut.
If the seams and darts feel bulky (too thick) Notches are snipped and pattern markings ap- WIDE AROUND
after they are stitched, cut away the underlin- plied. This method is recommended when the THE SHAPE OF
THE ARMHOLE
ing, leaving '116 inch of fabric intact (Figure garment fabric is fine and slippery. Figure 3.19
3.18). Darts can also be cut and pressed open illustrates how the fabric is blocked, fused, and
after they are stitched, to reduce bulk. Refer cut before constructing the tweed wool coat in
to Chapter 4, "What Is a Dart?" Figure 3.la of the Style I.D.
If you attempt to do this at school, you will
Fusible Underlining need help; it is hard to manage on your own, as
Fusible interfacing can be applied as an under- the interfacing must be perfectly aligned to the
lining in one of two ways: as individual pieces fabric and then pressed. The interfacing must be
fused to the fabric, garment pieces, or as block perfectly smooth without any wrinkles after it
fusing. Both methods are outlined here. When is completed. This method cannot be done as a
underlining the entire garment or parts of the "rush job"-it takes time and patience.
F I G U R E 3.18 C U T T I N G S H A P E D S T A B I L I Z I N G TAPE
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
,
L
..........
...
............. :.::.: .::...:....::..:.-.
...,>:.. ;,.. ..'."
.........
:,.:r,.:
.....................
“.]<:$.:;.l.. .: .I:.........
. :.< :.:.;.. .
*.,,: ..'e;.;:.'(
:,::.p;,.:.:..,..i1.:.:;...:.
.::..!; ......
(Figure 3.2e).
In Figure 3.2f, canvas has been applied across
the front and back shoulders to stabilize
IMPORTANT
ffiep smvcral yards of your f.Mtite instfsc-
In- on hand in different colan. Store the
.'...:;..::. :'....
.I.- .:;
.' ...>..:
;: :::. ;.: ..;.:.: ;,,:::f$f...<... and help hold the shape of the jacket. (Refer interfacing en a roll or folded over a hanger
;..:..
...... <..:.. :;.: .,,..:....... 1.t. ....!
':,'.: .............................. 4
to Figure 3.lb to see the canvas placement
to pnvcnt crushing. It is this slmpleforthe
........ ..:...,; ..?. ..
.....
......
.:..::.'.::.'.
: ,:.:::,:., ::. ..... ;: ,:..........
. . :., ......
1
:.;.-.;,,........
.,..;......... ::.:.;ji:;:
;-.,::, .a,.. .
across the shoulders.)
designer to become an expert in stabiliters-
use them!
.,:;. .:;.. . . ........
';
. . . . ;;, .'....'".."
:.:
1 ';
...................... +.:.I. ...., . .,I ... Shaped pocket openings need stabilizing,
especially if cut on the bias grain as is the
case with the pant design in Figure 3.2d. The be labeled accordingly: "Cut 1 Interfacing" or
jacket pocket band is also stabilized with "Cut 2 Interfacing." Figures 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11
interfacing in Figure 3.2f. point this out clearly.
Interfacing is applied down the front vest For direction on how to apply fusible and
before the zipper is applied; this stabilizes sew-in interfacing to facings, refer to the earlier
the front section and prevents the fabric from sections on "How to Fuse" and "How to Apply
stretching. (Refer to Figure 3.2e.) a Sew-In Underlining (or Interfacing)." Figure
Notice in Figure 3.2d that the fly-front of the 3.20a and b illustrate fusible and sew-in inter-
pants is also stabilized; whether to stabilize the facing being applied to the facings.
fly-front or not depends on the fabric weight.
INTERFACING TRICKY FABRICS
Before stitching a garment, determine the posi- Sheer Fabrics
tion of the interfacing. Interfacing is generally Do use w o v e n stabilizers such as organza or
cut using the same pattern piece as the garment cotton batiste.
facing, but there can be exceptions to this. If the Do check that the color of the stabilizer blends
interfacing differs in shape from the garment well with the overall color of the fabric; neutral
piece, then a separate pattern must be provided colors blend beautifully with most fabrics, as
and the pattern clearly labeled "Interfacing they appear like skin color.
Only." Turn back to Figure 3.11 and look at the Do sample first to make sure the resin won't
knit interfacing layout. Notice that the narrow seep through to the correct side of the fabric if
interfacing strip for the zipper is labeled to be a fusible interfacing is used.
cut in interfacing only. This communi- Do use the selvage of the fabric as a seam stabi-
HANDSISTING STITCHES
cates that this pattern piece is not to lizer in sheer fabrics.
DON'T NEEDTO BE REMOVED
IZTHElWlUWllT I E V I I B L E
be cut in fashion fabric. Whatever Don't use a heavy stabilizer on sheer light-
F I G U R E 3.18 l R l M U N D E R -
L I N I N G F R O M THE S E A M A L -
AFTER SWSARE STITCHED interfacing is used, the pattern must weight fabric.
LOWANCE T O R E D U C E B U L K .
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
F I G U R E 3.19 BLOCK F U S I N G
Lace Do consider using netting as a stabilizer for to the lace, as it will be visible.
Do always use sew-in stabilizers on lace fabric. lace fabric. Do use the selvage of the silk organza color-
Do use 100 percent silk organza as a stabilizer Do match the weight of interfacing to the matched to the lace fabric as a seam stabilizer.
for lace fabric-then the lace will retain its weight of the lace; remember, when using sta- Don't use a fusible interfacing on lace, as the
openness. bilizers, match like with like. resin will seep through to the correct side of
Do take care in color-matching the stabilizer the fabric, which will look ugly.
Introduction l o Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
Don't use a fusible stabilizer on the back of lightweight, it won't make the garment feel
faux fur, as it will not fuse well on the knitted heavy and bulky when worn. i NOTE
backing and would flatten the fur. Try using batting as a stabilizer; it works As this technique was sampled, we found
beautifully to fill in areas where women are that silk dupioni worked wonderfully well to
create this texture, as it did not create too
Heavyweight Fabric hollow. Mace it across the shoulders and
much bulk. The outcome was the perfect
Do use a stabilizer that matches the weight of down the front (above the bust) of jackets structured fabric. Other fabrics will also give
the fabric and holds the structure of the gar- and coats. Batting also works well to pad excellent results, but do sample first to make
ment without adding bulk. and hold the shape of raglan sleeves in coats sure the glue doesn't show through to the
Don't use a stabilizer that's too heavy, which and jackets. Wherever the batting is placed, correct side of the fabric.
would make the garment feel stiff and weighty. slipstitch to secure it in place to the seams
only. Batting can also be used to stabilize
As students complete each semester, they and pad the collar and cuffs. If the collar For an interesting look, try using a differ-
learn and grow in their clothing construction and cuffs are topstitched (one or several ently patterned fabric as underlining for a
knowledge. We encourage you to apply what rows of stitching), the stitching will sink sheer fabric.
you have learned by transferring your knowl- into the fabric. A fun fabric texture can be created by fusing
edge to other areas of clothing construction- scrunched fabric to an interfacing. To do
and one area in which to do this is when using As a design student, you have a wonderful op- this, lay a large piece of paper on a flat table
stabilizers. portunity to stretch your creativity as much as to protect the surface. Place the fabric on
possible and try new ideas. top of the interfacing, arranging the place-
TRANSFER VOUR KNOWLEDGE ment by scrunching the fabric until it looks
To transfer your knowledge, think about what STRETCH VOUR CREATIVITY aesthetically pleasing. To hold the fabric,
you already know about stabilizers and apply Here is an opportunity to stretch your creativ- lace weights on each corner and in any
this to stabilizing fabrics and garment parts with ity when using stabilizers. This list of ideas is other position to hold the interfacing taut as
which you have not yet had experience. Know- not exhaustive but should whet your appetite you fuse. Take the iron and fuse the fabric
ing what to use by way of stabilizers begins with for investigating stabilizers further. to the interfacing (Figure 3.21); follow the
sampling different types and weights of stabiliz- instructions outlined earlier in "How to
ers on the fabric you are using. We encourage you to keep a box of differ- Fuse." Begin fusing from one corner and
Here are some ways of transferring your ent stabilizers on hand in different types, work your way across the fabric. The fabric
knowledge: fusible and nonfusible, woven and knits, in can be rearranged and adjusted as you fuse.
a variety of colors and weights. If you have Lift the weights off as each section is fused
Netting can used to pad a bustle. To do so, these available at all times, then you can and then replace them to help hold the
scrunch up the netting and fill the area, easily stretch your creativity by trying a fabric taut. When the fusing is completed,
making sure it is held in place with a few variety of stabilizers in one garment. If you the fabric is ready to cut. Some machine or
invisible hand stitches that don't show on the don't have them on hand, then you won't hand stitching may also be needed to hold
correct side of the fabric. Because netting is have the opportunity to think creatively. the fabric in place.
Introduction t o Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
.... . ~ . .
~ . ~ ......... ~ ~~~~~
STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . . .. I have run out of an interfacing . ..I've fused my interfacing onto the fabric
. . .the interfacing won't adhere properly? and I can't purchase the same one to and the area doesn't hold the shape?
Check that the iron temperature is correct; repeat finish my project? If the stabilizer is too light, then add another layer
fusing a new test sample and make sure that heat, It doesn't matter how many different types of on top of the first layer (making two layers in
pressure, and steam are applied. If it still doesn't stabilizers are used on the one garment. The total). If the garment is already stitched, it will be
work, sample another type of stabilizer. Also, if customer will never know! What is important too hard to fuse another layer of interfacing, as it
the fabric hasn't been preshrunk, the sizing may is that the fabric and stabilizer type and weight needs to be lying flat to be fused correctly. You
interfere with adherence of the resin to the fabric are compatible. If the stabilizer you ran out of could try adding a sew-in stabilizer on top of the
surface. Steaming or sponging the fabric and al- was fusible, then find another fusible stabilizer fusible. To do so, cut off the seam allowance and
lowing it to dry may help remove some of the to take its place in a similar weight; if it was sew- another I/l6 inch, carefully position the interfac-
sizing, allowing the resin to adhere. in, then choose another sew-in stabilizer. ing, and hand stitch to the seamline.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.. .. ~~~ .. ~
. . .the interfacing has bubbled? .. . there is a dramatic change to the pull off. For this reason it is crucial that the
We hope this has only happened at the sam- garment fabric after I have fused the fabric and stabilizer be compatible before you go
pling stage. Here are a few reasons why this interfacing? ahead to stabilize the fabric-let this be a learn-
might have happened: First, the sizing might Don't use this interfacing! You need to sample ing experience for the future. You may need to
have prevented the interfacing from adhering. another type of stabilizer that better suits the begin all over again-if more of the same fabric
Second, the iron temperature could have been fabric. There are many types and weights of is still available. Do a sample first!
too hot. Third, the interfacing might have been stabilizers available, so keep sampling until you
pulled when fusing. Reheat the fusible inter- find the "perfect match." . .. the fusible interfacing melts when I
facing with steam. To do this, hold the iron put the iron to it?
just above the fused fabric and carefully peel . . . the stabilizer is too heavy for my Lower the iron temperature and fuse again; if
off the fusible interfacing after steam has been garment and it looks too stiff? this doesn't work, try another type of interfac-
applied. Then try another interfacing-sam- If the stabilizer is fusible and has been correctly ing or change to a sew-in. Also, use a pressing
pling first, of course! adhered, it should be permanent and will not cloth.
Introduction to Stabilizers: Fabricating a Stable Foundation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F I G U R E 3.22 S T R E T C H
YOUR CREATIVITY
3 STABILIZING TAPE
C SKIRTIS STIFFENED
WITH N m l N G T O
STRETCHTHE DESIGN
LIMITS BY PUClNG
L THE STABILIZER ONTHE
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g T e c h n i q u e s for D e s i g n e r s
...............................
...the fabric and fusible interfacing shrink by below. Follow up on areas you did not under-
different amounts when I apply heat, steam, stand. Perhaps ask an ipstrnctor for further in-
and pressure, leaving a bubbly-looking sur- formation about particular aspects of stabilizers D o I understand how important a stabilizer
face? Should I keep using this interfacing? if you don't understand their importance or use. is in structuring the garment shape?
Yes, sample again, this time without steam. D o I understand that volume and fullness, by
Also, lower the heat temperature and lessen the SELF-CRITIQUE way of gathering, tucks, and scrunching the
fusing time. What is happening is that the fabric To critique the garment in terms of the stabi- fabric, can structure the silhouette?
and stabilizer are reacting differently to heat lizer, in ~articular,first place the garment on a D o I grasp the important concept that the
and moisture. If it still doesn't work, try a dif- dress form or ask a fellow student to wear the fabric weight and drape guide me in the
ferent fusible stabilizer. garment. Do not lay it flat on the table. Now ob- choice of stabilizer and where to place it?
serve the structure of the garment and ask your- D o I understand the benefits of sampling
...I didn't add a stabilizer to my collar, self the question, "Would I proudly wear this first before applying the stabilizer to the
and it looks limp? garment or purchase it from the store, or would garment?
Carefully detach the collar from the garment, I feel that it looks too limp and unstructured?" D o I understand that multiple samples may
using a seam ripper-there is no need to seam If the answer is "No, I wouldn't wear this gar- need to be tried before finally deciding on
rip around the collar edge. Then cut one layer ment,".ask yourself why not. the best stabilizer?
of a sew-in stabilizer to suit the fabric weight. Then ask yourself the following questions to D o I understand that different weights and
Don't use a fusible stabilizer. It would be im- continue critiquing your work: types of stabilizers can be applied to one gar-
possible to press into the collar. Cut the sta- ment for different purposes?
bilizer without seam allowance, and another Is the garment structured to present the look D o I understand that it is the designer who
1/16 to '/s inch smaller again. Slip the stabilizer you want? needs to be educated about stabilizers? For
in between the two collar pieces, placing the Did you sample enough types and weights this reason, I need to use stabilizers to know
stabilizer on top of the seam allowance of the of stabilizers to make an informed decision them.
upper collar. Smooth the interfacing so it lies regarding the best stabilizers to use for the D o I understand that some fabrics have the
flat; if it doesn't lie flat, trim more interfacing fabric? natural ability to hold their shape and don't
away until it does. Lightly hand catchstitch the If you used a stabilizing tape, did you choose need stabilizers, and other fabrics don't
interfacing in a couple of places to the seam al- one that was appropriate for the weight and structure well without a stabilizer being
lowance. Pin the collar to the neckline. Then type of fabric, and was it cut on the correct used?
place the garment on the form to make sure the grainline for the shape of the seam? D o I understand that the weight of fabric and
collar is sitting correctly and the interfacing is If you used a fusible stabilizer, did it adhere weight of stabilizer need to go hand in hand?
laying flat. Complete stitching the collar to the correctly or have you done a sloppy job? D o I understand how to apply a sew-in and a
neckline. Did the fabric surface change at all when a fusible stabilizer?
To help you assess areas where you may need fusible interfacing was applied to the fabric? D o I understand that an interfacing can be
to continue improving your understanding of If you used a sew-in stabilizer, does it lay flat used as an underlining, an interfacing, or a
stabilizers, use the self-critique questions listed and appear "as one" with the fabric? stabilizing tape?
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . ..........~.....~ ~. ~~ ~~ . ~~~ ~~~.~
~~~...............
.......
What Is a Dart?
A dart is an amount of fabric taken
from the flat garment to create shape.
Darts are usually placed at the bust,
hips, waist, shoulders, and neck and 4 . 1 BUST
~ DARTS 4.18 F R E N C H D A R T 4 . l C CONTOUR DARTS 4 . 1 0 SHOULDER AND
ELBOW DARTS
elbow to accent and fit the garment to
Darts: Tapering t o Fzt the G a r m e n t
i6blL
body is necessary for the darts
to be successful. As shown in
Figure 4.1, the number of darts
and their position results in gar-
ments that differ in fit from loose
to contoured. Decisions about the
use of these features must be made
by the designer to accomplish the
desired fit in the garment. Too
many design students illustrate
their garments without indicat-
ing any apparent fitting. The structure
must be planned in the design stages,
4.1E S K I R T W A I S T 4.1F S K I R T W A I S T 4.1G P A N T W A I S T +.lnPANT W A I S T carried through in the patternmaking,
DARTS-FRONT DARTS-SACK DARTS-FRONT DARTS-BACK
and finally, stitched into the garment. The
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
... ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ . ~ ~~.~ ~~ .
IMPORTANT
The dart should be constructed and pressed
before a seam that crosses it is stitchec
1
Darts begin as wedge shapes, as shown in
Figure 4.2a, and consist of the base, the dart
legs, the fold, and the dart point. The begin-
ning of the dart is the base, which brings the
fabric closer to the body. The dart legs are
equal in length. The stitch line of the dart legs
can be sewn curving in toward the tip of the
dart point to provide better shaping, for exam-
ple, at the waist to the hip. The dart point, or
the end of the dart, releases the maximum full-
ness to contour over a body curve. The French
dart can be slashed open to reduce bulk and
allow the dart to lie flat and smooth (Figure
4.6).
4.2A MARKED DARTS Darts are marked differently in production.
An awl, a pointed metal instrument, makes
shape and silhouette will not happen by plac- holes within the dart area. Stitching must be
ing flat fabric on a shaped body. Remember to accurate (just outside the markings) to avoid
consider the shape of a woman's body, and the having this marking show on the garment front
curves that need to be contoured. The darts (Figure 4.2b).
must be compatible with the fabric, the fit of
the garment on the body, and the shape and
silhouette of the design. ow ever-and this is ing darts, a l l pattern markings
very important-many design students go to should have been transferred to the garment sec-
4 . 2 6 PRODUCTION
the opposite extreme and overfit the garment, MARKING tions, directional staystitching completed. Some-
leaving little or no ease. This looks great on the times darts can be stitched later in the stitching
dress form, but couldn't possibly be worn on a order.
real body that moves and breathes! Fashion and '12" Mark the dart carefully and accurately.
AWL WRK
function must meet. Place the pins perpendicular to the stitching line.
Darts: Tapering to Fit the Garment
NOTE
A tailoring ham is a Rrm. rounded cushion 4.3A BODICE DART
shaped somewhat like a ham and covered
with tightly woven fabric, sometimes with
cotton on one side and wool on theother. It
is used to mold the shaped areas that have Mac
curves. Never press the garment flat once
the dart has been sewn-the shape will be
pressed out!
FF 4.38 USING THETAILORING HAM TO MELD
DART POINT THE STITCHES
A BACK STITCH
2
i,Accurately transfer the dart markings to the
--
bric (see Figure 4.5a).
With the correct sides of the fabric together, fold
the dart alongthe central foldline, matchingthe
markings; pin or handbaste (see Figure 4.5b). The
handbasting keeps the longer dart from shifting
while being stitched.
Begin stitching the dart from the center ofthe
dart to one end, then from the center of the dart
to the other end.
Backstitch a few stitches in the center for rein-
forcement in this stress area.
In order forthis dart to lie flat, and to prevent
puckering, clip the dart in the centerwhere the
stitching began and where the reinforcement
stitches have been sewn. Use the tips of very
sharp scissors to take a short clip into the dart,
being careful not to snip into the line of stitching. 4 . 5 A BUST DART A N D CONTOUR D A R T PINNED.
READY TO SEW 0.58 STITCHING THE CONTOUR O A R 1
The garment is often lined to cover the clipping
necessary for this dart to lie flat.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
The Prench dart (f.igure4.6a) is also called the ransfer marking lines and stitching Handbaste inside the marked stitching lines (see
curved dart, as it forms a curve extending from clude any slash lines. Figure 4.6b).
the side seam at the waist in a diagonal, curving Add seams to the cutaway dart, reducing bulk; Stitch the dart from the widest edge to the point,
line to the bustline. A French dart appears only consider in the sampling stage whether or not changingto a short stitch length approximately 1
on the front of a garment. Since it is much wider these edges should be finished, and i f so, finish inch from the point, and sewing o f f t o secure the
than a straight, tapered dart, the bulkmust be cut
out of the dart before it is stitched for the stitch-
ing lines to be perfectly aligned. The French dart
the edges before continuing.
Staystitch and clip on the concave curve (see
Figure 4.6b).
- end ofthe dart (see Figure 4.6b).
Press the dart in the direction it was stitched,
melding the stitches.
gives wonderful shaping from the bust to the With correct sides of the fabric together, match Remove the handbastingstitches.
waist and can be fitted to contour the waist-to- and pin the stitching lines. Press open the dart.
bust area on the garment.
Darts: Tapering t o Fit the Garment
.. I R ~
Don't try to match underarm bust darts, as
.
%ITCH DARI
PRESSDARITOWAID C.F.
matching these darts is impossible.
SnrcH svlm
Sheer Fabrics
Do consider using gathers, pleats, tucks, or
easing in place of darts.
Do use a double-stitched dart to reduce shad-
owing. Here's how:
Mark the stitching lines.
Stitch to the dart point.
With the needle down in the fabric, raise
the presser foot.
Turn the dart around and stitch again, trim,
and finish.
Do bobbin-stitch the dart, as follows:
Handbaste the dart just inside the dart
legs.
Thread the machine as usual.
Tie the bobbin thread and spool thread
together.
Gently pull the knot through the needle.
Pull just enough of the bobbin thread up
onto the spool of thread so the knot is on the
spool.
Stitch the dart, beginning at the point, not
the widest part of the dart.
Don't try to overfit sheer fabric with too many
darts.
Darts: Tapering to Fit the Garment
Satin Knits
Do sample the dart on a scrap of fabric before Although knits don't usually need darts, some
stitching the dart on the garment; although we double knits and firm knits can be darted and
say this often, it can't be emphasized enough- used with great success.
the result will be much better! Do use the "crooked straight" stitch, refer-
Do tissue-stitch the dart to reduce the chances enced in Chapter 6, when stitching the dart
of imprinting the feed dogs or the dart on the legs to avoid puckering (see Figure 6.44b).
surface of the satin. Do consider dart alternatives in knits, as the
Do consider that the type of dart should com- stretch of the knit garment influences the fit.
pliment the weight of the fabric. For example, Don't press the dart without strips of tissue or
Denim
Do reduce the bulk of the dart by cutting open
and pressing flat whenever possible.
Beaded Fabric Do finish the edges of the dart with the flat-
Do carefully consider where the dart place- test possible finish. Refer to Chapter 6 for
ment will be on the garment, and place the suggestions.
+ - dart where it will least interfere with the Do topstitch darts in denim.
1 . 9 P R E S S I N G DARTS beading. Do consider alternative dart options, such as
Do consider an alternative to a dart that works style lines.
Lace with the fabric. Don't overfit the garment with too many darts
Do overlap the lace to create the dart, as follows: Do remove as much of the beading as possible in heavier-weight denim.
Use handbasting to mark the shape of the before attempting to stitch a dart.
dart (Figure 4.10a). Do handbaste the dart inside the dart legs. Velvet
Cut around the curved edge of the lace Do only hand stitch the darts in beaded fab- Do place and stitch the dart carefully-ripping
motif (Figure 4.10b). rics-the machine stitch tension will be terrible out stitches in velvet leaves marks on the fabric
Overlap the dart, matching basting stitches if stitching over beads! surface.
together. Do baste the raw edges of the dart legs to the Do steam and finger-press the dart-pressing
Hand stitch around the left edge of the dart underlining to keep the dart flat, or, if not directly on velvet crushes the nap and leaves
(Figure 4.10~). using underlining, invisibly stitch the dart legs shiny marks that cannot be removed.
Trim away lace underneath the dart. to the garment. Do use a needle board specifically designed to
Don't stitch a traditional dart in lace-it's too Don't press directly on the dart-press only on support the nap of the velvet when pressing the
bulky and will show through to the front of the stitching of the dart legs. stitching line only.
the garment.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~
lacedartaway
nexrmdartnitcing
- &
Nodacreamline
mident now
cutoffwallop
edge of laa
design-donot
cutnraigrn
Darts: Tapering to Fit the G a r m e n t
..... .... . . ~. ~ - -
Leather
Do consider the weight of the leather.
Do stitch the straight, tapered dart as previ-
ously mentioned, but finger-press and pound
lightly to flatten (Figure 4.11a).
Do trim to 3h inch (Figure 4.11b) when stitch-
ing a wider dart, angling the dart legs at the
point (Figure 4.11~)and pounding the dart legs
4.11A H A N D T Y I N G T H E KNOT O F 4.118 T R I M A N D ANGLE
flat. Finish by gluing with leather cement or A LEATHER DART ( D O N 7 BACKSTITCH) LEATHER DART P O I N T
topstitching.
Do use a lapped dart for narrow bust darts. (A
lapped dart has the inside fabric of the dart cut
away-leave '/s inch; then the two raw edges are
joined together by lapping the raw edges over
each other and topstitching.) Here's how:
Cut along the upper dart stitching line to
the dart point (Figure 4.12a).
Apply glue to the underside of the cut dart.
Lap the cut edge over the lower dart stitch-
ing line (Figure 4.12b).
Place a small square of interfacing under
the dart point.
Topstitch along the cut edge (Figure 4.12~).
Trim away excess leather on the wrong side.
Do use pintucks in place of darts on light-
weight leather.
4.11C T O P S T I T C H I N G T H E ANGLED LEATHER DART
Professional Sewtng Techniques for Desrgners
Faux Fur
OVER L O V l l l
Do stitch darts on the stitching line and catch
DART STITCHING stitch the edges to the garment (see Figure
6.51b).
Do push the hairs of the fur out of the way of
the stitching.to reduce bulk in the seam.
Do use a toothbrush to pull out the hairs on
the correct side of the garment after stitching.
Do use style lines in place of darts-the bulk
of the fur prevents intricate shaping.
Don't sew darts in the traditional way on faux
fur.
Heavyweight Fabric
Do slash open the center of the dart before
4.12C T O P S T I T C H -
l N G THE LAPPED stitching to reduce bulk.
LEATHER DART
Do press open, using lots of steam and a clap-
per to flatten the dart.
Do use handbasting to stitch the dart legs to
the garment, to keep the dart legs flat.
Do trim, grade, and clip as necessary to pro-
duce a smooth flat dart.
Cowls
The bodice cowl is a transferred dart, and depends
on the excess taken from the basic dart. The lower
the depth of the cowl, the greater the amount of
t PRESSDARTS TOWARD
excess needed to produce the cowl. A high, re-
CENTER FRONT laxed cowl transfers some of the dart excess, while
4.13 S T I T C H I N G A N D P R E S S I N G DART T U C K S a cowl that falls between the neck and bust takes
up to one-half of the waist dart excess. This is an
waistline or neck edge. They are stitched on the when they are pinned, stitched, and pressed application of dart manipulation. The designer
inside or outside of the garment. (Figure 4.13). must decide at the patternmaking stage what look
Dart tucks or release tucks can be open at one Pin trtcks are tiny tucks made by hand or is intended for the garment. Cowls can be in-one
end, or both ends, or the free end of the tuck machine by sewing a running stitch ~aralleland with the garment or be set-in to save fabric. Refer
may be stitched down to the garment across the close to the edge of a fold in the fabric. Opened to Chapter 12 for detailed information on cowls.
bottom. Care must be taken to avoid stretch- out flat, the stitched fold is pressed to one side. French darts used in place of waist darts are an
ing the off-grain stitching lines of the tuck Used in multiple rows, pin tucks provide shape eifective combination with the cowl.
Darts: Tapering t o Fit t h e Garment
STOP! WHAT DO I DO I F . . . . .. I've ripped out my dart and the Are the bust darts pressed correctly (down
...my darts are puckered? previous stitch line? show! : toward the hem)?
Check the stitch length for the fabric being Often, stitching leaves holes in the fabric once Are any press marks visible on the front of
stitched, handbaste the dart just inside the seam it's been removed. This is another reason to the garment?
line, and stitch again. always sample your fabric and the technique Are the darts of equal length and width?
to see what will happen if you have to rip out Do the darts look symmetrical-mirror
... my dart legs don't match up? the stitches. Occasionally, steaming the wrong image on both sides?
Accurate measuring and trueing of the dart pat- side of the area and using your nails to rub the If not, can the darts be successfully trans-
tern will ensure even dart legs, but sometimes holes results in some of the markings disappear- ferred into other shaping techniques, such as
the fabric slips or the markings are difficult to ing. If this is not enough, try fusing a small strip tucks, gathers, or pleats?
transfer accurately on the fabric choice. Use of lightweight interfacing over the section if it This is an opportunity to stand back and
handbasting to mark the dart legs and then care- won't show through to the front of the garment. assess your work. Don't wait until the end of
fully handbaste the dart legs together. Check the However, this still may not be enough to salvage the project to do this-do this throughout
positioning before machine stitching-correct the garment section and it may have to be recut the entire stitching process.
stitching begins with correct patternmaking. and resewn. This is an experience that all de-
Perhaps the pattern wasn't correct. signers and sewers have encountered!
. ..my darts are uneven on the garment? SELF-CRITIQUE Do the darts add fullness to the correct area
Again, accurate measuring will ensure that the Take a look at your finished garment and ask the on the garment?
darts are positioned evenly on the garment. crucial question, "Would I wear this garment or Do the darts add to the overall design?
Remove the stitched darts, press to remove would I purchase this garment?" If the answer Are the tucks, gathers, pleats, or other shap-
creases, reposition the pattern piece onto the is "No," then ask yourself, why not? ing techniques maintaining the original gar-
garment section, and carefully mark the wrong If you would not wear your garment, it may ment shape and fit?
side of the fabric. Handbasting the markings be because you don't like the design, the pro- Is the dart replacement technique in har-
may turn out to be more accurate. portions, the cut, or the fabric choice. However, mony with the style of the garment?
when we ask students this question, an often-
. .. I've cut open my dart and it is stated reason that would prevent them from Darts are an important part of garment fit, sil-
crooked? wearing or purchasing their own garment is the houette, shape, and construction. They guide
Stitchapiece of fabric to the dartlegs-either light- quality of the stitching. and control the finished look of the design on
weight fusible interfacing (the fusible glue will Then ask yourself the following questions to the body; without proper construction and
stabilize the raw edges of the dart legs) or lining critique the quality of your dart stitching: placement, the design will not be successful.
fabric-and redraw the darts, carefully checking With repetition, and good sewing and pressing
the position. Baste first by hand to preserve the Are the darts stitched evenly without any skills, darts will become an important part of
fragile edges, and if correct, then machine stitch. dimpling at the dart point? your design creativity.
Pockets: Building a Handy Compartment
n t h ~ schapter, we explain, illustrate, and sew pockets using the correct stitches, with suitable KEY T E R M S
I '. and lining appropriate for the fabric and design. Many shapes, sizes, and types of
stab~lizer
pockets can be designed. When designing your garment, care should be taken to combine the
Edgestitching
Flap
pocket design appropriate for the style of the garment and the purpose of the pocket (functional Patch Pocket
design). You will need to determine if the pocket is part of the structure, just decorative, or a C'ngle-Layer Pocket
~pstitchedPocket
functional part of the garment. The placement tify which ones could be used as functional
and size of the pocket are integral to the func- design and which ones could be used as a deco-
tion and comfort of the garment. This chap- rativepart of the garment?
ter also addresses trims, braids, and piping as
further options of the pocket. Yes, pockets can GATHER YOUR TOOLS
NOTE
be a handy compartment, and with excellent These are the tools you will need to stitchpock-
Functional design is expressed
hold up to this ets: machine needles appropriate for your fabric,
stitching, they will certainly .-,,.~*..-
. ,> -- ,~.F*>.*+:~,:5~#F in a working pocket for practi-
. .
&>-,-: such as size 12 or 14 for medium- to heavier-
function. - .
&
;'
~.
~ > - . < .:... . ~- >;,-,;:
,~ cat use, and decorative design is
.. * ..-
&.~ -
.~;*%-a;.
weight fabric, and size 9 or 11 for lighter- expressed in a pocket that is not
SiYLE I.D. weight fabrics; scissors; matching thread; seam for use, but for decoration, beauty,
Figure 5.1 shows several styles of pockets and ripper; point turner; stabilizer; fabric mark- and style.
how they can be used in design. Can you iden- ing pen; piping (premade or made to match or
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
5.1A I N - S E A M POCKET
WITH FLAP
5 . 1 0 SHAPED
POCKET F L A P
Pockets: Building a H a n d y C o m p a r t m e n t
.~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~
~~ ~ .~~~~~~.
~ . ~
~~~~ ~
coordinate with the pocket); trim; zippers (con- Time equals money in production; does the
trasting, decorative, functional); and contrast- pocket take excessive time to produce? IMPORTANT
ing or decorative thread for topstitching. Will the cost of the trims, such as piping, Placement of the pocket is critical to the
ribbon, buttons, or to~stitching,exceed the overall success of the garment and the
pocket. Carefully check that the pocket is not
NOW LET'S GEC STARTED value of the garment?
too close to the center front, or too close to
Determine what pocket you are going to use for the hem.
your design. Take into consideration what the Use of the pocket detail may be the selling point
purpose of this pocket will be-functional or of a moderately priced garment, adding just the
decorative. "designer" touch that prompts the sale of the
If the pocket is meant to be functional: garment. In higher price ranges, added details POCKET LININGS
and beautiful execution of pockets is in keeping Many fabric choices are available for use as
Placement of the pocket at the correct posi- with luxurious fabrics and trims. lining. (Refer to Chapter 16, "Lining.") The
tion is paramount to the comfort of its use. lining must suit the garment fabric being used
Unevenly spaced pockets can jar the eye, de- INTERFACING IN POCKETS AND FLAPS for a pocket. As the hand enters the pocket, the
tracting from the overall look of the garment. Whenis interfacingusedinpockets or flaps?(Refer lining should allow easy entry.
Are the pockets in proportion to the gar- to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers.")
ment? Too large?Too small? Outerwear garments have different require-
Will the pocket stand up to repeated use To ~rovidebody to a loosely woven fabric. ments than a suit jacket or trouser pockets,
where it is placed? To provide support to an area that is clipped. which must have sturdy, hard-wearing pock-
If the fabric is delicate or might ravel, will To prevent seams from pulling out or apart. ets. Sturdy cotton twill stands up to daily use
adding a stabilizer or a lining create a pocket To prevent seam slippage. in suit jacket pockets and trousers.
too expensive for the garment being pro- To provide a crisp edge that doesn't cave in. On a coat or an outerwear jacket, warmth
duced or will the benefits outweigh the cost? is a factor; fleece or flannel would be good
Will a less time-consuming pocket applica- Types of Interfacing to Use choices.
tion serve as well as a more involved type of Always drape both the interfacing and the fabric If a very bulky fabric is being used for a
~ o c k ebatch
t pocket versus welt pocket)? together to see whether the weight of the stabi- pocket or a flap, a lightweight but firmly
lizer works with the fabric being used. woven lining fabric is a suitable choice.
If the pocket is meant to be decorative: Lined patch pockets require a lining fabric
Try different weights of interfacing on the that reduces the bulk of the pocket, making
Does the pocket add important design detail fabric for the desired effect. the pocket easy to turn for application.
that enhances the garment? Determine how the fabric and interfacing White or light-colored pockets that are lined
Is the proportion of the decorative pocket interact before choosing the interfacing1 look best using a skin-colored lining that re-
in keeping with the overall theme of the stabilizer for your ~ o c k eor
t flap. (Refer to duces the chance of shadowing, or the seams
garment? Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers.") showing through to the front of the pocket.
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
. ~ . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ......
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ . . ~ . . . . . ~
POCKETS
C U T 2 IN FABRIC C U T 2 IN LINING
,
.GARMEW
FABRIC
LINING
--JOIN POCKEr
m PANEL
pocket opening must feel comfortable and not For pockets to be warm and comfortable, nor can they be too wide, overwhelming the
too tight! Transfer this marking to the pattern. the bottom layer (where your hand rests) front of the garment. Consider starting at 2
This is part of functional design. needs to be cut from the original garment inches wide plus seam allowances, and the
fabric. The pocket will wear better made length you measured for the pocket opening.
POCKET PLACEMENT in self-fabric. The other pocket section Cut on the fold for each pocket flap and
(that lies on top of this pocket) is best cut interface the flap to suit the fabric weight.
from lining. This will prevent the pockets Cut off both panel extensions when stitch-
from adding too much bulk. Mark pivot ing flaps to inseam pockets. (Use full size
points-these markings are essential for the pockets as shown in Figure 5.3d.)
Ifthe coat ir bunaned, mark the gosition of construction process. Add notches where Fold each flap in half, with the correct sides
geeh buttonhole. pockets are joined to seam as shown in together. Stitch around three sides, back-
Plese p u r Rand on the pottlrrn in the dimc-
Figure 5.2b and c. stitching at the beginning and end. Trim
tion your hand MUM gp if it were in the
corners to reduce bulk and trim seam allow-
po~ltSt.
msr rmund your hand as a guide fcrthe site STITCHING IN-SEAM POCKETS ances. Turn and press (Figure 5.3a).
of the peclut template. Pon't draw the Place the correct sides of fabric together and When using a rounded edge flap, cut notches
pocket edge iuo clom Po the butmhde stitch the four pocket sections to each panel. into the seam allowance to reduce bulk and
position, a%the pockets need to lie flat and The two fabric pockets will be stitched to the to ensure smooth turning of the flap, as
not Bc -squrshed into the buttonholca. shown in Figure 5.3b.
side-front panel, and the two lining pockets
Learns *.inch gap b e w e n buttonhole and
to the center-front panels. Press the pocket Place the flap on the correct side of the front
packet edge ari r h m n In rlgun $.la,
seams open (Figure 5.2d). panel, aligned to matchpoints, as shown in
Clip into the two corners of the side-front Figure 5.3~.Machine baste in place.
panels, leaving 'fsinch of fabric intact. Press Place the pockets over the flaps on both panels;
POCKET PATTERN the coat with the pockets turned in toward stitch (Figure 5.3d). Press. Continue with
Plot the pocket pattern. It would take a lot of the center front of the coat (Figure 5.2e). consuuction of the pockets; clip into the cor-
fabric to cut both panels with the pockets cut ners. Turn the pockets to the inside; the flaps
all-in-one. This would not be cost-effective In-Seam Pockets with Flaps will be on the outside of the garment. Pin the
in production. -Jackets and Coats flaps into place. Stitch-in-the-ditch by rolling
An extension seam can be added to the When adding flaps to in-seam pockets on jack- the side seams back and stitching through all
panels and cut off the four pocket pieces. ets or coats, the flaps are added before the pock- layers. Press a final time (Figure 5.3e).
Moving the seam inward when the coat is ets are stitched into the seam. See above.
worn, the self-fabric will be visible in the In-Seam Pockets-Pants and Skirts
pocket opening and not the lining. Mark The flaps are the same length as the ~ o c k e t Cut the garment frontpocket fromliningfabric
notches for pocket seam join. Cut off the opening. The width of the flap depends on to reduce bulk, and the garment back pocket
pocket section and draw a parallel grainline the design of the garment-flaps can't be too from the same fashion fabric as the garment,
for pocket placement (Figure 5.2b). narrow or they will disappear into the fabric, so that when your hand slides into the pocket,
Professional Sewing Techniqlces for D e s i g n e r s
"
CLlP CORNERS
1
C
CLIP
5.3A
- -IFOLD
STITCHING AND CLIPPING F L A P S
CLIP CORNERS
7'
MATCH POINTS
5.30 S E W I N G
POCKETS AND
L I N I N G TO T H E
GARMENT
'
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3
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5.3C S E W I N G F L A P S A N D ..,, ,.,<
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S T I T C H I N G TO T H E G A R M E N T
-
- E)
5.3E S E W I N G
THE FLAP
. ' . . ,.: A
. ' . ,:;
-. , ;,
. .:;' .
..,
1
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OPENINGFOR ,:.
. ., '
TURNING POCKET ,6
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5.38 N O T C H I N G THE CURVED F L A P
, . . :,d
; ,
FORWARD . . .
IE-DITCH. ' 'h
,:A$
,,.. ,
,,'
l C K AND
the same fabric as the garment will show (see Patch Pockets O T BE
-:. . ,
, :.: :7$
<
Figure 5.2~). Patch Pocket-Square and Round, .;<'
. /$
'i'
with Template : . :$
<<
With the correct sides of the fabric together, A patch pocket is used on tailored garments ' ,
,
,.,
.',I
9.,
place the pockets on the front and back of such as dresses, suits, sportswear, and casual
the garment. garments. The patch pocket can have a self-fab-
Stitch the pockets to the garment extensions. ric facing; can be unlined, interfaced, lined, or
Press. Clip as shown in Figure 5.4; press the self-lined; and can be made in as many shapes as
seams. Turn the pockets toward center front, you can imagine. It can he functional or purely
and press. decorative. It also can have a flap, buttoned or ., 3
:y
.,.%,
- :r,
ij
,..."(.,.,'+w' x
,.:.~
..:;<..:i,<":
.&.,
,
s.,.
.:',:!:.,>;<
Pockets: Bwilding a H a n d y C o m p a r t m e n t 115 ,.,.,,:::\tt
,:...,:..,
,..
. .<\
C
PRESSING THE SQUARE
/
' CQRNERANOROUNDED
EDGE
Foldline - Foldline
ied on curve
Interface
,----
4
Pivot points
- 1:
b) Round patch pocket
lip corners
Clean
A ROUND PITCH
finish
/-' I POCKET WITH
DOUBLETOPSTITCH
5.58 EASE STITCHING THE ROUNDED EDGE 5.5D ROUND AND SQUARE
O F THE PATCH POCKET PATCH POCKETS EDGE-
STITCHED AND TOP-
STITCHED TO GARMENT
Pockets: Building a H a n d y C o m p a r t m e n t
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . ~ . . .
ing or the seam allowances from pulling out. Match the lining fabric to the garment fabric.
Turn in edges to ease in the corners (Figure For each pocket, cut one pocket pattern of ga
5.5~). ment fabric and one pocket of lining fabric.
Using a single strand of contrasting thread, Cut the lining pocket % inch smaller than
handbaste the pocket in place on the garment the pocket to ensure the lining piece will no
(Figure 5.6a). show on the side of the garment One 5 . 6 8 M A C H I N E S T I T C H I N G I N S I D E T H E PATCH POCKET
Using a contrasting thread color, set the the pocket has been turned. FOR A N INVISIELE F I N I S H
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~ .. ~ ~ .
~~~~~~~ .
~~~~~~~ .~~
~ ~
PIVOT the lining is not visible on the front. Match the pocket markings to the garment for
CLIP CORNER
Match up the pocket.markings'and pin the pocket placement. Place over a seam roll or a
,\
ISDI
pocket to the garment. Topstitch or edge- tailoring ham, and pin the pocket in place.
stitch from the upper corner of the pocket, Edgestitch or topstitch the pocket to the
backstitching to reinforce, and continue to garment.
the opposite upper corner, backstitching
again (Figure 5.5d). Patch Pocket with Flap
A pocket with a flap is both decorative and
Patch Pocket-Lined with a functional. It can be decorative and made in any
Self-Fabric Facing shape to repeat design details of the garment. Oc-
A patch pocket with a self-fabric facing that is casionally, details such as flaps may be added at
JQCL1' AND TRIM lined uses the same pocket pattern as the unlined
patch pocket. The lining is sewn to the edge of the
facing, so that as the hand enters the pocket, the
the end of construction of a garment as a brilliant
decorative design detail. A flap can be functional,
acting as a covering of the pocket opening. When
garment fabric is visible, not the lining fabric. creating this pocket, be mindful of proportion.
The flap should not overwhelm the pocket. Ac-
To create the lining pattern piece, fold over curate marking of pocket placement is also im-
5.7 STITCHING THE LINED PATCH POCKET
the facing on the pocket pattern. Trace the portant to ensure that both the pocket and flap
bottom area of the pocket, adding a %-inch line up evenly. Because it is applied to the surface
Match the lining pocket edges to the garment seam allowance to the upper edge of the of the garment, any detail out of order will he
fabric edges and pin. With the correct sides lining piece. glaringly obvious and detract from the design.
of the fabric together, begin stitching at the Sew the lining piece to the lower edge of the The stitching must be impeccable!
center of the bottom of the pocket, up and pocket facing, leaving an opening of 1 inch
across the top, pivoting at the opposite top in the middle. Press the seams open (Figure To begin, determine the size of the pocket.
corner, down to the center of the bottom, 5.8a). The patch pocket will be sewn to the gar-
and leaving an opening of at least 1 inch or With the correct sides of the lining and the ment first (Figure 5.9a).
larger to turn the pockets to the correct side pocket fabric together, stitch together both The flap should extend beyond the sides of
(Figure 5.7). pieces, beginning at the top of the pocket the pocket; at least 1% inch to ensure that
Trim the corners to reduce hulk; trim the facing and continuing around to the opposite the flap totally covers the pocket when
seam allowances to '/* inch, clip and gently side. Clip corners and trim seam allowances sewn (Figure 5.9b). This may vary, however,
pull the pockets through the opening to the (Figure 5.8b). depending on the weight of the garment
front. Using an awl or a point turner, care- Carefully pull the pocket to the correct side fabric. If the fabric is very bulky or heavy,
fully push out the corners of the pocket. The through the opening in the middle of the increase this measurement to accommodate
opening at the bottom of the pocket will be facing seam allowance. Press. Slipstitch the the turning of the seam allowances of the
pulled to the inside. Press, making sure that 1-inch opening closed (Figure 5.8~). flap. To further reduce bulk, consider using
6.86 STITCHING A FACED L I N I N G TO T H E 5.8~SLlPsTlTcnlNG THE L I N I N G
POCKET, CLIPPING, A N D T R I M M I N G TO THE FACING
the flap, leaving the top open for turning. Clip Side-Front Slanted Pockets
corners of side seams to reduce bulk. Two different pattern pieces are used to create
- Turn and press. Add any type of decorative
stitching, such as topstitching, to the flap
and sew this pocket: the side-front section,
which is cut from the garment fabric, and the
5.8A S T I T C H I N G T H E L I N I N G TO T H E FACING
before continuing. pocket section, which can be cut from lining
Place the flap above the pocket, with the flap fabric or garment fabric, depending on the
lining fabric for the underlayer of the flap. opening facing the top of the pocket. The weight of the fabric. Be creative-the shaping
Cut two pieces of fabric (or one piece of flap should extend slightly beyond the sides and the look of the garment are up to the de-
garment fabric and one piece of lining fabric of the pocket. Pin in place. Stitch along the signer. Begin with the pocket pieces:
if your fabric is bulky) for the determined seam allowance, clip the corners to reduce
flap shape and size. the bulk, and trim the seam allowance to '/s The pocket side-front section is cut from gar-
Interfacing the flaps helps to maintain the inch (see Figure 5.9a). Fold the flap down, ment fabric and the under pocket from lining
shape (refer to Chapter 3, "Interfacing and press, and topstitch the flap '/4 inch from the to reduce bulk.
Other Stabilizers"); cut one piece of interfac- folded edge (see Figure 5.9b). This keeps the Stabilize the pocket edge (Figure 5.10a and
ing for each flap. With correct sides of the flap in a downward position, covering the Figure 3.13).
fabric together, stitch around three sides of top of the pocket. Serge the outside edges of the pocket pieces.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
-7-czTcH
along the waist pocket area and where the
pocket joins the side seam (Figure 5.10d).
This keeps the pieces in place during con-
struction. The pocket edges could be
serge* together as a final finishing to the
seams.
CURVED
Single-Layer Pockets
A single-layer pocket is a pocket that is top-
stitched to the surface of the garment. Often
- E found~ on casual
~ garments~ of lightweight
~ fabric,
~ ~ ~ ~
it is exactly what the name implies: a single layer
of fabric cut into a pocket shape, finished on all
sides with a side opening, and stitched to the
surface of a garment. Functional or decorative,
it can be in any shape that suits the design of
your garment.
5 . 9 6 PLACEMENT AND STITCHING O F
F L A P TO GARMENT
Clean finish all the edges of the pocket. Ease
stitch around the curves or corners of the
Pockets: Building a H a n d y C o m p a r t m e n t
duction to Stabilizers").
and proportion suits the design of your gar- Is this pocket functional or decorative? bottom of the pleats to hold in place while
ment. Be creative and have fun! Will the pockets be in proportion to the finishing construction of the pocket.
Clean finish all the edges of the pocket if it garment?
will not show through the fabric to the cor- Will this pocket enhance the design enough Gathered Pockets
rect side. Turn under the seam allowances; to justify the time and cost involved? Gathers are small, soft folds made by machine
if the pocket edges are curved, stitch ' I s inch Will this design detail prompt the customer basting two rows of stitches within the seam
around the curves first, and then clip along to "have to have it"? allowance and pulling up the bobbin thread.
the curve if necessary so the pocket lies flat. Gathers complement a round-shaped pocket
If the corners are squared, it may be neces- Pleated Pockets (see Figure 5.13). Refer to Chapter 6 (Figure
sary to clip into the corners to allow the seam Pleats are well recognized features of garments 6.23) for Inore information on gathers.
allowances to lie flat and to reduce bulk. Press such as skirts or kilts, but they are a strong linear Fabric choice is a major consideration in
and use the stitching line as a guide. detail that can be applied elsewhere on garments gathering the pocket into soft folds. Always
Accurately place the pocket on the garment, such as at necklines, collars, cuffs, and yes, pock- sample your fabric using various stitch lengths
pin in place, and edgestitch. O n linear-shaped ets. (Refer to Chapter 7, "Tucks and Pleats.") The to produce the softest folds. Avoid using fabric
pockets, stitch a second row of topstitching functional part of the pleat is the extra fabric that that produces stiff gathers that resemble folds,
'(4 inch from the edgestitching. This provides adds volume in the pocket. The decorative aspect unless that is the desired effect.
additional support for the pocket (functional of a pleated pocket is the linear repetition, and
design) as well as decorative finishing. whether the pleat is crisp or soft. Welt Pockets
There are four basic pleat styles, which can Welt Pockets-Single, Double, with Flap
Pleated, Gathered Pockets be used singly or in a series: knife pleats, in Welt pockets are not difficult, but they do re-
To create pleated or gathered pockets, the fin- which the folds go in one direction; box pleats, quire great accuracy in marking, and precision
ished size of the pocket must be determined with two folds turned away from each other in cutting and stitching. A shorter stitch length
before adding the amounts needed for the and under folds meeting in the center; inverted helps control for accuracy when beginning and
pleats or gathers. Proportion plays a very im- pleats, which are box pleats in reverse with folds ending the stitching. Single welt pockets and
portant part in this determination. A small turned toward each other and meeting; and ac- welt pockets with flaps are considered varia-
pocket would not look good with a very large cordion pleats. Accordion pleats would be the tions of the double welt pocket. When flaps
pleat taking up its entire surface, nor would a least likely pleat to be used in a pocliet. are added to the welt pocket, they are slipped
very large pocket look good with a few tiny under the upper welt and stitched after the
gathers, looking more like wrinkles than For crisp folded edges on the pleats, edge- welts have been stitched, but before the pocket
gathers. The type of fabric being used will stitch the front edges of the pleats. Leave the bag is completed. The standard length of the
also dictate whether gathers or pleats will be pleats unstitched for a softer look. welt pocket is 5 inches but can easily be made
used. Pleats generally look best on a square Place strips of brown paper under each pleat shorter or longer for comfort or design aes-
or rectangular-shaped pocket, while gathers to avoid ridging on the front of the fabric thetic. Careful marking of the pocket place-
look fullest on rounded shapes. Before you when pressing. Using a pressing cloth, press ment on the correct side of the garment begins
begin, consider: the pleat thoroughly. Baste across the top and this technique (Figure 5.11a).
Pockets: Building a Handy Compartment
Cut two welts, 1% inches wide by 8 inches Begin and end exactly at t h e placement lines;
Nothing detracts more from welt pockets long, from the garment fabric or contrasting backstitch a few stitches to secure, or t h e
than being uneven! fabric for each pocket. The welt can be cut pocket will e n d u p uneven f r o m t h e correct
Reinforce the area behind the pocket. This on the same grainline as the garment, on the
may already be fully underlined with fus- crosswise grain, or on the true bias. Fold tht
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
5.11A ACCURATE
POCKET LENGTH
MARKING
MACHINE
BASTE
4
D)
I
IF 6ARMENT IS NOT LINED
at %-inch seam allowance. Turn the lower
pocket to the correct side, press, and then
edgestitch
- along- the fold near the teeth of the
5.116 S E C U R I N G T H E T R I A N G U L A R E N D S 5.11H S E C U R I N G T H E T R I A N G U L A R E N D S zipper (Figure 5.12b).
OF THE S L A S H POCKET OPENING, OF T H E S L A S H POCKET O P E N
A N D STITCHING THE POCKET With the teeth of the zipper showing on the
correct side of the pocket, place the correct
is the same, but the cording, which is the same Pockets with Zippers side of the lining piece against it. Carefully
length as the welt, is placed within the welts as Pockets with zippers can be both functional and stitch around the entire pocket using a %-inch
they are positioned on the garment front, and decorative. Because of the wide variety of zippers seam allowance; avoid stitching through the
before the triangles left from slashing are sewn available, these pockets are useful on sportswear zipper, which could break the needle. Clip
and reinforced. Any excess cording is trimmed but can be applied to other garments as well. On the corners to reduce bulk; make a slash
away before the triangles are stitched to reduce pockets, a 5- or %inch zipper works well. through the lining near the bottom just large
bulk. The cording produces a rounded effect of enough to pull the pocket through. The slash
the welts. Extend this pattern to a length that is com- opening can be fused closed with a piece of
Begin with wider-than-needed strips of bias fortable for the hand to fit into from the side fusible interfacing or hand stitched together
when making piping. It's easier to work with or the top, and that is in proportion to the (Figure 5.12~).
and to cut off the unneeded width after the garment you are making. Separate the pat- Place the pocket on the garment, match-
piping is sewn. tern into three pieces: the upper pocket, the ing markings for placement. Edgestitch the
Pockets: Bnilding a Handy Compartment
.~ ~ ~~~. ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~.~~ ~ ~
GARMENT-CORRECT SIDE
POCKET
OPENING
5.12C ATTACHING THE POCKET LINING AND SLASHING 5.12D STITCHING THE POCKET TO THE GARMENT
Pocket Flaps and Welts design of the garment or provides a contrasting 5.3a). This flap/welt can also be made in two
The flap can be inserted into a welt or placed detail to highlight the design. pieces, using lining fabric for the under flap
over a pocket. The difference between a flap and to reduce bulk. Any decorative stitching on
a welt is that a flap hangs down without any se- The rectangdar-shaped flap is most com- the flap/welt should be done before attaching
curing stitches, whereas a welt usually is placed monly used. the flap/welt to the garment.
facing upward and is stitched along its sides to Interfacing is applied to half of the flap/welt,
the garment. The flap is functional, covering the which is cut in the same direction as the gar- The flap is attached to the garment by
top of a pocket. Both the flap and the welt can ment surface. Fold in half, with correct sides matching the markings for placement. The
be used decoratively, stitched to the garment together, and stitch the side seams together flap is placed with the raw edges facing
without a pocket underneath. They both can at %-inch seam allowance. Clip the corners toward the hem. The raw edges can be clean
be made into any shape that complements the to reduce bulk, turn, and press (see Figure finished by serging, or if the fabric is light-
Pockets: Building a Handy Compartment
garment or contrasting fabric, and an under bias strip made in various widths of the same
I IMPORTANT
Use a point turner to get into the corners of
theflaplwelt for a sharp, crisp point.
home sewing machine, a group of zigzag stitches Always match the fabric to the use. A fabric
overlap or touch one another or there is a special IMPORTANT can be made to work in a way for which it was
stitch for this technique. In industrial sewing, Reinforce the area supporting t h e closures not intended as a design statement. In order for
specialized machines produce this stitch. As a with stabilizer that is appropriate for t h e gar- it to look well made, it must complement and
couture touch on tailored garments, this stitch ment fabric. enhance the design, as well as be impeccably
is called the Arrowhead tack. Use topstitching constructed.
thread, buttonhole twist thread, or two strands of the garment and whether the cost of the addi-
of needle thread to create this stitch by hand. tional fabric needed is justified when using bias. Lace, Beaded, Velvet, and Satin Fabrics
Bias pockets made from stripes or plaids require These very special-care fabrics that require
CLOSURES ON POCKETS stabilizing; changing the lengthwise grainline particular attention to careful handling can
There are two basic categories of closures for to the crosswise grainline may produce some all be stitched as in-seam pockets. Because of
pockets: functional and decorative. Functional stretching. Stabilizethe entire pocket, oruse stay the potential bulkiness of velvet and lace, a
closures are those elements that actually work, tape at the upper edge to prevent stretching. facing pocket paired with lining will reduce
such as buttonholes, buttondloops, zippers, tabs the bulk and produce a smooth, flat pocket.
and buckles, and D-rings, to mention a few. Sheer Fabrics When using beaded fabrics for in-seam pock-
Decorative, nonworking closures add a Sheer fabrics fall into two categories: firmly ets, all of the beading should be removed from
design element to the garment when applied woven, such as organdy, or softer, more drap- the surface of the pocket fabric before stitch-
to the pocket or flap. Some examples include able sheer, such as chiffon. When working with ing. Satin fabrics will often show ridging on
buttons applied over a stitched buttonhole these fabrics, extra care must be taken in cut- the surface of the garment if serging is used
that is not cut open, fabric frogs applied to ting and sewing (Figure 2.19). For greater ac- to finish seams; finish the seam edges of the
the surface of the pocket, an unopened zipper curacy in cutting and sewing, use tissue paper pocket with sheer Seams Great for the flattest,
stitched directly on the surface of the pocket, over and under the fabric. smoothest finish.
or loops applied along the upper edge of the Purchase a package of multicolored gift
pocket. (Refer to Chapter 17, "Closures.") As tissue and use a color that is similar to the fabric Knits
long as the decorative closures add appeal, and you are using, whether it is a solid or a print. Any type of pocket could conceivably be made
complement and work with the fabric weight The tissue tears away easily, but if tiny bits are in knit fabric, but the success of the pocket style
and hand, have the courage to use something left within the seam allowance, it will be less no- depends on the weight and stretch of the knit.
unique! ticeable than white tissue paper. For example, you would not put a tailored, welt
A detail such as a pocket that is functional pocket into slinky knit-the stretch of the knit
POCKETS IN TRICKY FABRICS needs to be underlined. Pockets in sheer fabrics would completely prevent the finished pocket
Stripes or Plaids such as georgette or batiste can be underlined from interacting with the drape of the knit.
Changing direction when using stripes or plaids using another firm sheer fabric such as silk or- Patch pockets are often found on stable knit gar-
can add an exciting design element to the gar- ganza for support. ments that are heavier weight. In-seam pockets
ment. When turning the direction of the grain- A decorative pocket such as a gathered are most often used on skirts, dresses, and pants
line, consider how this element affects the look pocket made from chiffon can be self-lined. made from knit fabric.
Pockets: Building a Handy C o m p a r t m e n t
Denim in leather. You've never sewn with leather STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
All styles of pockets are fabulous in denim. before, but you know how to accurately As a creative person training to be a fashion de-
Sample the style of pocket you want to use mark, carefully cut, evenly stitch, pivot, clip, signer, your willingness to experiment with new
before placing it onto or into the garment. trim, and stabilize patch pockets. ideas is critical. Taking the basic patch pocket,
Putting it all together by thinking of what flap, or shaped side pocket as a start, you can
Leather you do know, you can begin to: create many different versions as shown in
Any style of pocket that can be made in fabric can - Stabilize the front of the garment. Figure 5.13. Try some of the listed suggestions,
also be made in leather. Welt pockets can be con- - Accurately mark the welt placement. have fun, and see where the design ends up!
structed as described earlier. Lighter weight skins - Straight stitch the welts from leather.
of leather have some give and require stabilizing Layer several differently sized and shaped
(only use low-temperature fusible) to prevent Knowing these techniques will get you started. pocket flaps of different colors or textures,
stretching. Test several weights and types of in- Then, with the help of your instructor and by and so forth, but consider bulk and fabric
terfacing on sample pieces of leather to obtain a following the explanations of the welt pockets, weight at the top of the flap.
perfect match. (Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction you can learn to stitch the welt pocket in leather Cut an asymmetrical flap that folds over at
or another fabric, broadening your sewing
to Stabilizers.") Use stabilizer tape at the top edge two different points.
of leather pockets to prevent the pocket opening skills. Given what you learned from stitching Create an unusual novelty pocket with
from stretching. Use craft glue to position patch patch pockets and flaps, you will transfer that wildly contrasting lining.
pockets on the surface of a leather garment. knowledge to other pocket designs and fabrics Make a shaped welt pocket, such as a triangle
such as the welt pocket in leather. or a curve.
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE The cutting, marking, and stitching you have Turn the direction of the grainline of a welt
This chapter has explained the many different learned in this chapter can also be transferred to pocket to achieve a different look in the
types of pockets; the importance of accurate the following design suggestions: design, using the same sewing techniques.
marking, cutting, and stitching; how to assemble Use decorative machine stitches to topstitch
and create both functional and decorative styles Choose a detail from the print of the design pocket flaps.
of pockets and flaps; and how pockets and flaps fabric, such as a flower or a geometric design. Create a false piping by cutting the lining '14
are used in design. Pockets are attention-getting Create a pocket from this detail. inch larger than the pocket, rolling it to the
elements and, for this reason, it is best to start Mimic the lines of the fabric print on a outside, and topstitching the pocket to the
out perfecting the easiest pocket, trying all the shaped flap, and topstitch with a contrasting garment.
~ossiblecombinations that can be made of that thread color from the print. Create a border of sheer organza gathered
pocket, and then moving on to another, more Add piping to the edge of a one-piece flap pockets to trim the neckline and hem of a
complex pocket. pocket with a machine-stitched buttonhole. linen dress-strictly decorative!
Bind the edges of a rounded, gathered Add a ruffle around the pocket; could be cut
Let's say a garment design calls for tweed, pocket with bias binding on a single-layer on bias with raw edges or a folded ruffle.
and the welt of the pocket would look great pocket. Experiment with changing the direction of
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ - . . . ~ . ~. ~
. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
.........
PATCHPOCKET
S C A L ~ ~ P EEDGE
D ADD BIAS TRIM
AND DECORATIVE BUTTON
SIDE POCKET *
7
the pockets in an asymmetrical design. the pocket placement and '/8 inch in from the common? Indicate what you don't understand,
Create a sheer, single-layer pocket with drape side of the pocket placement. The pocket, if ac- and ask your instructor for further help.
at top of the pocket; leave edges raw. curately. -placed, covers these holes. The solution
Use two rows of topstitching to create to slipped, pinned pockets can be hahdbasting They both can be lined to the edge with self-
"jeans" pockets. Create your own design, of the pocket or trying an adhesive bjasting tape fabric, contrasting fabric, or lining.
using unique thread. to temporarily hold the pocket in place while The flaps are stabilized.
stitching. They both can be made into many unique
STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . shapes.
. .. the welt slashes are too big and SELF-CRITIQUE They both can have functional closures.
extend beyond the markings? Are the pockets cut on the correct grainlines? They both can have decorative applications
If you have slashed too far, you can first try to Are the pockets placed evenly-that is, are to the pocket or flap.
adjustthestitching to extend beyond theslashing they symmetrical (unless in the design they Depending on their size, they can be func-
if it doesn't involve too many stitches. However, are asymmetrical)? tional or decorative.
the welts will not be sewn at the same size, so Are the pocket seam allowances turned
you will also have to add stitches to the welts to smoothly-with no puckering or unneces- Look at your pockets and ask yourself:
attempt to match it all up. This is very difficult, sary, unintended gathering?
but worth a try. This solution only has a chance Are the decorative elements such as buttons, Is this pocket functional, and does it actually
of working if you have not already trimmed the trim, piping, or closures sewn on invisibly? work?
excess length of the welts. Otherwise, you will Are the welts exactly even in width over the Does the pocket look like it belongs with the
have to cut longer welts and restitch. pocket opening? design?
Is there any puckering at the corners where Does the pocket enhance the design enough
.. . the patch pockets are unevenly sewn the welts have been turned? to justify the time and cost involved?
despite careful pinning? Do the flaps or shaped pockets lie flat, with- Will this pocket detail prompt the customer
Accurate placement of the patch pockets is es- out bulk? to "have to have it"?
sential. Using various marking supplies such
as fabric marking pens, transfer paper with a With practice, patience, accuracy, and good
tracing wheel, or stitch tracing on very diffi- sewing skills, pockets will become a favorite
cult fabrics can help. In production, small drill What do patch pockets with all-in-one flaps featured design element.
holes are placed 1/8 inch down from the top of and patch pockets with separate flaps have in
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
belong to. The seams will need to be seam LET'S PREPARE TO STITCH
ripped, pressed, and stitched again. This was a Let's go over a few basic stitchitips before we IMPORTANT
waste of precious time! By using pattern mark- begin. These tips, and much more, were dis- Checkon both sides of the fabric that the
ings, success is guaranteed. cussed in Chapter 2, "Let's Stitch!" stitch tension is correct. Figure 2.26b il-
lustrates how the stitches look when the
tension is correct. Do attend to this now-if
Choosing the Best Seam for Your Project First thread the sewing machine.
your stitch tension is not correct, you cannot
Let's recap what we learned in Chapter 2: Check the bobbin tension. stitch quality stitches. Adjust the machine or
Use the correct needle size number. bobbin tension accordingly.
Keep in mind there is always more than one Adjust the stitch length dial to the appropri-
method of stitching seams. ate stitch length for the fabric.
To choose the appropriate seam finish for With the tape measure around your neck or Sample again and again. ..with experience it
your project, you must sample! seam gauge by your side and pins at your finger- will get easier.
The best guide is the fabric itself-the type tips, you are now ready to begin to stitch seams.
and weight. Stitch a sample seam using two pieces of After the fabric has been cut, and pattern mark-
The seam finish is the designer's choice; for muslin or the fashion fabric you are using. ings applied, stabilizers such as an interfacing or
this reason, sound construction knowledge is Do not use a single layer of muslin, as this an underlining are next in the stitching order. It
important. will not give an accurate stitch. must be noted that some seams need stabilizing
The target customer and the price point of the to prevent them from stretching in the stitching
garment can define the seam finish you choose. What Do I Do if My Stitches process. Any fabric edges cut on the bias grain
For example, a summer jacket could be made Are Not Quality Stitches? have the potential to stretch and may need a sta-
in cotton brocade. A Hong Kong finish could Check that the machine is threaded correctly. bilizing tape (as an alternative to an underlining
be used for the entire jacket (seams, facing, Check the bobbin tension. or an interfacing) to stabilize and reinforce a
and hem edges). This would be labor inten- Try a different needle size. seam before it is stitched (Figure 3.8). How this is
sive, and thus costly, but the completed jacket Try a new needle. done is covered in Chapter 3, "Stabilizing Tapes."
would look fabulous on the inside. On.the Experiment with the machine tension. Refer to the stabilizingtape chart in Table 3.1.
other hand, the same fabric could be stitched Check that you used two pieces of fabric for After attending to the stabilizer, next in
together with a safety stitch. A safety stitch is a sampling. the stitching order is flat construction (such as
quick, cost-effective seam finish. A well-heeled darts, tucks, and any seams that must be stitched
shopper would purchase the first jacket at a before the side seams are stitched together).
store such as Saks Fifth Avenue; the customer
on a budget would purchase the second jacket I IMPORTANT
- .
Hish-aualitv
-
fabrics are easier to stitch
Seam Supports
I
at a store such as Target or Old Navy. As you than those of poorer quality. Quality fabric. A seam support is any aid that helps and sup-
can see, identify~ngthe target customer has an stitching, and finishingare what make one ports you when stitching seams. Seam supports
impact on the seam techniques that character- designer's work stand out from another's. can vary: tape measure, seam gauge, pins, fabric
ize particular collections. markers, and handbasting all aid in accurate and
Seamr:Joining I t All Together
.....................................................................
CENTERFRONT
CENTER
FRONTS
THIS PIECE
IS TURNED
UP-SIDE-DOWY
~RONT
PANEL
6.5A WHEN NOTCHES ARE SNIPPED, EACH GARMENT PIECE FITS 6 . 3 8 WHEN NOTCHES ARE NOT SNIPPED, GARMENT PIECES CAN
PERFECTLY TOGETHER. THIS I S THE FRONT SECTION OF THE RED BE TURNED UPSIDE DOWN AND STRETCHED TO FIT OTHER SEAMS
DRESS I N FIGURE 6.1A STITCHED PERFECTLY TOGETHER. AND ARE EASILY STITCHED TOGETHER WRONGLY.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
tMPORTANT
After yean of sewing uperience. we am
support. One
great believers in using P ~ e h m
dour favorite seam supports wuld h r w to
be handbasting.
p4.;'
::,
'.
Stitching the "Perfect" Seam
Let's begin by refreshing your memory of the
left until the end, it can be hard to get back into
the garment to press. For more information,
into the fabric. Pressing helps seams lie
smooth and flat and prepares the fabric to be
&..: - stitching rhythm, SEW, CLIP, PRESS, that refer to Chapter 2, "How to Press a Garment." stitched to the next fabric piece.
fl;
CI::,
gi.
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
Plain Seam
A plain seam is the most basic and least notice-
Staystitching is one single row of stitching Use a small stitch length (2 is a good, general able of all the seams. It is appropriate for just
stitched to one layer of fabric to reinforce and stitch length). about any location on the garment, and suits
prevent seams from stretching and distorting Staystitch the neckline directionally; i n this case, most fabric types. Plain seams can be straight,
in the stitching process. Any fabric can be stay- that means stitchingfrom the shoulders to the curved, round, or angled and each will be dis-
stitched to stabilize it-the main consideration center front of the neckline. Stitching directional cussed in this chapter. When a plain seam is
isn't the type of fabric, but rather the grainline does not distort or stretch the fabric (Figure stitched in the traditional way, the seam allow-
on which the seam is cut, or the angle of the 6.6b,c, and d). ance is facing the inside of the garment, on the
seamline. To reinforce corners, begin and end at a point wrong side of the fabric. O n the correct side
When angled seams are stitched together, iinch to either side of the corner (Figure 6.6a). of the garment, seams look smooth with clean
the inside corner must be clipped into the pivot Corners can also be stabilized with fusible or lines. However, plain seams can also be top-
point or matchpoint before it can be stitched nonfusible interfacing for extra reinforcement. stitched, exposed, piped, boned, or embellished
to another garment piece. The pivot point is Also notice in this figure that a small piece of with trims. All of these ideas will be discussed
the corner where the angle meets on the seam- interfacing can also be used to reinforce the in this chapter as we move forward. A plain
line. Look at Figure 6.6a to see the pivot point, angled corner. It is important that the interfac- seam is exposed or "deconstructed" when the
and the position of the staystitching. Likewise, i n g not shadow to the correct side, as this would seam allowance is unfinished and shows on the
before curved or round seams can be stitched, distract from the overall appearance of the correct side of the garment. Exposed seams are
the inward curve needs to be clipped to allow garment. popular in fashion today.
Seams: Joining I t All Together
~~~~ ~ ~. ~
~ ~ ~ . ~ ~
iA M S
6.6D CLIP
PIVOT POINT
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
IMPORTANT
As you stitch, always keep your eyes open to
what is happening under the seam as well as
STITCH PAFALLELTO
1
THE FABRIC EDGES
/
I
IMPORTANT
Always stitch a sample seam in your fashion
fabric (not muslin) to determine the "best"
to use for your project.
! Y
in bringing together bias-cut seams. ing the correct sides together. Stitch the seam
with the bias side facing up. As you stitch, IMPORTANT
After each seam is stitched, clip the threads
BiaslStraight Grain Seam don't stretch the bias piece; rather, ease it into
and press the seam open or closed.
Any fabric cut on the bias has the potential to the seam.
stretch. Fabric cut on the straight grain (verti-
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~~~~~.
/$
/The are two choices as to when t h e seam is
+&&ed.
I. The seam edges can be finished first, before they
are stitched; or
2 . The seam edges can be finished after the seams
SAFETY STITCH
A safety stitch serves a dual purpose, by stitdung
the seamline and the edge finish simultaneously.
A safety stitch is cost-effective in production, as
it saves time, and time is money. It would not be
used in haute couture but is used in cheaper lines
of dothing. Four cones of thread are used for a
safety stitch. Figure 6.11 illustrates a safety stitch.
SHAPED SEAMS
6.108 C L O S E D
The secret to stitching shaped seams that lie SERGED S E A M S
Serge the seams closed and press the seam oints-they are essential in stitching
allowance toward the front panel (Figure 6.12b). angled seam (Figure 6.14a ).
Press all curved seams over a tailor's ham to Staystitch the corner1/,6 inch inside the seam
shape the princess seam. Referto Figure 4.3b. allowance for approximately 3/., inch on the
Even though a dart is being pressed in this il- angled corner. The staystitching reinforces the
lustration, the method is the same. Also refer to inward corner and keeps the fabric from pulling
Chapter 2, "How to Press a Garment." away from the seam. Clip into the corner up to the
staystitching (Figure 6.14b).
Circular Seam Place the correct sides of the fabric together. With
The colorful dress in Figure 6.lb, in the Style the clipped side facing up, pin one seam down to
ITCHED WITH
I.D., is called "the Circular Dress." Can you see the clipped corner. Don't pin the other side of the THIS SIDEOF FABRIC
why this dress has this name? seam at this stage, as it needs to hangfreely. FACING UP
e.12 PRINCESS S E I M S
,/-
Mark the matchpoints. If the design doesn't have
\j/a center-front seam, staystitch the center-frontV
Whetherthere is a center-front seam or not, place
the correct sides ofthe top and bottom sections
Remember, always stitch a sample seam in your
fashion fabric (not muslin) to help provide direc-
and clip before stitching to the top section (see together and stitch a %-inch seam. When you get tion as to the best seam finish for use i n your
Figure 6.15a). to the matchpoints, leave the machine needle project.
I f t h e design has a center-front seam, as in the down in the fabric and pivot on the corner. Swing
dress i n Figure 6.1, then stitch an open serged the fabric down so the seam allowance opens, PIPED SEAMS
seam. Begin stitchingfrom the top edge to the enabling the remaining stitching to be completed A piping i s a bias-cut piece o f fabric wrapped
matchpoints. Do notstitch beyond this point into (see Figure 6.15a and b). a r o u n d c o r d i n g a n d inserted i n t o a seam. Even
the seam allowance (Figure 6.15b). Serge the seam closed (Figure 6.15b). t h o u g h t h e pipingi s a decorative element, w h i c h
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
...........................................................................
. .
CLIP
MATCH CENTER NOTCHES
P Q /
A) CENTER-FRONTSE~M
CLIPPED TO STAYSTllCHIMC
/
STITCH A CLOSED
/sERGED
6.15A N O CENTER-FRONT S E A M
.
Stitching the Piping
Use a zipper foot forthe entire stitching process
(Figure 6.18a).
Laythe cordingso it is centered on the binding.
Turn the top edge over the cording approximately
V8inch for a clean-edge finish (see Figure 6.18a).
Bring the two raw edges of the binding together,
LENGTHWISE
wrapping it around the cord. Stitch as closely as
possible to the cord so it is a tight fit. Be care-
ful not to twist the bias as you stitch (see Figure
6.18a).
Place the pipingto one side of the seam, match-
ingthe raw edges together. Pin the piping in
place (Figure 6.18b).
Stitch the piping to the seam, directly on top of
6 ? 6 CUTTING B I A S BINDING
the previous row of stitching. Don't stretch the
piping as you stitch or i t w i l l puckerthe seams
(see Figure 6.18b).
Turn the piped fabric overto the wrong side and
PATTPN TIP: CUTTING match to the other seam edge, so that the correct
BIAS BINDING
- - -
sides are facing. The piping is now sandwiched
Follow the illustration i n Figure 6.16 to cut between both fabric pieces. Stitch the seam
the bias strips.
directly over the previous stitches (Figure 6.180.
Bringthe crosswise and lengthwise grains to- Now grade the seam and serge as a closed seam
gether. Theqpdegreeangle is the biasgrain. (Figure 6.18d).
To calculate the width of the bias, wrap
a narrow piace of paper around the cord. Grading Seams
measure Phis length, and add'ls inch for Grading refers t o trimming the seam allowance
ease and add the seam allowance. The
Joining the Bias t o different levels t o eliminate bulk. T h e amount
width of the pipins for a '1s-inch cord is cut
Bias-cut seams need t o be joined o n the length- 11
' . inches wide. of grading needed depends o n the thickness o f
wise grain. I f seams are joined o n the bias grain, Cut parallel strips on the same bias grain. the seam.
they will stretch easily. Figure 6.17a and b illus- as indicated i n Figure 6.16, t o get the Fabrics can be divided i n t o those that are
uates h o w the seam is joined, pressed open, and required length. heavy, medium, or light in weight. Depend-
trimmed. ing o n the fabric weight and the t y p e o f seam
Seams: Joining it All Together
... .. ~ . .~
. .. ..
LENGTHWISE
GRAINS
6.188 S T I T C H
OVER T H E
PREVIOUS
2 ROWS OF
6.17A STITCHING THE S E A M W H E N JOINING STITCHING
LENGTHS OF B I A S S T R I P S
- PIPINGDOES
NOT NEED
TO BE CLIPPED
WHEN STITCHED
TO STRIIGHT
3 LAYERS
SEAMS.
OF FABRIC
,TRIM SEAMALWWANCE
6.178 P R E S S O P E N S E A M S .
stitched, bulk will be more prevalent in some Figure 6.30 shows how closed serged seams Bulk is also reduced in hems to prevent ugly
seams than in others. Bulk needs to be reduced are turned in opposite directions to reduce ridges from showing on the correct side of
from intersecting seams, collar corners, over- bulk when the seam intersects. the fabric. (Refer to Figure 15.7.)
lapping pleats, seam insertions, and any other Figure 6.3413 shows how excessfabric is cut
thick seams. Figure 6.18d and other references away from a flat-felled seam to reduce bulk. Piping can also be inserted into princess, cir-
throughout this book will help you understand When a %-inch endosed seam is stitched cular, and angled seams. Notice that the piping
how to reduce bulk. around facings, collars, cuffs, and pocket is prepared differently for curved/circular and
flaps, bulk can be less of a problem; angled seams. The piping is prepared using the
Figure 6.29a show how bulk is cut away from however, grading is still needed in many same stitches but they are clipped differently
open seams that intersect. cases (Figures 11.9 and 12.10a). depending on the shape of the seam. Piping ap-
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . - . .
6.19A P R E P A R E
T H E P I P I N G FOR
4 LAYERS - A CURVED OR
OF FABRIC R O U N D SEAM.
plied to a curved or round seam is illustrated in eased seams include the sleeve cap (to fit over 6.198 P I P I N G
I N S E R T E D INTO A
Figures 6.19a and b, and 6.20. Piping applied to the shoulders) and waistline (used instead of PRINCESS S E A M
an angled seam is pictured in Figure 6.21a and b. darts to create shape over the hip or to create
After piping is applied to any shaped seam, shape to fit over the bustline instead of using a
the seam is then stitched as described in the ear- bust dart). Refer to Chapter 14 for details about
lier section on "Shaped Seams." eased seams in sleeves.
G
EASED SEAM r section, stitch one row of basting
An eased seam has a slight fullness on one side stitches, between the notches and ./,a inch inside
of the seam. An eased seam is most often used the seamline (Figure 6.22a).
to create roundness or fullness. Examples of
Seams: Joining It All Together
6.20PIPING
INSERTED INTO A
CIRCULAR SEAM
-CUTAWAY
BULK
PATTERN T I P FOR
FIGURE 6 . a 2 A
The longer section to be eased
must be notched. Theother
seam also needs to be notched
to indicate where it joins to the
eased section. The placement
of the notches is illustrated in
Figure 6.22a.
Professional Sewing Tecbntques for Deszgners
.................... . .................F....-........ .-.
GATHERED SEAM
O n e o r b o t h sides o f a seam can be gathered.
F o r a gathered seam t o be successful, a light- t o
medium-weight fabric should be used-bulky
fabrics d o n o t gather as well. Refer back t o
the Style I.D. t o see the floral summer dress in
Figure 6.ld. N o t i c e the gathered seam on the
armholes. In the pattern d r a f t i n g stage, the d a r t
was transferred i n t o fullness t o provide shape in
the bust area.
6.22A
EASING
Y*WI*I B I S n W C I STITCHES
NOTE
Eased and gathered seams are both serged
closed. Place the easinglgathering under-
neath as you serge. Press the seam in the
opposite direction to the easing or gathering
(see Figure 6.23~).
6.23A GATH-
ERING: STITCH
rWO ROWS
O F BASTING
STITCHES.
TOPSTITCHED SEAMS
Topstitching refers to rows of stitches that are
stitched to the surface of the fabric on top of
the seam. Topstitching makes a seam stronger,
highlights the design lines, and helps the seam
lie flat, as well as adding a decorative element to 6.238 EVENLY
DISTRIBUTE THE
the garment. In Figure 6.lc, the angled seam on GATHERING.
NOTE
Twin needles can also be used to stitch two
rows of topstitching in one stitching process.
making it a quicker method. Figure z.zab iC
lustrates what a twin needle looks like. Twin
needle topstitching is explained in the next
section, "Topstitching Shaped Seams
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
6.24 MACHINE
TOPSTITCHING
by h a n d t o open o r closed seams; however, as been stitched with a '/,-inch seamline (Figure 6.24a). The name says it all-
because o f the thickness o f closed seams, it i s closed serged seam (see Figure 6.1ob). this is edge stitching!
m o r e successful in the latter. T h e seam allow- Increase the stitch length-the more layers of
ance in a closed seam acts as padding, enabling fabric there are, the longer the stitch length needs Welt Seam
the topstitching t o s i n k in, and slightly rais- to be because the stitches sink into the fabric. With the correct side facing up, line up the
ing the section between the seamline a n d t h e Topstitching thread, single thread, or two presser foot so it butts up next to the seam-
topstitching. strands of thread in matching or contrasting line. Stitch 'I4
inch away from the seamline. By
L o o k at each o f the topstitched seams in colors can be used for topstitching. Use a larger- keeping the presser foot butted up next t o the
Figures 6.24. Observe h o w each seam has been sized needle for two strands and topstitching seamline, the topstitching will be parallel for the
stitched. Three layers o f fabric (seam allowance threads, as the needle eye will be larger and entire distance (Figure 6.24b).
a n d outer layer o f fabric) nicely p a d the top- easierto thread.
stitched seams. N o t i c e the seam allowance is not Double Topstitched Seam
graded. Topstitching can be one, two, o r three Edgestitch A double topstitch combines an edgestitch and a
rows of permanent stitches, zigzag stitches, o r With the correct side of the fabric facing up. welt.
decorative stitches-the choice i s yours! stitch a row oftopstitching1/%6inchaway from the With the correct side ofthe fabric facing up,
Seams: Joining I t All Together
stitch a row of edgestitching (see Figure 6.24a). tween each needle; numbers such as 75/80/90
Look at the Style I.D. in Figure 6.ld. Do you
To stitch the next row of stitching, line up the see the angled topstitched seams? refer to the needle sizes. Chapter 2, "Sewing
presser foot next to the seamline and notto Machine Needle Types," describes twin nee-
the edgestitching. Stitch the second row of Twin Needle Topstitching dles in detail.
topstitches for the entire distance so the two A twin needle has two needles that sit side by On fine knits, tissue stitch if the twin needle
side. Twin needle topstitching produces two
stitching rows are parallel to each other. The total stitching does not lie flat. Twin needle stitching
width of the stitchingfrom the seamline should "~erfect"parallel rows of topstitching (Figure can be used to topstitch woven fabrics, and it
be *I 4(see Figure 6.24~).
inch 6.25). Twin needle topstitchingis ideal for knits works well on denim. Hems can also be twin
as it allows the knit to stretch. Twin needles needle stitched. In this chapter, the section on
Topstitching Shaped Seams come in different sizes and widths-numbers "Stretch Seams" provides more information
There is no limit to the use of topstitching on such as 2.5 and 4.0 refer to the distance be- about stitching knit fabrics.
seams. Seams of all shapes can be topstitched;
however, the more the seams are shaped, the more 5.256 TWO P E R F E C T 6 . 2 5 8 U N D E R S I D E O F TWIN NEEDLE S T I T C H I N G
ROWS OF PARALLEL
time and care will be needed when stitching. STITCHING
Angled Seams
Topstitching an angled seam is the same as 2 PERFECT
ROWS OF
/
UNDERSIDEOF WIN
NEEDLE STITCHING
stitching a seam-just pivot on the corner. PARALLEL
STITCHING
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~ . .. ..~ . . . . ~~. ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~
6.26 J O I N I N G T O P S T I T C H I N G T H R E A D S
TIEOFFTHREADS chine needle directly in the stitch hole where
AND BURY IN THE the previous topstitch broke (Figure 6.26b).
A) SEAM ALLOWANCE 6)
Continue to stitch from this point to the end
of the seam.
From the correct side, the topstitching join
will not be visible.
Hand Topstitching
When topstitching by hand, time and patience
are required to produce nice-looking, even
stitches. Outlined here are a saddle stitch and
a pick stitch. These are not the only hand top-
stitches-designers can create their own varia-
tions of hand topstitching.
Purchase embroidery thread and a needle
with an eye large enough to thread comfortably.
Many varieties of embroidery floss are avail-
\ able: 100 percent cotton, 100 percent rayon, 100
BEGINSTITCHING percent linen, variegated, pearlized, and metal-
HERE AGAIN
NOTES
A saddle stitch or pick stitch can be top-
stitched '/,6 inch. */+inch, or '/a inch away
from the seamline-the choice is the
designer's!
SANDWICHED SEAM
In a sandwiched seam, three layers of fabric are
stitched together to make the seam. This seam
is often used to stitch a yoke in a shirt, skirt,
or blouse. It is a popular style line, especially in
men's shirts. However, this does not exclude its
use for women's wear. Observe the back yoke of
the striped shirt in Figure 6.28a. Refer to Figure
6.28b to see how the two yoke pieces are placed
on either side of the back shirt section, sand-
wiching them together. After the yoke seam is
stitched, it is pressed and topstitched with an
edgestitch, welt, or double topstitch (Figure
6.28~). Next, the front shoulder seams are
stitched, as illustrated in Figure 6.28d. Do notice
that the front bands and pocket were stitched to
the fronts before the yoke was applied.
INTERSECTING SEAMS
Intersecting seams are two seams that are
EMBROIDERY
stitched together. This creates bulk at the seam THREAD
Inverted
pleat
6.288
-
STITCHING THE BACK YOKE
r SEAMS FACING
Closed Intersecting Seam back to Figure 6.7a, which discussed directional OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS
2 An intersecting seam can also be a closed seam. stitching, you will see how the inseam and out- TO REDUCE
BULK
i.
Figure 6.30 illustrates a closed safety stitch in- seams of one pant leg were stitched. Now notice
I9.
:' tersecting seam. Notice the direction of each in Figure 6.31 how the crotch seam is stitched.
6:
,,' seam-they are pressed in opposite directions to One pant leg has been slipped inside the other
&
v, reduce bulk. Intersecting seams are also found so both wrong sides of the fabric are visible; this
p.
$. on the underarms of tops, shirts, dresses, jack- makes it easier to stitch the crotch. The crotch
9:
p:. ets, and coats, when a sleeve is set into the arm- seam is then stitched from the front zipper
8;. -
p,g r
hole (refer to Chapter 14). matchpoints to the back waistline. Sometimes
Another intersecting seam that is common in in the stitching order the zipper is applied first;
fl
6;:
Cc, dothing construction occurs where the inseams however, in this pair of pants it is applied later in
q, - join together in the crotch seams. If you refer the stitching order. 8.30 INTERSECTING SEAMS: CLOSED SEAMS
p:
#;.
<.'
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.~ . ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~.~~~~
~~~~.~~~~~~~ ~~~~~
Flat-Felled Seam
A flat-felled seam has a clean finish on both sides
FINISH of the garment (Figure 6.34a). It is often used
in sportswear
- and commonly used in denim
\ /
6.32A CLEAN-EDGE FINISH
'ls" INCHTURNED UNDER garments such as jeans, jackets, and men's and
women's shirts. The side seam of the striped
From the correct side, carefully stitch the binding to the seam well and provides a better view of shirt in Figure 6.28a could be stitched with a
by stitching-in-the-ditch (see Figure 6.33b). as where the stitching goes. Stitching-in-the-ditch flat-felled seam or a closed serged seam.
described below. also secures facings and waistbands in place.
Stitching-in-the-Ditch MOTES
Stitching-in-the-ditch is a technique used to A Hong Kong Finish can also be used t o finish
other edges, such as facings and waistbands.
secure and complete a Hong Kong finish. It is a
I f you turn ahead t o Chapter 16 (see R g u n
row of stitches, stitched from the correct side of 16.25~and d), you will see how a Hong Kong
finish for set-in sleeves, or as a hem finish.
the fabric, and buried in the "seam well" or seam- finish has been applied t o allthe seams and
Refer t o each indivldual chapter for more
line. This makes the stitches almost invisible. edges of the partial lining o f a coat.
Using a zipper foot allows the needle to get dose
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
I IMPORTANT
u
I f the seam is not pressed properly, it wilt not
look flat on completion. Make sure the seams
are pressed symmetrically-that is, both
sides are pressed toward the back or front.
6.530 COMPLETE
STITCHING THE
BINDING.
*
Fold the top seam allowance over '/* inch and tuck
It overthe bottom seam allowance (Figure 6.34~).
Handbaste the seam i n place along the folded
' TRIM ANY
EXCESS BINDING
WRONG SIDE
OF FABRIC 1 1
CORRECTSIDE
WITH W0 ROW5
OFTOPSTlKHlNl
\
Trim seam back to 'I4' Fold under1//
6.34A A FLAT-FELLED SEAM HAS A CLEAN FINISH O N 6.348 STITCH A H-INCH SEAM AND TRIM 6.34C HANDBASTE, THEN
BOTH SIDES O F THE GARMENT. THE BOTTOM LAYER OF SEAM ALLOWANCE. EDGESTITCH THE SEAM.
looks like a small, neat, tucked seam from the encased i n the seam.
wrong side. This narrow seam is ideal to use for Press the seam to one side.
seams in sheer fabrics, as it only shows a small Hairline Seam
tuck (Figure 6.34a). A hairlineseamisanarrow, '/r-inchclosedseam.It
is an excellent finish for sheer fabrics, and a good
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for Designers
FOLDED
,
SEAMLINE
alternative t o stitching French seams o n these Stitch a row of zigzag stitches '/%s inch away from
fabrics. In production, hairline seams are also a the seamline. Thezigzag stitch should be slightly PATTERN T I P
I
less-expensive alternative to French seams. wider than '1s inch. Cut the underlay 1% incheswide and to the
Cut the excess seam allowance off, leaving '1x6 length of the seam.
If the tucks are separated (with underlay
inch beyond the zigzagstitches.
I
showing between tucks) then the underlay
6.36 t o stitch a hairline seam. Some The finished seam should be Ye inch wide.
needs to be cut wider. Calculate the mea-
design schools may have industrial sewing ma- surement to your specification.
chinesthat stitch azigzagstitch. However, your Slot Seam
home machine will definitely have a zigzag stitch. A slot seam feamres t w o open tucks folded t o
Place the correct sides of the fabric together, the center. T h e tucked seams are stitched to a n
stitch a plain %-inch seam, and press the seam underlay, w h i c h can be c u t f r o m contrasting o r
to one side. self-fabric. T h e tucks can be butted together or
Seams: Joining It All Together
6 . 3 6 HAIRLINE SEAM
6 . 3 7 8 STITCH
A %-INCHOPEN
SERGED SEAM.
$.
4,
$?.:
$!,!.
y;.:
8;
p&:
-
.
.
,-
0 S rge edges of the underlay and garment sepa-
ately (Figure 6.37a. b).
c,;.
f,'
~ ;,
6
l$; '- -
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.
..................................................
IMPORTANT -
It i s important for the fashion design student
t o have some knowledge o f hand atitchin&
You never know when you w i l l be called on to
do some hand stitching, or t o help out in the
8.388 BACKSTITCH: USE FOR PERMANENT SEAM STITCHES.
workroom when deadlines are looming for
the collection.
Seams: Joining I t All Together
................................
Backstitch
A backstitch is a permanent hand stitch used to
hand stitch almost any seam. It is a useful stitch
for areas of the garment that would be difficult
to machine stitch and is also useful when stitch-
ing darts in a beaded fabric.
After securing the thread, take a stitch back
1/16 to 11s inch through both layers of fabric to
1
and weight. Before choosing your stabilizer, it the seamline and trim the tape back to '1s inch to
IMPORTANT ~~~~.~~~ ~. is most important to read "How to Choose the reduce bulk(see Figure 6.39).
If a strapless gown is not supported with a Best Stabilizer for Your Project" in Chapter 3. Slide the boning backintothecasingand trim the top
stabilizer and boning, it will not fit firmly and We also encourage you to sample first to find length so thatthere is1/*-inchclearance-no boning
snugly and will slowly creep down the body.
the best stabilizer option. should be in the seam allowance (Figure6.40a).
This is most uncomfortable-remember. fash-
ion and function must meet. This aspect of Staystitch the top casing1/*sinch inside the seam
- functional design was developed in Chapter For AN Boned Seams allowance and trim back tol/s inch. Nowthe boning
1. "How the Garment Works Physically." Garmentsthat are boned don't need the seamedges is held stable in the casing and cannot move.
finished; leave raw edges, as this reduces bulk and
prevents ridges from forming on the correct side Boning-NO Casing
Boning can be purchased by the yard and comes of the fabric. After stabilizing and stitching open When this boning application is stitched, the gar-
in two forms: pressed seams, the boning is stitched. In both of ment from the correct side shows no evidence of
the following techniques, no stitching is visible on the boning (other than giving structure and sup-
1. Boning that is stitched directly to the the correct side of the garment. port). This is how the boning would have been ap-
seams: Purchase Euro Rigelene boning. It plied in the gorgeous strapless dress in Figure 1.6.
is flexible, woven, and made from polyester.
The edges of the boning can be stitched to
the seams. It is available '/4 inch and '18 inch
wide and is sold by the yard.
2. Boning in a casing: The boning is inserted
into black or white cotton- or polyester-
seams. ~fthe seams are princess
seams, refer to Figure 6.12.
If a woven stabilizer has been used, trim the
seam allowance back to the seamline (see Figure
3.18).
0
Ri lene is stitched directly to the seam allowance
follows:
Use a large needle size such as a leather needle.
Place the wrong side of the garment facing up
covered casing. After the casing is stitched Press the seams open. and lay the seam allowance open with both gar-
to the seams, %-inch wide boning is in- ment pieces facingto the left. This is the same
serted into the casing. Boning in Casing stitchingmethod illustrated in Figure 6.39,as the
Remove the boningfrom the casing before stitch- casing and boning are interchangeable.
It is absolutely essential that strapless garments ing the casing onto the seams (Figure 6.39). Center the boningon the seamline, positioning
be stabilized with fusible or sew-in underlin- Place the wrong side of the garment facing up. it 95 inch down from the top edge to clearthe
ing before the seams and boning are stitched. Lay the seam allowance flat with both garment seam allowance. Boning cannot be included in
Refer to Chapter 3, "How to Apply a Sew-in pieces facing to the left (see Figure 6.39). any seam allowance. The sketch in Figure 6.39
Underlining (or Interfacing)." Boning on its Center the casing on the seam allowance and pin also applies to stitching the boning directly to the
own, without interfacing, is not sufficient to in place (see Figure 6.39). seam allowance.
structure a strapless gown. The stabilizer is cru- Stitch the casing to both edges of the seam al- Stitch the boning to both sides of the seam al-
cia1 to the success of the garment-a stabilizer lowance, stitching directly on top of the stitches lowance. Stitch the boning1/,6inch backfrom the
is needed that is both heavy enough to hold the used to form the casing (see Figure 6.39). boning edge to both sides of the seam allow-
garment and compatible with the fabric type * Staystitch the bottom casing edge '/,s inch inside ances (Figure 6.39).
Seams: Joining It All Together
. . . . . . . . ~ ~....... . . . . ~ . ..--.
~~.
BONING:
6.39
STITCHING A CASING
Topstitched Boned Seams boning can be inserted into one or two slots.
TO A PRINCESS SEAM R.~~~.~ONIWBBE~OR. For a different look, boning can be inserted into The seams are topstitched to form the slots, as
I T I T U I I G THE US9.6
slots and topstitched. With this method, the seen in Figure 6.40.
boned seams are highlighted as a feature. The
I
\
/ .lo.
C
cur so",". 'I< src.
rnx.l*r rlar
I
NOTES
On p r i n c e s s seams, stitching the boning and
the casing to the seam allowance w i l l not
I
I
interfere with the clipped seams laying flat or P
C1511C. CENTERED ON SEAMLIME BIAS CASING 1'18" WIDE
interfere with the fit of the garment.
8.40A BONING INSERTED INTO SLOTS 8.408 INSERT TWO ROWS OF BONING. BIAS UNDERLAY.
Professional Sewing Techniqwes for Designers
. 6.43b).
Insert the other side of the godet into the other
side seam by following the same stitchingorder.
seam allowance to stabilize seams. Look at
Figure 6.44~to see this stitch. A wide zigzag
stitch could also be used in its lace. In pro-
Press the godet and side seams together in one duction the elastic would be applied in one
direction as indicated in Figure 6.43c.The seams stitching process when the seams are serged
must not be attached together at any point other together. At school, operating the serger to do
than the seam stitching. this, without experience, can be a hard task.
Professional Sewing Techniqlces f o r Designers
~~~~~.~~
~. .~~~ .~~ ~.~
~~~~~~~
IMPORTANT
e.+3A STITCH T H E S I D E S E A M
B) STITCH ONESIDE OFTHE coorrm
THE SIDE SEAM-BEIN STITCHING
TO T H E M A T C H P O I N T S . ATTRE MATCHPOIWTSAMD STITCH
TOTHEHE*
STRAIGHT STITCH
No SERGING CROOKEDSTRAIGHT
STITCH
,I .
' ,; Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
,..,
,I.\*
, 178
checks, plaids, or fabrics with repeat patterns, seams (see Figure 6.36), or closed %-inch
it is important to line up the scams perfectly narrow serged seams. Narrow seams show
so the patterns, stripes, and checks match minimal shadowing from the correct side of
when they are stitched. It would be helpful the garment.
to take a look at Figures 2.15, 2.16, and 2.17, Do stitch %-inch seams in sheer fabrics if the
as they illustrate how to cut striped, checked, garment is lined. Press the seams open and
and one-way patterned fabrics. Garments cut the seam allowance back to a % inch. The
with seams that don't match will probably lining will cover the raw edges and the seams
be the ones discounted 50 percent at the end will not be noticeable, especially if they are not
of the season. Such haphazard construction finished.
could leave a company with a reputation for
producing poor-quality garments. The check 6 . S~E A M S IN S T R I P E S , P L A I D S , AND R E P E A T
P A T T E R N S C A N ONLY B E ST'TCHED MATCH
jacket in Figure 6.lc, in the Style I.D. has per- W H E N THEY H A V E B E E N CUT TO MATCH.
fectly matched seams-so perfect, in fact, you /
can't even see the seams!
Lace there underneath, in the garment, but the lace any ridges. If a ridge is noticeable, choose an-
Do use a machine needle suitable for the hides them. After the lace is applied in this way, other seam finish or leave raw edges (the lining
weight of lace. the lace over the entire section will appear to be will cover them).
Do try tissue stitching the seams. one piece of lace with no seam joins. Look at Don't forget to handbaste seams in delicate
Do try an open or closed (the decision depends Figure 6.4813; can you see any seams? Even lace satins.
on the fabric weight) Hong Kong seam finish sleeves can be stitched in this way to eliminate
on unlined lace garments (see Figures 6.33). armhole seams. As you can imagine, overlaying Beaded Fabric
Bias binding can be cut from a nude sheer lace is labor intensive and adds to the cost of the Do try stitching the seams with tissue paper.
fabric such as silk organza to blend with the garment. Although time consuming, this tech- Place it under the seams to stabilize the fabric
lace. It is important in lace that any seam finish nique is well worth the time it takes. while stitching. Choose tissue paper in a color
looks as inconspicuous as possible. that is a match to the fabric.
Do stitch a %-inch plain open seam (not Satin Do protect delicate beaded fabric when you
serged) when the garment is lined. The seam al- Do tissue stitch the seams. Choose tissue that are laying it out and cutting. Place a piece of
lowance can be cut back to % inch to eliminate is nearest in color to that of the fabric. Tear the pattern paper on the table to cover the entire
any shadowing from the correct side. tissue paper away after the seam is completed. surface, as delicate fabric snags easily.
Do consider overlaying the lace and hand Do stitch satin in a clean environment. Make Do clean your machine and the work area
stitching over a structured garment. Use good- sure your hands are clean, your space cleared, before you begin stitching, because beaded
quality lace such as guipure lace. To do this: and your sewing machine area cleaned of any fabric is delicate and may snag easily.
grease, because satin marks very easily. Do remove all the beads from every seam
Carefully cut off the scalloped border from Do mark matchpoints as lightly as possible- allowance, seam edge, and darts before any
the lace (Figure 6.48a). sample first to check that pattern markings will seams are stitched. The sewing machine cannot
The lace is molded over the structured gar- not show from the correct side of the fabric. stitch over beads on the fabric.
ment, as illustrated in Figure 6.48a. Do stitch directional. Do use a wooden block, covered with paper,
As the lace is molded, hand stitch the lace Do hold the fabric taut when stitching to pre- as base for smashing the beads from the seam
using a backstitch or overhand stitch (see vent puckered seams. allowance. Place a sheer fabric (so you can see
Figure 6.38). Do use fine needles instead of pins on fine what you are doing) over the seams to protect
Cut away the excess lace fromunderneath after satin fabrics, as pins may leave marks in the the fabric. Carefully "smash" the beads with
each section is stitched (see Figure 6.48a). fabric. a hammer and remove them from all the seam
The scallop border can be appliquid to any Do finish seams as flat as possible in satin allowances.
edge by hand stitching. After the scallop fabrics. Do stitch the darts or difficult seams by hand
border is applied, cut the excess lace from Do press satin fabrics with a pressing cloth of using a backstitch. The sewing machine foot
underneath (Figure 6.48b). silk organza. often gets in the way of the beads.
Do a test seam if you want a serged open seam. Do sample %-inch plain seams pressed open,
When lace is stitched using this stitching tech- Press the seam open and, from the correct side French seams, or %-inch closed serged seams.
nique there are no lace seams. The seams are still of the fabric, look to see if the serging has left Find the seam that best suits the fabric.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. ... ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
OVERLAY T H E LACE B Y M O L D I N G I T O V E R T H E
UNDERSTRUCTURE O F T H E G b R M E N l . 6r48P A P P L I Q U E L h C E S C A L L O P BORDER
Do sample a closed Hong Kong finish on Knits Do try a crooked straight stitch. This slightly
unlined garments. The finished seam will be % Do use %-inch seam allowances for all knit seams. zigzagged stitch works wonderfully well for
inch-it looks clean and neat (see Figure 6.33d). Do insert a ballpoint needle in the appropriate the stretch seams needed on knit garments (see
Don't overdesign beaded fabrics-keep the size for the fabric weight. Figure 6.44b).
design lines simple, with as few seamlines as Do use differential feed on your serger when Do use a three-thread serger, as it works very
possible. stitching knit seams. Differential feed is two well on most knit seams (see Figure 6.44a).
Don't finish the raw edges, if the fabric is sets of feed dogs that oppose each other. This Always check bulk, as serged seams may be too
lined. Leave the cut edges as this helps to pre- prevents the fabric from stretching out due to bulky in heavier knits.
vent shadowing from the correct side. the high rate of sewing speed. Do stitch clear elastic (not stretched) to
Seams: Joining It All Together
~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~.
~~ ~ ~~ ~
shoulder seams to stabilize. Stitch clear elas- Do flatten seams by holding the iron approxi- Do topstitch seams in leather-they don't
tic, slightly stretched, in the seam allowance mately 2 inches above the seam; give it a shot of need to be glued. Trim the seam allowance
and edges (using a three-stitch zigzag) to help steam, and stroke the seam in the direction of back to the topstitching.
low-cut garment edges cling to the body (see the pile to flatten the seams. Do grade bulky seams in leather
Figures 6.44~and 6.46). Do stitch %-inch plain open seams in velvet. Do use a mallet and wallpaper roller to flatten
Do use clear elastic pulled tightly as a method Do design velvet garments simply, as velvet is a the seams in leather.
of gathering a length of knit into a ruffle. challenging fabric to work with. Do stitch curved, angled, or circular seams
Don't use permanent straight stitches for Don't topstitch velvet-topstitch denim in leather; clip seams, and barge open. Cut
stitching seams in stretch knit fabric, as the instead! V shapes out of shaped seams to reduce bulk
stitches will "pop." Instead use a stretch stitch. Don't place the iron directly on the velvet, as it (Figure 5.3h).
will leave a shiny imprint of the iron and flat- Do stitch a lapped seam in leather (Figure 6.50).
Denim ten the pile. (We have known students to press It's an ideal seam for use in leather, suede, vinyl,
Do enjoy working with denim, as it's an easy iron marks on the fabric purposely as a decora- and plastic. A lapped seam uses only one seam
fabric to work with, especially for a beginner. tive surface finish!) allowance to eliminate bulk. To do so:
Do topstitch denim garments. Denim loves to Don't stitch closed serged seams on velvet.
be topstitched-the use of topstitching is rarely Don't serge the seams if the garment is lined. Cut off the other %-inch seam allowance
overdone in denim-just look at your own jeans. from one seam; do this symmetrically on
Don't line denim garments, as denim is a Leather each side. Use a rotary cutter, as it cuts a
casual fabric for everyday wear. Do stitch seams using a leather needle in the smooth, even edge.
appropriate size for the weight of leather. Apply fabric glue (this is not permanent glue) to
Velvet Do make the stitch length longer when stitch- secure the seams together. Bring the seam edge
Do use the appropriate needle size for the ing leather (approximately 7 to 9 stitches per (the edge with no seam allowance) and place it
velvet. inch). to the seamline of the other garment piece.
Do handhaste seams in pile fabrics before Do tie the thread at the beginning and end of Finger-press the two pieces together.
stitching. The underneath seam can easily the seam. Topstitch the lapped seam with a double
creep up as you stitch, leaving one seam longer Do reduce your speed for more accurate stitch- topstitching.
if the seam is not handbasted in place before ing. Seam ripping in leather results in perma-
stitching. nent needle holes. Don't begin stitching seams with a backstitch,
Do tissue stitch velvet using the color of tissue Do stitch directional. as it cuts into the leather.
that most closely matches your fabric. Do lower the iron temperature and turn off Don't pin seams-instead secure seams with
Do hold the fabric taut as you stitch. the steam when pressing leather. small binder clips.
Do stitch with the nap. Do stitch %-inch seams in leather and secure Don't press leather without placing a brown
Do use a Velvaboard for pressing velvet fabric. seams with leather cement. Use cotton Q-tips paper over the leather as a surface protection.
Refer to Chapter 2, "Tricky Fabrics-What (purchased from the supermarket or phar- Don't need to finish seams in leather-leather
They Are and How to Prepare to Use Them." macy) to apply (Figure 6.49). does not fray.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ - ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.50 L A P P E D S E A M S T I T C H E D I N LEATHER
\
, EDGEWITHOUT
SEAM ALLOWANCE
I
TOPSTITCHING HOLDS
SEIM IN PLACE
APPLYCEMENT WITH
corrow Q-TIPSOR
SMALL BRUSH &
FINGER PRESS , APPLY FABRIC
GLUE TO SECURE
SEAMSTMETHER
Faux Fur Don't trim the fur off the hem allowance-it niques and stitch a gathered piped seam. For
Do design fur carefully, as intricate seamlines remains in place. this to be successful, the right fabric weight
will not be noticed in fur. needs to be chosen so the seams are not too
D o trim away the fur from every seam dm- TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE bulky.
ance before stitchingtheseams. Trimming the If you know how to stitch curved, angled, If you know how to stitch one in-seam godet,
furfrom the seams reduces bulk and will help the and circular seams, you can stitch any shaped then you can stitch a godet within a godet.
seam to sit flat (Figure 6.51a). This also means seams by transferring your knowledge. A slot seam can also be designed so the un-
trimming the fur from the seam allowance of col- If you know how to stitch a closed Hong derlay is showing. The pattern would need to
lass necklines, and front edges. After the seams Kongfinish, then yon canstitch a bias bind- be adjusted and the underlay width cut wider
are stitched, the seamlineswill look inconspicu- ing around a pocket flap, shaped neckline, to the specifications of the design. Then,
ous. Finger-press the seams open and catchstitch armhole, and collar or tab edges. Figure 6.33 don't butt the seams together, as indicated
theseam edges to the faux fur backing ( F i r e shows this seam finish. in Figure 6.37~;instead, leave a gap to show
6.5Ib). Refer to Chapter 15, "Catchstitch." If you know how to insert piping into a seam sheer lace. This would look fabulous down
Do try turning the scissorson an angle to trim and you know how to stitch gathered seams, the center of a sleeve or stitched above the
the fur. then you can combine these sewing tech- hemline.
Seams: Joining I t All Together
STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY What about making a special garment for Any seam can grow in the stitching process
Stitch beads to the seam instead of Valentine's Day? The topstitching says it all without the guidance of notches. Did you stitch
topstitching. (Figure 6.54a)! directional? Neglecting to stitch directional can
Try stitching a panel insertion by stitching Insert any trim into a seam (Figure 6.54b). result in one seam ending up longer than the
a layer of lace over the fabric using a zigzag Figure 6.55 illustrates how different seam other. Check your pattern-perhaps your seams
stitch. After stitching, cut away the fabric to techniques can be combined in one design. were not equal in length. Seam rip the garment
reveal the lace (Figure 6.52). The seam techniques used are piped seams, and compare the seam length with your pat-
Knowing how to stitch angles, curved, circu- slot seams, gathered seam, lace panel inser- tern-perhaps it has not been cut correctly.
lar, and V-shaped seams is the student's ticket tion, and appliqukd scallop border on the
to being able to stitch any shaped seam! All neckline and sleeve hem. .
. . my seam looks twisted?
you need is practice, imagination, and deter- What did I do wrong?
mination to create interesting seamlines. STOP! WHAT DO I DO I F . . . Fabric pieces cut off grain will look twisted.
Stitch a lapped seam with a Hong Kong seam . . . one seam ends up longer than the other? Seams of unequal lengths can make the seam
finish. The binding can then be diagonally Were notches used? If they weren't, this may be look twisted. If a shorter seam is stretched to fit
stitched by hand, as illustrated in Figure 6.53. why one seam ended up longer than the other. a longer seam, then the seam will look twisted.
6.61A STITCHING S E A M S I N FUR: T R I M THE FUR F R O M THE S E A M 6.518 CATCHSTITCH S E A M S I N F U R TO HOLD FLAT
ALLOWANCES TO REDUCE BULK.
TRIM FUR
WOM SEAM
ALLOWANCE
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
...~...... . . ~ ~ ~ ~ . . ~ . . ~ ~ ~ ~
CUT FAB.ICAW**
FABRIC CLOSlTO
note-with notches, seams will line up perfectly
6
and not look twisted! .
. . . my seam ripples?
Did you sample the seam first to experiment
with the fabric and to check the machine ten-
sion? Often students skip this step, as they
think it will save time-no, it doesn't save time!
Perhaps you have the incorrect needle size for
the fabric weight? Seam rip the stitches and
press the seams so they lie flat. You could try
tissue stitching-this helps prevent the seams
from puckering. Also, be sure to hold the fabric
taut as you stitch, and remember to use a seam
support, such as pins and handbasting, to help
6.55 LAPPED S E A M
W I T H HONG KONG 1 I \
hold the seam in place.
.. .I have skipped stitches? dents this question, many of them respond that
Here is list of things you can do: it is the quality of stitching that would prevent
them from wearing or purchasing their own
Check that you have used the correct needle garment. Ask yourself the following questions
size and type. to critiqueyour seam stitching:
Check the machine tension.
Check the machine threading. Did I use the correct number of stitches per
Apply a new needle and sample again. inch to suit the fabric type and weight?
Tissue stitch the seam, as this often improves Did I use the SEF CLIP, PRESS method of
6.52 PANEL INSERTION
the problem. stitching?
Do the seams lie flat?
SELF-CRITIQUE Are the seams bulky?
It sounds like a pattern problem, so readjust the Take a look at your finished garment and ask the Is the seam finish appropriate for the fabric?
pattern so the pattern seams are of equal length. crucial question: "Would I wear this garment or Do the seams shadow from the correct side?
Seam rip the seam, and press the seams so they would I purchase this garment?" If the answer is Do the seams pucker and look twisted?
lie flat. Then place the patterns back on top of "No," then ask yourself, why not? It may be be- Did I stitch enough samples to make an
the fabric and recut. Restitch the seam, making cause you don't like the design, the proportions, informed decision regarding the best seam
sure to pin the seam for support. Just an added or the fabric choice. However, when we ask stu- technique to use?
Seams: Joining I t All Together
7.1H P I N TUCK
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
I
TUCKS the fabric for shapingtucks to ensure straight
What is a Tuck? stitching.
I
Tucks are folds of fabric stitched down either all or Tucks can be stitched t o the flat fabric before For delicate fabrics, handbaste the stitching
part of the way, such as release tucks. Tucks can be cutting out the garment. Stitch the tucks lines.
functional used to shape the garment, as well as on the fabric, lay the pattern piece over the , Stitch the tucks i n the order shown in Figure 7.3.
tucked area, then cut out the pattern piece
decorative. Tucks are usually folded on the length- , Begin with the center tuck, stitchingdownward.
(Figure 7.2).
wise or crosswise grain to lie flat. Tucks stitched Next, complete the tucks on either side, stitching
on the bias stretch easily. Each tuck is formed from upward.
two stitching lines that are matched together and (Figure Zla); tucks with predetermined space be- Then move to the tucks on either side ofthose
stitched. The distance from the fold to the match- tween them are spaced tucks, and a pin tuck is a you've already done, stitching downward until
ing line determines the tuck's width. Tucks that very narrow tuck, as shown in Figure Zlh, ap- complete.
meet or overlap slightly are called blind tucks proximately '18 inch wide, or the designer's choice Switchingthe direction of stitching keeps the
in conjunction with the weight of the fabric. tucks straight and prevents puckering.
Light- to medium-weight fabrics are suit- Press each tuck individually as stitched, using a
able for tucking, but design and print should pressing cloth.
be taken into consideration. Extra fabric is re- Complete by pressing all the tucks in the desired
quired when adding tucking to garments. To direction.
calculate the extra fabric needed, first establish
the width and the number of tucks required. Dart Tucks
Double the width and multiply by the number Dart tucks are darts that are not stitched to
of tucks. This amount must be added to the fin- a point; they are stitched the same length or
ished width of the garment pattern piece. Ex- shorter as the dart, but are left to open into full-
ample: 10 tucks x '18 inch, doubled is 10 tucks
x % inch = 2%inches of extra fabric that must
be added to the pattern piece before cutting out
;.
--
,:.::...\._
:, 6
$:.r;
:::
, il-:.\..,
i . ,...;,::;,
Tucks and Pleats: Tailoring a Texture 191 . .. . ....
..
.,,\
NOTE
I
I
1 When pressing a dart tuck. take extra care
to press the tuck only, not the fabric folds
released at the end of the tuck.
C
I.:.
5, on an even line (Figure 7.4c), or stitched at an
angle (Figure 7.4b). One dart at the bust or waist
F:.
9,'
@,I. can be divided into several small dart tucks with
$8
,%, the released fullness directed toward the curve
& it's covering.
&
fi:
E,
:,6H:' . Blind Tuck
F#. . Blind tucks (Figure 7.4b) are placed close enough
7.5 BLIND TUCKS
togethersothattheyrneet,withnovisiblespaces
P:,
&:,
+.;.
- 7 . 4 8 D A R T TUCKS FORMED O N W R O N G SIDE OF FABRIC
#;
4;:. -
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
I
height of the tuck and the color of the thread
tuck meets the stitching line of the next tuck. changes the appearance of the tuck.
The tucks can all go in one direction or they Follow these steps to replace a bodice waist
can be pressed to each side of a center-front or dart with pin tucks:
center-back seam or opening (Figure 7.5).
How t o Replace a Dart with Pin Tucks
Pin Tucks Fold the dart closed, and measure the bodice
Pin tucks (see Figure 7.lh) are a very beautiru~ width (Figure 7.7a).
detail on light- to medium-weight fabrics. Often Open the dart and cut a sample piece of
associated with heirloom sewing, pin tucks can garment fabric the same measurement as the
be machine stitched or hand sewn (Figure 7.6a); bodice with the dart open (Figure 7.7b).
placed on sleeve caps, fronts, and backs of gar- Mark the dart center line (see Figure 7.7b).
ments, or at the waist, cuff, pockets, or collars; Begin to stitch pin tucks in parallel rows on
or used in place of darts. In short, pin tucks can either side of the dart center line until the
be stitched anywhere the designer wants to add sample is the same width as the bodice with
textural interest. Pin tucks can also be used to the dart closed (Figure 7.7~).
control fullness when their ends are released Count the number of pin tucks needed to
into the garment. 7.66 PIN TUCKS. DOUBLE NEEDLE replace the dart. Fewer rows are needed with
Tucks and Pleats: Tailoring a Texture
~~~.~~
. ~ . . . . ~ . ~ .~. ~
~~ . ~
~ ~ . . . .
FRONT CUT=
SIZE 10
9
B
+
u
DART
CENTER
larger pin tucks; more rows with smaller Corded Tucks Corded tucks add firmness to the garment, and
tucks. Corded tucks are produced on firm fabric the fabric choice influences just how much firm-
Don't pin tuck the entire height of the dart- by placing piping cord inside the foldline of ness can successfully be added to the garment
this affects the side shaping. Pin tuck half the the tuck, matching the stitch line, and using a before it becomes too stiff. Use of cording that
length of the dart to create a softer look. zipper foot to machine stitch along the stitch- is too thick could result in unattractive tucks.
* Pin tuck the waistline of a garment to replace ing lines. The piping cord gives a raised, stuffed Remember, just because you can, doesn't mean
darts and edges of the sleeves to control and look to the tuck, which can be determined by you should.
direct the cuff fullness (Figure 7.7~). the size of the cord and the depth of the tuck.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
OSWISETUCK
To stitch corded tucks:
Choose a piping cord that is suitable for the
width of the tuck.
Fold the tuck, matching the stitching lines.
Lay the piping cord inside the fold, and
handbaste through the two layers of fabric to
enclose the cord (Figure 7.8a).
Use a zipper
- - foot to machine stitch close to
the cord along the basting line (Figure 7.8b).
Avoid catching the cord in the machine
7.8A C O R D E D T U C K S
stitching.
Remove the basting stitches.
Trim ends of the cord even with the garment
seamline if being stitched to another garment
section.
TUCKS
LENtTHW1sE 7)
7.9 C R O S S T U C K S
Mark, baste, stitch, and press all the vertical Mark the tuck stitching lines with fabric
(lengthwise)tucks in one direction (Figure marker, but do not press flat; the shell should
7.9). be rounded and gathered looking.
Next, mark, baste, stitch, and press the hori- Baste the narrow tucks and stitch by hand
zontal (crosswise) tucks, checking that the using a small running stitch or by machine
Tucks and Pleats: Tailoring a Texture
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - -
1
accurately and be absolutely straight and even facturer provides the hip and waist measurements
when stitched. When drawing attention to de- and the length of the finished pleated garment for
tails such as any of these tucks, they must be all graded sizes.
executed with excellence.
PLEATS
What Are Pleats?
There are three components to forming pleats
(Figure 7.12):
HANDBASTE,
&AM ALLOWANCE ON HEM PRESSED
OPEN ANDTRlMMEDTO REDUCE BULK 7.15C HANDBASTE
THE PLEATS
SIDE
ZIPPER
loin the seams (flat application-not
stitched in-the-round).
A I
I Trim the seam allowances to reduce bulk
I 7.14).
Handbaste the pleats alongthe folds;
fINSIDE
Knife Pleats in Two Directions
Formed in two separate sets, each set faces in
the opposite direction from the other, on either
side of the center front and center back (Figure
7.18 B O X PLEAT
and may meet centrally, although this is not es-
sential. A box pleat may be unpressed, pressed
in place, or partially stitched. Box pleats can be
as a knife pleat and is constructed the same way. grouped or designed to form a panel.
The Perfect Pleater, developed by Clothilde, is
an arrangement of folded canvas and cardboard Inverted Pleats
that resembles closed window blinds. It comes Inverted pleats are the reverse side of box plea1
in different configurations and sizes for use (Figure 7.19a). The two side pleats are folded
in constructing knife pleats and box pleats on to meet each other on the correct side of the
fabric of any length and up to 27 inches wide. garment. The pleat can be edgestitched along
The size of the pleats can be varied by skipping the foldline (Figure 7.19b). Inverted pleats are
any number of the canvas folds. Asymmetrical found in many areas of garments: in the front
pleating patterns can be created in the same way. and back seams of skirts; as one or two pleats
7.398 INVERTED PLEAT
Some fabrics may require professional pleating set below a shirt yoke (see Figure 6.28c), at the
to heat-set the narrow pleats. princess line seam; in gored skirt seams to in-
crease the width of the garment; in sportswear this is functional design, while retaining a
If there is a seam beneath a side pleat, do not garments to provide room for arm movement; smooth, unpleated hipline. Some skirts have
press the seam open, but press to one side and at the center back of coats and jackets, pro- kick pleats in the front or back; others have them
(see Figure 7.15a). viding sitting ease. They also can be placed at in the front and back; and there are skirts with
Side pleats can be graduated in size, with the center front or center back of garments de- kick pleats at the side seams. An unstitched kick
deeper pleats at the top of an all-pleated skirt signed for maternity wear. pleat is folded back and becomes a vent. (Refer
to allow it to fit smoothly at the hips and to Figure 15.30a.)
waistline. Kick Pleats
Pleats can be topstitched A
' inch in from each Kick pleats are used to give fullness to a skirt at Single Kick Pleat
pleat fold from waistline to hipline (Figure 7.16). the knee for walking and ease of movement- A single kick pleat adds width at the hem.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
7.20A STITCH CB KICK PLEAT S E A M 7.208 SECURING PLEAT TO GARMENT 7.2OC H E M M E D K I C K PLEAT
Machine stitch the seam of the pleat (Figure Clip the seam allowance of the pleat where it Cut pleat, underlay and skirt with pleat ex-
7.20a). meets the hem so the seam can move freely tension (Figure 7.21a and b).
At this point, the zipper is inserted and side (Figure 7.20~). Transfer all the markings and matchpoints
seams are stitched. Press open the seam allowance of the pleat to carefully.
Pin the fold of the pleat so that it lies along lie flat within the hem (Figure 7.15a). Stitch down the seam of the skirt as far as the
the seamline (Figure 7.20b). seam extensions to matchpoints (see Figure
Machine stitch across the top of the pleat to Set-in Kick Pleats (with Underlay) 7.21a).
keep it securely in place (Figure 7.20b). Set-in kick pleats look like inverted pleats at the Pin and baste the underlay to each side of the
Pull thread ends to the wrong side of the bottom. A separate piece or underlay is cut for seam extensions and machine stitch in place;
skirt and tie knots. the back of the pleat. To make the single pleat: begin stitching at the matchpoint of each
Tucks and Pleats: Tailoring a Texture
UNDERUV, DASTE
AND MICHINE
SIKH m PLEPT
Underlay Cat-in-One
Kick ~leatswithout a separate underlay are horizontal lines symmetrical on each side
planned at the patternmaking stage and are cut in of the dominant bars) as a guideline for
7.21A KICK PLEAT WlTH E X T E N S I O N one with the seam, as an extension. The amount pleating.
of the extension determines the width of the kick D o match the bars of an uneven plaid at the
side of the underlay, and stitch to the bottom pleat, which can be a single kick pleat (Figure seamline of a center front or center back seam
(Figure 7.21b). 7.22a) or a double kick pleat (Figure 7.22b). Ac- to keep the plaid in a continuous pattern when
The inverted pleat, meets in the center of curate marking of the depth and foldlines of the the pleats are formed.
the underlay; machine stitch across the pleat double kick pleat is critical to the finished look Do use stripes (which can be even or uneven
from the correct side of the garment (Figure of this pleat. vertically or horizontally) to determine the
7.21~). depth of a pleat or tuck.
Bring thread ends to the wrong side of the STITCHING TRICKY FABRICS D o purchase extra yardage to match plaids and
garment and knot. Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns and crosswise stripes.
Finish hem as for the single kick pleat (see Repeat Patterns D o handhaste seams to match bars and prevent
Figure 7.20~). D o use the lines of an even plaid (vertical and slippage when stitching seams.
202 Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
...-.........................-.-..~--.~..~~~......-.............~.....L.....~-.--.-..--.-..-.~.---~-........".
--
-.
- -.
-.
- -.-.
-.
- -.-.
--
- --
--.~-~-~..-..----.~------
Satin
Do use a professional pleating service to pre-
pleat fabric, for example, when using a large
amount of fabric for bridesmaids' gowns.
Do use lots of steam and the appropriate tem-
perature setting when pressing pleats.
Do use tissue or brown paper strips under pleats
to avoid marking an impression on the fabric.
Do use medium- to heavyweight satin to hold
7 . 2 2 8 INVERTED DOUBLE AND SINGLE K I C K PLEAT the pleat shape.
WITHOUT UNDERLAY CUT-IN-ONE
Beaded Fabric
Don't pleat beaded fabric-the beading pre-
Do use pin tucks on crisp sheers. vents the fabric from being folded or pressed
Do use professionally pleated accordion or into a pleat.
sunburst pleats on sheers in evening wear.
Do use an underlining to support sheer fabrics Knits
when pleating. Do sample the knit to see if the desired pleat
Don't use all-cotton fabric-it doesn't hold the result occurs.
shape of knife or box pleats. Do use soft unpressed pleats in cotton/Lycra-
blend fabric.
Lace Don't attempt to pleat knits in general-trying
Do stitch the pleats in a thread color that Typically lace is not pleated unless it is very to re-pleat the fabric each time it is washed is
matches the most dominant color of the plaid. lightweight. never successful.
Don't waste your time sewing plaids if they Do edgestitch the pleat on lightweight lace to
are not matched! keep the shape of the pleat. Denim
Do use lots of steam and the appropriate Do preshrink denim twice before pleating.
Sheer Fabric temperature to press pleats in lace with a high Do be absolutely on grain or the pleats will not
Do use soft, released pleats on drapable sheers. percentage of polyester-the higher the amount press flat and stay flat.
7.23C C O R D E D T U C K 7.23D STITCHED CLOSED 7.23E R E L E A S E D
7.23A O P E N - E N D E D 7.238 BLIND TUCKS
PATCHES I N S E R T I O N INVERTED PLEATS INTO BOX PLEATS
STITCHED TUCKS
KNIT DRESS
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
create a good pleat would have revealed such a If the tucks are replacing a dart, do I have the Do I understand the difference between a
deficiency before your garment was pleated and correct fitting to replace the darts? tuck and a pleat?
pressed. If you have followed the SEW, CLIP, Is the cording for the corded tuck the appro- Do I understand how to accurately mark the
PRESS directions we have offered in every priate thickness for the fabric? stitching lines of a tuck or a pleat?
chapter, then it will be difficult or impossible to Is the stitching even and straight? Do I understand why the grainline is impor-
remove pleating from the fabric. If somehow the Are the cross tucks pucker-free? tant when creating tucks and pleats?
pressed pleat marks could be removed from the Are the overhand stitches spaced evenly and Do I understand how to use a double needle
fabric, fewer pleats could be formed by joining is the hand stitching tension even? to create a pin tuck?
two pleat allowances together, allowing more Does the stitching follow the curve? Do I understand the three components of a
depth per pleat. Otherwise, another section of Have I used enough pleat depth to create a pleat?
the garment will have to be cut. generous pleat? Do I understand how to determine how much
Have the pleats been handbasted and pressed fabric I need when adding pleats or tucks?
SELF-CRITIQUE well? Do I understand how to space the pleats or
Take alook at your finished garment and ask the Have the pleats been pressed in the correct tucks?
crucial question, "Would I wear this garment or direction? Do I understand the difference between a
would I purchase this garment?" If the answer Is the hemming of the pleats bulk-free? box pleat and an inverted pleat?
is "No," then ask yourself, why not? Do the pleats lie flat? Do I understand the concept of adding the
If you would not wear your garment, it may If topstitched, are the stitches the correct extension in patternmaking for the kick pleat?
be because you don't like the design, propor- stitch length? Do I understand the underlay of a pleat?
tions, cut, or fabric choice. However, often it is Is the topstitching straight? Do I understand the necessity of clipping
the poor quality of the stitching that discourages Does the thread color of the topstitching and trimming the seams of pleats before
wearing or purchasing the garment. Stand back match or contrast nicely with the fabric? hemming?
and assess your work throughout the stitching
process. Ask yourself the following questions to The fashiondesignerneeds anexcellentknowledge
critique your tucks and pleats stitching: of clothing consuuction. Measuring, stitching,
Keep improving on your stitching techniques, and pressing tucks and pleats are important design
Are my tucks stitched evenly? and perhaps do some more sampling. Enlist the elements. Remember, designing, patternmaking,
If using a double needle, is the stitch tension help of your instructor, too. and construction are closely linked together.
evenly balanced?
..v
ti. ,.,
..*-.,
:
CHAPTER .9"C
z ippers are part of structural design and m u s t physically work well in all garments. There
are many different ways to apply a zipper into the garment. It is easier to insert a zipper
into a garment while it is still flat and not sewn together. Some zipper applications are invisible,
KEY T E R M S
All-Purpose Zzpper
Bottom Stop
giving a seamlike finish; other zippers can have larger teeth in contrasting metals and become Centered Zipper
the focal point in the design of the garment. Cord
Exposed Teeth
Function must meet form, which means chapter explains zipper applications for differ- Invisible Zipper
they must go hand in hand. You can put any ent fabric choices and designs. Invisible Zipper Foot
zipper in a garment, anywhere, but should Lapped Zipper
you? Contrast is exciting, but does it suit the STYLE I.D. Pull Tab
garment? A'technically correct zipper can be Figure 8.1 illustrates the basic types of zippers- Sepsrating Zipper
an absolute disaster if not placed properly. all-purpose, invisible, and separating-and their Tape
Form and function must collaborate, without applications. Tape Ends
disparity. Top Stop
After practicing the methods in this chap- GATHER YOUR TOO Zipper Coils
ter, insertion of the challenging fly-front zipper
will become second nature. This technique and
The following supplies will ensure that zipper
applications go smoothly: basting thread (such I Zipper Fooz
Zipper Teeth
otherswill enable the student designerto achieve
the look he or she desires in the garment. This
as Silamide), hand sewing needle, beeswax, tem-
porary double-sided adhesive basting tape (such 1
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . ~ . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~
Zipper Feet
A "regular" zipper foot is used for all-purpose
and separating zippers. This foot can be adjust-
able or, for computerized home sewing ma-
chines, a fixed foot is used on either side of the
zipper by adjusting the needle position. Indus-
trial sewing machines use single toe-hinged or
rigid zipper feet that have an opening on either
the left or right side of eachfoot. A special foot is
used for invisible zippers and can be purchased
to fit most home sewing machines.
I
8.1D S E P A R A T I N G Z I P P E R 8.1E I N V l S l S L E Z I P P E R
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y into the Garment
~ ~ .... ~ . . ~ ~ . . . ~ .
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ . . . . .. .
ZIPPER TYPES
There are three basic types of zippers: the open-
top, all-purpose zipper; the invisible zipper; and
garment? If a longer zipper is needed, will tl
area into which it is being put support it? Do
a
and application of the zipper suit the style of tl
IMPORTANT
A 3/*-inchseam allowance is used when ap-
the separating zipper. Let's begin with the all- the zipper match the color of the garment, ar plying centered, lapped, or invisible zippers
purpose zipper. if not, does the application cover the zippe (see Figure 2.8b). Before beginning any
zipper application, a stabilizer is applied to
Making these decisions before inserting tl the seam allowance area if needed. T h e seam
All-Purpose Zipper zipper leads to a successful application and giv is usually finished (if the garment will not be
a professional-looking finish to the garment.
Sometimes called a conventional zipper, an all-
purpose zipper is closed at the bottom. When
used in a placket application, the zipper is closed All-Purpose Zipper Applications
I lined). basted together, and pressed open.
at the top as well, usually with handbasting. The most common types of application of all- the center back of skirts, pants, or dresses. It
When the zipper is closed at both ends, it is most purpose zippers are centered (see Figure %la), also can be found stitched up from sleeve edges
often used on the underarm seam of dresses. It lapped (see Figure 8.lb), fly-front (see Figure into the sleeve, or in home decorating prod-
can be used in pockets for functional or deco- 8.lc), mock fly-front, and exposed teeth ucts. With careful measuring of the seam al-
rative design as well. An all-purpose zipper is (Figure 8.ld), shown as a separating exposed lowance and evenly sewn basting, this zipper
most common on skirt or neckline openings zipper. The all-purpose zipper is inserted un- application is a crisp finishing detail. Stitching
and trousers, slacks, and pants. derneath the seam allowance folds that cover must be straight and even. All zippers can be
The weight of the zipper refers to the coils the zipper, or into a slash opening, with the handbasted in place, and for some specialty
or teeth, whether they are polyester, nylon, or teeth exposed. fabrics, handbasting the zipper is the only way
metal. In specialty zippers, such as those set with It is a good idea to test sample a zipper ap- to secure the zipper prior to sewing. The use of
Swarovski crystals, the surrounding fabric must plication, especially if the garment fabric is an adhesive basting tape to hold the zipper in
be able to support the weight of the zipper, either difficult, has an obvious repeat, or if stabiliz- place while sewing it into the garment elimi-
through an interfaced facing or the weight of the ing may be needed. Always sample a new tech- nates the puckering that can occur in some fab-
fabric itself. nique before applying it to the garment. rics when pinned, especially when the zipper
The length and color of the zipper are other A good steam pressing of the zipper tape re- is long (Figure 8.4). This is a fast way to hold
important decisions. Does the length allow easy moves any wrinkles resulting from packaging, the zipper in place, and most double-sided ad-
access into and out of the garment?Do the length and eliminates the possibility of any shrinkage hesive basting tapes are washed or dry-cleaned
of the tapeif it's madeof cotton. Thereis nothine - away. It is important to test a sample of your
worse than a puckered zipper in a garment! Let's fabric with the adhesive basting tape to make
NOTE begin with the centered zipper application. sure it doesn't show through the fabric or leave
It's important to choose the correct zipper a mark. In production, an experienced ma-
that matches the weight of the fabric and Centered Zipper Application chinist would not use any type of basting. It
that suits the purpose for which the zipper is
The centered zipper is usually found on mod- would not be cost-effective to add this step to
belng used.
erately priced garments and can be applied to the manufacturing process.
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
. ... . . ~ .
C
S W UHE
be made larger, perhaps '/s inch to cover the seam by cutting into the stitching every 3 or
zipper and to allow for the turning of the 4 inches and carefully pulling out the basting
S U M ALLOWAWCE fabric of the lap. stitches (Figure 6.5).
C e n t e r e d Z i p p e r Welt I n s e r t i o n
8.4 C E N T E R E D er foot, begin stitching at the top of This type of zipper installation is found on
ZIPPER: PREPAR.
ING THE GARMENT the zipper, usinga stitch length that is compat- sportswear, such as parkas, snowsuits, boat-
AND ZIPPER FOR
INSTALLATION ible with your fabric and zipper weight. This ing jackets, hoods of coats and jackets, leather,
may have to be adjusted to avoid puckering the suede, or vinyl. It is closed on both ends, and
When the garment is being finished with fabric. Stitch to the bottom of the zipper. Pivot, sewn much like a double welt, with the seam
a facing, the top stop of the zipper is placed and stitch across the bottom of the zipper. Pivot edges centered on the zipper and stitched '/4
?h inch below the waist or neckline seam. again, and continue to stitch to the top of the inch to '/z inch parallel to the finished seamline.
When the garment is being finished with zipper (Figure 8.5). This type of zipper installation can be really
a waistband, place it directly below the creative when other fabrics or trims are used for
seamline. the laps/welts.
NOTE
Stitch i n the same direction on both sides of Center-Back Waist F i n i s h i n g
I ,
: #itch seam with basting stitches (5.0 SIL) from thezipper i f you have problematic fabric, or On pants and skirts, a designer has many op-
\upper garment edge to notch; change stitch are matchinga repeat pattern i n the fabric. a tions for finishing the waistline. A popular way
length to permanent stitch (2.5 S/L); backstitch plaid, or a stripe. to finish this area is with a waistband, in all its
and stitch to hem; backstitch; press. variations, or using a facing. The waistband can
Zippers: Fastening Your Way into the G a r m e n t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fly-Front Zipper
Considered to be the most challenging of all
zipper applications for students, the fly-front
zipper relies on accurate marking as well as
Lapped Side-Seam Waist Zipper Insertion good sewing skills. A regular all-purpose zipper
An all-purpose zipper is applied to a garment is used for pants or skirts, while metal zippers
side seam that is closed at both ends. This type that have an auto lock under the tabs to prevent
of application is most often used in garments the zipper from opening are used with jeans and
that are fitted at the waistline when an opening men's trousers. Molded plastic sportswear zip-
extending into the neckline would detract from pers are used on some jackets, coats, or rain and
the design (see Figure 2.11). The zipper in these snow gear.
applications extends 7 inches below the waist- There are two methods of fly-front zipper
line and up to the underarm. An invisible zipper application. One method involves cutting the
can also be applied this way. facings all-in-one with the garment; this is
Follow the steps for a lapped zipper. sometimes called the "mock" fly-front (Figure
4:r
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y i n t o the G a r m e n t
NOTCHES
SERGE
SERGE
8.9E FLY-FRONT
ZIPPER:
THE FRONT
FACING TO THE
ZIPPER
. _ ._
. ,
+~~:.z~,.#~~~~.:
HANDBASTE
eEMOVE PINS
8.9f BASTING1
STITCHING THE
8.9C FLY.FRONT ZIPPER INSERTION: RIGHT FLY-FRONT
LEFT FRONT TOPSTITCHING
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for Designer s
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . ... . .~
~ ~ ~
fit
t/seam
off the left front fly extension, leaving1/2-inch
allowance all round. Serge the crotch and
edges ofthe facings (see Figure 8.9b).
8.10A INTERFACING FLY- 8.108 STITCHING THE 8.1OC FINISHED FLY-
Use a zipper foot for the following procedures. FLY-FRONT EXTENSION FRONT EXTENSION
FRONT EXTENSION
With the pants facing you, pin the zipperl/~
inch down from the waistline edge to the left
front. Move the center front seamline over 'I4 Turn the garment to the correct side. On the right end o f the zipper. Cut o f f the excess zipper
inch away from the stitching line. Stitch as close front, handbaste the position ofthe fly-front top length, if necessary (see Figure 8.11).
to the zipper edge as possible-approximately stitching. Begin stitchingfrom the waistline and Turn the garment t o the w r o n g side and stitch
' / % 6inch. Press the center-front foldline on the curve the stitchinginto the crotch join, ending together b o t h the b o t t o m edges o f the fly-
right side, from the waistline notch to join at the in a backstitch to reinforce this stress point. The front facing and the extension. Stitch approxi-
crotch (see Figure 8.9~). fly-front can be double topstitched at this point in mately '12 i n c h in length, back and forth, t o
Pin the center fronts together, matching the matching or contrasting threads. The center-front h o l d the area securely (see Figure 8.12).
waistline notches. Do not remove the center-front pins can now be removed (see Figure 8.90.
pins until after topstitching of the fly-front is com- PIN PLFFROM
pleted (see Figure 8.gd). F l y - F r o n t Zipper w i t h Separate Extension ~ E W S I O N ~
CUT OFF EXCESS ZIPPER LENGTH
Turn the garment to the wrong side. Pin the zipper Stabilize one h a l f o f the extension (Figure
tape to the right front facing, making sure that it 8.lOa).
lies flat. Stitch the zipper to the facing only, stitch- Place the correct sides together. Stitch a
ingas close to the zipper teeth as possible. Do not %-inch seam allowance, slightly c u r v i n g the MACHINE STtTCH
OVER PREVIOUS
cut offthe excess zipper length (see Figure 8.9e). lower edge (see Figure 8.10b). Turn t o the STIICHINC.
correct side and press. Baste the r a w edges
together and serge (see Figure 8.10~).D o n o t
PATTERN T I P serge at t o p waistline edge o f the facing.
The fly-front facing needs to be wide enough With the garment turned t o the correct side
to cover the topstitching. This decision needs and facing up, place the extension o n the
to be made at the beginning when pattern right side of the garment under the zipper
drafting. Don't forget t o add '/.-inch seam and lining up from the waist edge. Pin in
allowance. place. Stitch over the previous stitching, 8.11 STITCHING THE FLY.FRONT EXTENSION:
as closely as possible, d o w n t o the b o t t o m CUTTING EXCESS ZIPPER LENGTH
S T I T C H I N G THE F L Y - F R O N l' F A C I N G
TO T H E E X T E N S I O N should be placed approximately 'I2 inch in from
I NOTE the edge of the waistband. Placing center fronts
I
Finishingdetails are what set extraordinary together, mark the position for the button.
garments apart from the ordinary. Take time On the top waistband, on the wrong,side,
to perfect hand sewing techniques while
sew the button without the stitches show-
doing a sample. Practice, sampla, practice!
ing on the correct side of the waistband (see
Figure 8.13). Yes, this can be done!
STITCH FACIWG AWD Choose a small, flat button, l/z inch to 5/s Applying a Sew-on Hook and Bar
-NSIONTOPmHER
FOR 112" LEN""
inch in size. to a Waistband
On the left-hand side of the waistband, sew a The hooks and bars are strong and flat, so the
buttonhole horizontally, in the middle of the hook cannot be easily seen, nor will it slide off
width of the waistband. The buttonhole should the bar.
be the correct length to fit the button and Position the hook on the underside of the
.=
.E
/.-'
--
overlap, '/s inch hack from the edge. Secure -&&a-rea for the zipper. Choosing the correct Remove the handbasting that held the zipper
by stitching over the holes, around the stabilizer is of utmost importance. Refer to Chapter 3, along the teeth. Press.
opening. Hook the bar in place and stitch to "introduction to Stabilizers." to guide this decision. As a finishing detail, the opening can be top-
secure. How is the hook held in place? Use a When sewn to thegarment, the stay facing stitched i f appropriate to the garment and the
very small piece of the double-sided adhesive creates a finished edge that is stable after it is design. Refer to Chapter 6, "Seams." for details
basting tape to get the first stitches started slashed. The facing should be approximately 3 on topstitching.
(see Figure 8.13). inches wide and 2 inches longer than the length
Place the button in the buttonhole, and posi- of the zipper (see Figure 8.14a). With the correct When inserting an exposed zipper into a flat
tion the bar in line with the hook. sides of the fabric together, mark the center area such as a pocket:
of the facing; baste to the garment. The open-
There are many ways to finish the fly-front. ing should only be wide enough to expose the Reinforce the area with the appropriate inter-
This is the designer's choice! Refer to Chapter zipper teeth, approximately 'I4
inch to 31s inch facing for the fabric.
17, "Closures" (see Figure 17.2). wide (see Figure 8.14a). The width of the open- Mark stitching lines appropriate to the size
ing depends on how much zipper tape i s going of the exposed area for the zipper being used.
Exposed Zippers to be shown. Stitch along these lines, using a short stitch
O n garments where there is no seam, an ex- Begin stitching the facing to the garment, about length.
posed zipper is applied to a slash opening, and 'Is inch from the center marking. Stitch to the Slash the opening down the center, and clip
reinforced with a stay of either interfacing or bottom ofthe stay, pivot, stitch across the into the corners.
firmly woven lining fabric. Typically inserted at bottom, pivot again, and continue stitching up to Turn the slashed edges to the hack side and press.
a neckline and used on knit fabrics, an exposed the top. Slash the opening along the center mark- Carefully edgestitch around the pressed
zipper can also be used on the pockets of gar- ing. Clip into the lower corners (see Figure 8.14b). edges (Figure 8.18a).
ments, or anywhere else the designer chooses, Turn the facing to the wrong side ofthe garment Place the zipper into position, making sure
from the hem up. Think of mock turtleneck and press carefully so that the facing does not the zipper stop is included in the exposed
sweaters, polar fleece sports garments, cell show through to the front and the corners form length; stitch '/s inch from the previous line
phone pockets on jackets, and more. This type clean, right angles. of edgestitching to secure the zipper to the
of zipper application can be both functional Place the zipper underneath the opening, and fabric (Figure 8.18b).
and decorative. When a metal or plastic molded handbaste the garment to the zipper tape along
zipper is used, the amount of tape exposed be- the teeth (Figure 8.15). An exposed zipper can also be inserted without
comes a focal point of a garment. A specialty Lift the garment to expose the bottom of the the topstitching showing on the front of the gar-
zipper such as one made of Swarovski crystal, zipper and, usinga zipper foot, stitch the triangu- ment. For example, when a small, coiled, plastic
rhinestones, or a Riri zipper with multicolored lar piece of the stay to the zipper (Figure 8.16). zipper that is lightweight and flexible is used at
metal teeth adds a strong design element to a Turn the garment to the wrong side and expose the neckline or in a turtleneck, topstitching it
garment. Thanks to the Internet, zippers previ- the original sewing line. Stitch zipperto the gar- into place may make it too stiff. It is important
ously only available to manufacturers are more ment from the bottom to the top; stitch the other that the stay be compatible with the fabric and
readily available to designers. side the same way (Figure 8.17). large enough to support the area into which the
Zippers: F a s t e n i n g Y o u r Way i n t o t h e G a r m e n t
....................................
CENTER LINE ,
NOTE
This type of zipper insertion requires excel-
lent, straight stitching. Sample and practice
on the garment fabric to ensure stitching
MARKED skills that hold up to the attention this
STITCHING
LINES
application receives. Uneven, poor-quality
stitching draws negative attention to this
technique.
-STAY
- -
8.14A P R E P A R E T H E STAY F A C I N G
zipper is being stitched. A stay at least 3 inches the facing to roll a little to the underside so that
wide and at least 2 inches longer than the zipper the facing does not show through to the front.
should be sufficient. Handbaste the correct side of the fabric to
-
the zipper tape along the teeth of the zipper,
Prepare the facing, the stitching lines, and the using a small slipstitch.
center of the opening. With correct sides of Lift the bottom of the garment and stitch the
the fabrics together, stitch along the marked bottom of the facing to the zipper.
lines using a short stitch length. Slash and Flip back one side of the garment, exposing the
clip into the corners at the bottom of the zipper tape, and stitch the zipper to the facing.
opening. Repeat for the other side (Figure 8.17). 8 . ~ 0rnrr;.=i ZIPPL". r-r....-
THE
THE GARMENT OPENING
2.. . -..TO
Turn the facing to the back side; press. Allow
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
8.16 E X P O S E D
Z I P P E R : STITCHING
THE TRIANGULAR
PIECE O F STAY TO
THE Z I P P E R
I - FACING
ORIGINAL
STITCHING
I ' ,
I,.,'
1,,;;;,
{ ..' ,
JMCIIINE STITCH FACING
1:;:
,I*!,:,:
INPUCE FROM BOlTOM EXPOSED ,!.
TOP OF GARMENT ZIPPER: STITCHING i ,::::
THE ZIPPER TO THE ?',,
GARMENT , 1 .
5:.
;x::,.'
.
I:. ;:
I . .
Invisible Zipper the pull color to your fabric; if it is not available, the garment, the zipper foot will touch the
The invisible zipper is the most versatile, suit- the pull can be "colored" to match the fabric pull, preventing you from sewing all the
able for almost any garment or fabric. It is also using nail polish or paint if needed. way to the end.) Any excess length beyond
available as a separating zipper, and as a light- To insert an invisible zipper: 1%inches can be removed after the zipper is
weight mesh, suitable for fine fabrics as well as inserted (Figure 8.19).
lingerie. (See Where to Buy section in this text.) Purchase a zipper at least 1 '/z inches longer Serge the seam edges before the zipper is
The zipper closure produces a "seamlike" finish than the finished length. This will ensure inserted (see Figure 8.20 on page 222).
and the zipper itself is invisible! The only part that the final zipper opens to the correct Open the zipper and, on the wrong side,
of the zipper that should show is the pull. Match length. (When the zipper is stitched into press the coils flat so that the two woven
Zippers: Fastening Your Way i n t o the G a r m e n t
..................~...............~.........~~~.........~.~~~..~ .......
rows in the zipper tape show. Use a synthetic the left side of the garment, pin or use adhe-
NOTE setting on the iron. Do not close the zipper sive basting tape to hold the right side of the
Unlike other zippers, the invisiblezipper is ap- after pressing, as it will cause the coils to zipper to the left side of the garment. Position
plied to the opening edges usingflat applica- become rounded again. Attach the zipper the zipper stop ' h inch above the cut edge
tion construction before the seam is stitched. foot to the machine. Specialty feet for the in- of the fabric. Place the coils on the seamline
This enables the student to work with a flat, (Figure 8.21). The edge of the zipper tape
visible zipper are available for all sewing ma-
flexible area. The facings are applied after
chines. The right and left zipper feet on the should face the edge of the garment.
the zipper is sewn in place. If thegarment
requires a special construction, the zipper can industrial sewing machines are very narrow Slowly stitch the zipper into the garment by
be inserted with the seam sewn from 2 inches and have openings in the foot that allow the sewing close to the pressed flat coils. If the
below the opening, and then the final 2-inch needle to stitch very close to the coils. stitches catch on the coils, the zipper will not
segment rejoined with the zipper stitching. Place the front side of the zipper so it faces the pull up. Stitch closer to the coils if the fabric
correct side of the fabric surface. Working on is lightweight, and a little bit farther away
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
8.19 S H O R T E N I N G T H E I N V I S I B L E ZlPPER
. . . . . . . . .
IMPORTANT
The zipper must b e aligned parallel to the
seam allowance. If this is not done, the
zipper will look crooked and uneven, and not
"invisible" at all! Mark the seam allowance if
necessary to keep it even.
NOTE
Remember t o backstitch at the beginning of
the stitching.
,
ends of the zipper tape.to the seam allow-
::...;$.
.!,;,y
,,4 ..,
q
, , y
..,,..
;,!?!,
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g T e c h n i q ~ e for
s Designers
. ~ . .. ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ .~~
~
Separating Zipper
The separating zipper is often seen on sweaters,
jackets, and sportswear. Two-way separating
zippers are found in fleece garments, sports-
wear, snowsuits, and skiwear, where the ability
to release half of the zipper for wearing ease is
valued. This reduces the strain on a zipper and
also reduces the number of broken zippers. The
two-way separating zipper has two zipper pulls
and can also be used in pockets, splitting the
zipper in half, and using one half for eachpocket.
This is helpful when matching zipper colors and
styles. The separating zipper can be inserted as
a centered, lapped, or exposed application. The
garment edge where the zipper is applied can
be finished in several ways, including facings,
8 . 2 3 STITCHING T
bindings, and decorative techniques. Refer to
TAPE TO THE S E A M ALLOWANCES Chapter 12, "Facings," for more details.
Zippers: Fastening Your Way into the Garment
. .~ ~~~ .~~~~~~
~~~ ~~~~ . ~ ~. . . .
~~ ~
8.24C REMOVING
THE REMAINING
PLASTIC FROM THE
ZIPPER TAPE /" S& the zipper i n place, extending the excess
ngth above the top opening. Backstitch to
secure the stitching (Figure 8.24a).
Unzip the zipper.
Cut off approximately r inch of plastic teeth
above the backstitch. Cut off only the plastic por-
tion of thezipperteeth that extends beyond the
The zipper application should match the gar- of a satin or silk garment. This is not a design zippertape (Figure 8.24a). Use wire cutters such
ment's overall design. Is it adding to the design or statement as much as it is a technical error. When as Fiskar diagonal cutters, which have short,
detracting from it? Some students do not match striving for an unusual contrast, the zipper and pointed blades, or needle-nose jewelry pliers.
the type of zipper to the type of fabric and style the garment must still share a hannonious re- which will also work (Figure 8.24b). "Regular"
of garment being made, using a sport-weight lationship: a flexible, small, coiled zipper sewn tool wire cutters are too bigto cut offthe teeth
separating zipper with plastic teeth in the back into a leather garment with exposed coils would one at a time.
Professional Sewing Techniqsces for Designers
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~
8.258 P O S I T I O N I N G A N D HAND.
DOUSLC.ItDID
B A S T I N G THE
AOHEswE W I W
S E P A R A T I N G ZIPPER
/ NIsr \
IMPORTANT
Do not pull up the zipper until i t has been
secured in a seamline or the tape has been
folded under t o create a "stop." Otherwise,
you will zip the zipper pull right off, and that
w i l l be a disaster!
-
-t5
0
ofthe cutters t o "tweeze" the
remaining plastic part that is still on the zipper
tape (Figure 8.24~). The result will be a smooth.
toothless section of zipper tape.
Cut offthe excess zippertape obove the i-inch
section of "toothless" tape.
TOcreate the zipper stop, fold the smooth "tooth-
less" zippertape backonto itself, or bartackthe
zipper by hand or machine (Figure 8.19).
of the fabric, and knot off. Carefully remove Lapped Separating Zipper
the basting threads from the center seam. A lapped zipper insertion follows the san IMPORTANT
Or, turn up the hems, slipstitching in place at steps, whether you are sewing an all-purpo! All zippers depend on careful, even stitch-
an angle to avoid the zipper teeth; then finish zipper or a separating zipper, except the botto~ ing. If t h e basting is not straight, the ripper
the hem with a slipstitch or machine stitch. is open, and there is finishing at the top an insertion is not straight. If t h e zipper inser-
tion is not straight, t h e topstitchingwill
Refer to Chapter 15, "Hems," and Chapter bottom such as facings and hems. Because tt
not be straight. This process builds on e a c h
12, "Facings." top and bottom are both open, it is an easier ag previous step, and careful, straight stitching
plication. Refer to the lapped zipper applicatio is essential. It is better to invest t i m e and at-
illustrations in Figures 8.6 and 8.7. tention t h a n to rip apart a n d redo, especially
if the garment fabric would show t h e m a r k s
of previous stitches.
Finish the garment with appropriate facings,
hems, or bindings, folding the facing or hem
edges at an angle to keep them free of the
zipper teeth, but allowing them to be caught with the fabric being used. Refer to Chapter
in the machine stitching. 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers."
Stitch the hems or facings to the garment to Position the zipper at the top of the right-
complete. hand garment side opening, centering
the folded edge of the lap over the zipper
Hand-Stitching Zippers (Figure 8.27). Pin the closed zipper to the
Also referred to as a hand-picked zipper, a zipper garment from the correct side of the gar-
inserted by hand is beautiful as well as practical. ment. Use very fine pins for this step to
Heavily embellished fabrics and delicate fabrics avoid marking the fabric with holes. If
benefit from this couture touch. Because this the zipper is being placed in an area of the
technique highlights the handwork, the stitch- garment that receives a lot of stress, over-
ing and spacing must be even and accurate. lap the laps of the opening a mere '/16 of an
Either a centered application or a lapped appli- inch more so the teeth of the zipper remain
cation adds luxurious detail to the garment. covered. Handbaste the zipper in place.
It is most pleasing to the eye when the spac-
Stabilize the zipper area (Figure 8.25a). ing of the stitches measures the same amount
r.-r F I N I S H .
I N G DETAILS O n delicate or heavily embellished fabrics, in from the edge of the lap as the stitches
OF CENTERED
SEPARATING consider using strips of silk organza. This are apart. Refer to Chapter 6, "Seams" (see
ZIPPER
prevents rippling and any distortion that Figure 6.27b), for further details on the
could occur from handling the fabric while hand-picked stitch. If this is an unfamiliar
stitching. Sample several choices of stabiliz- stitch, sample, sample, sample!
ers and interfacing to see what works best Unzip the zipper. Begin stitching the zipper
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.~~~ ~ ~...~. ~
~ . ~
. . .
~. .
STITCHED Z I P P E R
I
through, leave an unpleasant mark, or be too extra care and attention must be paid to the
sticky for the delicate fabric being used. layout before cutting out the garment. It's very
unattractive to see checks, stripes, or plaids that I
don't match, and as you are the designer, there is I
I
at the top of the tape. A very small amount no reason to let this happen.
of thread should show on the surface of the When inserting a zipper, there are two im-
garment (Figure 8.27). portant steps to matching plaids, checks, repeats,
Stitch to the end of the opening. Do not or stripes: careful basting, and accurate marking.
stitch across the bottom of the zipper. This There is no shortcut! The placement of a zipper
causes puckering and pulling. into one of these fabrics interrupts the move-
Begin stitching the left side of the zipper ment of the fabric, so great care must be taken to
opening at the bottom of the zipper, continu- ensure that the pattern matches exactly on both
ing up to the top. By stitching in two differ- sides of the zipper, allowing the eye to continue
ent directions, occasional mismatching may across the garment. The directions that follow
occur when reaching the top of the zipper are for an invisible zipper, which is the least con-
opening. If this does occur and it is slight spicuous application for a busy fabric.
(1/16 inch or less, without producing visible
I
distortion), it can be adjusted in the finishing Do press the invisible zipper flat. Handbaste
facing or waistband. However, if it is visibly the zipper to the left side of the garment.
Do stitch the zipper in place, close to the coils
to avoid any tape showing on the front of the
garment.
Do lay the left side of the zipper onto the right
side of the garment, matching up the elements.
Mark each matchpoint on the zipper tape
(Figure 8.28).
Do place the unsewn right-hand zipper onto
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y into the G a r m e n t
Bias
The key to working with bias is for the fabric to
be perfectly "on grain" to establish the true bias.
A center-back invisible zipper is the most ver-
satile application; however, the garment design
may not include a center-back seam. Zippers in
side seams should be sampled, as it is more dif-
ficult to get them to lay flat.
When inserting a zipper into bias-cut seams,
try one of the following methods.
Sheers
Fabrics such as chiffon, silk, gauze, organza,
and voile are often found in evening - wear
dresses, skirts, or palazzo pants where zippers
are traditionally used. Even the lightest-weight
zipper can be too heavy for some of these fab-
rics, causing sagging, so it is important to
sample the zipper application first before pro-
ceeding to the garment. Always choose the
lightest-weight zipper available, such as a mesh
Method 2: Stabilized Seam colored organza blends well with many sheer lingerie zipper. Removing the stitches from
Allowances on the Bias fabrics and is less noticeable than white. these delicate fabrics is practically impossible
When inserting a zipper into bias-cut fabric, Handbaste the silk organza to the garment without ruining the fabric. Keep in mind the
cut the stabilizer on the bias as well, and gently fabric, stretching it taut to reduce puckering following:
stretch it an inch of the length of the zipper in the seam.
opening as you stitch. Baste the zipper to the silk organza, again Will the garment he underlined or lined? If
stretching it taut to fit the opening. so, the zipper can be sewn to the underlining
Mark the zipper length 1 inch shorter on the Machine stitch, close to the teeth to avoid or lining, leaving the outer layer free.
stabilizer. any tape showing on the front of the gar- Is this a stress area? Stabilize the seam the
Cut a strip of silk organza on the bias, ap- ment. Stop frequently, with the needle down zipper will be put into; refer to Chapter 3,
proximately 3 inches wide and an extra 3 in the fabric, to adjust the bias strip of silk "Introduction to Stabilizers." Try several
inches longer than the zipper opening. Skin- organza, keeping it flat and pucker-free. Bias samples for the best result.
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y into the G a r m e n t
Invisible zippers and both lapped and cen- )O hand sew a lapped or centered zipper into
tered zippers can be used in these fabrics, NOTE garment of lace that has raised designs with
depending on the location of the zipper on The weight of the lace and the embellishment ords or ribbon on the surface. This prevents
the garment. on lace determine the correct zipper applica- nagging that could occur if the zipper were
Hand sewing an invisible zipper provides tion, and several samples may be required. ewn by machine. The invisible zipper will go in
When workina - with costlv. s.~ e c i a l t vfabrics.
more flexibility and a softer zipper. moothlv if the lace is not too thick or bulky.
it's worth the time and the effort to make
Consider alternative closures for sheers such sure that the application chosen is the most
as hooks and eyes, or loops and buttons. appropriate.
Refer to Chapter 17, "Closures." )O insert a zipper by hand. Both the lapped
and invisible zipper can be used in sequined
Satin Lace fabric.
On bridal wear, buttons with premade elastic Do use a lapped zipper application for laces Do use the plain fabric borders on either side .
loops are the closure of choice. Using a zipper in with~aisedsurfaces or beading. of the sequined area for the seam allowance
combination with the buttons and thread loops Do use an invisible zipper for flatter laces that into which the zipper will be inserted.
offers a very secure closure on a long opening can easily accommodate the turn that occurs Do remove some of the sequins in the zipper
of a bridal gown. The zipper application must when the zipper is closed. seam allowance.
be right the first time it is inserted, due to the Do use other closures such as hooks and eyes, Do stabilize the zipper area, using a sew-in
stitching marks left behind when stitches are or buttons with elastic loops, if the lace is to be stabilizer.
removed. a separate layer and not lined or underlined. Do bandbaste the invisible zipper into place.
Do use a hand-picked zipper as an elegant Sew the zipper in by hand, backstitching (see
Do use lightweight coil zippers-the best finish for the garment (see Figure 8.27). Figure 6.38b) and making sure that the zipper
choice. Do consider that lace can have repeats, in other does not pull the sequins into the roll of the
Do hand stitch the zipper on special-occasion words, motifs or design elements that occur zipper, which would prevent them from lying
garments. regularly throughout the fabric. When insert- flat. Careful hand sewing of the zipper allows
Do use a lapped zipper on the back of a wed- ing a zipper, care should be taken to match the stitches to rest in between the sequins with-
ding dress or ball gown. Create the look of but- these elements. Refer to "Inserting Zippers in out distortion.
tons and loops by sewing the buttons closely to Plaids, Checks, Repeat Patterns, and Horizon- Don't use heat and moisture from steam; it
the edge of the zipper stitching. tal Stripes," earlier in this chapter, for marking may discolor metal sequins or melt plastic
Do machine-stitch zippers on satin that is used directions to match these elements. sequins.
for daytime garments, or garments that are Do stabilize the zipper opening with silk or-
washable. ganza or tulle; use tulle with very small holes, Beaded Fabrics
Do use a fine machine needle to sew the zipper such as bridal tulle, which comes in a wide Beaded fabrics can have intricate allover designs,
into the garment to prevent snagging the sur- assortment of colors. or motifs that are scattered across the fabric.
face of the satin and to avoid skipped stitches. Do handbaste the zipper in place before Do insert a hand-picked zipper in beaded
stitching. fabrics.
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for Designers
...~..~~ . ~ ~ ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Do insert an invisible zipper if the beading is D o stitch close to the teeth to eliminate any of
not too dense. Here's how: IMPORTANT the tape showing through to the garment front.
Remove the beading from the seam al- A velvet board is a pressing tool for fabrics Do lengthen the stitch length to 3.0 to avoid
lowances by using an upholstery hammer with nap or pile. It has short wires embedded buckling and slippage that can occur when
into a flexible or rigid base, and these wires using smaller stitches on fabrics with nap or
or pliers to smash the beads. Wear safety
keep the nap or pile from becoming crushed
goggles. bulk.
when pressing. This is the only way to press
Using a zipper foot, staystitch along the velvet without ruining it. Regular pressing
Stitch slowly and, leaving the needle down
seam allowances from wbich the beads have will crush the pile and leave shiny marks, in the fabric, occasionally lift the presser foot
been removed. This helps to hold the bead- called glazing, which cannot be removed. to allow the garment to settle. This avoids
ing threads in place and prevents the beading Lightweight fusible interfacing can be ap- any puckering or slipping, and gives better
plied to velvet when using the velvet board. control of the stitching.
from coming loose.
usinga very light touch of the iron to hold
Stabilize the area with tulle or silk organza, Do place the garment facedown, flat on a velvet
the fusible in place.
and hand sew. board. Lightly apply the iron to the stitched
Handbaste the zipper into place. When zipper tape to set the stitches. D o notpress the
using an invisible zipper, close the zipper to zipper! Even with a velvet board for pressing,
check that the zipper tape is not showing on velvetis a one time opportunity! The best zipper marks can be left on the front of the garment
the front of the fabric. to apply to velvet is the invisible zipper-velvet if too much pressure is applied, or if the iron is
Sew the zipper into place, using the hand does not topstitch well. too hot.
backstitcb.
D o stabilize the area in wbich the zipper will Knits
Velvet be inserted. Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction Zippers are used occasionally in knits.
When inserting a zipper in velvet, it is of the to Stabilizers," for more information.
utmost importance to avoid crushing the nap Do allow for larger seam allowances at the Do stabilize the zipper area with a narrow
by pressing. Stitches must be of the correct size zipper insertion. A larger seam allowance strip of fusible interfacing or tape suitable for
and evenly sewn. If seams are ripped out, holes is easier to work with when sewing a tricky the fabric being used. Refer to Chapter 3, "In-
and unsightly marks are left behind. A zipper in fabric. troduction to Stabilizers," for suggestions.
Do serge - or clean finish the edges
- of the seam Do cut the strips to fit the seam allowances,
allowances before applying the zipper. Even if approximately '/2 inch. Sample this first to
NOTE the garment will be lined, it will be easier to be sure the interfacing you are using does
If you have never sewn an invisible zipper sew the zipper in without messy raw edges. not leave a ridge on the correct side of the
into velvet, somplel Try using both machine fabric.
Do handbaste the zipper in place; this will
stitching and hand stitching forthis fabric.
keep the zipper from slipping off the velvet as it Do use invisible zippers; they are the most
It is worth the time and the cost of an extra
zipper to perfect this technique before stitch- is stitched. Pins can leave marks on the fabric. flexible choice due to their lightweight coils.
ing the zipper into the garment. Do allow a smidge more for the nap of the D o use a hand-picked zipper on double knit
velvet to turn once the zipper is complete. garments for a very nice finish.
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y into the Garment
..~.............~.-.~...............~.....~~..-.-~..
-...~ .~~~..........
It doesn't fray, and the raw edge can be used as Remove the faux fur from the seam allow- lored finish to the inside of the zipper. Excellent,
the finish. It can also be pressed oil the wrong ances before insertingshe zipper. Use a razor, a straight stitching highlights this technique.
side using a pressing cloth and a steam iron set fabric shaver, or an X-Acto knife. This process
on the synthetic setting. Faux suede garments takes time and is messy! Also try long bladed, Determine the width of the band. This could
look especially well-made when topstitching very sharp embroidery scissors, holding them at be a design element that is both functional
and edgestitching are used to enhance them. an angle while cutting away the pile in the direc- and decorative; the decisiou is up to the
tion of the nap. Trim away any excess pile that is design student.
Do use a "with a nap" layout. not cut away at first, trimming very close to the The flat method of construction uses two
D o avoid garments that require easing- backing without cutting through it. Be careful pieces of leatherlsuede for each side of the
Ultrasuede does not ease well. of how much of the pile is removed; if too much zipper. The zipper is inserted into the raw
Do machine wash and dry-the more it's is trimmed, the edge may look too blunt and the edges, and topstitched to the zipper tape and
washed and dried, the softer it becomes. pile may not lie flat at the edge of the placket. the trimmed seam allowa~lceof the fur.
Do use a suitable stabilizer in the seam allow- Either method removes the pile while it reduces
ance area of the zipper to prevent a puckered bulk, and allows easier, accurate stitching of the Another method of zipper application is the
look to the stitching. Refer to Chapter 3, "ln- zipper. Refer to Chapter 6, "Seams." lapped or centered zipper with band or placket.
troduction to Stabilizers." Prepare the seam allowance area by trimming
Do avoid ripping out stitches, which would Do stabilize the zipper area wheu the backing away the fur.
leave 11oles in this fabric. Careful stitching is is made of knit. Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduc-
required for successful zipper applications in tion to Stabilizers." Determine the width of the placket. Cut
Ultrasuede. Do determine how much of the zipper tape two strips the same width for each side of
Do use center, lapped, or exposed zippers for will be exposed before basting the zipper into the zipper. If using faux suede, stabilize one
the best result in Ultrasuede. place. half of each strip that will be on the top of
Don't use side seam zippers in Ultrasuede- Do allow for Inore space between the teeth of the garment. This prevents stretching of the
they do not lie flat. tlie zipper and the longer pile of the fur. placket while stitching through all the layers.
Stitch slowly, keeping the pile of the fur If possible, also loosen the presser foot ten-
Fa~rxFur away from the teeth of the zipper. sion to accommodate all the layers.
Because faux furs are bulky, an exposed zipper, a Use a seam ripper or an awl, placed flat, to When using faux suede, baste the two pieces
lapped zipper, or a centered zipper set into con- hold the pile out of the way while stitching. together down the center of the strips. When
trasting fabric bands (plackets), such as leather, the basting stitches are removed, they will
suede, faux suede, or ribbing, creates a flat area Creating a hand of leather, suede, or the faux not be visible on the surface of the faux
for the zipper to be inserted aud also comple- versions of leather or suede provides the option suede.
nlents the fur. With very long-haired faux furs, of an exposed zipper, a lapped zipper, or a cen- Place the edge of the garment inside the
consider using an alternative type of closure. tered zipper. The raw edges of these fabrics do basted placket pieces. Using double-sided
Refer to Chapter 17, "Closures." not need to be finished and create a neat, tai- adhesive tape on top of the zipper tape, place
Zippers: Fastening Your Way i n t o the G a r m e n t 235
............................................................................................................
the zipper under the center of the plackets. bias-cut fabric, or specialty fabrics such as silk or will be able to transfer that knowledge to other
Finger-press in place on the wrong side of the satin. garments and fabrics.
garment. When a student is adding a new element to
Carefully pin the placket through all the the design, such as a zipper, it can be difficult to STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
layers from the correct side of the garment. know which zipper to use, where to put it, and Stitch zippers of different sizes and colors all
Using a zipper foot, edgestitch the band how to stitch the zipper into the garment. over the surface of a garment as a decorative
nearest the garment. Lengthen the stitch element (Figure 8.30a).
length to 3.0, and sew slowly and evenly to Example Place an invisible zipper opening
the bottom of the zipper. The pile of the fur The garment design calls for a centered zipper asymmetrically.
will cover this edge. to be placed in the center-back seam. As the Use an upholstery zipper with metal teeth or
Move over '18 inch to 114 inch and stitch designer, you prefer a smoother, more subtle zipper by the yard as both piping around the
another row, catching the zipper tape in this opening, such as an invisible zipper. You've neckline of a jacket and as a working zipper
line of stitching. never attempted an invisible zipper before, but (Figure 8.30b).
Repeat for the other side. you know how to measure the opening for a Use separating zippers to join layers that can
zipper, accurately mark, handbaste, carefully be unzipped and removed, such as a skirt
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE cut, and evenly stitch. Transfer knowledge (Figure 8.30~).
In this chapter you have learned about zippers. when you: Use decorative ribbon such as velvet, gros-
This chapter has explained: grain, or embroidered trim to cover the
Stabilize the seam allowances, if necessary; centered zipper.
The many different types of zippers; Accurately mark the opening; Place an exposed zipper in a seam, such as a
Installation techniques; Press the zipper tape flat, removing any raglan (Figure 8.30d).
The importance of accurate marking, bast- packaging wrinkles, and press open the coils; Place an exposed zipper with metal teeth
ing, edgestitching, and topstitching; Baste the zipper to the seam allowance, one down the center of each sleeve.
How to choose the correct zipper for the side at a time; Use an exposed, metal teeth zipper down the
fabric being used; Begin to stitch, close to the teeth, slowly and entire center back of a garment.
The functional and decorative uses of zip- evenly. Use an exposed, metal teeth zipper with
pers; and decorative pull on each entire side seam of a
How to effectively use zippers in specialty Even though these are not techniques used in skirt.
fabrics. production, knowing these techniques will get
you started. Then, with the help of your instmc- STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. .
Zippers can be attention-getting elements of a tor and by following the explanations of the in- ...there is puckering or pleating at the
design, and it is best to perfect the techniques visible zipper, you can learn to stitch the invis- bottom of my invisible zipper?
necessary for a flawless zipper before tackling ible zipper in place of the centered zipper. Once Remove the stitching at the bottom of the
more difficult techniques such as working with a you have mastered the first invisible zipper, you zipper. Release enough of the sewing machine
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
~ .. ..................................... . ~~ . ~
-..--
a,.
8.30A STRETCH YOUR 8.308 STRETCH YOUR 8.JOC STRETCH YOUR 8 . 3 0 0 STRETCH YOUR
CREATIVITY: S U G G E S T I O N S CREATIVITY: S U G G E S T I O N S CREATIVITY: S U G G E S T I O N S CREATIVITY: S U G G E S T I O N S
Zippers: Fastening Your W a y into the Garment 237
.....................................................
stitches to flatten the area. Using a backstitch, ... a zipper doesn't look good in my design? Does the invisible zipper open smoothly and
sew the seam by hand. Carefully press the seam Often the zipper cannot be removed without easily?
allowance only. leaving unsightly stitch marks. Another area of Is the lap of the lapped zipper the same size
the garment may not be available to redesign a from top to bottom, and does it cover the
. . .the stitching is uneven despite my different type of closure, or it may be too time- teeth of the zipper?
best sewing? consuming or costly to use a new idea. Next Does the exposed zipper reveal an even
fi:, There are many ways to mark the stitching line time take time to plan the design, sample differ- amount of the teeth or the zipper tape on
z
i when sewing the zipper. The zipper tape often ent techniques on the garment fabric, and realize both sides?
has woven lines to follow, or a fabric marking that sometimes no matter how good the design
> REVIEW
CHECKLIST
I pen can be used to draw a line on the zipper looks, a detail in the end may not be the best
tape. From the correct side of the fabric, a '12- look after all. Perfecting skills takes time and
' ?
inch-wide piece of temporary tape called Magic practice. Zippers challenge our sewing skills Do I understand what centered, lapped, invis-
Tape by Scotch brand can be centered over the with every fabric that is used in the design of a ible, and separating zippers have in common?
! zipper and used as a guide for stitching. Sample garment. A perfectly sewn zipper is the result of Look at your zippers and ask yourself:
this tapefirst on a scrap piece of fabric. This tape patience and perseverance.
has a light amount of adhesive, which makes it Is this the correct weight of zipper for this
easy to remove; however, it may not work well SELF-CRITIQUE garment?
with some specialty fabrics. Are the seams into which the zippers are Does the centered, lapped, invisible, or sepa-
inserted cut on the correct grainline? rating zipper look like it belongs with the
. . .the zipper is stiff and it is difficult to Are the stitch length and tension correct for design?
open and close? the fabric type and weight? Is the stitching straight and evenly sewn?
Try using a drop of Sewer's Aid on the teeth of the Is the thread color a good match? Is there any puckering?
zipper, and open and close the zipper several times Is the stitching straight and even? Does any of the zipper tape show after
to help spread the liquid. Sewer's Aid is a liquid Is there any puckering in the stitching or at stitching invisible, centered, or lapped
used on machine embroidery threads to prevent the bottom of the zipper? zippers?
breakage and aid their passage through the ten- Is the centered zipper actually evenly cen- Are the teeth visible?
sion discs of the sewing machine. Apply it care- tered over the zipper teeth? Does the zipper enhance the overall
fully, so it doesn't run off the teeth and into the
garment fabric. A little bit of this goes a long way.
. Does the invisible zipper roll nicely over the
coils without any zipper tape showing?
design enough to justify the time and cost
involved?
Z.!,..
,I
:".
g::
-
'
g;.: c
~.
CHAPTER
-
---.
he horizontal edge of a waistband can be straight or curved, depending on the position of K E Y TERMS
T the waistband. Waistbands sitting comfortably on the waistline are usually straight and cut
in one piece. Waistbands sitting on the hips are curved and cut in two pieces. Waistbands can
Belt Loops
Blanket Stitch
be designed in a variety of widths and styles. The underside of the curved waistbands can be Bodkin
cut from a variety of fabrics for a couture finish. A waistband can also be cut all-in-onewith the Casing
Conroured Waistband
skirt or pant. The garment can be darted to con- The waistband should be comfort+blefor the Extended Waistband
tour the waistline, creating a high-waisted look. wearer-this is functional design. Waistbands, Extension
This style comes and goes in fashion trends. when they are worn, should not be too tight or Foldover Waistband
The fabric is the basis on which all decisions too loose. The structure of the waistband is ex- Invisible Casing
are made for waistbands. The nature of the tremely important. It needs to have firmness so Joined Elastic Casing
fabric, the drape, the hand (whether it is stiff or it doesn't cave in when it is worn. A. properly Overlap
soft) all contribute to the type of waistband to constructed waistband is the first s w toward Separate Casing
be stitched. How the fabric will be stabilized or lasting comfort, and what stabilizes &e band is Stitched-Ddm* Cdsing
interfaced also iduenees the type of waistband the key to a firm, smooth, ~ ~ finish. o Thread
d CaFriers
to be constructed. Fabric and interfacing go The final waistband, w h a t w e ~ i r a s b pwidth,
~ UnLfe~Zag
hand in hand, and in waistbandsit is essential to or style, should blend in b6an&Tully with the Waistline Stay
choose the correct type of support for the type whole garment.
of waistband being designed.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
-~~~~~ . . . . ~ ~ ~ . .. . ~
.~ .
~ ~
~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I
The Style I.D. shows examples of commonly used
waistbands and suggests creative styles (Figure 9.1). curved, and extended. The waistband should it is important to determine t h e proper sta-
fit the waist snugly yet comfortably. The de- bilizer for the waistband being constructed.
GATHER YOUR TOOLS signer may be tempted to cinch the waist to Sample several choices of stabilizers to
determine the interfacing that best suits the
For the techniques in this chapter, you will need create a slimmer look, but this usually has
fabric.
waist-specific support, which includes tape mea-
--
the opposite effect and forces the stomach to
sure interfacing and elastic; marking pen; scissors; bulge out. This garment would be uncomfort-
pins; bodkin; hooks and bars; hooks and eyes; able to wear. To wear better and stay in shape, the waist-
buttons; and appropriate needle and thread to It is best to base the waistband on the waist band should be interfaced.
match the garment. Think ahead-order now. measurement and the amount of wearing ease Select a weight of interfacing that will not
preferred by the designer. The length of the overpower the fabric, yet willprovide body
waistband should equal the waist measurement and support to the waistband. Refer to
Before applying waistbands, darts should b e sewn plus ease and, if using an underlap or overlap, Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers," for
seams sewn, and zippers applied. at least an additional 1 inch. The underlap is further information.
the extension of the waistband on the center- For full support, interface the entire waist-
NOW LET'S GET STARTED back edge or the left side if the garment opens band with fusible interfacing; or, cut the
What Is a Waistband? in the front. The underlap is a place to sew gar- interfacing the same width as the waistband
A waistband is a band of fabric, usually fully ment fasteners. The overlap (Figure 17.2b) can with a row of machine stitching below the
interfaced, seamed to the waistline of skirts be extended with a shaped end as a decorative foldline on the facing half, to prevent the
or pants and fastened to hold the garment detail. interfacing from shifting when using sew-in
firmly around the waist. Waistbands hold the interfacing.
garment in the proper position on the body. Or, use slotted waistband interfacing, spe-
Ease is determined by the designer at the pat- is stitched to the garment after the cifically designed for waistbands.
ternmaking stage of construction. The waist- zipper is inserted (if using one) and the seams have
been completed.
band must match the skirt at the waistline. A
waistband can be both functional and decora- /
/ \
Stitch the straight waistband to the waistline seam
Straight Waistbands-One Piece \/by matching the notched edges (Figure g.+b).
tive. In its functional use, a waistband finishes
the edge of a garment and provides support Most straight waistbands are cut in one piece . The unnotched edge is folded under on the seam ai-
lowance, edge pressed, and trimmed to reduce bulk
on the body. In its decorative use, the style with a foldline in the middle. Straight waist-
and eye appeal of the garment are enhanced. bands can be wide or narrow but on average are at the waistline before finishing by hand slipstitch-
The waistband can open at the center front,
center back, or side seam, or follow the lines
o f a princess seam (Figure 17.2).
cut 2 inches wide.
To calculate the waistband, measure as indi-
cated in Figure 9.2a.
. ingor stitching-in-the-ditch(see Figure 9.2b).
The unnotched edged can also be serge finished
to further reduce bulk.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~ ~~ ~ ~ . ~ ~~~~ ~ .~~ ~~ ~
Determine the finished width of the waist- ing to provide a narrow edge finish. Decide if SEAM, ~OYT,, SEAM\ EXTENSION \
band and add % inch for seam allowances.
be used instead for the underband of the waist- Refer to Chapter 6 and Chapter 12 for details 'NTF~FAcEDWA'~"ND
band. Accurate sewing and careful clipping, about how to create bias strips for this finish
trimming, and grading contribute to the success (see Figure 6.16 and Figure 12.26). B TWO-PIECE S T R A I G H T W A I S T B A N D
.
@he finished waistband length, includ-
stitching bias onto waistline.
Stitch twill tape around waistline to stabilize NoN,,,,,, c,,w ,,,,A
,, ""-----
ing the extension. the waistline. Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduc-
Remove seam allowances from fusible interfacing tion to Stabilizers."
before applying to the waistband to reduce bulk Leave a %-inch seam allowance at either end
in the seam allowances (Figure 9.5a). of the binding (Figure 9.6a). CORRECT SIDE
Stitch the upper and under waistbands together The seam allowance for stitching is the fin- CORRECT SIDE OF
TWO PIECE WAISTBAUD UNDERSTITCHING
along the top edge; press, and understitch ished required width of the binding.
(Figure 9.5b). Press the seam up into the binding after WRONG S1DE
Pin baste the upper waistband to the correct side stitching. OF LI"l"6
of the waistline; stitch (see Figure 9.5~). Turn each end of the seam allowance in
Trim and grade the seam allowance; press toward toward the binding, and turn the remaining
the waistband. bias over to the back, encasing all the raw
Stitch the ends of the upperwaistband to the edges.
ends of the underwaistband, trim ends, and turn Finish the binding by hand slipstitching
waistband correct side out. the edge of the bias binding to the machine
Secure the underwaistband to the waistline stitches at the waistline (Figure 9.6b) or by
seam using any of the previously mentioned tech- machine stitching-in-the-ditch from the cor-
niques: whipstitch by hand, stitch-in-the-ditch. rect side of the garment (Figure 9.6~).
topstitch, or edgestitch. For heavier, bulky fabrics such as denim or
Complete the waistband with the appropriate wool, serge one edge of the binding (Figure
closure. 9.6d). 9.5C TWO-
PIECE S T R A I G H T
WAISTBAND
*.?:+<~~.~~
Waistbands: Planning the Horizontal Edge
~ ~ ~~~~-.-.-~~....---.-.-....~~..-.~..-~-~~~.
~~~~~~~
9.8 B l A S B I N D I N G WAIST F I N I S H
STITCH-IN-THE-DITCH
, SEAM ALLOWANCETURNED I N
A SEbM ALLOWANCETURNED IN
9 . 6 0 B l A S B I N D I N G AT WAIST: SERGED F I N I S H
w
Curved or Contoured Waistbands ~fyou have decided to use belt loops, position
A contoured waistband consists qf identical pat- tbe belt loops on the upper waistband; baste
tern pieces: two waistbands and two pieces of in- the loops at top and bottom to the waistband
9.7A U N D E R B A N 0 I N T E R F A C E D terfacing, shaped to coincide with the contour of (Figure 9.7d).
the rib cage or upper hip. Belt loops are often a Attach the upper band to the garment using the
!i
feature of this waistband, and the designer deter-
mines the width and the number of loops. Refer
to the section in this chapter "Belt Loops and
.allotted seam allowance, matching all notches.
With the correct sides of the band facing each
other, stitch using a %-inchseam allowance
9.78 U P P E R BAND
p
INTERFACED A N D T W I L L WELLTAPE Thread Carriers" for more information. When the around the top edge of the band; understitch the
TAPE APPLIED
to retain plans
designer shape this
and the
waistband,
type of interfacing
the fabric's needed
ability
- --- - . top of the waistband
waistband. (This mayanddiffer
stitch
depending
each end
onofthe
the
.-
u
S.S. 5.5. to support the shape need to work together. When design, as seen in Figure 9.4.)
A IIELSURL TO PAITERN waistbands extend above the waistline, very firm Clip the corners, turn, and press.
interfacing,staystitching,andtwiUtapeareneeded On the wrong side of the garment, pin the waist-
UNDERBAND
to provide stability, while the weight of the inter-
facing is completely dependent on the weight of
the fabric. Take time to sample different weights
. band in place.
From the correct side of the garment, stitch-in-
the-ditch to attach the underwaistband.
HON6 KOWG FINISH
9.7C U N D E R B A N D
and types of interfacing when constructing this Press, using a tailor's ham to shape the curve
type of waistband. Refer to Chapter 3 for further of the waistband-do notstretch the waistband
UPPER BAND information on appropriate stabilizers. No matter when pressing.
what the shape, it is the same stitching order as Complete the waistband with the appropriate
shown in Figure 9.5). closure. (Referto Figure 8.13.)
BELT LOOPS
9.7D U P P E R BAND
J
Fs
. F se interfacingto upper and under waistbands.
Waistline Stay
A waistline stay in a strapless dress or a gown
\(atching all notches. helps keep the waistline from stretching and re-
Join upper and under bands at center-back seams lieves stress and strain on the closure. Zippered
(Figure 9.7a and b). waistlines close more easily if they are stayed.
On the wrong side of the upper waistband, sew Grosgrain ribbon makes an excellent stay.
Turn the binding over, encasing the raw twill tape around the top edge of the band, using
edges. slightly less than %-inch seam allowance, being Cut a piece of grosgrain ribbon equal to the
Leave the serged edge flat-do not turn careful not to stretch the band when stitching waistline plus 2 inches.
Finish each end by folding back 1 inch.
under.
Stitch-in-the-ditch from the correct side of .(see Figure 9.7b).
Finish the under waistband using the Hong Kong Turn under again !h inch from the fold, and
edgestitch down to the stay.
the garment (Figure 9.6d). finish (Figure 9.7~)or a serged finish.
~ -
9.9A S T I T C H A N D C L l P T H E D A R T S A N D W A I S T B A N D
PRESS DARTSOPEN
WA1S CLIP
CLlP
LINING JOINED
TO SKIRT -., ,
FKINb
UNDER-
STlTCHlNB
NOTCHES MATCH
I}:::YWAISTLINE
DARTS
FULL INTERFACING
the casings, whether the casing is at the waist, inconvenience of restarting the threading, a Cut all-in-one and invisible on the surface of
wrist, or ankle. However, the width of the pin is nearly impossible to close while inside the garment (Figure 9.10a).
bodkin prevents it from being used in casings the casing, and the pin point can damage the Cut separately and joined to the garment
narrower than 7s' inch. A large safety pin can fabric, rip a small hole, or become entangled so (Figure 9.10b).
be used as well, if a bodkin is not available, that the casing has to be ripped out and resewn. Topstitched, with one row of elastic inserted
but often springs open during the threading Use whatever fits safely into the casing. into the casing (Figure 9.10~).
process, usually in the middle! Then the entire Follow the directions below for the style
length of elastic has to be pulled back out, and that best suits the skirt and pant fabric. Elastic
the threading begun again. In addition to the waistbands can be:
Waistbands: Planning the H o r i z o n t a l Edge
. ............................. ~
Several rows of topstitching in which several To stitch both sides of the casing, add a total of Slipstitch the opening closed, then topstitch to
rows of narrow elastic have been inserted % inch, using% inch at the top and '/s inch at the complete the casing.
(Figure 9.10d). bottom of the casing for stitching.
A drawstring with elastic attached to ties Fold over the amount allotted for the casing, turn Casing with Several Rows of Topstitching
inserted through a buttonhole stitched on under the raw edge '/,inch, and handbaste the A wider size of elastic is usuallv used for this
the correct side of the garment (Figure 9.10e). casing i n place (Figure 9.11a). technique, in which the casing is formed and
(Also see note on page 365.) If the fabric is bulky, consider serging the edge of stitched, and the elastic is pulled through. Sev-
the casing instead of folding it under. eral evenly spaced rows of topstitching secure
Topstitched Casing Begin stitching the casing on a seamline at the the elastic to the garment, creating a look of in-
Cut the determined length of elastic equal to the center back or side seam. dividual rows of elastic. This works well with
measurement of the waist, less 2 t o y inches. Stitch around the waistline, leavinga 2-inch an elastic that recovers its stretch after being
This depends on the width, the amount of stretch opening (see Figure g.ila). stitched. Sample to make sure the elastic returns
in the elastic being used, the quality of the elas- Usinga bodkin, feed the elastic through the to its original size. Cut the elastic approximately
tic, and the comfort factor. opening (see Figure 9.11a). 1 inch smaller, as it will stretch with multiple
Add 1inch for overlapping and stitching the elas- Pull both ends of the elastic out ofthe casing and rows of stitching. If this does not work in the
tic together. overlap (by placing one side over the other, not sample, choose another type of elastic, or a dif-
The casing width should be the width of the elas- stitched as a seam) and stitch a square to secure ferent technique.
tic and the seam allowance, plus '/. inch. the elastic edges (Figure 9.11b).
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
-
quarters of the total waist measurement. After have a smooth fit. This method avoids the look of
the ties are stitched to the ends of the elastic, an elastic casing while retaining the comfort of
1'' OVERUP
they are pulled through stitched buttonholes to the elastic waist and does not show any topstitch-
resemble a drawstring waist (see Figure 9.10e). ing from the correct side. It is important that the
fabric have enough stretch to slide over the hips if
no other type of opening will be used.
P'Pjepare the ties: use bias strips or straight grain
k i t r i p s (as shown in Figure 9.16) to make the ties. Stitch the side seams of the skirt.
LlG ZAG STITCHING or use purchased cordingor trim. Deduct 1 to 2 inches from the total waist
9.118 T O P S T I T C H E D ELASTIC WAIST C A S I N G
The ties should be long enough to pull the elastic measurement and cut the elastic this length,
to controlthe waistband size and to tie closed without any seam allowance. Take into con-
and not show. sideration the width of the elastic, and very
Stitch the ties to the ends ofthe elastic (Figure important, the quality of elastic being used.
Casing with Multiple Rows of g.iza). The elastic will stretch as it is stitched to the
Narrow Elastic Stabilize the buttonhole areas before stitching waist edge.
Once the total width of the waistband has been (Figure 9.12b). Form a circle with the elastic by butting the
determined, divide it into the number of rows for Mark and stitch the buttonholes on the front of elastic ends together and stitching a wide
the narrow elastic to be inserted into, plus l/s inch the garment before foldingover and stitching the zigzag/short length, or stitch a three-stitch
(see Figure 9.10d). casing for the elastic (see Figure g.lzb). zigzag (Figure 9.13a).
Usinga bodkin, thread the elastic and attached Divide the elastic and waistline into quarters
ties through the buttonholes. (Figure 9.13b).
ow evenly, beginning at the center Distribute the casing fullness alongthe elastic Place the elastic on the wrong side of the gar-
back or side seam, leaving an opening of approxi- before stitching-in-the-ditchat the side ment, matching the elastic join to the center
mately 2 inches to pull the elastic through. seam. back or side seam.
Waistbands: Planning the H o r i z o n t a l Edge
Pin the elastic and the garment waistline ditch in every vertical seamline from the
- together.
With the elastic on the wrong side of the gar-
ment facing up, stitch the elastic to the outer
correct side of the garment (Figure 9.13~).
9.13 I N V I S I B L E E L A S T I C CASING
9.14 l O l N E D E L A S T I C C A S I N G
Belt Loops
Belt loops can be made from the same fabric as
9.148 STITCHING AND SERGING THE WAISTBAND 9.140 F I N I S H I N G THE WAISTBAND the garment, or they can be made in contrasting
fabric, such as leather on tweed. However, bulk
needs to be considered.
Continue this stitch until all the strands have easier to precut the lengths of thread rather
been covered. than struggle with one long piece. CONSTRUCTING THE BELT LOOPS
Smooth out the sewing thread strands, Calculate the length of fabric that is needed
For a sturdier version of the thread carrier, com- pressing them, if necessary, to lie flat. for all the belt loops being made.
bine eight or more strands of sewing thread with Holding the threads taut, place under the The length of the belt loop is the width of the
zigzag stitching. pressure foot of the machine, and begin belt plus !4 inch ease and an additional 1 inch
to stitch a narrow zigzag stitch (1.0 width, for two seam allowances.
Determine the length of the carrier, cut the .5 length) over all the strands (Figure Count the total number of belt loops needed.
strands of thread to that length-it's much 9.15~). Example: 6 multiply by the measurement of 1
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
............ .. . . . . . . .
Beaded Fabric
Do use a contrasting fabric such as satin or tar-
feta for the waistband.
9.18 BELT LOOP Do use a contrasting fabric as a bias binding in
I AT S I D E S E A M
place of the waistband.
Do use the flattest finish possible at the waist
to reduce bulk.
Don't use the beaded fabric for both sides of
the waistband-beaded fabric is uncomfortable
against the skin.
8A P O S I T I O N COMPLETE
, " E BELT L O O P AT =smmrHING T H E
SIDE SEAM BELT L O O P
FOLD OVER
Do use only nonroll elastic to support the Do use bias binding to finish the waistline.
Knits waistband. Do cut binding for single bias only. Refer to
Do construct a one-piece, stabilized waistband Don't overstabilize the waistband with a too- Chapter 12, "Facings," for further information
and apply to the knit garment with a zipper stiff stabilizer. on bias bindings.
opening-the stabilizer must take the stretch Do serge one edge of the binding, rather than
element out of the knit so it doesn't stretch. Denim turning under a clean finish edge.
Do use an encased elastic waistband without a Do use a one-piece waistband, interfaced on Do turn binding over to the inside of the gar-
zipper opening. one-half only to reduce bulk. ment, encasing raw edges.
Do use a foldover, cut-in-one waistband with Do trim seam allowances of interfacing before Do leave the serged edge flat, not turned
elastic. fusing to reduce bulk.
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
under, and stitch-in-the ditch from the correct Don't use pins to secure the leather-use Do remove the seam allowances of the inter-
side of the garment. binder clips (Figure 14.19). facing before applying, to reduce bulk.
Do trim and grade the seam allowances to Don't press leather wit'h a high temperature or Do uim and grade the seam allowances accurately.
reduce bulk. use steam. D o use a pressing cloth.
Do use topstitching to complete the waistband. Don't store leather folded-the resulting Don't apply the iron directly onto the fabric-
Don't hand stitch the waistband to the gar- creases may not come out. press marks may appear on the face of the
ment-it won't be sturdy enough. garment.
Faux Fur
Velvet It's hard to imagine that a designer would make a TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Do use a two-piece waistband. waistband out of faux fur, but you never know! Once the designer has correctly interfaced and
Do follow a "with nap" layout. stitched the waistband, this knowledge can be
Do use a lining fabric for the waistband facing Do preshrink the faux fur, if washable-check applied to cuffs and collars. Think of the waist-
to reduce bulk. the bolt label for directions. band as an upside-down cuff or collar.
Do use a contrasting fabric for a one-piece Do stabilize faux fur using a sew-in stabi- The knowledge gained from forming the
waistband, and interface appropriately. lizer-the backing of the fur can be made of waistband can be transferred to creating un-
Don't use topstitching to finish the waistband. knit or.woven. usual shapes that repeat elements of the style
Do remove the fur from the seam allowances. or fabric of the garment such as a waistband,
Leather Do tape the pattern pieces to the faux fur, care- cuff, or collar.
Leather garments can be constructed with one- fully transferring the markings. The designer can transfer the knowledge
piece tailored waistbands or faced waistbands. Do use a size 14 or 16 needle and lengthen the gained from stitching a waistband to stitch-
stitches to 8 to 10 per inch. ing shaped bands applied to the center fronts
D o interface the waistband (because leather D o loosen the tension and pressure. of garments or at hemlines.
does stretch) with "low heat fuse" interfacing. Do stitch in the direction of the nap.
Do add an additional layer of stabilizer in the Do steam the pile side of the faux fur, and STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
area where the closures, such as bound button- pound the seams and edges to reduce bulk. Stretching your creativity involves taking the
holes or hooks and eyes, will be sewn. Don't apply an iron directly on the faux fur. stitching techniques learned in this chapter and
Do use a thread shank and a backing button applying them to the design in a more creative,
when attaching the button to the waistband. Heavyweight Fabric nontraditional way. In other words, think out-
Do use leather cement to glue the leather in place, Do choose the flattest waistband treatment for side the box. When thinking outside the box,
followed by topstitching where appropriate. the garment. however, always consider whether this is adding
Do sample glue on your leather to be sure it Do use lining or contrasting fabric for the to the design or taking away from it. Remember,
doesn't bleed through to the front. under waistband. just because you can, doesn't mean you should.
Do sample topstitching before using this stitch Do use the appropriate interfacing for the
on the leather garment-stitch holes cannot be fabric weight. A waistband can become an exciting area
removed. of interest. An unusually shaped waistband
Waistbands: Planning the Horizontal Edge
...............................
S t z e t o L W o u z Czeativitu
can repeat an element of the fabric such as
scallops or a geometric shape along the upper
edge (Figure 9.21a). If meeting at the center
front, it can have mirror image, shaped edges
(Figure 9.21b).
The waistband can be asymmetrical (Figure
9.21b and c).
Bias grainline can be used effectively
when working with plaids, but must be
well stabilized to prevent stretching out of
shape.
Embellishments, such as grommets, studs, or
embroidery, can be applied to the waistband
to create a focal point.
A waistband can mimic a belt with tabs and
buttons (see Figure 9.21~).
Belt loops can be made from a variety of ma-
terials, but they must be able to function as
the carrier of a belt. Experiment with materi-
als such as leather, braided yarn, felted wool,
or canvas, fraying the edges of the loops
reinforced with staystitching, embellishing
the loops, or using two layers of ribbon fused
together. As always, the details must be in
harmony with the design.
. . .my waistband is too short? Is it stitched evenly to the Is the stitching-in-the-ditch actually in the
If the waistband is sewn together at the center Does the style of the-waistband complement "ditch" of the seam well?
back seam, such as in a contoured waistband, the garment? Are the belt loops the correct length to allow
cut at the side seams and add an equal amount Is the visible stitching, such as topstitching a belt to pass through?
to both sides. Don't forget to add seam al- or edgestitching, even on the waistband? Are the belt loops securely stitched to the
lowances to the pieces you are adding! If this Is the waistband stitched evenly at the center garment and waistband?
doesn't look good and will be very visible in an back or side seam? Is the elastic for the waistband securely
unattractive way, recut another waistband after Does it cover the zipper? stitched within the casing?
checking that your measurements are correct. Is the extension facing the right direction? Are the elastic waistbands completed in such
If the waistband is cut in one piece and fabric Is the closure for the waistband the correct a way that they do not twist?
is limited, try cutting it apart at the side seams style for the garment (button/buttonhole, Is the casing of the elastic waistband stitched
and adding the additional amount needed. If hook/bar, hook/eye)? evenly?
that doesn't look good, or if there isn't enough Are the closures correctly stitched? Does the casing of the elastic waistband lie
fabric for the waistband to be cut out again, use Is the stitch-in-the-ditch actually stitched-in- flat and smooth, and is it bulk-free?
another contrasting fabric. the-ditch and not all over the waistband? Are the ties of the elastic drawstring waist-
Are the belt loops evenly spaced? band neatly stitched and finished?
. ..my belt loops are crooked? Are the belt loops correctly sewn? Is the buttonhole of the drawstring waist-
If the loops have been stitched into place un- Can the belt easily go through the carriers? band reinforced?
evenly, release the loops from the points where If using thread carriers, are they sturdy Is the buttonhole of the drawstring waist-
they are stitched, and remeasure them evenly enough to stand up to use? band sewn evenly, and is it the correct size
before stitching again. If the loops have been for the ties to slide through?
cut unevenly, the crooked loops will have to be Is the encased elastic waistband divided and
ripped out and realigned. stitched evenly, preventing twisting of the
Does the waistband match the waistline of elastic or the garment?
SELF-CRITIQUE the garment?
Take a look at your finished garment and ask the Is the waistband in proportion to the style of A waistband is an important part of garment
crucial question, "Would I wear this garment or the garment? construction, providing support to hold a gar-
would Ipurchase this garment?" If the answer is When using a decoratively shaped waistband, ment to the body and finishing the edge of the
"No," ask yourself, why not? Then ask yourself is the waistband stitched, trimmed, graded, garment. It is functional and can also be decora-
the following questions to critique the quality and clipped to lie flat, without bulk? tive, becoming an area for design possibilities.
of your waistband construction stitching: Is the waistband appropriately interfaced and As with all other sections of the garment, with
stabilized? repetition and good sewing skills, the waist-
Is my waistband appropriately interfaced? Is the edgestitching or topstitching of the bands you create will provide support and finish
Does it fit the garment correctly? waistband straight and even? for a well-designed garment.
-;*.;i:,-
. ,,.~
- .
+2* ;,.?.'. .>;e
c-., >,:, *.: ry%&*
. .... .; , -..:.-,
Ruffles and Flounces: Feminine and Flirty
i'J ;
.. ..
.,-..I.&-.,.
<
@
*,.;*,%j:
.<cL.e,e #,:>;...;., F:.:?
&$,- ~
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:
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a
, " --;*=+;
uffles and flounces fabr~catea soft, delicate texture to the surface of the garment. The KEY TERMS
R way ruffles and flounces are cut and stitched, and the fabric used, determines how these
elements look in the final design. It is important for the design student to understand that
Closed Ruffle o r Flounce
Edge Application
ruffles and flounces are different from each other. Faced Flounce
This chapter opens with the Style I.D., which distinguishes ruffles and flounces. Knowing how Faced Raffle
Flat Application
..
to classify each begins with the sketch. They STYLE I.D. Flounce
are then defined by the way they are cut and The three dresses in Figure 10.1 show how ruf- Fluted Ruffle
stitched. The fabric weight also influences how fles and flounces lookstitched to similar stylesof Mock Seam
ruffles or flounces drape. Tips will be given in dresses. Let's begin withFigure 10.la. A ruffle is O p e n and Closed Flounces
this chapter to cover all these aspects of ruffles stitched to the neckline, sleeve, and hem edges. O p e n Ruffle o r Flounce
and flounces. Take note of how differenthe ruffles look from Ruffle
With an understanding of the differences be- flounces when sketched. Seam Application
tween ruffles and flounces, and by experiment- Figure 10.lb has a flounce stitched to the same Stitched In-the-Round
ing with the sewing techniques in this chapter, neckline, sleeve edge, and hem edge as Figure Surface Application
an expert knowledge will be gained while you 10.la. However, they look different. Can you see
are in design school of how to design, cut, and a difference in how ruffles and flounces drape?
stitch ruffles and flounces. Then in Figure lO.lc, we see a gathered flounce,
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~
grainline: lengthwise, crosswise (both straight Ruffles must be gathered, otherwise they are
grains), or bias grain. A bias grain ruffle will not ruffles! This construction is what makes a
drape quite differently from a ruffle cut on ruffle a ruffle, as is evident in the first dress
the lengthwise or crosswise grains. Because a illustrated in Figure lO.la, in the Style I.D.
flounce is circular, it is cut on all three grain- Flounces do not need to be gathered; however,
lines, as you can see in Figure 10.2b; this is why
STRAIGHTENED, THE OUTSIDE EDGE F O R M S FOLDS.
flounces drape so beautifully. ness. Figure 10.lb illustrates a dress similar to
the one in Figure 10.la; however, flounces have
been substituted for ruffles. Figure 10.1~illus-
trates the identical dress stitched with gathered
_
flounces. Can you see the difference in each?
10.2A RUFFLES CAN BE CUT ON BIAS OR STRAIGHT GRAIN. The grainline on the pattern indicates the
CROSSWISE , direction of how ruffles and flounces are cut.
Bias grain ruffles look fabulous made in light-
B s Y P weight fabrics such as chiffon or silk georgette
and can have lots of gathering. Ruffles can also
10.36 THREE FLOUNCES STITCHED TOGETHER
As previously discussed, flounces can also When making the muslin for ruffles and designer's choice; however, the final length is
be gathered, as Figure 10.3~illustrates. How- flounces, it is important to use a similar fabric driven by the fabric weight and drape.
ever, the fabric needs to be the right weight weight (and not 100% cotton muslin fabric) so
and drape for this to be successful in design. you can see exactly how they will drape in your Flounces
Too much fullness may turn into bulk and this final garment. The smaller the inner circle of a flounce, the
could spoil the design! more fluted the edges of the flounce will
lluality Stitching Begins with appear. For example, a flounce stitched to the
Successful Ruffles and Flounces Accurate Patterns hem of a skirt will need a larger inner circle
Begin with the Correct Fabric Weight Before making any patterns for ruffles or than a flounce stitched to the wrist. The inner
The fabric weight will affect how ruffles and flounces, take an accurate measurement of the circle length must be the same measurement as
flounces look in your design. Play with the total length of the section to which the ruffle the seam length it is joined to. When a larger
fabric while you are at the fabric store. Take the or flounce will be stitched. Do not measure the inner circle is straightened and stitched, it will
fabric in your hands; scrunch it up into the de- cut fabric edges, as the fabric can easily stretch not flute as much as the smaller inner circle of
sired fullness; hold to the body to observe the in the measuring process. Measure the pattern a flounce. However, as an alternative, several
softness and how it drapes. Notice the designer edge only, and take note of this measurement. smaller flounces can be stitched together to get
doing just that in Figure 3.4. Sampling is also Then draft the ruffle and flounce pattern to fit the required seam length; this will result in more
essential so you can fine-tune the look you want this measurement. folds and curls and give a fuller look. However,
to achieve. it will involve more stitching and will be far
Silk chiffon, silk georgette, and lightweight Ruffles more time-consuming (Figure 10.3b).
silk satin would all be ideal fabric choices for The length of the ruffle to be gathered needs to
ruffles and flounces. Silk organza would also be calculated correctly-it can be two, three, LET'S STITCH RUFFLES
be ideal; it creates a stiffer ruffle or flounce or four or more times longer than the finished AND FLOUNCES
and stands away from the garment. Ruffles and ruffle length, and then gathered to fit the seam After your ruffles and flounces are cut, the first
flounces cut in heavyweight fabric would look it is stitched to. As a helpful guide, gather up step in the stitching order is to stitch any seam
bulky and may he a disappointment. Ruffles cut your fabric, pin-mark the length, and then let it joins on the rufflelflounce before stitching it to
on the bias will drape more softly than ruffles loose-use this as your guide for the final pat- the garment. Although you may have to stitch
p. cut on the lengthwise and crosswise grains. tern length for ruffles. together some seams, the ruffle/flounce may
\* One important thing to be aware of when Ruffles are best cut in one long strip if pos- still need to be left open and not stitched circu-
y!:
;$:
8;::.
X'..
choosing fabric for flounces: Both sides of the sible; however, this may not be the most eco- lar. If this is the case, it is classified as an "openn
,g.:,
y,:,
fabric will show, so choose a fabric you will he nomical way for the design student to cut them. ruffle or flounce. Figures 10.4a and b illustrate
$+ ,.,
$&<.
,a&%,
happy to show on the wrong side, as well as the Lengths of fabric can be joined to make one long how this type of ruffle or flounce would look.
:*;: correct side. Take another look at the dresses ruffle, but keep the joins to a minimum. The In a "closed" ruffle or flounce, the seams for
85,.,
pi:
p;. in Figure 10.lb and c to see how the flounces width of ruffles is the designer's choice and can the entire rufflelflounce are stitched together
is.:
>!:,'.
. flip and curl around the hemline, showing both be 1/2 inch, 1 inch, 2 inches, 3 inches, 6 inches, so they are circular, as Figures 10.4~and 10.4d
&'.
il,.
il:: sides of the fabric. or wider. The fullness in the ruffles is also the illustrate.
j; ..
Ruffles and Flounces: Feminine and Flirty
. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ ~~.~~~
~~ ~ ~ . . ~ . . .. ... . . ~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~- - ~ ~ ~ ~ .
If the fabric you are using is of medium The stitching order is slightly different in each 7
weight, you can stitch the seams open or closed, method. In Figure 10.5a the hem is stitchedafter
then serge the edges. For sheer fabrics, stitch
French seams, as they look inconspicuous,
or stitch narrow %-inch closed serged seams.
the underarm seam is stitched; in Figure 10.5b,
the hem is stitched before the flounce is joined
to the sleeve. Both methods are viable; however,
4 - -- -
10.4A OPEN RUFFLE
The seams will not be noticeable after they are when stitched in-the-round, the flounce tends
stitched to the garment. Make sure you follow to sit flatter on the intersecting seam join.
the SEW, CLIP, PRESS method of stitching- When ruffles and flounces are stitched to the
TRlM STITCHED
even when stitching ruffles and flounces! Refer surface of the garment, and not stitched into
,,TO FLOUNCE EDGL
to Chapter 6, "Open Serged Seam," "Closed a seam, then flat application is the method to
Serged Seam," and "French Seam." follow; this means the ruffleslflounces will be L
You may be asking, "How do I know if I need stitched as open ruffles and flounces. 10.48 OPEN
FLOUNCE
to stitch my rufflelflounce 'open' or 'closed'?" In this chapter, as each ruffle and flounce
Basically the decision is driven by the design, is stitched to the garment, advice will be given
and also by the cost. Some stitching methods are as to which method to use. Sometimes it will
auicker and more cost-effective than others in be verv clear which method to choose. Other
production. The stitching order also determines times, you may need to discuss the decision
whether to stitch ruffles and flounces open or with your instructor. As you continue to grow
closed. Ruffles and flounces can be applied to in your stitching skills, these decisions will
the garment using the flat application method or become second nature.
by stitching in-the-round; both stitching meth-
ods are discussed next. STITCHING THE HEMS
After the seams are joined, the hems need to
Flat Application and Stitched In-the-Round be completed next, before ruffles and flounces
Flat application refers to stitching the ruffles can be stitched to the garment. There are many
and flounces to the garment while the garment hem finishes from which to choose; however, CLOSED 'SEAM IOIW
CLOSED RUFFLE
lies flat. When ruffles and flounces are stitched the hem finish must suit the fabric weight. RUFFLE. READ
ON P A G E
in-the-round, both the rufflelflounce and the You will notice in this section that different 270 W H Y
THREADSARE
garment are stitched circular and the pieces are hem stitches are recommended for ruffles and DIFFERENT
COLORS.
then stitched together. Either method can be flounces. The shape of the hem indicates which
used when stitching ruffles and flounces; the hem stitch to use. Not all hem stitches work
choice of which to use will be directed partly by well on circular hem shapes, so we recommend
design and partly by preference. Refer to Figure you sample first!
10.5 to see how a flounce would be stitched to Choose a thread color to match for your
the edge of a short sleeve using each method. fabric, as the stitches are noticeable. However, CLOSED FLOUNCE
Professional Sewing Techniques for Derigners
.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - . . .~......
~ . ~ . . ~ - - . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~
FRENCH SEAM
INTERSECTINe
CLOSED SERGED S E I M /
1 0 . 5 8 STITCHED I N - T H E - R O U N D : T H E FLOUNCE A N D
10.5A FLAT APPLICATION: T H E FLOUNCE I S S T I T C H E D SLEEVE ARE BOTH S T I T C H E D I N - T H E - R O U N D A N D THEW
TO T H E SLEEVE E D G E W H I L E T H E SLEEVE L I E S FLAT. S T I T C H E D TOGETHER.
a contrasting thread may add a visual interest lines. Lengthwise and crossgrain fibers fray hem on bias grain is easy, as it has some give, but
and this is a viable choice as well. Here are the easily and will pull away from the edges of the the straight and crossgrains have no flexibility
choices for hem finishes. All these finishes are flounce. Refer back to Figure 10.2b to see how as you stitch around she curve.
outlined in more detail in Chapter 15. flounces are cut. In Figures 10.6b, c, and d, all ruffles are cut
as one single layer of fabric. Each has a machine-
Raw Edge (Excellent for Bias-Cut Ruffles) Narrow, Rolled, Machine-Stitched stitched rolled hem; however, you will observe
The raw edge on a bias-cut ruffle works well, Hem (Excellent Hem Finish for Ruffles that each is stitched to different degrees. How
as bias grain does not fray. Bear in mind, the and Flounces) the ruffle hem is stitched is directed by how the
cut edges do not stay sharp; they get slightly This is a neat hem finish and gives a professional ruffle is stitched to the garment. For example,
"roughed" after they are worn. Can you imag- finish to ruffle and flounce edges. A machine- the ruffle in Figure 10.6b has only one hem
ine how much stitching time you would save stitched rolled hem is more time-consuming to edgestitched-this is because the other three
not having to stitch the hems (Figure 10.6a)! stitch around a full circular flounce. However, edges are going to be inserted into a seam and
Leaving your flounce with raw edges is not rec- it is achievable following the three-step stitch- therefore don't need hem stitches. In Figure
ommended since flounces are cut on all grain- ing technique in Figure 15.24a-c. Stitching the 10.6c, three sides of the ruffle have been hem
Ruffles a n d Flounces: Feminine a n d Flirty
. ~ . . ....
~ ~ . ~ ~. . . ..~~~ .~
~. ~~
. . . ~
.....
- ~~ ~ ~~
stitched-this is because only the top edge of seam, as this takes three layers of fabric (two for 111.r~FACED FLOUNCE
the ruffle is going to be inserted into the seam. the ruffles and one for the garment seam). When
In Figure 10.6d, the entire ruffle has been hem you use this method, the choice of fabric weight
stitched-this is because the ruffle is going to be is important so it doesn't create too much bulk. ,,,,
stitched to the surface of the garment and all the Figure 10.6e illustrates a faced ruffle. Notice the
hems need to be stitched first. bottom foldline gives a clean finish to the edge
of the ruffle (Figure 13.lc), and no hem stitch-
Faced (Folded Edge) (for Ruffles ing is needed. Press a crease line in the hem of a
and Flounces) faced ruffle before it is gathered.
Ruffles can be a faced ruffle; this means two If a faced ruffle is going to be stitched as
layers of fabric are folded together and become an open ruffle, then fold the correct sides of
one-the folded edge is then the hem and the the fabric together and stitch a %-inch seam at
two top fabric edges will be gathered as one. A both ends. Clip the corners to reduce hulk, turn
folded ruffle will be bulkier when stitched into a the flounce to the correct side, and press and
sharpen the corners with a point turner.
10.64 B I A S CUT: RAW E D G E S
Flounces can also be a faced flounce; how-
ever, since they are round, they cannot be folded
in the same way as a faced ruffle. No topstitch-
ing will bevisible around the hem edge of afaced
10 6 6 H E M O N L Y S T I T C H E D
flounce, as the flounce is lined in self-fabric or a 10.76 S E R G E O A N D EDGESTITCHED H E M F I N I S H
lightweight lining and has a clean finish, just as
the ruffle does.
Cut two flounces (from the same pattern)
1 0 . 6 ~H E M A N D SIDES STITCHED in self-fabric or self-fabric and a lining (Figure
10.7a). Silk organza is an ideal choice to use as
a lining, as it reduces bulk; however, it will
give more shape and structure to a flounce. In
(0.60 A L L F O U R S I D E S O F T H E R U F F L E A R E STITCHED fact, a faced flounce, overall, will look more
FOR S U R F A C E APPLICATION.
structured than a flounce cut in a single layer
I
I
I .. . ~
of fabric.
A contrasting colored or patterned lining
may add an interesting effect in the design, es-
1 0 . 6 ~FACED R U F F L E
flounce to the correct side and press again. The Trim as a Hem Finish
two inner circles are then handbasted together, (for Ruffles and Flounces)
ready for application. Trims m the form of lace or some other types of BEYOND 5- LINE
10.10A R U F F L E I S S T I T C H E D
O N T O P O F THE S E A M S .
10.106 R U F F L E
I S STITCHED TO
GARMENT w l r n
T W O R O W S OR
TOPSTITCHING.
1 0 . 9 6 FLUTED R U F F L E S S T I T C H E D
TO T H E F A B R I C S U R F A C E 10.116 L I N E U P YOUR F L O U N C E S ACCURATELY.
sections. These three methods are surface ap- flounces stitched to the surface of the garment To calculate the length of fabric required for
and not stitched into a seam or a garment edge. a fluted ruffle, add approximately 20 percent
plication, seam application, and edge applica-
to the desired Rnal lensh. Cut narrow bias
tion. Sketches of dresses, blouses, and skirts Figures 10.9, 10.10, and 10.11 illustrate designs
stripe of fabric, ,/,inch, 1 inch, 1% or a%
will illustrate each stitching method as a guide of ruffles and flounces stitched to the fabric sur- inches wide-the width is the choice of the
so you will know how to apply each to your face. Before ruffles are stitched to the surface of designer.
own garments. the garment, the hems must to be stitched first
and then gathered or fluted next.
Professional Sewing Techniqrces for Designers
~ ~ ~ ~~ - ~
~ .~ ~ . . ~
~ ~~ ~ . ~ ~~ ~
~ ~~ ~ - ~ ~~ ~
~ -
Gathering a seam was illustrated in Figure cate the stitching position for each ruffle. Lay the
6.23. You will notice that two rows of basting wrong side of fluted ruf!es onto the correct side NOTE
stitches are applied within the %-inch seam al- of the fabric following the basting stitches, as il- It must be noted that gathering normally in-
lowance. The seam can be trimmed back to 5/r lustrated in Figure 10.9b. Stitch the fluted ruffles volves stitching two rows of bastingstitches.
However, there is an exception to this-
inch wide or serged. Do note that when gath- directly on top of the basting stitches, attaching
rufflesstitched to the fobricsurfoce only can
ering very long ruffles or flounces, it is best to them to the fabric surface. Fluted ruffles can also be gathered with one row of basting stitches
stitch the basting stitches in shorter sections. be stitched to the fabric surface using a zigzag and then topstitched to the fabric surface
Each section has been color coded in red, blue, stitch if you prefer. When stitchingdirectly on topof with one row of stitches. One row of stitching
and green basting stitches in Figure 10.4~.When an ease stitch, no puckers should be evident! (The can look less cluttered and is aesthetically
basting stitches are applied to one long section, same technique is used for stitching a sleeve into pleasing to the eye.
you run the risk of the stitches breaking as you an armhole).
pull up the gathers. Stitching shorter lengths
will prevent this from happening. Tips for Stitching Ruffles and Flounces to stitches is stitched to gather the ruffle, then
Fluted ruffles are narrow strips of fabric the Surface of the Fabric topstitch with one row of straight stitches;
that are bias cut and left with raw edges; the Avoid placing seam joins on ruffles and if two rows of basting stitches are stitched
raw edges add to their lightness, so don't hem flounces when they are being stitched to the to father the ruffle, then two rows of top-
stitch these ruffles. The narrow strips of bias- front of the garment. However, if a seam join stitching will be used to stitch the ruffle
cut fabric will not fray; however, the cut edges cannot be avoided (due to limited fabric) then to the fabric surface, and so on. Notice in
will become slightly roughed. This softening position the seam on the shoulders. this design that the ruffle has all four sides
adds to the overall look. Several rows of fluted Always make sure the gathering is evenly stitched with a hem finish (see Figure 10.10b).
ruffles can be stitched to the surface of the gar- distributed. Lay each ruffle on the fabric surface (with
ment to create an elegant texture, as you can see Stitch the hem finish to best suit your fabric both correct sides of fabric facing up). Ruffles
in Figure 10.9a. type and weight. For ruffles and flounces, the can be stitched directly on top of a seam, as
sections of hem stitching needed are design Figure 10.10b indicates. It is far quicker in
driven. Your options are outlined in Figures production to stitch ruffles this way, using
10.12A POSITION THE RUFFLES TO THE CENTER OF EACH TUCK. 10.128 STITCH THETUCK.
FLOUNCE SANDWICHED
BETWEEN FABRIC
WCKS TUCKS
'NARROWED ROLLED
MACIIINE STITCHED HEM
edge). Each flounce is then positioned as Mock Seam (Flounces Only-Ruffles Will tuck, as you can see in Figure 10.12b. A mock
indicated in Figure 10.11b. Notice that the Be TOOBulkv to Stitch with a Mock Seam) seam encloses the raw edge of the flounce, and
serged seams are hidden by overlapping the the tuck creates a clean finish on the wrong side
flounces.The trim covers the raw edge of the of the fabric.
PATTERN TIP
first flounce. If the fabric was sheer, the seam The pattern w i l l needs slight adjustment to
allowances would shadow, detracting from allow for the tuck. Cut m d spread the pat-
the look of the garment. A better option tern, adding%.inch to allow for each tuck, . e t of the garment flat on the table
would be to insert the flounces into a seam or a5 indiceted in Figure io.laa. Ifthis extra surface with the correct side facing up (see Figure
amount is not allowed for, the serrnent wi"
to stitch using a mock seam, as explained in
the following section. If the ruffle is stitched be too tight for the cuatomer to wear. - 10.1za).
Pin and handbaste the stitching position exactly
where the flounce is to be positioned onto the gar-
to the bottom edge of the garment waistline,
then place it at the seam edge; this is how it ment (see Figure lo.12a). Do this by usingyourtape
has been done in Figure 10.11b. If you want Another way to stitch the flounces in the dress measure (which stillshould be around your neck!).
the ruffle to stand freely (and not be attached in Figure 10.11a is to enclose the flounces in a Lay the correct side of the flounce to the cor-
to the seam or hem), then position the ruffle mock seam. A mock seam is not the traditional rect side of the fabric with the flounce hem edge
on the finished seamline or hemline. seam-it is a seam that is formed by stitching a toward center front (see Figure 10.12a). If the
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
CENTER
FRONT
10.14C STITCH A
%-INCH SEAM
AND SERGE.
.completed.
From the correct side of the garment, the seam
can be edgestitched to hold the seam allow-
either method: flat application or stitched in-
the-round. Ruffles and flounces in these designs
are interchangeable; flounces can be replaced
ance flat and perfectly i n place. Edgestitching is with ruffles and vice versa. The method you use
illustrated in Figure 10.13. Although this figure is driven by the stitching order that best suits
illustrates edgestitching on a flounce, a ruffle is your design. Both methods are outlined in this
edgestitched in exactly the same way. section.
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w z n g Techntqwes f o r D e s z g n e r s
10.15A THE RUFFLES A R E S T I T C H E D TO THE EDGES 10.156 STITCH THE SIDE SEAMS AND THEN
Stabilizing Neck and Armhole Edges W H I L E T H E G A R M E N T L I E S FLAT. STITCH THE HEM FINISH.
When a ruffle or flounce is applied to a neck-
LACHINE STITC~THISEDGE
line or armhole, the garment edge needs to be /
I;- zt
staystitched first to prevent it from stretching in HOLE
BU~OW STITCH SIDE SEAMS U S T A N D
THEN STITCH THE HEM flN1511
the stitching process. Staystitching is outlined
in Chapter 6, "Staystitch," and illustrated in
Figure 6.6. Stabilizing tape can also be used to
stabilize edges and this is outlined in Chapter
3, "Stabilizing Tapes." Also refer to Figure 3.15.
If you use a stabilizing tape, use a lightweight,
sheer tape cut on the bias grain.
Your flounces may also need staystitching be-
cause they can easily stretch and become longer
- -
than the seam length thev are being stitched to.
If they have stretched, then stitch one row of
basting stitches around the inner circle of each
flounce, just inside the seam allowance, gently
pull the easing to shorten the length, and steam-
press to reduce the fullness.
Flat Application
..
Figure 10.15 illustrates how ruffles are stitched
to a shirt while it lies flat. Leave your ruffles1
flounces open and don't stitch them closed. SERBID SEAM
Notice that the hem of the ruffle is not stitched
yet (except for the center back section near the
button extension).
Stitch and serge a %-inch open or closed seam,
as illustrated i n Figure lo.1ga.
If you want an edge-stitched seam, then this
- The hem is stitched last; notice that the side
seams have been pressed open before stitchinp
must be completed now before the side seams (see Figure lo.lgb).
each section that the gathering is are stitched together.
evenly distributed before you stitch the ruffles in To stitch the side seams, place the correct side Stitched In-the-Round
place. together. Match intersecting underarm and waist All seams need to be stitched-that is, the gar-
The correct side ofthe ruffles and fabric are seams together; ifthey don't match perfectly. ment and the ruffle/flounce all stitched in-the-
facingtogether. Line up the seam edges and pin it will draw attention to poor-quality stitching round. The hem is stitched next and then it is
in place (Figure io.iga). (Figure io.igb). gathered. When gathering, stitch in shorter
Ruffles a n d Flounces: Feminine and Flirty
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
so they look balanced on both sides of the gar- Place the garment with the wrong side facing out.
ment, as this is pleasing to the eye. This is how Position the ruffle/flounce on top of the garment
This i s a cost-effective method o f stitchinp the ruffle has beenlinedup to theskirt inFigure around the neckline, also with the wrong side
ruffles and flounces to garment edges i n facing out, and pin in place.
production, as stitching shorter lengths o f The seam is then stitched with K-inch seam Stitch the ruffle/flounce to the garment with the
and, to reduce bulk, serged back to A ' inch. In ruffle/flounce facing up (Figure lo.ya).
the skirt in Figure 10.16, the seam has been Stitch a ./,-inch serged seam (Figure 10.17b). (A
sections; this prevents the thread from breaking edgestitched to hold it in place; however, this ./,-inch seam allowance will be too wide, prevent-
when you pull up the gathers (see Figure 10.4~). is the designer's choice. ing the ruffle/flounce from rolling over.)
Next, the correct side of the ruffle/flounce From the wrong side ofthe fabric, edgestitch
is placed to the correct side of the skirt, and the Stitched and Flipped around the neckline with the seam allowance
seam edges pinned together. This method only applies to ruffles and flounces turned toward the correct sideof the fabric.The
Ruffle and flounce seam joins do not need stitched around the neckline. A ruffle or flounce edgestitching will hold the seam allowance back
to match up exactly with the garment seams. is stitched from the wrong side of the garment, when the ruffle/flounce is flipped overto the correct
This can be very difficult to do. When placing then flipped to the correct side. With this con- side ofthe garment. The edgestitching will also
ruffle/flounce seam joins to the garment seam, structional method, the ruffle or flounce will ensure that the seam is not visible from the correct
the seams should be positioned symmetrically, not sit flat around the neckline but will roll over side (see Figure io.r/b).
and stand away from it. Try to cut the ruffle/ Flip the ruffle/flounce to the correct side.
flounce in one piece, and avoid shoulder seams.
Although the flounce in Figure 10.lb could be Bias Binding Edge Finish
stitched and flipped, this is not a couture stitch- A couture finish that cannot be ignored, because
ing method. The price point of the garment may it is so ideal, is bias binding. It can be applied as
direct the stitching method when applying a an edge finish when ruffles and flounces have
IEM EDGE
flounce. Refer to "Bias Binding Edge Finish" in been stitched to the edges of the garment. It is
CAN BE ED,
I
the u~comine " section. a neat, narrow finish and does not ever shadow.
STITCHED
Turn back to the Style I.D. and note that the
I the ruffle/flounce closed (stitched in-the- necklines on the dresses in Figure 10.la and 10.1~
-lave both been finished with bias binding. Also
Y .efer to Figure 12.28, which illustrates how single
)r double bias binding is stitched.
' CLOSED /
SERGEDSEAM
SEAM
Look ahead to Figure 12.27, which illustrates
I
how a flounce can be stitched to the neck- HOW TO PRESS
- -~
line with the bias facing hidden under the
10.16 EOGE APPLICATION: THE RUFFLE A N D flounce. to press from the correct side
S K I R T A R E B O T H S T I T C H E D IN.THE.ROUND AND
THEN S T I T C H E D T O G E T H E R . )r the wrong side of the fabric-you can only
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~
~ ~~ ~ . ~ ., . ~~~~~~~~~~
determine this by test pressing first. Some fabrics the iron directly onto the gathering, as thisDo match checks and stripes on ruffle seam
need a pressing cloth to protect them-always will crush the folds. joins, as mismatches would be noticeable.
have one on hand. Because it is transparent, a Do consider cutting striped ruffles in a di-
square of silk organza makes an excellent press- Flounces rection opposite to that of the garment. For
ing cloth-it helps to see what is happening un- Lay the flounces out on the ironing hoard in example, cut the ruffle on the horizontal stripe
derneath the pressing cloth! a circular shape. Press around each flounce, if the garment is cut on the vertical stripe.
spreading the flounce out as you move around Do cut multiple flounces in checks and stripes,
Ruffles the circle. Make sure you don't crease the matching in the seam joins to the line of the
Figure 10.18 shows the garment slipped over flounces as you press. check or stripe (Figure 10.2b).
the end of the ironing board with the iron Don't worry about matching ruffles and
placed at your right. To press, move the iron STITCHING RUFFLES AND flounces in checks and stripes when stitching
carefully, sliding it up into the folds. Lift the FLOUNCES I N TRICKY FABRICS them to the garment surface, inseams, or
iron and repeat the action as you move the gar- Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns, and to edges; trying to do this would drive you
ment around the ironing board. Do not place Repeat Patterns crazy!
Ruffles a n d Flounces: Feminine a n d Flirty
. . . ~. .~. . ... .~ ~~~
Sheer Fabric Do stitch ruffles and flounces only in light- Beaded Fabric
Do use a 60 or 70 machine needle for your weight lace with serged hem edges. Do realize how time-consuming it would be
project. Do sample first to see if the lace fabric weight to stitch ruffles and flounces in beaded fabric-
Do stitch ruffles and flounces (and gathered suits your design and the stitching method read on to find out why.
flounces) in sheer fabrics such as chiffon and you use. Do refer to Chapter 6, "Stitching Seams in
silk georgette; they will look fabulous! Don't stitch ruffles and flounces in heavy- Tricky Fabrics," to find out what is involved
Do sample the hem finish, as sheer fabrics are weight lace, as they will not drape well. in removing the beads from seams and hems
tricky to stitch. before you stitch ruffles and flounces to the
Do stitch several layers of ruffles and flounces Satin seams. We are not saying don't do it, but just
in sheer fabrics Do use ruffles and flounces in your design want you to be forewarned.
Do stitch serged hem edges (various types of when using a lightweight silk satin such as silk
serged hems have been explained in this chapter). charmeuse. Knits
Do stitch fluted ruffles in sheer fabrics, as they Do stitch flounces in heavyweight satin to the Do insert a ballpoint needle in the appropriate
add a soft, light touch to a garment. hem of a bridal or evening gown to create an -
size for the fabric weight.
interesting hem edge and attract attention. The Do use lightweight knit fabric so your ruffles
Lace skirt can be underlined, and structured with and flounces will drape beautifully.
Do use a machine needle suitable for the tulle to hold the shape. Do consider leaving raw edges on your ruffles
weight of lace. and flounces; as knits don't fray, this saves a lot
of time, especially in production.
Do stitch serged rolled hem finishes or lettuce
edge (Figure 15.25) on ruffles and flounces.
Don't use stretch stitches when stitching
hems of ruffles and flounces in knits, but do
use them when inserting ruffles or flounces
into seams. In Chapter 6, the section "Stretch
Seams" explains which stitches to use in knits.
Don't use ruffles and flounces in your design if
your knit is heavyweight.
Denim
Do sample first to check that the denim weight
can be gathered if using ruffles.
Do realize that both sides of the fabric show
when flounces drape on your garment. This
10.18 PRESSlNG RUFFLES A N D FLOUNCES
Professional Sewing Techniques for Desrgners
may be an advantage or disadvantage in denim, Don't worry about finishing leather hems, as
depending on your taste. leather does not fray like woven fabric.
Do use lightweight denim for ruffles and
flounces. Stitch a serged hem edge, turn, and Faux Fur
edgestitch, as this hem finish suits denim Don't stitch ruffles and flounces in faux fur, as
fabric. it will look too thick and bulky.
<-
-'L
,-
... . . ~ ~
*; . iY ..
. ..
Do refer to Chapter 6, "Stitching Seams in
Tricky Fabrics," for tips on how to stitch
ruffles and flounces in leather.
Do cut decorative edges with your rotary
cutter on leather ruffles and flounces.
flaps, and garment edges.
Ruffles and flounces stitched to pants have
not been discussed in this chapter, but we
can't leave them out! Transfer your knowl-
edge and stitch flounces into vertical seams
10.19 T R A N S F E R Y O U R K N O W L E D G E :
E V E N I N G JACKET. S H I R T W l T H R U F F L E S . A N D
PANTS W l T H FLOUNCES
Ruffles and Flounces: Feminine and Flirty
10.20C F O R M T H E ROSE.
10.ZPA S P I R A L FLOUNCE
on a pair of evening pants. Combine the
pants with a gorgeous tailored evening jacket
and a soft ruffled shirt. This stunning en-
semble in Figure 10.19 would see you attend-
ing the Oscars!
a staystitch if it has not already been stitched. thought of stitching a trim around the edge or Did I use a hem finish that was suited to
This will stabilize the neckline; it is now ready serging a lettuce edge? stitching around a circular flounce?
for an alternative neck finish. If your garment Did I sample enough ruffles and flounces to
has not been fully stitched, you have several op- .. .I stitched two ruffles t~ my hem and get a clear direction for the stitching methods
tions: if your garment has been fully stitched, it looks too thick and bulky? I was going to use?
then you could add a collar or stitch a bias bind- Carefully seam rip the ruffles from the garment
ing neck finish, or you could add a facing as edge and try less gathering. O r remove a layer REVIEW CHECKLIST
well. A design - is always in development, until of ruffle or find an alternative fabric weight
. that
the last stitch-but remember next time to make is more suitable for your ruffles, then recut and What are the differences between ruffles and
a muslin to define the style earlier. restitch. This time, sample first to be sure that flounces?
the fabric weight is suitable. As an alternative, Do I understand that fabric weight and drape
. . . I serged a chunk out of the outside you could stitch a flounce instead of the ruffle. make a huge difference in how ruffles and
edge of my flounce? Since your flounce does not need to be gath- flounces look in design?
O h dear-how frustrating! If the flounce ered, it won't look as bulky. You can also cut Do I understand that the grain on which
has been stitched to the garment, then care- your flounce as a three-quarter circle instead of I cut my ruffles can change the way they
fully remove it with a seam ripper. It is best a full circle, which will reduce bulk. drape?
to recut your flounce again, plus a couple of Do I understand that ruffles have to be gath-
extra flounces to practice serging circles. Sit at SELF-CRITIQUE ered but flounces don't?
the serger, relax, and take your time to care- Take the time to observe your ruffles and Do I understand that the design drives the
fully serge your samples before serging final flounces, paying particular attention to the stitching method I choose (flat application or
flounces. Remember, too, that mistakes are following: stitched in-the-round) when applying ruffles
learning opportunities. and flounces to the garment?
Did I use the SEW, CLIP, PRESS method of Do I understand that different hem finishes
.. .I'm concerned because I used raw stitching as I stitched my ruffles and flounces? suit ruffles and flounces because of the way
edges around my flounces and now the How do my ruffles and flounces drape? Did I they're shaped?
fabric is fraying? cut them correctly? Do I understand how to flute a ruffle?
Flounces are cut on all three grainlines, and the Are my ruffles and flounces stitched in paral- What did I find difficult about stitching
sections cut on the lengthwise and crosswise lel rows to the surface of my garment, or do ruffles and flounces?
grains will fray (Figure 10.2b). If you still want they look wobbly?
the raw edges, stitch a row of permanent stitches Are my flounces stitched using quality
?4inch inside the outer circle, which will pre- stitching, or do they look puckered?
vent the edges from fraying. Other than that, Does the hem stitching look professional or
you will need to stitch a hem finish. Have you do I need more practice to perfect it?
~ ~~~--~
----
lmost any shape. An important aspect of collars is that they must fit to the size of the neckli
Collars can sit flat on the garment to mirror is one area in which the designer can show creat'
e neckline shape; stand up, hugging the neck- ity. Ruffles, pleats, or fabric embellishments can
ine; or roll over onto the shoulders. Collars can be stitched into the collar seam or to the surface of
sly sized shawl or notched lapel collar. Most collar in Figure 11.1 and learn the name of each
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~
COLLAR)
11.1E NOTCHED
COLLAR (SIT-FLAT
11.1A M A N D A R I N COLLAR 11.1F SHAWL COLLAR AND
COLLAR)
(STAND-UP COLLAR) B I A S I R O L L COLLAR
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck
. .... ~ . . ~
STYLE I.D. What Is a Collar? Collars offer an exciting opportunity for the
The stitching order for the collar designs in the A collar is made from one straight piece of fabric designer, as many weird and wonderful shapes
Style I.D. (Figure 11.1) is outlined in this chap- (bias/roll collar) or two shaped pieces of fabric can be created. For creative collar ideas, refer to
ter. Each collar illustrated in the Style LD. falls (mandarin,Peter Pan, shirt, convertible, notched, "Stretch Your Creativity."
into one of the following three categories-sit- tailored, and shawl collars) that are stitched to- It must be noted that adding a collar to any
flat, stand-up, or roll-over collar. gether around the outer edges. The collar is then garment will add to the production cost. After
Get to know the key terms used for collars. turned, clipped, and pressed. The inner collar you have made a collar, you will certainly un-
Each style of collar has its own style name. Un- edge is the collar neckline. The collar neckline is derstand the time it takes to make the pattern
derstanding each term will help to communicate stitched to the garment neckline (Figure 11.3). and stitch the collar. The stabilizer used and
when stitching collars in the classroom. The size of the collar neckline is deter- the stitching method also have an impact on the
mined by the garment neckline; they need to be cost of the garment.
GATHER YOUR TOOLS of equal length. The outer collar edge and the
The tools needed to stitch collars are the collar neckline are shaped differently depend- Features of a Collar
same tools needed for general stitching of ing on the style of collar. The rounder the collar All collars need a collar stand. The collar stand is
garments: stabilizer, tape measure, thread, edge is, the farther it sits away from the neck- the height to which the collar stands up. It must
point turner, awl, scissors, hand stitching line. Each category of collar-stand-up, sit-flat, be pointed out that all collars must have a collar
needles, tailor's ham, sleeve board, and press- and roll-over-is shaped differently. Notice the stand; however, the height of the stand can differ.
ing cloth. It is especially important to have a shape of each collar in Figure 11.2. The height of the stand affects how high the collar
point turner and the pressing equipment, as How the collar is stitched and how it fits to sits on the backneck. Observe the different heights
they are integral to stitching and perfect- the garment neckline is an important part of of the collar standsin Figure 11.2. The collar stand
ing collars. If you don't have these tools yet, functional design. The collar needs to fit com- supports the collar and enables it to roll over.
then purchase them now! fortably around the neck and not feel tight! Some collars such as the mandarin collar, illus-
Chapter 1 discusses this aspect of functional trated in Figure 11.2b, are constructed with only a
NOW LET'S GET STARTED design that is the designer's responsibility. Refer collar stand and not the roll-over section.
This chapter gives students an opportunity to Figures 1.4,1.5,1.6, and 1.7 to read comments The top edge of the collar stand, where the
to further their design knowledge by learning that apply to functional design. Functional collar rolls over, is called the roll line. Observe the
how to stitch collars. Knowing how to stitch design is important, as the collar needs to close roll line on each of the collars in Figure 11.2a, c,
garments empowers the designer in design pos- easily; complicated collar closures may prevent d, e, and f. Notice the shirt collar in Figure 11.2d
sibilities. Knowing how to stitch one collar will a garment from selling. combines two collars that are stitched together.
give you the ability to transfer this knowledge Collars can open on the front or back of the The seamline where the collar stand joins the man-
to the stitching of other collar designs in dif- garment or be stitched-in-the-round, as in the darin collar section then becomes the roll line.
ferent shapes and sizes. Before stitching collars, case of a knit fabric when the collar stretches to When stitching two collar pieces together,
let's define what a collar is and point out some fit over one's head. How the collar opens and one collar is called the upper collar and the
of the important features of the collar. closes is part of the garment closure, which is other collar, the under collar. This is discussed
discussed in Chapter 17. in "Upper and Under Collar Patterns" later.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~.~~~~~
11.2 I M P O R T A N T F E A T U R E S OF A C O L L A R
SHIRT COLUR 1SACOMBINATION OFTHE
COLLAR STAND AND ROLL-OVER COUIR
KEf THE SEAMLIWE I S
---- -ROLLLIME ALSO THE ROLL LINE
f P COLUR STAND OUTER C D L U I EDGE
I /
I 4 1
NECKLINE
11.28 S T A N D - U P C O L L A R : M A N D A R I N C O L L A R
( C O L L A R D O E S N O T R O L L OVER)
11.ZE S H A W L C O L L A R
NECKLINE
11.2C R O L L - O V E R C O L L A R S : C O N V E R T I B L E
AND NOTCHED LAPEL COLLAR 11.ZF B I A S I R O L L COLLAR
Sit-Flat Collars
Collars that sit flat around the neckline have a PATTERN TIP be placed anywhore between the canter-front
collar shape that is almost identical to the gar- Neckline Measurement neck and the ihoulders-this i s the designer's
ment shape. Even though the collar may look No matter what shape the neckline is, the choice. Notice that the eonvertibk Collar
flat, it isn't exactly flat (Figure 11.2a). A small garment neckline must be measured first to in Figurcir.rd dwm't meet at thecanter
get an accurate collar length. Since the collar front-it shows a @a#, It is important when
collar stand is incorporated in the collar pattern
is going to be stitched to the garment neck- pattern marking to notch the placement ef the
to enable the collar to roll to the correct side of line, the collar and neckline lengths must be collar on the neckline.
the garment after it is stitched. The Peter Pan exocfly equal. This measurement is crucial When draftins the pattern, be sure t o indl-
collar in Figure 1l.lb illustrates a collar that sits for stitching an accurate collar. I f the collar is cate all the notches that aw needed t o stitch
flat. These collars don't usually need stabilizers. too smallor too large for the garment neck- the collar necklina t o the sarment necb4ine:
line, the collar will never sit well and could these notchor w l l l ensum eccurate stitching:
look misshapen.
Roll-Over Collars Oerment neckline-startins polltion of the
For a collar to fit the neckline accurately,
When a roll-over collar is stitched to the neck- take your tape measureand measure the front collar, ccnter front and center back, and the
line, it stands up for a certain height (this de- and back bodice neckline.lot down the front shoulder positien of the gsrment.
pends on the amount of stand added to the and back neck measurements.The position Collar neckllna-center back, center front (fi
pattern), then the collar rolls over onto the gar- of the collar needs to be defined before you there i s en extension), and the shoulders.
ment. The outer edge of the collar is wider than measure the neckline. This is indicated on the Figure u.3illustrator where all the notches
designer's sketch. Collars can overlap and are snipped In the garment and collar neck.
the garment neckline, and this enables the collar
button together, as Figure i i . i a demonstrates. Unes. Snipglns natchts i n these po#titlon$
to sit away from the neckline. The Style I.D. il- Collars can also meet directly together on sneurrrlr that the collar lo perfectly aligned
lustrates five roll-over collars (see Figure ll.lc, the center front or back as Figures i i . i b and c on tho garment an4 w i l l nwef Iwk twistad
d, e, and f); can you name each of them? illustrate. Collars don't have to button or meet when the garment is w n .
Correct stitching begins with correct pat- on the center front of the neckline; they can
ternmaking. Collars require meticulous and
exacting stitching, especially when getting both
sides of the collar to look the same. A badly top piece becomes smaller than the underneath When the collar rolls over, the collar seamline is
stitched collar can spoil the look of a beautiful piece. This is exactly what happens when two not visible when the garment is worn. Snip two
garment, so take the time to stitch carefully and collar pieces are stitched together and rolled notches on the center back of the under collar,
precisely. over. The upper collar becomes smaller than the as this helps to differentiate between upper and
under collar. To counteract this, two different under collars (Figures 11.4b and c).
STITCHING COLLARS BEGINS collar patterns are needed-one larger than the An average amount added to the center
WITH CORRECT PATTERNS other. The upper collar pattern is cut wider so back width of the upper collar is !A inch and %a
Upper and Under Collar Patterns when the two collars are stitched together they inch on the collar corners. It must be empha-
Upper and under collar patterns are needed to are perfectly aligned. The under collar being sized that this is an average measurement only
stitch successful collars. When two pieces of slightly smaller holds the seamline slightly un- (Figures 11.4b-f). The weight of the fabric will
fabric are placed together and rolled over, the derneath the upper collar after it is stitched. affect the amount of extra width that must be
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.~~~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ . ~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~
Collar-as illustrated. Also note the number of Front Neck Facing Only or Front1
SHOULDERS collar pieces to be cut for each pattern. Back Neck Facings
I
The breakpoint is also an important pattern Garments with collars that are going to be worn
marking. Notice in Figure. 4.4e and f that the open and closed must be stitched with a front
' I breakpoint has been notched. The breakpoint neck facing or front and back neck facings.
~ l . 3W H E N T H E G A R M E N T A N D COLLAR N E C K L I N E S A R E is the point on the collarwhereit begins to fold When the garment is worn open, the facing is
NOTCHED, T H E Y WILL STITCH T O G E T H E R PERFECTLY.
back. The first buttonhole is stitched horizon- often visible. Stitching facings are especially
tally at the breakpoint. Can you see this in the important for jackets and coats that are worn
added. For example, a heavyweight fabric may jacket in Figure 1l.le in the Style I.D.? open and closed. Both jackets in the Style I.D.
need more width added to the upper collar than
a sheer lightweight fabric. To ascertain how STITCHING THE COLLAR TO
much larger the upper collar should be, take two THE NECKLINE NOTE
pieces (cut the same size) of your actual collar When collars are stitched to the neckline, they W h e t h e r front only or backand front facings
fabric in your hand and roll the two pieces over can be stitched with or without a neck facing. are stitched makes minimal difference, a s the
together. Measure the difference between the Whether the collar is worn open or closed is the following points indicate:
two pieces when rolled. deciding factor. The style of garment and how
Only roll-over and sit-flat collars need upper it will be worn gives direction as to which ap- The stitching time for each is similar.
A back neck facing adds extra stability and
and under collars. Even though sit-flat collars do proach to choose. For example, a shirt with a
structure to t h e back of the garment.
sit flat around the neckline, they also roll over mandarin collar would not need a neck facing; The back facing provides a place for the
onto the garment. Stand-up collars do not need however, a mandarin collar stitched to a jacket brand and size labels to b e stitched. The
upper and under collars and can be cut with the or coat would definitely need a front only or fabric content and washing instructions
same pattern, as illustrated in Figure 11.4a. front and back facing, as the garment needs to labels are usually stitched on the side
A reminder will appear under the heading hang open as well as closed. seam.
If the garment has no back facing, the
"Pattern Tip" to make sure you begin with upper
labels are stitched to the lining or into t h e
and under collars. Use Figure 11.4 as a reference NO Neck Facing neckline seam, which can be scratchy on
for making upper and under collar patterns. When a collar is stitched with no neck facing, the neck.
Label the patterns-"Under Collar" and "Upper the collar is designed to remain closed rather
Collars: Silhouetting t h e Neck
. . . . . ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . .
the fabric weight. For example, you will need Many times the stabilizer needs to be heavier in
weight than what you would choose for stabi- 11.4C S H l R T / C O N V E R T l B L E COLLARS
lizing a cuff or a facing. This may be because
the collar is wide and stands up. It is possible UNDER COLUR CUT 2
PATTERW TIP
to stabilize the upper and under collars with in-
Ifyau have already made your patterns. do
terfacing and then add another layer of canvas
check them asain, becaure the garment and
collar neckline measurements must be equal to the entire upper collar in the back section
lengths to expgrlence a smooth stitching only, to give it more structure. The stabilizer
process for coUarr. If they are not equal. for the collar does not need to be the same sta-
adjust the pattern now before you stitch. bilizer used for an underlining, waistband, or ll.4D NOTCHED LAPEL COLLAR
as it would be impwsible to stitch a ~ 0 l I a r facings. It is a separate entity in itself, so treat it
correctly! Also, check to be sure you have
snipped notches in the collar and garment
that way. The important thing about stabilizing
neckline patterns so the collar and garment collars is-use whatever works! Reread Chapter
necklines can k perfectly aligned towther. 3, "How to Choose the Best Stabilizer for Your
Refer to Figure 11.3. Project," if you need more guidance on choos-
ing the best stabilizer for your collar.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
r 3 MATCHPOINT
FRONT CUT 2
MATCHPOINT
FRONT FACING
i
1
GARMEWT IS THE
UNDER COLLAR) I
BREAKPOINT FRONTCUT2
(GARMEMT ISTHE
UNDER COLLAR)
l l . 4 E LAPEL COLLAR
I 11.4F SHAWL
COLLAR
4'
Befpre collars are applied to the neckline, the follow-
stitching should be completed on the garment-
underlining, darts, pockets, shoulder
(leave side seams open), tucks and pleats, center-
seams
ample, you may be stitchingthe notched lapel collar
illustrated in Figure 11.1f. Notice it has a pointed
collar shape; however, the collar and lapel could
both be rounded and you will find this would not in-
terfere with thestitchingorder.
around the outer collar edge. Don't be con- Stitching the Collar to the Neckline
IMPORTANT cerned that the under collar is smaller around Staystitch the garment neckline.
Collars hold their 6h.w better when a the outer edge than the upper collar-still Lay the collar onto the correct side of the
stablllaf ir applied to both upprrandunder match both collar edges together-they garment neckline; place the collar notches to
collars. A stablllzer will also prwent a saam will sit perfectly when the collar has been the garment neckline and pin and machine
lrnagc from showing on the swrect side of baste the collar to the garment (Figure 11.5e).
stitched, clipped, and turned (Figure 11.5a).
the collar whan pressed. There can be an
With the under collar facing up, stitch a Cut one bias strip (binding) approximately
exuption to thlaadvice; a flat ~ollarmay not
need s t a b l L i n ~ o nthe upper and under col- %-inch seam allowance around the outer 1 inch wide and longer than the length of
lars. Adding rrtabilizerto 8 flet collar would collar edges; begin stitching from the center the neckline; press a %-inch seam allowance
prevent it from sittlngflst and caure it to back, stitching directionally toward the along one side to the wrong side of the fabric
look too bulky. A sheer flat mllar may not front; overlap the stitches at the back by '/z (see Figure 11.5e). To review how to cut and
need stabilhlngat all. When decldlngon a join bias binding, refer to Figures 6.16 and
inch (see Figure 11.5a). The under collar will
stabltizer to use for upper and under collars,
need to be stretched slightly as you stitch- 6.17.
~hoom a lighter warlght so the two rtabllla-
ws together wiU mqual the weight of one this is how it is meant to be stitched, so don't Turn the front facing back at the notched
stabtlizer. worry! position so the correct sides of the facing and
Press the stitches while the collar lies flat, garment are together (see Figure 11.5e).
and then press the collar seams open; this Pin the bias binding around the neckline;
the outer collar edge to any shape. Figure 1l.lb will take time, so don't rush this step! Figure begin by placing the bias on the center-front
illustrates a traditional Peter Pan collar. In this 11.5b illustrates the curved front collar sec- notch. Stitch a %-inchseam allowance. The
text, the Peter Pan collar will be stitched with tion placed over the end of the sleeve board following steps are really important, as bulk
a bias binding neck finish. This would be the to press the seam open. must be reduced. Grade the neckline seam;
preferred way to finish the neck edge, which Check that the collar shapes are mirror begin by cutting the bias seam allowance
reduces bulk. Chapter 12 also discusses a bias images of each other. The neckline edge can back to !4 inch and then grade the collar
binding as an alternative edge finish instead be trimmed if uneven; however, if the collar seam allowance. Leave the garment seam
of stitching a facing; refer to "Bias Bindings" shape is uneven, it must be restitched so they allowance at % inch and then clip into the
there. look identical. If the collars are uneven, it neck seam allowance so it will spread when
will be noticeable (Figure 11.5d). turned and stitched in place (see Figure
STABILIZING THE COLLAR Grade the under collar seam back to !4 inch 11.5e).
Apply the stabilizer to the upper collar only if and understitch. After understitching, the Understitch the bias binding.
needed. Silk organza may be a good stabilizer for upper collar seam allowance can also be Turn the bias toward the garment
" and hand-
flat collars. carefully trimmed back to !4 inch (Figure baste in place; manipulate the bias with your
0
St' ching the Collar
Place correct sides of the upper and under
collars together; match all notches, and pin
11.5~).
Pin and handbaste both collar neckline edges
together, matching the notches so the collar
is perfectly aligned.
hands so it is laying flat around the curved
neckline shape. Remember, bias is stretchy!
Handbaste the binding in place and press
before stitching (Figure 11.5f).
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
+it.
PRESSEDOPEN
BiaslRoll Collar (Roll-Over Collar) SLEWE BOARD
SIlTCH DIRECTIONAL TURNEDUPWAPDS
A biaslroll collar adds a delicate, graceful touch
to a garment. Since the collar is bias-cut, it rolls
1 1 5 A PIN AND STITCH THE UPPER AND
over beautifully and sits perfectly around the UNDER COLLARS TOGETHER. COLUR
11.58 P R E S S I N G A R O U N D S E A M
Y
NOTE DLUR
BIAS BINDING
------,
11.SE STITCHING
THE COLLAR TO THE
NECKLINE W I T H A
BIAS BINDING
P
STWCHING THE COLLAR
\Ao not stabilize biaslroll collars.
Press a '/,-inch seam allowance to the wrong Stitch a %-inch seam at each end of the collar.
side of the fabric along one collar neck edge Stitch directional from the collar neck edge to PATTERN TIP
(Figure 11.6a). This neck edge still must be the foldline. At the collar neck edge, the seam al Notching the garment and collar necklines
notched! lowance must still be folded backwhile the othe w i l l always provide a smoother stitching
Fold the collar in half with the correct sides facing seam allowance lies flat (see Figure 11.6a). experience (see Figure 11.3).
together; don't be tempted to press this foldline. Press the stitchesflat, then press the seam I
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
..~.....................~~.~-.+-~..~~...........
114 SEAM
allowance open, clip the collar corners, and turn ALLOWANCETURNED BACK
the collar to the correct side. Use a point turner to . NECKOPENING
\ , S,IISTwCHTo NECKL1N4
COLURn'TCHED
1
CkIPPID.TURIED.
AND PRESSED
the neck seam from the collar side. The neck- rect side, or hand stitched from the wrong
line seam does not need grading since bias/ side. Both are illustrated in Figure 11.6~.To
rolls collars should be stitched in lightweight stitch-in-the-ditch, place the collar foldline
fabrics. Carefully press the seam allowance.up slightly over the seamline, align the neckline
into the collar (Figure 11.6b and c). notches together, and handbaste in place. This
is important, as a bias collar can easily stretch
and look twisted if it is not aligned correctly.
An overhand stitch is a type of hand Stitch-in-the-ditch from the correct side; hand
stitch that is used frequently in garment stitch by placing the foldline to the seamline;
construction. and using an overhand stitch, stitch into every
HANDSTITCI
neckline stitch (see Figure 11.6).
1 1 6 C F I N I S U I N G THE NECKLINE
Collars: Silhowetting the Neck
.. ...............................
r
both ends of the tie. First press the stitches flat
and the seam allowance open; clip the curved FOLDLINE
seam, turn, and press the tie.
Don't press the foldline of the roll collar, as this
looks nicer rolling softly.These steps are illus- 11.76 STITCHING THE COLLAR
of both collars.
Professional Sewing Techniqaes for Designers
.. . ~...............................
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
. . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . ~ ~
Don't clip the front curved shape. Instead, be finished with an edgestitch, stitched-in-
PATTERN T I P trim the seam back to Ya inch; trim Jle-ditch, or slipstitched closed. Figure 11.8~
Both sides of t h e mandarin collar are cut and grade the rest of the seam allowance illustrates all three options.
to thesomesize. This is indicated in Figure if bulk needs to be reduced (see Figure
11.4a. Since the collar stands up, upper and 11.8a). O n sheer fabrics, trim the entire Shirt Collar (Roll-Over Collar)
under collars do not need to be cut. However, A shirt collar is traditionally used on men's and
seam allowance back to Ya inch; seam allow-
having said this, eventually you will see in
ances shadow through to the correct side of women's shirts. Although the collar propor-
t h e stitchingorderthat upper and under col-
lars are formed a s you stitch. sheer fabric. tions, amount of spread (distance from each
collar ~oint),and shape (~ointed,round, or
Stitching the Collar to the Neckline squared) can differ, basically another separate
Staystitch the garment neckline just inside collar is stitched to a mandarin collar to form
Stitching the Collar the seam allowance; clip into the seam allow- the shirt collar. The seamline where the col-
Press the seam allowance of one neck edge ance, if necessary, to help the collar fit the lars join becomes the collar roll line (see Figure
of the collar to the wrong side; this collar is garment neckline. 11.2d). Notice in Figure 11.1~ that the stand-up
now the under collar (Figure 11.8a). Place the correct side of the upper collar section of the shirt collar is the same as the man-
Place the correct sides of both collars' outer to the correct side of the neckline; pin all darin collar in Figure 1l.la.
edges together; match the front collar edges notches together. It is crucial that the front
and center-back notches together, and pin in collar and neckline edges be aligned per-
between these points. With the under collar fectly together; if the collar is positioned too 5 THE COLLAR
facing up, stitch a %-inch seam allowance far back or forward, the collar will not turn It is preferable to interface all collar pieces:
around the collar edges; make sure the under out correctly. If the collar and neckline do however, interfacing can be applied to just one
collar seam allowance is still folded back not fit together, then a pattern adjustment is side of the shirt collar and collar stand; if all the
as it was pressed, and that the upper collar needed. Refer to "STOP! What Do I Do collar pieces are interfaced, use a lighter-weight
seam allowance is lying flat (see Figure If.. ."later in this chapter, or ask your interfacing (Figure n.ga).
11.8a). instructor for help. Stitch a %-inch neckline
Press the stitches flat, and then press the seam; begin and end with a backstitch (see Stitching the Collar
seam open. Place the curved collar shape over Figure 11.8b). Place the correct sides of upper and under
the end of the sleeve board to press the seam From the inside of the garment, pin the shirt collars together. With the wrong side
open (see Figure 11.5b). folded collar neck edge just over the seam- of the under collar facing up, pin the center
Turn the collar to the correct side and line. Make sure the front corner seam allow- backs and collar points of the outer collar
press flat; make sure the seamline is cen- ances are tucked underneath; they can be edges together. Even though the under colla~
tered and does not roll toward the correct bulky, so trim if needed. Pin and handbaste is smaller, pin all the points exactly together
side. the under collar stand in place. The collar can (Figure ll.9a).
Collars: Silhouetting t h e Neck
-3-
BACK TO J8"
tional stitching to the center back. With the
under collar facing up, stitch a %-inchseam
11.8A STITCHING A M A N D A R I N COLLAR
allowance. Stretch the under collar slightly as
0,
you stitch-don't let this worry you, as this is
UPPER COLLAR
how it is meant to be stitched. Stop 4! inch back
\ 114"SFAM ALLOWANCE MATCH COLLAR AND OARMENT from the collar point, reduce the stitch length,
TURNEDBACKINDPIIESSED
and stitch a little fartherup, finishing a frac-
CLlP NECKLINE tion back from the collar point seam allowance.
Leave the needle down in the collar, pivot,
./' and stitch two small stitches across the collar
11.88 STITCH THE COLLAR point (the two stitches should measure in total
TO THE NECKLINE.
less than !4 inch); leave the needle down, pivot
again, and stitch the remaining collar seam,
finishing at the center back (Figure 11.9b).
IMPORTANT
11.8C F l N l S H l N G T H E COLLAR-THREE OPTIONS The two small stitches across the corner
PATTERN TIP ensure beautiful collar points; stitching to
STITCHED-IN-THE-DITCH EDGE STITCH the points without stitching across the point
Make upper and under collar# as illurtrated
FROM THE CORRECTSIDE (FROM CORRECT SIDE) results in corners that bulge and do not look
/ for the rhirt/convortible eollarr in Fipun
~ i q cY.w will notlce that the #tend for the
perfectly angled.
shin collar (using the manduin collar pat-
tern) doer not n w d uppar and under collarn
patterns tees Figure ii.qrl. Mark all necltline Clip the collar corners to reduce bulk, and
m d eollar notchea @meFiglure ~1.3). Place grade any thick seams (see Figure 11.9b).
two notChM on the center back otthe shirt Press the stitches flat, and press the collar
collar to indicate the under wllori this dil seams open; use the point of the iron so as not
farantitter tho under coller from upper to press creases into the collar (Figure 11.9~).
rollrr. Ale@Wtth ghe position where the Turn the collar to the correct side; use a point
shlR collar attaches to the eollar rtand. Ifthe
shirt collar ir not aligned wrmtly, the collar
turner or an awl to sharpen the collar points.
won't Button correctly at the center heat, From the correct side of the collar, you can
whieh ultimately sffects how the satmen use the point of the pin to gently pull out
functions and how i t se$l. the tip of the collar corners. Never use your
seam ripper to do this!
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.............~~.~
~~~~~..........
A
1 1 . 9 8 STITCH T H E
UPPER COLLAR IS SLIGHTLY F R O M COLLAR C O R N E R S .
WlDERTHAN UNDER COLLAR
L' I \
TOGETSER
INTERFACING
11.9A S T I T C H I N G A S H l R T C O L L A R : P I N U P P E R A N D
U N D E R COLLARS TOGETHER.
/
.
ON CORNER OF COLUR \ OUTER COLLAR SLIMLIME
REDUCE BULK
Take time to press the collar; this is impor- collar stand with the upper collar facing up, it is sandwiched between the collar stands.
tant to the success of the collar. Since the and pin together; position each end of the Pin the collar edges together and stitch a %-
under collar was cut slightly smaller, the shirt collar to the snipped notches and pin. inchseam allowance around the collar stand;
collar seamline will sit slightly back toward Machine baste the collars together, just inside make sure the under collar seam allowance
the under collar; this ensures that when the the seam allowance; hold the collars taut as remains turned back with the other seam al-
collar rolls over, the seamline is not visible. you stitch (Figure 11.9d). lowance lying flat (see Figure 11.9e).
Fold the collar points together and cut off Press a %-inch seam allowance on the other Press the seam allowance open around the
any excess width at the neckline if they are collar stand to the wrong side-this is now front curved section of the collar stand, as
not a mirror image. Even though the collar the under collar, and the other collar is now Figure 11.5b illustrates. Trim the curved
shape shown in Figure 11.5d is round, the the upper collar (Figure 11.9e). seam allowance back to lh inch-don't clip
process is the same for every collar shape. Turn the collar over and place the under into the seam allowance, as it does not sit as
Place the upper shirt collar section onto one collar stand over the roll-over shirt collar so well when finished. Grade the four layers of
Collars: Silhouetting the N e c k
............
11.9D S T I T C H T H E T W O C O L L A R S E C T I O N S TOGETHER
T O F O R M THE S H I R T COLLAR.
11.9E S A N D W I C H T H E C O L L A R B E T W E E N COLLAR S T A N D S
A N D S T I T C H TOGETHER.
11.9F G R A D E T H E
S E A M ALLOWANCE
TO REDUCE BULK.
BEGIN STITCHING
J AT CENTER BACK
r 11.9H E D G E -
STITCHTHE
PUCE ISONT
/EDGESTOGETHER
/ UNDER COLLAR
/UPPERCOLUR
NECKLINE
collar seam allowance along the collar seam ditional man%shirt collar and does not have a I( PATTERN TIP
I
to reduce bulk, and press the collar when collar stand. A convertjble collaf is constructed
completed (Figure 11.9f). The graded seam with a front neck facing so the collar can be Cut the upper and under collars as illustrated
can also be understitched. worn open or closed; this is why it is referred to in Figure 11.4C. Make sure all garment and
collar neckline notches are marked on the
as convertible. This design gives the customer
patterns. Indicate the under collarwith two
Stitching the Collar to the Neckline versatility in how the collar is worn. Figure notches to differentiate it from the upper
Staystitch the garment neckline just inside 1l.ld illustrates the collar buttoned closed. collar (see Figure 11.4~).
the seam allowance.
Pin the collar and garment neckline edges Stabilizing the Collar
together; place front edges exactly together, Apply interfacing to both collars and facings irom the roldline to the neckline; begin and
then pin the center back and shoulder seams (Figure 11.10a). end with a backstitch (Figure 11.10b).
to the collar notches. With the under collar Clip the collar corners to reduce bulk (see
stand facing up, stitch a %-inch neckline Stitching the Collar Figure 11.9b).
seam; begin and end with a backstitch and Place the correct sides of the collar together. Turn the collar to the correct side and use
clip the threads (Figure 11.9g). Match the center back notches and collar a point turner or awl to sharpen the collar
From the inside of the garment, press the points together and, even though the top corners and press the collar.
neckline seam allowance up into the collar collar will be slightly larger, pin them exactly Machine baste the neck edges of both front
stand; then pin the folded collar edge to the together (Figure 11.10a). With the under collars together from the front edge of the
seamline. Make sure the front collar corner collar facing up, stitch across the outer collar collar to the shoulder notch (Figure 11.10~).
seam allowances are tucked underneath; edges only; hold the collars taut as you stitch Clip into the collar seam allowance at the
they can be bulky, so trim if needed. Pin and a %-inch seam allowance. (The under collar shoulder position for the whole %-inch
handbaste in place (Figure 11.9h). will need to be slightly stretched as you width. The position of the clipping is impor-
Edgestitch the under collar from one front stitch; don't worry-this is correct!) tant to the collar stitching correctly from this
edge to the other. If the entire collar edge is Press the stitches flat and the seam allowance point on. Press the upper collar %-inch seam
stitched as illustrated in Figure 11.9h, then open; grade the under collar seam only if allowance back to the wrong side (see Figure
begin stitching from the center-back seam and bulk needs to be reduced. Figure 11.9f illus- 11.10~).
continue stitching around the collar edge. trates how to grade the seam allowance.
Clip all threads and press the collar. Understitch the collar by turning the seam Stitching the Collar to the Neckline
allowance toward the under collar neck edge Staystitch the garment neckline just inside
COLLARS STITCHED WITH FRONT (see Figure 11.10a). the seam allowance (Figure 11.10~).
NECK FACING ONLY Fold the correct sides of the collar together Clip into the shoulder seam allowance for the
Convertible Collar (Roll-Over Collar) along the first stitching line. Pin both shorter whole %-inch width (Figure 11.10~).
A convertible collar is another type of shirt collar edges together, and stitch a %-inch Pin the under collar to the garment neckline.
collar, but it is a different shape from the tra- seam from the under collar. Stitch directional Position the collar to the garment notches
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck
.... . ~ ........ ~ . .. -.. . ~ ~
~
UNDER COLLAR
PRESS \ ,1
NOTCHES MATCHED
:R
,
l l . l O D STITCHING
THE FRONT FACING
TO T H E N E C K L I N E
UPPER COLLAR
/ UNDERSTITCH 1
signed for shawl collars. The design in Figure facing. A shawl collar can be stitched with
lnspattefnr for uppet and undu coUam. length on the shoulder seam.
N d i w that the facing i s the uppw collar a d Stitch the front darts and press. (The darts
the garment is t)n undwccl4r. Thip can be
help to shape the collar.)
cenfusingl Mark motekpoints at the mkoutdet
plvot point on bothgarment and facing pat-
Stitoh the center-back seams together, and
'STITCH DART
-
terns. Transfer notch- and pattern marking8 press open.
to the fabric, Clip into the corners at the matchpoints (the 11.118 F A C I N G
BRV\KPOINT
FROIT FACING
-Af
UNDERSTlTCHllG
I
CAN BEIOINED HERE
I1,ttC S T I T C H I N G S H O U L D E R AND N E C K L I N E S E A M S
SHOULDER SEAMS
PRLSSEDCLOSED STITCH DIRECTIONAL SHOULDERS SEIMS
GARMENT HAS
BACK NECK FA
$---
11.110 C L O S I N G THE BACK N E C K W I T H N O BACK F A C I N G 11.Z1F C L O S I N G T H E SHAWL COLLAR W I T H A BACK N E C K F A C I N G
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . ~ ~ . . . ~ . ~~~.~~
~~~~~~~~~. . ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ . ~
For a shawl collar with a back neck facing, press lapel is the front section that folds back to form
I
PATTERN T I P the back garment and-collarneck seam allow- a gevere. The notched section of the collar is the
Note that whether or not you stitch a back ances open. Pin the open seams together on the "L" shape, formed when the collar is stitched
neck facing influences how the lining pattern seamline. Begin slipstitching from one dart, and to the lapel. The position of the notch and the
is drafted.
hand stitch across the back neck to the other shape is the designer's choice-both can be
dart, as illustrated in Figure 1l.llf. round rather than pointed, or one can be round
Always reduce bulk on intersecting seams; If there is no lining to be attached, make and the other pointed-there are no rules! If the
this is the case for the center-back seam join sure the facing edges are finished and hand garment is underlined, this should be applied to
in Figure 1l.lld. To see how this is done, stitched to the garment shoulder seams. the cut fabric pieces before any stitching takes
refer back to Figure 6.29a. place. Refer to Chapter 3, "Underlining-Fully
Press the stitches flat, and then press the COLLARS STITCHED WITH FRONT Covering the Fabric."
collar seam open. Since the collar edge is AND BACK NECK FACINGS
curved, place the garment over a tailor's ham Notched Lapel Collar (Roll-Over Collar)
to press curved seams open, as illustrated for A notched lapel collar is mainly used on tailored Apply the stabilizer (fusible or sew-in) to the
curved darts in Figure 4.3b. jackets and coats. Refer to Figure ll.le, in the upper and under collars and facing.
To grade the seam allowance, cut the garment Style I.D., to see this popular collar style. The loin the shoulder seams of the facing and the gar-
seam allowance back to !4 inch and under- ment together (Figure il.iza).
stitch the seam; finish understitching 1% Staystitch the neckline ofthe garment and facing
inches back from the breakpoint. (Remember
that the breakpoint is the point where the
collar folds back.) If the understitching goes
PATTERN TIP
Cut the upper end under collar following
Flgun id.qe. Since the lapel Is eat all-In-one,
! to the matchpoints (see Figure 11.iza).
Stitch the center-back seam ofthe under collars.
and press open.
beyond this point, it will be visible when the notice that the lapelfaclng la the upper collar
collar rolls over. For understitching collars, and the Lapel settion on the Sarment 16 the
under collar. The under collar Is bias cut with
refer back to Figure 11.5~.
a canter-back seam, as illustrated in Figure
Turn the collar to the correct side and press. 11.4d. Cutting the under collar on the bias
To close the back collar without a facing, pin helps form a smooth roll collar. Make s u n all
the foldline of the under collar to the seam- notches are indicated on the pattern. Instead
line, and also pin the darts together. Using of snlpplng notcher where the collar joins the
an overhand stitch, band stitch into every lapel, it i s easier t o stitch using matchpoints
(four in all). Take note of the position where
neckline stitch to secure the collar in place. Stitch the under collarto the garment neckline
the matchpoints arc placed on the pattern 1
Turn back the facing and hand stitch the (Figure i1.4d and 4.Transfer there markines and the upper collar to the facing. Place the
darts lightly together, using a slipstitch. Also to the wrong side of the fabric. Make sure all correct sides together, and pin the matchpoints
slipstitch the folded edge of the facing to the notches are snlpped i n your fabrlc before you of the lapel and collar together; position the
shoulder seam (Figure 1l.lle). A slipstitch is begin t o sew. collar shoulder notches to the garment shoulder
illustrated in Figure 15.9. seams. Stitch directional, using a %-inch seam
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck
.....................................
allowance. Begin stitchingfrom the matchpoints Use the same principle outlined in Figure 11.5d
(begin with a backstitch) and stitch to the center- to make sure the collar and lapel shapes on both
back seam. Repeat on the other side (Figure sides are mirror images. If they are not exactly
11.12b). the same, then restitch the collar points so they
mirror each other.
Reduce bulk on the collar and lapel corners (see
IMPORTANT Figure 11.9b). Press the seams flat and then
Don'tstitch into the seam allowance beyond press open; turn the collarto the correct side of
the matchpoints: i f you do, you won't be able the fabric, and sharpen the corners with a point
to stitch the collar any further!
turner or awl.
To help hold the collar in place, lightly slipstitch
the center-back seams together (the stitches
Press both neckline seams open; clip the gar- must be invisible from the correct side). UPPER COLURS
ment and facing necklines so the seam can open To close the collar, slipstitch the collar seams
and lie flat, i f needed (Figure 11.12~). together. This must be done from the point of
A 11.12A APPLY THE S T A B I L I Z E R
To stitch the notched section of the collar, place the lapel seam to the other side, as illustrated i n
A N D P R E P A R E THE N E C K L I N E OP
the upper and under collar matchpoints directly Figure 11.12d. THE GARMENT AND FACING.
the center-back collar. Repeat on the other side; stitching collars in sheer fabrics. A 7 /
overlap the stitches on the center back by 112 Do use self-fabric to stabilize sheer collars.
inch (see Figure 11.12~). Silk organza is also an excellent stabilizer to
Place the garment and facing lapel matchpoints use on sheer fabrics.
together. Position the machine needle down i n Do cut all collar seam allowances back to l/s
the fabric directly on the matchpoints. Backstitch inch so they are even. On sheer fabric, the
forward to the corner of the lapel, pivot and stitch seam allowance is visible from the face of the
down the front ofthe garment. Repeat on the garment.
other side (see Figure 11.12~).On pointed collars, Do be careful when designing collars in sheer
use the same stitchingtechnique illustrated i n fabrics; consider how many seams are in the
Figure 11.9b. Stitch two smallstitches across the collar, as they will be noticeable. For example, 11.128 STITCH THE UNDER C O L L A R TO THE G A R M E N T
corner ofthe collar to achieve beautifulcollar a sheer shawl collar would have fewer seams STITCH THE UPPER C O L L A R TO THE FACING.
//1
1
1
Do consider stitching several single layers Do cut lace scallop borders or motifs and ap- Beaded Fabric
of roll-over collars in lightweight sheer silk pliquC them to collar edges Do smash all beads from the seam allow-
organza to create the shirt collar illustrated in Don't stitch collars in heavy lace. ances, as stitching over the beads will break the
Figure 11.13a. Three or four layers of single Don't topstitch lace collars. needle.
sheer collars will not create bulk but will create Do use an interfacing that suits the fabric
a fabulous textured look. Before the collars Satin weight.
are inserted into the collar stand, stitch a hem Do use a sew-in stabilizer in the collar, as Do consider using a contrasting fabric such as
finish around the outer edge of each collar. fusible interfacing can change the look of the silk georgette, organza, or satin silk charmeuse
Instructions for doing this are outlined in fabric surface. for collars to complement the beaded fabric.
Chapter 15. Do stitch collars in satin; however, match the Don't stitch complicated collars in beaded
Don't use a fusible interfacing on sheer col- fabric weight to the collar design. fabric.
lars-use a sew-in. The glue on fusibles may Do be careful topstitching satin collars; there
seep through on the face of the collar. are no rules here, but sample first to see if you Knits
like the look. Do use a stable interfacing that takes away the
Lace Do use the correct machine needle size when stretch element on the knit, as collars that have
Do stitch collars in lace, but use a stabilizer to stitching collars in satin; the wrong size or a a closure don't need to stretch.
complement the lace; silk organza and netting blunt needle will cause little pulls to appear Don't stabilize a roll collar that stretches over
are perfect stabilizers for lace. in the collar and spoil the look of the entire the head, and make sure the collar fits over the
Do consider stitching organza or satin silk garment. head comfortably-this is how fashion meets
collar and cuffs to a lace shirt as contrast. function!
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck
11.15A S H E E R O R G A N Z A C O L L A R
Do topstitch collars in denim; use double
thread or topstitching thread in self or con- surface with paper, and press low-heat fusible
trasting colors. Denim loves to be topstitched! interfacing with a dry iron.
Don't try a soft roll collar in leather, as it
Velvet won't roll. This collar needs to be bias cut. and
Do be careful when stitching collars in velvet. leather does not have a grainline in the same
Velvet is difficult to stitch and press, and col- way fabric does.
lars need a lot of pressing to look fabulous.
Do choose simple styles of collars, such as man- Faux Fur
1 darin or convertible, that do not require as much
stitching and pressing as a notched lapel collar.
Do stitch collars in faux fur, as they are so
warm and snug for winter jackets and coats.
Do use a sew-in stabilizer; napped fabrics such Do consider fur on the upper collar and use
as velvet are affected by pressing, and a fusible a lightweight fabric such as a satin silk or a
interfacing will iron-mark and squash the pile. lining fabric as the under collar, as both will
U m R s Of C O w R Don't place collar patterns on velvet fabric in reduce bulk.
both directions; since velvet is a napped fabric, Do use a sew-in stabilizer to suit the weight of
always cut collars in one direction. fur.
APPLY
Do trim all the fur from all collar and neckline
- CEMENT Leather seam allowances to reduce bulk. If this is not
Do make collars in leather. They can be done, the collar will not stitch well (Figure 6.51a).
stitched, clipped, and turned. Do catchstitch by hand any open seams in fur,
Do topstitch around the outer collar edges, as as fur does not press well. Refer to Figure 6.51b
they will not press very well. to see how this is done.
/A EDGESTITCH
11.138
//
LEATHER C O L L A R
\ DO. use a leather sew& machine needle to
stitch leather.
Do some sample stitching first on the collar
corners to see if bulk is a problem.
Don't ignore the bulk that is created when
stitching seams in fur; it is important to reduce
any bulk on collar corners.
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE collar corners so the ruffle has room to span lar, or angled seam in Figures 6.19,6.20, and
The designer can have fun designing different out around the corner of the collar without 6.21. Choose the binding technique that suits
collar shapes. Draping collars on the form is an looking tight after the collar is stitched and the shape of the collar edge and transfer your
ideal way of creating a new look in collars. No turned. knowledge.
matter what the shape of collar, transfer your Place the under collar over the upper collar
cutting and stitching knowledge. Here are some so the ruffle is sandwiched in between. STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
ways to transfer your knowledge: With the upper collar facing up, stitch a %- Designing new and interesting collars offers
inch seam allowance; stitch directly on top an avenue for expressing creativity, especially
Collars can be topstitched by machine or by of the previous machine basting stitches. when making jackets and coats. Collars can be
hand. Take a look at some of the stitches that Reduce bulk by grading the collar seam; the focus of the garment, and an attention stop-
can be used to topstitch. Figures 6.24,6.27, press and turn the collar and stitch to the per when an unusual collar design is worn, es-
and 6.54a picture some different options. neckline. Notice that the ruffle is part of pecially when it is well made.
Figure 11.14a illustrates a machine topstitch the neckline collar measurement in Figure The following list gives some ideas for how to
and a hand pick stitch, highlighting the edge 11.14b. Make sure the width of the ruffle is be creative with collars. The list is not exhaus-
of the notched lapel collar. taken off the length of the neckline in the tive, but it offers many possibilities. Add your
The same collar in Figure 11.14a can also have collar pattern. own ideas to this list:
bias loops inserted into the collar seam as a Stitch a biashe collar to the wrist of a blouse or
decorative finish. The stitching order for bias dress. Transfer your knowledge by following Combine two types of collars. The coat
loops is outlined in Chapter 17, "Bias Loops." the same instructions. You will need to stitch a collar in Figure 11.15a is a combination
Stitch a bias binding around a collar edge. darted placket in the wrist first before applying stand-up and roll-over collar.
Use the same stitching technique for apply- the cuff. Stitch as illustrated in Figures 11.7a A bias-cut roll collar can be cut longer than
ing the Hong Kong finish in Figure 6.33d. and b. This cuff stitched to a gathered wrist the neckline; both collar edges can be pleated
The collar would draw all the attention if a (with a placket) will look sensational! Refer to at random (not evenly) and stitched to the gar-
patterned, contrasting bias binding was used. Chapter 13 for additional details. ment neckline. How this collar looks in design
As this figure illustrates, the binding can be In Figure 11.14c, a bias trim has been stitched is illustrated in Figure 11.15b. The choice of
machine or hand stitched in place. to the surface of the collar before the collar fabric weight is important; a fabric that is too
A ruffle can be inserted in the collar seam, is stitched to the neckline. Notice the bias heavy will look too bulky in this design.
as illustrated in Figure 11.14b. Ruffles can has been pleated on the corners of the collar. The collar in Figure 11.15~is avariation of the
be cut double (on the fold) or as a single This is an excellent way to turn the bias on an notched lapel collar. Notice that the lapel has
layer. (In a single ruffle, the hem needs to be angled corner-in fact, the entire bias strip been cut and spread in the patternmaking stage
stitched before insertion. For more informa- could be pleated all the way around the collar to allow for gathering. Because of this, the lapel
tion, refer to Chapter 10.) To insert a ruffle in edge if the designer chooses. Remember, a bias cannot be cut all-in-one with the front section
the collar seam: cut does not fray, so the edges can be left raw. of the jacket. The lapel is a separate collar piece
Machine baste the ruffle to the upper collar Insert piping into a collar seam just the same that is stitched to the neckline. Notice that the
edge; push a lot more gathered ruffle into the way it has been inserted into a curved, circu- lapel overlaps the collar.
Collars: Silhouetting the Neck
~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~
WITH INTERFACING
I
The collar stitched to the warm winter jacket STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . . . . my collar is too tight around the
in Figure 11.15d is a roll-over collar that has . .. my collar shape is uneven and not a neckline and it won't button up?
been cut wider and then padded with light- mirror image on both sides of the collar? Carefully take the collar off the neckline.
weight polyester fiber, which does not add If the collar is already stitched to the neckline, Recut the garment neckline lower all the way
weight. (It is the same fiber used to stuff toys carefully take off the larger side of the collar; around the neck edge. Cutting the neckline !h
and cushions.) The final weight of a coat is press it flat, and trim and restitch the collar to inch lower all the way around could add an-
important because a coat or jacket that is too mirror the smaller shape on the other side. Then other inch more in length. The neckline could
heavy to carry or wear is not functional and stitch the collar back onto the neckline. also be lowered in the front only. Measure the
may prevent a garment from selling. new neck measurement and make a new collar
...,.... , , . I----
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i . . :
...
.
.,
..
rofessional Sewing Techniqres for Designers
~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~
IMPORTAMT
It's important te meke all adjustments in
small incrementsto besin with, as tekinga
huge chunk from the shoulder seams would
throw the fit of the nerklinc off.
options with your instructor. If it is possible, Do the seams look bulky because they were Do I understand that all collars need a
do some sketches so you have plenty of ideas not graded to reduce bulk? collar stand to be a collar? Do I understand
to choose from. The important thing is that Does the collar fit comfortably around the that collar stands can be different heights?
the new collar design you choose mtlst be the neck, not feeling too tight? Do you think you Do I understand the importance of begin-
same neck measurement as the garment neck- have combined function and fashion together ning with correct patterns, with both the
line. Make a muslin first to see if you like the with the collar design and fit? garment and collar necklines the same
shape and size of the new collar. Then off you Does the collar seamline roll slightly back length and notched so they can be accu-
go to stitch your new collar and apply it to the to the under collar, or does it show? Did you rately stitched together?
neckline. use upper and under collar pattern pieces? Do I understand that correct patterns set me
Is the topstitching on the collar parallel to up to achieve correct stitching?
SELF-CRITIQUE the collar seamline? Do I understand that the stabilizer needs to
This is the time to stand back and take a detailed When you stand back and view the overall be a lighter weight when it is applied to both
look at your collar. Ask yourself the question: garment, does the collar blend with the over- sides of the collar?
"Am I happy with the way my collar sits when I all design or does bad collar stitching detract Do I understand the importance of having
place my garment on the form?" from the overall design? upper and under collars, and do I understand
Ask yourself the following questions to cri- Did you stitch enough samples to make an the difference they make?
tique your collar: informed decision regarding the best stabi- Do I understand that staystitching prevents
lizer and seam finish for the collar? the neckline from stretching in the stitching
Does the collar sit well on the form; does the process?
collar stand up, sit flat, or roll over as you In what ways can I improve on my collar
would like it to? stitching in the future?
Does the stabilizer hold the collar to the Do I understand the three types of collars:
desired structure? sit-flat, stand-up, and roll-over?
Facings: Enca
acings, when properly sewn, will professionallyfinish the raw edges on necklines with or KEY TERMS
Fwithout collars, the center fronts of jackets, blouses, and sleeveless garments. Hemlines All-in-one
on a wrist cuff, a skirt, or pants can also be finished and supported by a facing. Specially All-in-one Facing
shaped edges provide an exciting area for design-for example, scallops, which can only be Armhole Facing
finished by using a facing. Bands
Bias Facing
Facings are both decorative and functional of facings and by the end of this chapter you concealed-placket
and fir into three general categories: shaped, will know how these techniques are stitched. Cowl
exrendedlself, and bias. In this chapter, we de- The Style I.D. has examples of commonly Decorative Facing
velop the techniques for applying facings with faced areas, as shown in the "Little Black Dress," Extended/Self-Facing
correct interfacing support and finishing meth- and is a suggestion of basic styles (Figure 12.1). Functional Facing
ods, ensuring that the inside of the facing is as Keyhole Facing
beautifully encased and finished as the outside GATHER YOUR TOOLS Narrow Bias Facing
of the garment. For the techniques in this chapter you will need Neckline Facing
interfacing, marking pen, dressmaker transfer Placket
STYLE I.D. paper, tracing wheel, scissors, rotary cutter and Shaped Facing
Here are some neckline styles that illustrate mat, appropriate needle and thread, cording for Slashed Facing
what this chapter is about. Look at the variation vi Waistline Facing
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~~ ~~ ~~~- ~~~~ , . . . .. ... . ~ . .
Think Ahead-Order Now the front of the garment. A facing should not be seamline. The weight, bulk, and texture of the
Oftentimes chain fabric stores do not have an ex- visible on the correct side of the garment. fabric for the decorative facing should be con-
tensive selection of interfacing, stabilizers, silk Facings are used in areas such as necklines, sidered when determining how much larger to
organza, knit ribbing, or piping and trims. Once armholes of sleeveless dresses, and openings at make the facing. Excellent trimming and grad-
you decide what type of facing is part of the de- the garment front or back. Hems can also be ing of the seam allowances also contribute to
sign, purchase the appropriate supplies, selecting faced, and need to be in the case of an unusual the flat turning of the decorative facing.
the correct fabric, and order as soon as possible. shape. Refer to Chapter 15, Figure 15.la, a coat- All facings should have beautifully finished
Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabiliz- dress with a shaped hem. edges when not attached to a lining. The edge
ers," for a list of fusible and sew-in options and Facings also provide support for the area finishes should contribute to the flatness of the
the "Where to Buy" section of this text. being finished, and choosing the appropriate facing. Several choices to consider are zigzag
stabilizer for the fabric and the -garment area stitched, serged, clean finished, or a Hong
0 being faced is of the utmost importance. Refer Kong finish, or using the interfacing to "face"
Be re applying facings, all flat construction that to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers." The the facing. Sample these types of finishes in the
n be completed should be: facing should lie flat; a bulky, rippling edge is fabric of the garment to determine which is the
Darts should be sewn and pressed, and zipper not attractive! most suitable. Refer to Chapter 6 , "Seams," for
application and pockets completed. Several steps contribute to the success of a additional information.
If collars, ruffles, or other trims are part of facing: grading the seam allowance to reduce
the design, they should be basted in place in bulk; clipping into curves; trimming away
NOTE
the seam before the facing is positioned and excess seam allowance; and, very important,
When pressing, a ridge sometimes occurs on
stitched. understitching the facing to the seam allowance
the front of the garment from the seam finish
Whether or not the shoulder or side seams have to prevent it from rolling to the outside of the if i t is toe bulky for the fabric, or from serger
been sewn at this stage depends on the type of garment. Design students often omit this step threads i f that is the seam finish used. Using
facing that is being applied, and should follow to save time, resulting in afacing that keeps roll- strips of brown peper bag between the facing
the steps for that particular technique. ing to the front of the garment-an unfortunate edge and the garment reducesthis effect.
If this ridge continues to appear on the gar-
detail that speaks of novice sewing skills. Don't
ment front. consider using a different edge
NOW LET'S GET STARTED worry, with practice your work will achieve finish that is flatter and smoother.
What Is a Facing? professional quality.
A facing can be both functional and decorative. A decorative facing is a piece of fabric that
A functional facing is apiece of fabric that is at- is attached to the raw edge of a garment to
tached to the raw edge of some part of a garment finish that edge, but turned to the correct side The Three Major Types of Facings: Shaped,
in order to finish that edge. It is turned to the of the garment, functioning as a trim as well ExtendedlSelf-Facing, and Bias
inside of the garment. Depending on the shape as a facing. Facings that will be turned to the What type of facing goes where? Which facing
of the area where it's applied and the weight of outside of the garment should be cut about !4 to use depends on the style and design of the
the fabric, the facing may need to be cut !4 inch inch to '/r inch larger at the outer edge of the garment, the purpose and use of the garment,
smaller or wider, to prevent it from rolling to facing to allow for the turn of the fabric at the how the garment will be cared for, the type and
Professzonnl S e w i n g Technzquer for D e r i g n e , ~
I-
12.2b), and the combination facing called all-in- cating the bias o n the pattern piece. Bias facing
BACK CUT 2
one, which is a one-piece facing for the neckline ca? be used to replace bulky fabric or fabric that
and armhole (Figure i 2 . 2 ~and d). A keyhole/ would be irritable against the skin. Using bias is
slashed neckline facing (Figure 1 2 . 2 ~has
) a slit particularly useful when working with sheers,
FRONT CUT 1 may
at thecontinue
neckline,around
often in
thea neckline
contrastiilg
to finish
color. it,
Bias
or where a wider facing would be too visible. Bias
can be applied to any edge, and the student de-
sotnetimes a collar is added. A shaped hem such signer can determiile what width best suits the
as scallops (Figure 12.2f), or any other shape, garment. Bias can become the focal point of a
would also be faced and the facing piece would garment when it is turned to the front and addi-
match the shape of the hem, such as the sleeve tional trimmings, such as raw edge trims, cord-
shown in Figure 12.3b. The waistline of skirts ing, piping, or braiding, are added. This is one
and pants can be finished with a shaped facing of Chailel's stylistic signatures.
(Figure 12.2g). A cowl is a neckline finish that is self-faced
Extendedlself-facings are facings cut in one (Figure 12.3~).It is cut on the bias and drapes
piece with the garment. The edges are cut on the back onto itself. The entire garmeut piece can be
straigllj grain, and the facing is folded back to cut on the bias, such as the fronr of a blouse, or a
the inside of the garment (Figure 12.3a). The ex- sectioil can be cut on the bias to create the cowl
tended facing could be turned to the correct side and inserted into a garment such as in a dress.
of the garment to utilize a contrasting reverse side
of the fabric; however, the stabilizer then has to Stitching the Facings
be applied to the correct side of the garmeut. It is
critical to transfer the markings and to interface Before stitching most facings to the garment, the
FRONT CUT I
appropriately for the type of closure that will facing pieces must be sewn together; appropriate
be used. Extended facings are used at fronts and stabilizer must be applied, whether it is fusible or
backs of garments. Plackets lap over each other sewn in; a n d the edges must be finished.
and are extensions of the garment that allow for Transfer all the markings to the facing pieces and
the placement of buttonholes, snaps, or other stabilizer.
weight of the garment fabric, and the coilstruc- closures (Figure 12.4a). Plackets are found on Staystitch the edge of the seam allowance that
tion methods being used. The garment dictates sleeves with cuffs and center fronts of polo-style will join the garment (Figure 12.5a). Check the
the type of facing to use: a sleeveless garment shirts or blouses. (See Chapter 13 for additional cut edge of the facing with the pattern piece
uses an all-in-one facing, whereas a garment with styles of plackets.) Jackets use concealed plackets to be sure that the edge matches the original
sleeves uses a neckline facing at the neck only. in one or two-piece styles (Figure 12.4b). measurements.
Shaped facings (Figure 12.2) match the Bias facings are flexible and easily shaped. Match the seamline notches of the facings care-
area they are being sewn to, such as necklines The bias facing can be pressed to match the fully. Smooth, continuous edges are especially
(Figure 12.2a), sleeveless armholes (Figure shape of the area it is being applied to by indi- important in the curved areas of the facing.
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edger
~-~~ ~~~ ......~ ~ .....
~ ~
.. . . . ~ ~ ~ ~
HANDBASTE'
I
12.4A TWO-PIECE 12.48 ALL.IN.
SHAPED PLACKET O N E PLACKET
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
ances to % inch (Figure 12.5a). If using a sew-in If the fabric is firmly woven but bulky,
stabilizer, carefully trim away the seam allow- simply cut the edge, and stitch a straight
ance after it has been stitched to the facing. Refer stitch % inch from the edge.
to Chapter 3. "Introduction to Stabilizers." The Edgestitching the facing edge is suitable for
method as shown in Figure 3.20 would be more lighter-weight fabrics; however, the straight
cost-effective in production. stitching of this technique is somewhat diffi-
Usinga pressing cloth, fuse the stabilizerto the cult along curved edges if not carefully sewn.
facings. If the garment is not lined, use the elegant ....
...
.
[ING\
Finish the edge of the facings with an appropriate Hong Kong finish to complete the edges of
finish (Figure 12.5b). any exposed facings or seams.
A luxurious, contrasting fabric can add a
Finishing Off Facings touch of interest to the inside of the garment
Facings finish off the edges of garments; how- when using the Hong Kong finish. (Refer to
ever, the facings themselves must also he fin- Chapter 6, "Seams," and Figures 6.33a and
ished. The garment should always look as good b. The Hong Kong finish has been used to
on the inside as it does on the outside. There finish the edges of a partially lined coat in
are many ways to finish the edges of the fac- Figures 16.25~and d.)
ings. Also refer to Chapter 6, "Seams," for fur- Bias-cut fabric does not ravel-thus no fin-
ther details. ishing is required on the edges-but it can be
edgestitched, serged, or have a Hong Kong
Edge Finishes
The garment fabric being used in the design is
finish.
Using a serger neatly cuts off the raw edges
' SERGED EDGE
the first considerationin how to finish the facing, of the facing while finishing the edge with 72.56 SERGE0 FACING WITH FINISH
followed by how it was stabilized. The goal of thread. Careful control of the facing as the
curved edges are guided under the presser Prepare the facing, sew the pieces together,
foot and blade is needed for a professional prepare the fusible interfacing, and sew the
I IMPORTANT finish. pieces together, as discussed above.
I I
Sornplr'allul the choices av.nilabl<, lor finisfl- With the correct sides together, sew the
ing t h e facing ~ e lo find l h r bcsl
d i n ~unde# %cingn the Facing with Ftlsible Interfacing fusible interfacing to the facing at the outer,
O I I ~ Lumpy. ridged facings drtt.lc1 from t h r
.
When using fusible interfacing for the facing, curved edge, using a %-inchseam allowance.
finished look of t h e Sarrnrnl.
try this method of "facing" the facing, which Sew carefully and evenly to create a smooth,
produces a smooth, flat finished edge: even edge. The bumpy (resin) side of the
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges 319
~ ~~~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . .~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
12.1 U N D E R S T I T C H I N G T H E S E A M
fusible interfacing will be faceup (Figure Securing Facings to the Garment A L L O W A N C E S TO THE FACING
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Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
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/:.
;
Shoulder or side seam stitching-in-the-ditch cut on the same grain. The width of the facing 12.9 S E W I N G T H E F A C I N G T O T H E N E C K L I N E
$:
:
....
$1.
.,,
2:
. requires that the facing and the garment line up
exactly at the seam. If they don't, because of in-
is determined by the type of o&ning or edge
of the garment, usually 2 inches wide plus seam "'"\\ "",
CENTERED TIPPER
GRADE
.: accurate sewing, using this method will result allowances, but this can vary depending on the
+.
,g: in twisted facings with unattractive pull lines garment and fabric. On very narrow shoulder
r'8;. on the front of the garment. straps, an all-in-one facing can be as small as %
jj:;
$,' inch. The student designer can best determine
12: the facing to the garment by stitching the width that is needed to support the area being
$3::;
. y machine, through both at the seamlines faced, remembering that the facing is meant to
>r,; 3
:I).,
$:' (Figure 12.8). be invisible when turned to the inside of the gar-
:
, .
Ij The stitching must be done exactly in the front ment. A decorative facing can be of any size or
":
:>
.\:
1 seamline if this method is to be invisible. shape when turned to the outside of the garment,
INTERFACED FACING
b: : becoming an important design element.
$<
:ii. $
SHAPED FACINGS The facing pieces can be cut from the gar- Understitch the seam allowances to the facing.
(1%'
r..
$.'
< The facing that finishes the edges of garments ment fabric, depending on the weight of the Turn the facing to the inside of the garment;
8 ,,
$$.., must match the shape of the area of the gar- fabric, or from lining fabric. press.
::
I)..
I,..,
ment to which it is being stitched and also be Turn under and slipstitch the center-back
,!?, ,
Stitching the Facing to the Neckline
,
.I.:.
, edges of the facing to the zipper tape (see
(., 8
:I::
:!:I MACHINE STITCHING
When the facing is finishing the edge of a skirt, figure 12.14d).
(I...
-E-DITCH "*DERsTITC"I*G pants, dress, or jacket, the zipper is usually in- Secure the facing edges at the shoulder seams
;:!:
,?'
., stalled before the facing is applied (Figure 12.9). with whipstitch or stitch-in-the-ditch.
2;t::,::
$,> With the correct sides together, match the Stitching the Facing to the Armhole
v:.;
$ii notches of the facing to the neckline and the The shoulder seams of the garment are stitched
4: shoulder seams; pin.
x,:, before the armhole facings are applied. The
)I:.;
%I;:
*:; Stitch the facing to the neckline. steps are the same as those listed above, except:
.
r
$'.i.; Press the seam allowance, melding the
::,:
t:.- stitches. The facing can be sewn in the flat method
9':
,':,
\:
,,,'
. Trim and grade the seam allowance, leaving of construction; that is, the side seam is left
k''
$2 the edge next to the garment the longest. nnstitched and the facing is stitched to the
:jl)
';;i' Clip into the curved areas up to !h inch from garment while the side seams are still open
1: : the seamline, allowing the curved areas to
':' (Figure 12.10a).
?<+:,
", spread when the facing is turned. After the facing has been stitched, the side
Ei>::::
r ; . Trim diagonally across any corners in the seams and the facing are stitched in one con-
$;
, ., ,
12.8 STITCHING-IN-THE-DITCH seam allowance to reduce bulk. tinuous seam (Figure 12.10b).
S!;
f?
v ,,
*:<.
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges
FACING
A UNDERSTITCHED,
Z2.10C S T I T C H I N G THE
A R M H O L E IN-THE-
ROUND
Or, the garment and the facings are bot~x It's usually used for sundresses or other sleeve-
stitched at the shoulder and side seams less, low-cut garments and may be used for high
(Figure 12.10~)and the facing is stitched to necklines as well. This facing is turned to the
the garment in-the-round (Figure 12.lOd). inside of the garment by pulling it through the
shoulder seams, which are left unstitched for
All-in-One-Facing or Combination Facing this purpose.
This facing is used to finish the neckline and
,/?.
armhole edges at the same time. The all-in- i A 1 interfacing to facing (Figure 12.11b).
,+?P
one facing is used in areas of garments where titch the underarm seams of the garment.
12.100 A R M H O L E
separate facings would overlap and be bulky. Press open (Figure 12.11a). F A C I N G STITCHED.
TRIMMED
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g Techniqlces f o r D e s i g n e r s
INVISIBLE
ZIPPER
\
\
CUT OFF
A
IIVISISLI
- \
I
, ~ * ,.
- ~ \
.
~
~
~
, ~"
~.
gg
'i,
DART STITCHED
\
SLIPSTITCH
ERSTITCHING
12.148 M A C H I N E -
STITCHED TWILL
I
TAPE 12.14D F A C I N G
S L I P S T I T C H E D TO
Z I P P E R TAPE
Decorative Shaped Facings Turned on denim. It can be made from faux fur, the re- ances, especially with fabrics that are of a
to the Outside verse side of the garment fabric-the list is end- different weight or texture than the garment.
Facings turned to the outside of the garment less. The steps used to apply the shaped facing When using a heavier fabric than the gar-
still function as facings; however, this technique to the outside of the garment are the same as ment itself, the type of interfacing being
provides the designer with a multitude of deco- those listed above, but keep in mind that they are used to support this area needs to be consid-
rative opportunities. When used in this manner, stitched the opposite way. ered. Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction to
the facing becomes an important design element, Stabilizers."
limited only by the designer's imagination. A A facing turned to the outside of the garment The edges of the facing are finished and
decorative facing can be made from contrasting should be cut slightly larger (!! to '/I inch) stitched to the garment.
fabric, such as suede or leather on tweed, or satin to allow for turning it over the seam allow- The facing area provides endless opportunities
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges
for embellishment such as piping, braid, trim, and button typically close this opening. The de- Slashed Facing
ruffles, and more. signer can place a keyhole opening on the front A slashed facing is a finished opening in a gar-
* The shape of the facing can mimic an element or back of a garment. Keyhole openings are ment section that can be functional, decorative,
of the fabric if it is a print, or it can introduce sometimes used decoratively on sleeves as well. or both. When the facing is turned to the inside
another shape that becomes the focal point of of the garment, it is functional. When the facing
the garment.
I
~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V
f o r the slashed opening above.
NOTE Turn the facing t o the correct side of the gar-
Taking two stitches across the bottom of the ment and understitch as far as possible; press.
slash point helps to turn a crisp point and Edgestitch the pressed outside edge o f the
keep the facing flat below the point.
facing t o the garment (Figure 12.17), using a
matching o r contrasting thread. 1 2 . l h B FACING SLASHED. TURNED
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges
..........~.~~ ~ ~~~....
.;'
.*:ls>
: .<
<.?.
.
-
:;>
~- =-??
. . ~ , ,
~
NOTE
Do not press the foldline of the facing until s T m H FC~(~G TO IECKLIWE.
CUP 8 U I D E W I r C N
after i t has been stitched to thegarment.
garment.
Turn and press the fold at the center front edge
(Figure 12.19b). MACHI"E.MAD
BUTTONHOLES
Baste the concealed placket down the middle of
the facing; machine stitch through all layers (see
Figure 12.1gb). which secures the facing and hem.
Press the facing section with buttonholes over
to the center front.
Invisibly slipstitch the facing edges to the neck-
line (see Figure 12.1gb).
Hand tack the sections of the facing at the but-
tonholes to the garment front to reduce stress
and keep the facing flat.
EXTENDEDISELF-FACING
An extendedhelf-facing i s c u t in one piece
with the garment a n d folded back t o create t h e
facing. I t is used instead o f a seam f o r edges c u t
on t h e straight-of-grain. T h e foldline reduces
bulk a t the center f r o n t o r back. T h i s t y p e o f / I
CLIP HEM UPTO FACII6
FINISHED ED61
facing i s f o u n d o n blouses, jackets, a n d gar-
ments w i t h o u t collars. Attach additional facingsections such as the back
IMPORTANT
neck facing before stitchingthe facing to the garment.
Crisp edges. sufficient support, and flat,
Clean finish or serge the facing edges.
smooth facings are details that strongly
tabilize the facing area o f the garment (Figure Bound buttonholes should be stitched i n the
contribute to the success of a garment. Refer
front of the garment before the facing is turned to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabilizers," to
Transfer the markings at the center-front or -back back. Machine-made buttonholes are stitched determine the correct weight and support for
foldlines. afterthe facing is i n place. the facing. Sample first!
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .
. .......
. .......
Two-Piece F a c i n g
IMPORTANT The facing is constructed in separate pieces when:
Sloppiness i n seaming an extended facing
i s very noticeeble on the outside of the gar. The fabric yardage is more economical in
ment; it is r o s y t o see i f one neckline edge production.
i s longer than the other. 71ko time to be
A contrasting fabric will be used as a design
EXTENDED accurate.
FACING
detail or some type of trim or piping will
I be sewn to the garment edges. In each case,
Before clippingthe neckline corner, turn the separate facing pieces would need to be
.INTERFACING
facing to the wrong side ofthe garment and drafted for the center-front and center-back
check that the front edges are exactly the same neck facings.
length from the top corner edge to the bottom The facings are turned to the front as a deco-
edge (Figure 12.2ob). rative detail, such as using a contrasting
Check that the distance from the shoulder seam color or texture of fabric. Additional
I H to the front corner point is the same on both trims or piping can also be added to the
12.20A STABILIZING A i FACING
sides (see Figure 12.20b). edges.
Turn the facingto the correct side of the garment
CENTERS ARE SAME LFNBTH
along the foldline. Garments with collars, and tailored jacket fac-
SIIOULDERSWMS \ Stitch the neck seamline, trim the corners, grade ings with notched collars, are covered in detail
U M L LLWWH
\ \ / =ORNERS
the seam allowances, and clip along the curves. in Chapter 11, "Collars."
Understitch the seam allowances to the shaped
back neckline facing between the shoulder
seams and as far toward the center front as the
presser foot will fit (Figure 12.7). NOTE
Press; considertopstitchingthe edges in match- Bound buttonholes must be completed before
ing or contrastingthread. the facing i s applied. To create a functional
buttonhole opening i n the facing, a small
Two-Piece Facing for Garment windowwithin the facing is created that
i s durable, flat, and smooth. The shape of
without a Collar
this window is determined by the size of the
A garment without a collar can be faced in sev- buttonhole, and the typeof button that w i l l
eral ways. An extendedkelf-facing can be used 01 be put through the buttonhole. Bound but-
a separate two-piece facing can be constructed. tonholes are covered i n detail i n Chapter 17.
Each method uses the original pattern piece ta "Closures" (Figure 17.13).
Constructing a separate cowl stay controls Bias stretches as it relaxes, and the amount of
- the drape of the front of the garment at the stretch varies with the choice ofthe fabric; after
Ing edge neckline. A cowl stay looks like a facing but is cutting. compare the fabric pieces with the pat-
is important to the way the cowl will drape. applied to the wrong side of the garment simi- tern pieces (Figure 12.21).
Although bias-cut fabric does not ravel, an un- r to an underlining. Because of the time and If addinga stay, stitch the stay to the front and
finished edge may not look good in compari-
)st of the extra fabric used to construct the backof the garment pieces.
son with the rest of the garment finishing. A
fine, narrow edge, finished by hand or by ma-
ay, it is used in higher-quality garments. As Finish the edge of the cowl facing before con-
chine, works best. This can be accomplished substitute, a drapery weight or a bead can be structing the garment.
usinga hand-stitched narrow hem (see Figure tached at the point of the cowl facing to facili- Baste the folds that create the cowl to avoid the
15.19) or a serged rolled hem. te the drape, particularly at a neckline. Soft, folds slipping when stitching.
, ._osely woven fabrics such as crepe, silk, gauze, Stitch the shoulder seams, clipping to the
rayon, satin, and some knits work best for this matchpoint to allow front shoulderto pivot when
Cowl Necklinc application. stitching (Figure 12.3~).Press seams open and
Cowls are folds created by allowing fabric to hand stitch to shoulder seams.
fall at desired depths. The decision of how much
drape, how deep the folds are, is made at the pat- ,#
15.
Establish the true bias on the fabric and mark the BANDS
Bands are used as a finish for the edge of gar-
tern drafting stage and is entirely up to the de-
signer. The amount of drape is further influenced .
W l d with chalkora thread line.
To prevent the fabric from slipping as the pattern ment sections, as an extension of a garment edge
such as on a hemline of jacket, blouse, sleeve,
by the fabric being used. Cowls are in between is traced and cut, pin it to tissue paper or
two categories: bias, because they must be cut on pattern paper. Refer to Chapter 2, "Getting Pre- skirt, or pants, or applied as decoration on the
the true bias in order to drape properly, and ex- pared," and Figure 2.19 for another view of this face of a garment. Bands can be constructed from
tended facings, because the facing is cut in one method. woven fabrics on the straight grain or bias, from
with the cowl. Place the pattern onto the fabric and transfer grosgrain ribbon and nonwoven materials such
A cowl can appear in many places within
a garment; typically, it falls from the shoulder
at the neckline, an armhole, or from the waist
. markings and matchpoints (Figure 12.21).
Mark the foldline of the cowl facing with hand-
basting, as shown in Figure 12.3~.
as leather and Ultrasuede. Knit-ribbed bands
purchased by the yard, in prepackaged amounts,
tubular knits cut to a specific width, or knit
of dresses, gowns, blouses, pants, jackets, and Add a I-inch seam allowance to allow for yardage can be used to finish necklines, arm-
coats. Cowls are most often cut in one with the adjustments. holes, sleeves, and waistlines on knit or woven
garment; however, they can be cut separately as garments. Knit bands are stretched to match the
a fabric-saving decision and set into an area o garment edge during application. Knit bands can
the garment. Although placing a seam in thi be both adecorative detail and a functional detail
area of drape may seem stiff, remember this i Bias i s an advanced technique. I f this skill whenused, for example, in a windbreaker cuff at-
a fabric-driven decision. Refer to Chapter 6 has not been mastered, save this technique tached to a sleeve. The width of the band is deter-
"Seams," for details on stitching a bias seam a1 for later design work. mined by its location on the garment, the overall
lowance to a straight grain seam allowam garment style, and the designer's preference.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.. . ....~ .. ~ ~ .. -
, Determine the type of stabilizer that will Stitch the band hem, turn, and press (Figure
' best support the band and funktion. 12.22~).
Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Pin the basted edge of the band overthe seam
Stabilizers." line; baste (Figure 12.22~).
Without stabilizing, the bands of woven Edgestitch close to both the inner and outer
fabric will appear limp and detract from the edges of the band (see Figure 12.22~).
finished look. However, a stabilizer is not
needed for knit bands because they need to Stitch-in-the-Ditch One-Piece Band
be able to stretch. h
Additional trims or piping added to the band /i P /;e the correct sides of the band and garment
should be basted to the band before applica-
tion to the garment.
4 abric together, leaving the underside of the
band approximately '/a inch longer on the
underside ofthe band; serge finish (Figure
Shaped Edge-Stitched Two-Piece Band 12.23).
Bands placed at curved neck areas are sewn from Pin the stabilized side of the band to the
two pieces (Figure 12.22a). The front neckline garment.
L' LIMGTHWISLG~UII
band/front edge band and the shaped backneck
band are stitched together at the shoulder seam
before stitching it to the garment.
Stitch; turn the band to the inside ofthe garment
and press.
From the correct side of the garment, stitch-in-
the-ditch next to the pressed seamline ofthe
band as closely as possible (Figure 12.23).
72.21 CUTTIUGTHE BIAS COWL
-%
Press under
upper band section.
inch on the outer edge of the
Stop often, with the needle down in the fabric,
to check that all layers are being caught i n the
upper band section; baste. stitching.
Bands can be applied using topstitching, With the correct sides together, pin the front
edgestitching, or stitching-in-the-ditch. The band to the back neck band section and stitch Leather and Ultrasuede Bands
first step is to determine the desired width of (Figure 12.22b). Leather and Ultrasuede need no additional
the band. Trim, clip, and press the seam allowances (see finishing to be applied to the edges of gar-
Figure 12.22b). ments. Both materials are suitable for shaped or
The location of the band on the garment Turn the band to the correct side; press. straight-cut bands.
suggests the appropriate width. For example, Turn the garment hem back and stitch.
a band might be 4 inches wide on the wrist, Pin the wrong side of the band section to the cor- Determine the width of the trim to be used
but 1%inches on a neckline or center front. rect side of the garment. on the garment.
The type of closure at the center front or center Stitch the seam and trim. If using leather or Ultrasuede, use a ruler and
back will also determine the width needed. Press the seam allowance toward the band. rotary cutter to cleanly and evenly cut the
Facings: Encasing Unfinished Edges
12.22A F R O N T S H A P E D
TRIMMING
SAND
/"
BAND, BACK NECK F A C I N G
STITCHINO-IN-THE-DITCH
12.22C P I N N I N G &ND E D G E S T I T C H I N G
THE S H A P E D B A N D
strips, which can be folded in half, or applied Slide the garment edge into the band.
as two separate pieces. Sample pinning the bands on a scrap of
Refer to Chapter 3, "Introduction to Stabiliz- leather or Ultrasuede; if holes are made,
.
ers." for the aa~. ~ r o ~ r istabilizer
ate for leather.
Apply the stabilizer to the wrong side of one
secure in place using a temporary adhesive
tape (Figure 12.24b).
band (Figure 12.24a). Edgestitch slowly and carefully to avoid pleat-
With the wrong- sides together,
- sew the edges ing or tucking of the band.
12.23 STITCH-IN-THE-DITCH BAND together along one side to create the band
(see Figure 12.24a).
Professional S e w i n g Techniqwes for D e s i g n e r s
... ~..........................................~.~~~~~~
12.24A STABILIZED LEATHER finished width is typical for a mock turtleneck. Divide the circle of ribbing into fourths and pin-
BAND, STITCHED
This is the designer's decision. Todetermine the ?ark the quarter divisions (see Figure 12.25b).
length of ribbing to cut for the neckline: The seamline becomes the center back.
- ,
e * The shoulder seams for the front and back
should be sewn together. Fold the garment in
Divide the garment edge into fourths and pin-
mark the divisions.
Match the ribbing and garment pin-marks to-
half. gether; pin (Figure 12.25~).
Measure the neckline along the seamline, Stitch the ribbingto the garment edge (with a
standing the tape on its side for accuracy. stretch stitch) with the ribbingfaceup, stretching
Double this amount for the total neck edge the ribbing to match the quarter divisions (see
measurement. Figure 12.25~).
The length of the ribbing for a crew neck or Press the seam allowances toward the garment.
mock turtleneck should be two-thirds of the
garment neck seamline plus % inch for seam F i n i s h t h e Stitched Ribbing E d g e
allowance. To finish the stitched ribbing edge, try one ot
-C
To determine two-thirds of the neck mea- the follow in^:
"
surement, divide the total neck measurement
HIMTURNED B ~ C K
by 3 and then multiply the answer by 2. Cut Serge the ribbing and seam allowance to-
12.248 LEATHER BAND the band in paper and fold into three equal gether carefully; avoid catching the garment
POSITIONED ON THE
G A R M E N T EDGE, parts. Example: using a 21-inch neck mea- into the serging.
STITCHED
surement, 21 2 3 = 7. Next, 7 x 2 = 14, + % Double stitch by sewing a second row of
inch for seam allowance. The total length of stitching '/s inch from the previous stitching,
the ribbing would be 14%inches. stretching all layers while sewing.
Topstitch with a twin needle straddling the
Apply t h e Ribbing t o t h e G a r m e n t Edge
. seam allowance, and stretch in^ all layers
while sewing.
Rib Knit Bands at Necklines and Armholes - -
allowanceatthe earment edee isx/.
,.
Knit bands applied to the neckline or armhole h BIAS FACING
are strips of ribbing cut slightly less in length
than the neckline or armhole itself. Check the re-
.
I c h .
Sew the ends of the ribbingtogether, using a
./,-inch seam allowance, forming a circle (Figure
Narrow bias facings are excellent for use in
curved areas in place of shaped facings. They are
covery of the rib knit; after stretching, it should 12.zga). usually narrower than the traditional facings and
return to its original length. The best rib knits to Finger-press the seam allowance open, and with are inconspicuous on sheer fabrics. Bias used as
use for curved areas are those with 50 to 100 per- wrong sides together, fold the ribbing i n half a facing is both functional and decorative. In its
cent stretch. A 1-inch-widefinishedrib knit band lengthwise, matching the cut edges together functional purpose, it encases and finishes raw
is typical for a crew neckline, while a 2%-inch (Figure 12.25b). edges, stretching to fit the area it is being sewn
Facings: Encasing Unfinished Edges
to, such as curves at a neckline or armhole. As garment edge, and another % inch to turn
NOTE a decorative technique, bias can provide a con- under the raw edge; 1 + % + % = 1%-
The ribbing band seam matched to another trasting edge finish as a binding or Hong Kong inch-wide bias strip. This is a good width to
seam is more aesthetically pleasing. finish, be manipulated as a surface embellish- use, but the key to successful bias trim is to
ment, as well as become piping, cording, or raw sample!
edge ruffles. Bias-cut fabric does not ravel and The width is up to the designer to deter-
can reduce bulk and eliminate the need for edge mine in conjunction with the fabric choice,
finishes. A bias facing can be finished by hand but cutting 2-inch-wide bias strips allows a
sewing, topstitching, or stitching-in-the-ditch. little bit of extra fabric when working with
Bias strips cut from the garment fabric provide slippery or difficult fabrics, and allows for
an exact match, ensuring that the bias facing will turning the facing edge to the inside.
not be noticeable. There are other advantages to Determine the total length of the bias needed
making bias strips from the garment fabric: the for the facings, which should equal the length
designer determines the width of the bias strip; of the edge to be faced, plus 2 inches for fin-
only a small amount of the garment fabric is re- ishing off the ends.
\OPEN SEAM
>.251\ S T I T C H I N G T H E R I B B I N G INTO A C I R C L E quired to make a generous amount of bias yard- Example: the total of the armhole opening
age; and any yardage not used for the current from side seam around to side seam is 17%
SEAM
design can be utilized in later designs. Bias strips inches plus 2 inches for finishing; 17%+ 2 -
can be cut and sewn together individually or they 19%inches.
can be configured to be continuous strips. Always try to use a piece of fabric large
enough to cut the bias strips in one length.
Making the Bias Strips for Facings However, some piecing of strips may be
A bias facing must always be cut on the true necessary when using a smaller piece of
12.258 L E N G T H W I S E FOLD O F R I B B I N G
bias. A true bias is the 45-degree angle of a fabric.
square. Refer to Chapter 2, "Getting Prepared"
and Figure 2.2. Even though cutting fabric on There are two methods of creating bias strips:
the "near bias" would save fabric, never do this the cut-and-piece method and the continuous-
because the bias facing will not lie flat. strip method. The cut-and-piece method is best
i., EDGETO ESTABLISH TBUE flounce is placed against the wrong side of the gar- Figure 12.27~).
+::. PsESSAMO CUTOFF
ment and handbasted. The bias facing is stitched Understitch the biasstrip to the seam allowance;
I$:.'
*: Using half yard of 45 inch wide fabric deter- over the raw edges of the neckline and then turned press the seam allowance toward the bias facing.
:y!
><: mine the true bias, as previously described. to the correct side and edgestitched (Figure This creates a sharp line to turn the bias facing
!> ,, ,
31,:
?
.
::I..
Cut off the triangle formed at the side. 12.2713). When the flounce is turned to the cor- into the garment.
.,:
,!'
Measure and mark the cutting lines the total rect side of the garment, the edgestitching remains Turn the bias to the inside of thegarment.
::: desired width.
,,.
,:' unseen under the flounce. Refer to Chapter 11, In production, the bias facing strip is machine
,>,:
i. Trim off the triangle left at the other end, "CollarsP for directions on how to finish the neck- edgestitched, creatinga topstitched lookon the
I!
/.<.
::i:. making another true bias cut edge. line for a collar using bias strips (see Figure 11.5f). front of the garment (Figure 12.27d).
,Fa
(.:
1:.
Pin baste the lengthwise ends (straight grain- To stitch bias facings to an angled edge, miter the Because bias does not ravel, a seam edge finish
::;' line) correct sides together, letting one width corners as discussed in Chapter 15, Figure 15.23. is not necessary. However, the edge is often
:1;
,,! ,
::: of bias extend over at the end (see Figure In Figures 12.27~and d the bias is applied to a finished with serging, orturned under and then
;$ ::
12.26). plain round neckline. edgestitched.
jj j j
;ijl Match corresponding cutting lines, being
,\
!,.'I
3:;: careful to place a pin at each of these points
:.I Finish the Bias Facings
,.,.I
>!9!
y,.;. exactly. / With the wrong sides together, press the bias To complete the facings, consider one of the
41'. Stitch a %-inchseam, creating a continuous \/binding
b,)'. i n half lengthwise. following finishes:
+:x,.:
$:.:!' round of bias fabric. Open the strip, and fold each lengthwise edge to
$$,
$. .' If the tube of bias is very narrow, press the form seam allowances, leaving one edge about Clean finish the edge of the facing and
b@:
$?!b,. seam open using a sleeve board. %inch longerthan the other. stitch-in-the-ditch (Figure 12.8) at the seam-
id:
q;>.
Q:,
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Facings: Encasing Unfinished Edges
12.27A R U F F L E H A N D B A S T E D TO N E C K L I N E
,BIAS FACING
12.27C T D P S T l l C H I N G T H E B I A S 12.27D S E W I N G . T R I M M I N G . A N D C L I P P I N G T H E B I A S F A C I N G
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
12.28A S I N G L E B I A S BINDING
- -
e
lines t o h o l d the facings t o the inside o f the the face o f t h e garment appears as t w o r o w s
A A
\
garment. o f stitching, w h i l e the. bobbin side produces a
SlNGLE BIAS BlWDlWG
U s e a decorative machine stitch t h r o u g h the
facing a n d garment layers t o secure the facing
zigzag stitch. C a r e f u l l y match t h e b o b b i n thread
t o m a k e this stitching less visible. / ,HANDBASTING
t o the earment.
u
I- I
to check that both sides ofthe bias binding are 12.286 DOUBLE B I A S OR FRENCH BINDING
IMPORTANT
being caught i n the machine stitching.
Always create a sample of the bias binding
Place the binding on the correct side ofthe gar-
on the fabric being used. Before cutting large
amounts of bias, use a small piece of bias Double Bias Binding (French Binding) ment with the unfinished edges parallel to the
todetermine if the width you plan to use for D o u b l e bias bindingor, as it i s sometimes called, edge ofthe garment (Figure iz.zBb).
bias w i l l be wide enough to cover the edges. French binding, i s a g o o d f i n i s h f o r sheer o r Stitch the edges in a narrow seam allowance this
Keep in mind that the width of the seam al- width, the finished binding width.
transparent fabrics.
lowance determines the iinished width of the
Turn the folded edge of the binding to the inside
bias binding. This is particularly important
i f the fabric is limited. On bulky fabrics, the
width of the bias may need to be increased ?
h . . . .
Cut a true blas blndlng 1%-lnch wlde and the
of the garment.
Invisibly hand stitch the folded edge to the seam
in order to lie flat; on sheer or fine fabrics, i t d e s i r e d length. allowance stitching (see Figure 12.28b).
may need to be narrower. Fold the bias binding in half lengthwise and baste This same method can also be used with a single
or press the folded edges. layer of bias.
Facings: Encasing Unfinished Edges
Finish Binding Ends a t a n Opening HOW TO JOIN THE FACING Using Two Strips of Bias-Cut Fabric
To finish the ends of the binding, follow these TO THE LINING Heavier-weight fabrics such as wool, linen,
steps: The facing can be attached to a lining with ma- tweed, or boucle benefit from using two
chine stitching. Refer to Chapter 16, Figure strips of bias-cut fabric.
Always allow extra length for the binding at 16.12, for detailed instructions and follow the Hem the garment, unless the raw edge is
a garment edge. stitching order. also treated with bias strips. When turning a
Stop handbasting the binding in place ap- corner, be sure to miter the corner as shown
proximately 2 inches from the garment OTHER EDGE FINISHES in Figure 15.23.
opening. Raw Edge Cut the strips from matching or contrasting
Unfold the binding, and place the correct Deconstructed edges are another way to finish fabric 1 inch or wider.
sides together. the edge of a garment. Although they may look Allow twice as much length as needed.
Stitch a seam in the ends of the binding at a unplanned, in order to provide support for the Place the garment between the bias cut strips.
point '/16 inch from the edge of the garment edge, they must be well thought out. Stitch two rows of stitching '/s inch apart,
(Figure 12.29). down the middle of the strips, making sure to
Trim the binding seam allowance to '/I inch. Sample-unless using bias-cut fabric, raw stitch through all three layers (Figure 12.30).
-
Turn the binding right side out, and refold edges can look messy in fabrics such as poly- Brush or comb through the fibers to fray the
the binding. ester, which is nearly impossible to unravel edges.
Finish basting before machine stitching-in- nicely, as the grain changes direction across
the-ditch. the shaped garment edge. Straight grain un- STITCHING FACINGS
ravels nicely. IN TRICKY FABRICS
-
SIDESTOO~HER
-
v,
FOLD BACK RIGHT
A row of straight stitching sewn close to the
edge reinforces the area and prevents the
fabric from continuing to unravel.
Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns,
and Repeat Patterns
D o place the facing pattern pieces on the fabric
Do use bias bindings as an edge finish for stitched, the facing rolls out to the front of the
sheers. gafiment, or the stitching is visible and mars
Do use a self-fabric double fold, turned-back the surface of the garment.
C
facing at the center frontlcenter back of a sheer Do sample, and then choose the most unob-
MOLD BIASARO~ND garment. trusive facing for the area of the garment that
CORNERS OR PLEAT
Do sample the type of closure for the garment will support the area while remaining flat and
on this double fold facing before proceeding smooth.
with the garment. Do place strips of brown paper bag under the
Do try additional stabilizing for this facing edge of the facing to avoid leaving press marks
such as silk organza; several layers can be used on the correct side of the garment.
to provide more structure; refer to Chapter 3, Do use a Seams Great Hong Kong finish as an
"Introduction to Stabilizers." edge treatment on satin facings if they will be
Don't use a stabilizer that changes the hand of visible when the garment is complete.
the sheer fabric. Don't hand stitch the facings to the garment,
unless it's at the seams only.
Lace . Don't press satin directly on its surface.
Do use narrow bias facings on lace.
Do use a scalloped appliqut edge finish, as out- Beaded Fabric
lined in Chapter 6, Figure 6.48b. Do remove the beading from the seam allow-
Do use piping, inserted between the garment ances in order to stitch the garment sections
edge and the facing, to provide additional sup- together.
port to fragile lace garment edges. D o cut facings from fabric such as silk organza
Don't use wide, shaped facings cut from the or silk charmeuse in a matching or contrasting
lace, which is bulky. color if the beaded garment is a firmly woven
1 2 . 3 0 DOUBLE B I A S S T R I P S T I T C H E D TO T H E R A W
EDGE O F T H E GARMENT fabric.
Satln D o underline sheer beaded fabrics (refer to
Sheer Fabric One wrong choice in stabilizer or interfac- Chapter 3, Figure 3.16) to support the weight
Do use a narrow, lightweight facing when ing for the facing can ruin the entire look of of the embellishment.
sewing fabrics with a soft hand or drape, such a satin garment. If it is too stiff, the facing Do line edge-to-edge, eliminating the need for
as chiffon or silk. Otherwise, the facing may sticks out under the garment, creating odd, facings.
shadow from the correct side. The facing must angular pulls of fabric. If it is too soft, the Do use narrow piping between the facing and
be perfectly parallel to the edge to look good. area being faced collapses from the weight of garment edges to provide additional support.
Do use bias facings as an elegant, functional the garment fabric. If the facing is not appro- Don't use the beaded fabric itself as facing.
way to finish the edges. priately attached to the garment and under-
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges ,, . , .
Do sample several interfacings and stabiliz- trace around the edge of a motif and use that . . . pleating and puckers occurred
ers with the contrasting fabric to provide the design line as the edge of the facing in a solid, when I applied bias bindings, leather,
support in the facing that complements the contrasting color (Figure 12.31a). or fabric bands?
garment. The faced area is topstitched in many rows Remove the stitches in the pleated or tucked area.
Do use lining fabric to construct the facing on the correct side of the garment, highlight- You'll need to recut the binding, because the holes
if the facing isn't visible on the garment ing the shaped area (Figure 12.31b). from the needle will show once the stitches have
front. The straight or slashed keyhole neckline been removed. Reduce the pressure on the presser
Don't use the garment fabric if it's too scratchy can be changed to mimic any shape that foot, and lengthen the stitch length. Sample tem-
or bulky. highlights other design elements in a gar- porary adhesive tape to hold the binding in place
ment: curves, diamonds, triangles, and more and reduce the distortion of pinning. Leave long
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE (Figure 12.31~). threads to pull through to the back of the garment
After a designer has sewn a shaped facing Multiple rows of bias binding can be applied to hand knot. Bury the threads under the binding
successfully, the same process can be applied to garment edges or sections, highlighting by pulling them into the binding with a needle,
to the decorative facing that is turned to the or contrasting the garment fabric (Figure extending the thread, clipping it, and releasing it
outside of the garment, an area that is full of 12.31d). so that the thread goes under the binding.
possibilities. Facing can be used for entire shaped sections
The knowledge gained from cutting and of a garment that hang free from the body . . . my facings look uneven and I've already
sewing bias strips for bias facings can be of the garment (Figure 12.31e). Or, consider clipped, trimmed, and understitched?
transferred to creating bias trim, bias piping, using the facing at the shaped edge only. This problem is especially critical at center
and stitching for any garment area. fronts and center backs of garments, where it
Once a placket has been sewn to the neckline STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . is very noticeable if the edges do not match.
of a garment, the knowledge of this applica- . . . t h e facing is finished and has been Remove the stitching in the uneven area, plus a
tion can be applied to the plackets at the cuffs stitched to the waistline, but after looking little bit more before and after the uneven area.
of garments. at the garment, I want to add a lining? Move the stitching line slightly into the gar-
The designer can transfer the knowledge of Stitch a row of straight stitching along the ment area to balance the unevenness. Carefully
sewing an extended facing to create a deco- seamline of the lining. With the correct sides redraw the stitching line with a fabric marker.
rative extended facing on the outside of the together, pin the lining to the facing. Clip, if Handbaste the changed stitching line, and turn
garment, particularly when the reverse side necessary, so the lining lies flat on the facing. the facing to check the result before machine
of a fabric is an interesting contrast. Use the stitching line of the lining and the stitching. Once you're satisfied with the result,
upper edge of the serger threads on the facing machine stitch the new line.
STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY as a guide, and stitch together; press. Under-
The fabric used for the garment
- is a bold stitch the lining to the facing, and press. To . . . my facing looks too heavy; can I
floral print. To create a contrasting facing finish the hem of the lining, hand or machine remove it and use another edge finish?
that becomes a focal point of the garment, stitch as shown in Figure 16.12. Yes, bias binding or a narrow bias facing could
Facings: Encasing U n f i n i s h e d Edges
.. . . . ~
... ~ ~ ~ .......
~ .~ . ... . ~
be used. Remove the facing, carefully ripping Are any hand stitches showing on the front priate weight to provide support to the faced
the stitches. Press the seam allowance flat; if it of the garment? . areas of the garment?
has been clipped to the line of stitching, the new If the facings are decorative, do they add to Have clipping, trimming, and understitching
line of stitching will have to he moved slightly the overall success of the design? been consistently done throughout the faced
out. Stitch the new edge finish and press, meld- If piping is inserted between the facing and areas of the garment?
ing the stitches. the garment, is it stitched close to the gar- Does the facing lie flat and smooth, and is it
ment edge? bulk-free?
SELF-CRITIQUE D o the center fronts or center backs of a gar- Is the stitching that joins the facing to the
D o the facings lie smoothly and without ment match in length at the center? garment sewn evenly, without distortion?
puckering? Is the facing secured to the garment in an ap-
Is the area being faced supported by the propriate technique for the garment?
interfacing used on the facing? Does the decorative, outside facing lie flat,
Is the understitching stitched close to the Does the shape of the facing match the same without twisting or pulling, and is it stitched
seam, and is it evenly stitched? shape of the garment it is sewn to? in a way that complements the style of the
Is the correct facing type being used in the Does the grainline of the facing match the garment design?
correct area of the garment? grainline of the garment it is sewn to? Are bias facings cut on the true bias in order
Have clipping, trimming, and grading been Is the facing width appropriate in weight and to lie flat?
consistent? design for the garment? Is the combination, all-in-one facing used in
Is the topstitching stitched evenly? Are the stabilizer and interfacing the appro- areas where separate facings would overlap?
Cuffs and Other Wrist Finishes: Encircling the Wrist
very detail in design matters! Even though cuffs and other wrist finish*!*? . detail KEY TERMS
E , . ~ .SQU,l
on the sleeve, they are no less important than pockets, seams, zippers, ~;d@&d:Guffs
and other wrist finishes draw attention to the wrist. The finish can be purely d&@iat&e orper-
Contoured Cuff
Cuff
form a function such as providing ease of wear and warmth. Edge-to-Edge Cuff
Many cuff designs are outlined in this chapter, including straight and contoured cuffsand a Full Interfacing
Gathered Wrist
French cuff. Check out the other cuff options as the design possibilities as you learn to stitch Half Interfdcing
well and perhaps you will feel inspired to stitch cuffs and other wrist finishes. Stitching new as- Notched-Extension Cuff
them on your designs. Also think of other cre- pects of a garment should empower students to One-Piece Cuff
ativewist finishes. By transferring your knowl- embrace more design possibilities; we hope this Open Cuff
edge, and with help from aninstructor, you will will be your experience. Placket
be able ro stitch your own ideas. Slit
Other wrist finishes can add interest and ex- S M E I.D. Tucked W ~ i s t
citement to the sleeve. Various elastic wrist fin- The Style I.D. illusvates two different cuff de- bo-Piece cuff
ishes are also covered, along with bias binding signs and two other wrist finishes that are pre- .7rist Finish
wrist finishes, all of which are in fashion today. sented in thin chapter. Additional wrist finishes
The Style l.D includes ideas to get you not illustrated in the Style I.D. are also covered.
thinking about cuffs and other wrist finishes in The striped shin in Figure 13.la was shown
design. We hope that you will feel excited about in Figure 6.284 except this showsthe front view.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ ~ ~ . . . ~ ~ . - ~ ~ ~ . - . ~ ~ ~ . . ~ ~ ~ ~ . .
~~~
13-34 S T R I P E D S H I R T 13.1C S H E E R P R I N T T O P
WITH CUFF BANDS WlTH SHIRRING ELASTIC
Cwffs a n d O t h e r W r i s t Finishes: Encircling the W r i s t
~ ~ ... . ~ . ~ ~ . .
13.2A O P E N CUFF
The cuff band is a simple cuff, and a popular NOW LET'S GET STARTED
cuff style that is regularly in production. Cuffs take time to stitch, as they are very de-
The cuff in Figure 13.lb is a contoured cuff tailed. However, the stitching time is worth
with ruffles inserted around the bottom and the effort, as cuffs add a valuable detail to any
side edges. The contrasting ruffle highlights the garment. Cuffs can be categorized as open or
cuffs and complements the ruffled collar on the closed.
jacket.
Figure 13.1~has shirring elastic stitched as What ISa Cuff?
a wrist finish to add a soft delicate touch to the A cuff is a separate piece of fabric stitched to
sheer print top. The shirring elastic is repeated the wrist or to a short, three-quarter-length (or
around the neckline; both finishes employ the another length between short and long). The
same stitching technique. bottom edge of the long sleeveis called the wrist.
There are three components to the ensemble Figure 13.2 illustrates an open and a closed cuff
in Figure 13.ld; the ruffled blouse, soft, gath- stitched to the wrist. SLEEVE 15 STITCHED
ered, and made in silk georgette with a bias Cuffs encircle the wrist and can be differ-
binding wrist finish; the blouse is paired with ent styles, . .and sizes. For example, a cuff
, . shapes,
jeans; and, to finish this outfit, a midriff bustier can be a straight cuff band, a contoured cuff, or
I*-T"E-ROUWD
I
cinches the waist. a French cuff, which turns back on itself. Two
Though all these wrist finishes are different, of these cuffs are illustrated in the Style I.D.
they have one thing in common-they are all Cuff bands are narrower than contoured cuffs,
functional. The placket opens the cuff to allow
the hand to enter, then closes with buttons to ACLOSED CUFF
DOES NOT OPEN
secure the cuff in place. The shirring elastic PATTERN T I P AND DOES NOT W E D
stretches and enlarges the wrist for the hand to All open cuffs must have an extension
A PUCKET
enter. The bias binding ties and unties for easy included in the overall length of the cuff. The :UFF IS STITCHED IN-
access. Allwrist treatments should be functional extension is the base to which the buttons are
1 3 . 2 8 C L O S E D CUFF
and feel comfortable around the wrist: not too stitched. Notice in Figure 13.3 how the posi-
tight and not too loose. tion of theextension is marked with notches,
which are then snipped in the fabric when the s you have observed. A contoured cuff begins
cuffs are cut. The notches are an important
GATHER YOUR TOOLS rom the wrist and extends up the arm for the
pattern marking to guide the student when
You'll need the following tools: tape measure, stitching the notched cuff. Figure 13.3 illus-
vidth chosen by the designer.
pins, needles, thread, interfacing, point turner, trates three notched cuffs: a two-piece cuff
buttons, buttonhole cutter, sleeve board, ( ~ i ~ u13.3a).
ie one-piece cuff (Figure 13.3b). lpen or Closed Cuffs
and, of course, your seam ripper and thread and a contoured cuff (Figure 13.3~). hffs can be stitched to the wrist so they open
clippers. with buttons and buttonholes), or stitched
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.. ............... . ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ . ~ . . . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ . . ~
13.3A TWO-PIECE C U F F
ing the garment. Open cuffs must have a placket
4
CUFFOPENING mfNSlDl stitched to the back of the sleeve to enable tht
I 1
cuff to open. Figure 13.2 illustrates the positior A cuff stitched edge-to-edge also has an
1 NOTCH IN CUFF
of the placket. The placket is stitched into a slit: extension built into the cuff. However, the
MARKS EXTENSION
which is cut in the back of the sleeve up from notches don't need to be snipped. When you
stitch this style of cuff, you will see why you
the wrist.
don't need the notches, as the cuff is stitched
Closed cuffs are cut in one length and then edge-to-edge with the placket, as illustrated
the two ends are stitched together in a seam and in Figures 13.4a and b.
pressed open. The cuff is then stitched in-the-
round and stitched to the sleeve, which is alsc
stitched in-the-round. The cuff and sleeve un-
derarm seams are placed directly together, so Any sleeve stitched to an open cuff needs aplacket
they line up (Figure 13.2b). stitched in the sleeve up from the wrist. The posi-
tion of the placket is important-it is placed at the
One-Piece and Two-Piece Cuffs back of the sleeve in line with the elbow. To see the
0pen.cuffs can be cut as a one-piece cuff or position of the placket, refer to Figure 13.4.
two-piece cuff. A one-piece cuff has the bottom There are three main styles of plackets ex-
rwRls~ %
&-G
NINEP
O
seamline replaced with a foldline (Figure 13.3b). plained in this chapter: continuous placket,
A two-piece cuff has a seam along the bottom shirt-sleeve placket, and darted placket. All are
l NOTCH edge. A two-piece cuff can he cut as a straight or illustrated in Figure 13.4 and Figure 13.6a.
contoured cuff (see Figure 13.3a and c). Before the cuffs are stitched in place, the
CONTOURED CUIF
MUST BE CUT AS A contoured cuff is a shaped cuff that wrist is tucked or gathered on the sleeve edge.
ATWO.PILCT CUFF
cannot be cut on the fold. The reason why a The gathers and tucks create a pleasing sleeve
As THE BOrrOM
WRlST
BOOT IS CURVED contoured cuff is shaped is because it is cut silhouette, rounding at the wrist to contour the
wider than a straight cuff. (A straight cuff arm. Stitching the tucks and gathers will he dis-
13.3C C O N T O U R E D C U F F cannot be cut wider than approximately 3 cussed later in the chapter. If you look at Figure
inches.) If the designer wants a cuff wider 13.4, you will clearly see tucks and gathers on
than this measurement, then the cuff needs to the wrists of the sleeves.
be contoured to the shape of the arm. A con-
to the wrist in the round, in which case they toured cuff is shaped on the bottom and top MAKE SURE THE CUFF FITS
don't open. edges, and longer on the top edge than the COMFORTABLY
Open cuffs button and unbutton, allowing bottom edge. The bottom edge of the cuff fits Slip the tape measure around your hand to get
the hand to enter through the wrist opening around the wrist. This is indicated in Figure an accurate measurement for the cuff. The tape
(Figure 13.2a). The opening is for practical rea- 13.3~.Any cuff that is shaped must be cut as a measure does not go around the wrist but around
sons: to provide ease and comfort when wear- two-piece cuff. the hand. This measurement is the length of the
Clrffs and O t h e r W r i s t Finisher: Encircling the W r i s t
~ ~~~~.~~~~~~
. ~. ~ ~~ ~~~~~ . ~ ..~ . ~~.~ ~
THlS IS THE
weight and drape of the fabric. This is a very tons and buttonholes as the closure. Apply the underarm seams are then stitched together before
practical exercise. interfacing now before stitchinglthe cuff. thg cuffs are stitched to the wrist (Figure 13.6b).
Comfort is important-the way the wrist As a general guide, if the fabric is heavy-
opens and closes is the practical side of func- weight, use half interfacing. If the fabric is
tional design. This is so important when con- lighter, it may benefit from a full interfacing. A
/\
J T I ~ C H E D IN-THE-ROUND
sidering your target customer. Even though contoured cuff is best stabilized on both cuff w c h the placket into the wrist while the sleeve is
French cuffs look fabulous (see Figure pieces, as it needs more structure to enable it to flat. If the wrist is gathered, then stitch the under-
13.14c), a busy mom or the elderly may not sit on the wristfarm. Even though Figure 13.5 arm seams next. Then stitch the basting stitches
have the physical ability or time to mange a illustrates interfacing applied to a straight cuff, for gathers after the sleeve is stitched in-the-round
closure such as this. the principle is the same whether the cuff is (Figure13.6b).
The designer is usually limited by a budget! straight or contoured.
Cuffs and other wrist finishes are a small PLACKETS
detail on the overall garment but can con- LET'S STITCH Each placket has a particular way of being
sume a lot of construction time. For example, Correct stitching always begins with correct stitched. In preparation for stitching the placket,
in production the cost of stitching the placket patterns. Check that your notches have been cut the slit in the sleeve to the length marked on
and cuff may add too much to the overall snipped and the stabilizer applied to your cuffs. the pattern.
cost of the garment. With this preparation attended to, have your
Trends in cuffs may direct the designer in tape measure around your neck, pins, scissors, Continuous Placket
choosing one style over another. For ex- and seam gauge by your side, and now you are If you look around the stores, you will notice
ample, if you want to include a shirt in your ready to stitch cuffs. that the continuous placket is one of the most
collection, you may choose a straight, simple popular plackets in sleeves. A separate binding
cuff over a French cuff. OPEN CUFFS is stitched to enclose both raw edges of the split.
Open cuffs have aplacket stitched from the wrist The cuff will be stitched edge-to-edge with the
STABILIZING CUFFS up into the sleeve. A slit is cut into the sleeve, and placket, so no notched extension is needed. It
Cuffs can be stabilized with full interfac- the placket is stitched into the slit. It is the placket is a functional and practical placket opening to
ing, which means both sides of the cuff are that enables the cuff to open. Buttons and but- use for shirts and blouses.
interfaced (Figure 13.5a). Cuffs can also be in- tonholes are stitched to the cuff to aid in opening
terfaced with half interfacing. Half interfac- and closing the cuff. Here is the general stitching
ing is applied to the top side of the cuff only order for stitching open cuffs to the sleeves: PATTERN
-- TIP
(Figure l3.5b). Cut tho placket binding i%inches wide and
The fabric directs the amount of interfacing twice the length of the $litplus an extra inch
that is needed to support thecuff. So sample both -ATION to account tor the seem allowance.
full and half interfacings in a variety of types Stitch the placket into the wrist while the sleeve is
and weights, and then make the final choice. In- flat. Then stitch the tucks and secure with a stay-
terfacing helps shape the cuff and support but- stitch while the sleeve lies flat (Figure 13.6a). The
Cuffs a n d O t h e r Wriot Finishes: Encircling the Wrist 351
. in Figure 13.7d.
Fold the correct sides of the binding together;
stitch diagonally across the placket to hold it in
Shirt-Sleeve Placket
T h e shirt-sleeve placket i s m a i n l y seen o n
men's shirts. I t m a y l o o k complicated t o s t i t c h
but it's simple once y o u get t h e h a n g o f it! I t
i s stitched u s i n g t w o separate placket pieces-
one s m a l l a n d one large. Take y o u r t i m e t o
perfect t h i s placket, as it's a classy l o o k f o r
18.6A SLEEVES F L A T A P P L I C A T I O N 13.68 S T I T C H E D IN.THE.ROUND
s h i r t s in women's wear. N o i n t e r f a c i n g i s nec-
.
the binding i n half again and press (Figure y.7a).
Unfold one side ofthe binding, and place the
correct sides of the slit and binding together. Pin
ance, endingwith a scant %sinch at the end ofthe
slit; leave the machine needle down i n yourwork.
Notice the slit seam edge is now on an angle- of the slit plus
e small placket must equal the length
inch for the seam allowance (Figure
together at the wrist with a %-inch seam allow- don'tworry, it's meant to look like this (Figure 13.8a). On the large placket (Figure 13.8~1, mark
ance.Taperthe end ofthe slit so a %-inch seam
allowance is lined up with the %-inch seam allow-
ance on the binding (Figure 13.7b).
. 13.7~).
Pivot on this point by swingingthe other side of
the slit back so it is in line with the rest of the
matchpointsequaltothelength oftheslit. Extra length
isadded beyond this on the large placket, and this part
is topstitched to complete the shirt-sleeve placket.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~
- m T c H 1/16"
ON PIVOT POINT
,
PIACKET S E I H ALLOWANCE
REMAINS 114'' FOR THE
ENTIRE LENGTH
- UNFOLDTO STITCH
PRESS sLU.
AL~WANCE
I IN HALFAND PRESS
TOWARD CENTER
Cuffs and O t h e r W r i s t Finishes: Encircling the W r i s t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .
............................................... ~.....~
..~.~
. .~. . . . . .
- 1%~~
w
%-inch seam allowance to the wrong side
n both sides of small placket. Fold the placket in
half again, and press (Figure 13.8a).
Wrap the small placket binding around the slit to
.
enclose it; this is the side closest to the back under-
arm. Pin or handbaste in place (see Figure 13.8a).
Edgestitch the binding, startingfrom the wrist
and finishingatthe top of the slit. This should
leave 3/8 inch for the seam allowance. Press the
small placket piece (see Figure 13.8a).
Darted Placket
This is a very quick and easy method to stitch
a placket. Both sides of a darted placket are
n 13.8C PREPARING THE L A R G E PLACKET PIECE
SLIM ALLOWANCE
Fold the correct sides of the placket together so wrist. Chapter 6, "Gathered Seam," explained
MUST BE SHOWING they are lined up together. Stitch a short curved how to stitch basting stitches so the wrist can
dart approximately 1%inches in length. Always be gathered. Figure 6.23 illustrates the steps in-
stitch dartsfrom the widest to the narrowest volved. A tucked or gathered wrist is prepared
point (Figure 13.9b). before the cuffs are stitched.
i Press the dart to one side, and notice that both
t
TO SMALL PUCKET KET
STITCIILINE
sides of the placket are now sittingtogether Tucked Wrist
(Figure To stitch the tucks, the sleeves need to lay flat.
tl
SMAU PLACKET
. 13.9~).
.. ~
A ered. The style of cuff will direct the choice of seams after the tucks have been stitched.
wrist finish.
Gathered Wrist
PREPARING THE WRIST Before the wrist is gathered, theunderarmseams
Look backat Figure 13.4 to see thedifference be- must be stitched. Stitch the underarm seams; the
tween gathers and tucks. At the pattern drafting sleeve is now in-the-round ready for the cuff to
stage, fullness is added into the wrist for both be applied (see Figure 13.4b). After the basting
gathering and tucks. The extra fullness allows stitches are stitched, pull the threads into gath-
more room in the width of the sleeve so the arm ering to fit the wrist length. Evenly distribute
can bend comfortably. Generally the darted the gathering.
1 plackets look aesthetically pleasing stitched to
a gathered wrist (see Figure 13.4~).The con- TRIMS STITCHED TO THE CUFFS
- 77f- tinuous and shirt-sleeve plackets add a tailored A trim such as lace, ribbon, braid, or a ruffle
finish when combined with the tucked wrist can be stitched to the cuff to add glamour to the
(see Figure 13.4a and b). A gathered wrist cre- sleeve. The cuff in the Style I.D., Figure 13.lb,
SMALL PUCKET U R G E PUCIET
ates more fullness in the sleeve than the tucked has a contrasting ruffle stitched to the cuff,
BEG," TOP
STlTCHlNG HERE
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~~~-~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~. . . . . ~ . ~~ . ~
~~ ~~ ~~ .
~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~
Figure 13.la, has this exact cuff. It is often re- seam allowance down the sides and along the
\1
13.10 INSERTING A RUFFLE INTO THE CUFF
ferred to as a band cuff. You will notice in Figure bottom edgeof a two-piece cuff, and down the
13.4a and b that the bottom edge of the cuffs can sides only ofthe one-piece cuff. The top edge of
be angled or curved. If you turn to Figure 13.2, the cuff is left open; this section is stitched to the
you will see the placement for the button and wrist (see Figure 13.11a).
buttonhole on an edge-to-edge cuff. Trim the seam allowance back to % inch, and trim
An edge-to-edge cuff is stitched to the entire the corners to reduce bulk.
length of the wrist. The wrist lengthincludes the Turn the cuffs to the correct side; use a point
placket as well. You will notice that one side of turnerto gently push the corners to sharpen the
the continuous placket in Figure 13.4a has been point.
' MORE GATHERING turned back before the cuff is stitched. How this Figure 8.11b shows the edge-to-edge cuff
PUSHED INTO THE CORNER is done will be explained in due course. finished, turned, and pressed, and ready to be
c'
stitched to the wrist.
added into the cuff at the pattern drafting stage;
however, the extensions are stitched differently. ~ dinterfacing
f or full interfacing is applied. Notched-Extension Cuff
Knowing which cuff to choose is guided epending on how structured you want the cuffs One-Piece/Two-Piece/ContouredCuffr
purely by the style of placket used. Notice in to be (Figure 13.5).
Figure 13.4a and b that one side of the placket On the one-piece cuff, fold the wrong sides rect sides ofthe cuffs together with
forms the extension. At the top of the placket, it together and press along the foldline; then open d cuff underneath (unless fully inter-
tucks underneath the sleeve. again. faced). On the upper cuff, on the side without
Thennotice,inFigure 13.4c, theabsenceof an Along the top edge of the cuff, press a %-inch the notched extension, fold a %-inch seam allow-
extension on the sleeve with the darted placket. seam allowance over to the wrong side (Figure ance to the wrong side and pin i n place (Figure
When a darted placket is stitched, the extension s.lia). 13.12a).
is on the cuff rather than on the placket. There- Place the correct sides of the cuff together.
- With Begin stitching the cuff at the notched exten-
fore, before the cuff can be stitched to a darted the seam allowance facing down, stitch a %-in sion. Start with a backstitch and stitch across
placket, an extension is stitched to the cuff first. the extension, pivot on the corner, and stitch the
The extension looks like a small step; can you remainder of the cuff, following each cuff shape
see it in Figure 13.4c? (see Figure 13.12a).
PATTERN TIP
Both edge-to-edge and notched-extension Atthe notched extension, clip into the seam
The position o f the extension needs be
cuffs will be outlined. notched before stitching the cuff. Only with
allowance, leaving $6 inch intact, and press the
snipped notches can the cuff be stitched. seam allowance down along the top edge of the
Edge-to-Edge Cuff Figure 13.3 shows where the notches are cuff (Figure 13.12b).
One-Piece/Two-Piece Cuff Band snipped when the cuffs are cut. Fijure 13.12 Trim the seam allowance back to '/, inch, and trim
An edge-to-edge cuff is the basic straight cuff. also shows the notches snipped. the corners to reduce bulk (Figure 13.12a and b).
The striped shirt, illustrated in the Style I.D. in
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
NOTCH,
INTERFACED CUFF
&
15.128 TWO-PIECE CON-
Turn the cuffs to the correct side, and use a point h her or n o t a continuous or shirt-sleeve placket is TOURED CUFF, CUFF OPENING THlS EDGE IS STITCHED
STITCHED TO WRIST /TO THE WRIST
turner t o gently sharpen the corners. ng stitched, the stitching order is exactly thesame
Press the cuffs. They are now ready to be stitched when it comes to stitchingthe cuffto the wrist.
to the wrist. Figure 13.12cshows the notched- Turn the Sleeve to the wrong side. Place the cor-
extension contour cuff stitched, turned, pressed, rect side of the cuff around the wrong side of the
and ready to stitch to the wrist. Noticethe seam sleeve, matching the cuff and the wrist edges
allowance along the top edge is the opening that together. Pin i n place Figure 13.13a). Notice i n
will be stitched t o the wrist. this sketch that the outside edge of the cuff is
curved-it i s the designer's choice whether the
Mirror Imaging the Cuffs cuff is straight, angled, or curved.
13.12CNOTCHED-EXTENSION CUFF STITCHED, TURNED.
This is animportantstep! After thecuff is com- Stitch a ./,-inch seam allowance, and trim and PRESSED. AND READY TO STITCH TO THE WRlST
pleted and pressed, fold both sides of the cuff grade the seam t o reduce bulk (see Figure
together-they should be exactly the same 13.13a).
Cuffs and O t h e r Wrist Finishes: Encircling the Wrist 359
.................................................................................................................................................................
1 3 . 1 3 ~STITCHING THE EDGE-TO-EDGE CUFF TO THE WRIST r a . l a s COMPLETE STITCHING THE EDGE.TO-EDGE CUFF.
difference is that it is longerthan the traditional
PIN AND WIINDBSTE CUFF shirt-sleeve placket. Follow the stitching order i n
T R I H SEIM ALLOWANCE ,IN PUCE BlFORESTlTCHlWG
.
...
.
Figure 13.8.
Cut a two-piece cuff. Apply full interfacing to both
sides ofthe cuff. This adds the structure needed
to hold the turned-back section in place.
Before stitchingthe cuffto the wrist, fold the
small placket back to the wrong side of the sleeve
and staystitch i n place (Figure 8.14a).
Stitch and finish the underarm seams before
continuing-the sleeve is now stitched in-the-
round and ready to be stitched to the cuff.
To stitch the cuff to the wrist, follow the same
stitchingorder as for the edge-to edge cuff out-
lined i n Figure 13.13.
Afterthe cuff is stitched to the wrist, fold the
bottom section of the cuff backto the correct
side, placing it '/a inch beyond the seamline.
Press a sharp crease along this edge (Figure
13.14~).
- Unfold the cuff and, with the tape measure, posi-
tion the buttonholes, four i n all, centered on the
cuff and fold-back cuff. The buttonholes must be
seams can easily twist i f not perfectly aligned. tailored, as h a l f t h e c u f f t u r n s back and is fas- sitting directly together, in the middle of each
Pinning and handbasting ultimately save time. tened with c u f f links. It i s stitched as a n edge- cuff, when the cuff links secure them together
Edgestitch the top edge of the cuff from the cor- to-edge cuff. (see Figure 13.14b).
rect side; begin stitchingfrom the small placket;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hold the cufftaut as you edgestitch to the other
side of the placket and around the cuff edge i f 'ATTERN TIP
you desire (see Figure 13.13b).
IMPORTANT
r placket for a French cuff is cut even longer
han the shirt placket-with a flnlshed length Pressing the French cuff i s important t o
Press the cuffs.
~fappmximataly 5 inches. i t s r u t t e ~ rt ih e cuff needs t o be perfectly
presrgd $0 theseamliner remain i n tho
French C~lff middle o f t h e cu e.
T h i s chapter i s n o t complete w i t h o u t discussing
t h e beautiful French cuff. I t l o o k s stylish y e t stitched first before applying the cuff. The only
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
13.14A SHIRT.SLEEVE PLACKET FOR A FRENCH CUFF 13.146 STITCHING THE CUFF TO THE WRIST FOR FRENCH CUFF 13.14C CLOSING THE FRENCH CUFF WITH CUFF LINKS
r 7
,
STAYSTITCH
Stitch the four buttonholes to the underneath Notched-Extension Caff Trim and grade the seam allowance to reduce
bulk (refer to Figure y.ya).
Q
side of the cuffs, as illustrated i n Figure b.14b.
Also stitch a buttonhole to the placket from the ve the sleeve turned to the correct side. Wrap the To complete the cuff. turn the seam allowance
Referto Figure 15.9 to see these hand stitches. PULL CUFF BACK
CUFF INTERFACING. OUT OFTHE WAY
The cuff can also be machine stitched-in-the-
ditch ortopstitched as alternative finishes. If
stitching-in-the-ditch.place the foldlinejust over
f \ -
BEGIN STITCHING. HERE
13.16 N O T C H E D - E X T E N S I O N CUFF: BUTTON 13.17 A CUFF W l T H T W O EUTTONS G I V E S 12.18 NOTCHED-EXTENSION CUFF W l T H RUFFLE TRIM:
AND B U T T O N H O L E PLACEMENT T W O OPTIONS FOR THE FIT. BUTTON A N D BUTTONHOLE PLACEMENT
tCUF CONTOURED
, \
ST,TCHI N b \ wmslow SLIPS u w m THE ALWAYS P U C E / \Isrlrc~TWO BunoHs
BURONHOLE&IS NOTVISIBLE BUITONHOLES FOR LENGTH OF CUFF
WHENTHE CUFFIS B U R O N I D
HORIZONTAL ON CUffS VARIATION
f the cuff (see Figure 13.5b). reduce bulk on the seams (see Figure y.iga). trim the seam back t o % inch to eliminate bulk
Fold the cuff i n half with the wrong sides to- Stitch and finish the underarm seams-the cuff (Figure y.1gb).
gether, and press a crease line along the folded and sleeve are both stitched in-the-round, ready Turn the sleeve to the wrong side; turn the seanu
edge (Figure 13.19a). to be joined together. allowance down into the cuff. Line the other
Along the top edge of the cuff (not interfaced). Gather the wrist and turn the sleeve to the correct folded edge ofthe cuffto the seamline, and pin
press '/>-inch seam allowance to the wrong side side. Place the sleeve inside the cuff with correct and handbaste i n place (Figure 13.19~).
(see Figure 13.1ga). sides facing each other. Blindstitch or slipstitch the cuff i n place (see
Open both the crease lines and refold the cuff. Match the seamlines together; evenly distrib- Figure i3.lgc)-it is too difficult to machine stitch
placing correct sides together. Stitch a %-inch ute the gathering as the edges are pinned to- a tight circle!
seam in the cuff, press the seam open, and gether. Stitch a %-inch seam around the wrist;
13.19A STITCHING A CLOSED CUFF 13.198 STITCHING THE CUFF TO THE WRIST
O T H E R WRIST FINISHES
BEGIN STITCHING
The popular wrist elastic casing is one of the PRESS 112''SEAM
. TWL S E I H U I E
0
wrist finishes outlined in this section. A bias
ALLOWANCE OVER TO \
THLWRONG
I*TERFCI.b
\
binding wrist finish is also explained, along with
shirring-all are popular wrist finishes today.
CASINGS
Anelastic casing is a tunnel through which elastic,
cord, or ribbon is threaded to tighten the wrist.
This style of casing can be stitched to the wrist or
any neckline edge or stitched into the waistline
of a garment. These variations can be achieved
by transferring your knowledge. The casing cre-
ates an eye-catching sleeve as soft gathers form
/-
MATCH CUF6
around the wrist, which draws much attention AND S L E M
Edge Casing
This style of casing has a once-turned top-
stitched hem on the edge of the wrist. The edge
of the hem forms a slot for the elastic to enter;
the elastic can be tightened at the wrist, which
softly gathers thesleeve.Thisstyleof wrist finish
looks marvelous made in soft, sheer fabrics.
PATTERN TIP
The width of the slot is defined by the width
of the elastic. Decide on the elastic width,
measure this, and add '/,-inch of ease and
'/,-inch seam allowance. Add this total width
below your wrist edge for the slot. The final
width of the hem, when stitched, needs to be
3.19C THE CUFF IS CLOSED
./,inch wider than the elastic width. SING A SLIPSTITCH OR A
LINDSTITCH.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
13.22 B I A S B I N D I N G W I T H TIE: P R E S S I N G T H E B I A S I N
PREPARATION FOR STITCHING take care that the seam allowance along the SLEEVE VENT
gathers is well hidden, Begin and end with a To,stitch a vent in the sleeve, you need to begin
backstitch. with a two-piece sleeve. The vent is positioned in
Remove the handbasted stitches, press, and tie the back of the arm, inline with the elbow. Sleeve
the binding in a bow. vents need to be stitched with mitered corners, as
illustrated in Figure 13.24a. Mitered corners are
SHIRRING ELASTIC discussed in Chapter 15, "Mitered Corner" (see
In the Style I.D., the sheer print top in Figure Figure 15.23).
I
13.1~has shirring elastic stitched around the
wrists and neckline. Stitching several rows of
- elastic creates a delicate, soft texture.
shirring, 43.23 STITCHING SHIRRING ELASTIC
b
Workingon the ironing board, press the remain- Using a tape measure, pin the position of the first
ing seam allowance on the ties to the center of stitching row. Then begin stitchingfrom the underarm
STRETCH FAB
the binding (see Figure 13.22). side seam-don't begin or end with a backstitch. As ASUCH ROW
Press a %-inch seam allowance to the wrong side each row is stitched, the elastic will gatherthe fabric. is"'rcHED
on both ends o f t h e ties. For each subsequent row of stitching, line up the
Fold the binding i n half again and press, hand- edge of the machine foot with the previous row of
baste, and edgestitch the ties together and the stitching, as the stitching must look parallel. Stitch
binding i n place around the wrist. Start stitch- as many rows of elastic as you want. As each row
i n g at one end of the tie; hold the thread taut of shirring elastic is stitched, stretch the fabric so it
as you stitch. Stitch to the other end of the tie; remains flat as you stitch.
Cuffs and O t h e r Wrist Finishes: Encircling the Wrirt
~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .~
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ . . . .
The vent has buttons stitched to the sleeve sur- Do cut cuffs on an inconspicuous part of the Do stitch a bias binding wrist finish to sheer
face; buttonholes do not need to be stitched, as a fabric if the pattern is a repeat or a large bold fabrics; binding edges in sheer fabric will not
sleeve vent is purely decorative (Figure 13.24b). print. shadow in the same way that a facing will.
The stitching order is the same when stitching any Do cut cuffs on the border (if the fabric has Do stitch gathered wrist finishes in sheer
vent, whether it's in askin, a dress, or a jacket hem. a border), as this really defines the cuffs in an fabrics. Lots of fullness can be added in sheers,
Refer to Chapter 15, "Vent" (see Figure 15.30). exciting way. and this looks so delicate.
On skirts, jackets, and dresses where the
vent opens for functional purposes, the lining Sheer Fabric
13.24A TWO-PIECE 13.246 T H E VENT I S
is stitched around the shape of the vent. O n the Do stitch sheer cuffs and collars to medium- SLEEVE VENT I N S E C U R E D TOGETHER
BACK S E A M W I T H BUTTONS.
sleeves, the vent does not need to open, so the weight shirts and blouses, as sheer fabrics show
2 NOTCHES COMMUNICATE
lining can be stitched to the straight hem edge. contrast. THE BACK S L E M
Refer to Chapter 16 for more information. In Do be careful when choosing the interfacing TWO PlFCESLEEVE
A
particular, refer to Figure 16.19, as it illustrates for sheer cuffs (and collars), as interfacing can VENI.IN BACK SLLM
how the lining is stitched to the sleeve hem. shadow through sheer fabric. Consider using UGHTLY CATCHSTITCI
There are many specialty fabrics that need self-fabric for interfacing sheer fabrics; then AROUND VENI
extra special care when stitching. The Dos and you know the color match will be perfect.
Don'ts will help to guide you when stitching For more information on stabilizers, refer to
cuffs in tricky fabrics. "Types of Stabilizers" in Chapter 3.
Do trim narrow seam allowances in sheer
STITCHING CUFFS AND OTHER fabric neatly and parallel to the cuff seamline
WRIST FINISHES IN TRICKY so they look as inconspicuous as possible;
FABRICS remember every seamline is visible in sheer
Stripes, Plaids, Patterns, fabrics.
and Repeat Patterns Do stitch any style of placket in sheers, as bulk
Do cut cuffs in stripe or plaid fabric on a will never be an issue. Some advice here-do
different grainline, such as the cross- or bias stitch a sample first to see which placket looks
grains, to show contrast. The cuffs in the shirt best in the fabric and design.
in Figure 13.la are cut in the opposite way to Do consider finishing cuffs with a couture
the body of the shirt for difference. hand stitch rather than topstitching with an
Do consider stitching a simple darted placket, edgestitch.
because this style of placket does not involve Do use a small stitch length (approximately
matching. However, if the underarm seams 2.0) for topstitching sheer fabrics. UNDERNELITW
THEVENT IS SECURED
are not cut to match, then the placket will not Do stitch shirring elastic as a wrist finish in MITERED CORNER
TOGETHER WITH BUrrONS
ON SLEEVE VENT
match either. sheers-it will look absolutely gorgeous! NO TOPSTITCHING NETDED 01 SLEEVEVENT
..,...~.,
,r,&, ..e>
." .
.,.
..$:. -. . Professional S e w i n g T e c h n i q ~ e for
s Designers
Don't leave any loose threads inside cuffs made Beaded Fabric topstitch beautifully in denim. The fabric
in sheer fabrics because they will be noticeable Do only stitch closedcuffs to headed fabric, wsight always needs to be considered when
from the face of the fabric. as ulackets would not stitch well and a lot of choosing the construction method.
work would be involved. Consider the time Do topstitch denim cuffs with a longer stitch
Lace required-beads need to be smashed off all length, as stitches sink into several layers of
Do overlay a scallop edge around the wrist- seams with a rubber mallet and beads may need thick fabric and do not show up.
this finish works beautifully in lace. Refer to to be restitched hack onto the cuffs once they Don't stitch bias binding, ties, and elastic
"Stitching Seams in Tricky Fabrics" in are stitched. finishes when the denim is medium to heavy-
Chapter 6. Do consider other wrist finishes in beaded weight. The wrist finish will look too thick and
Do stitch closed cuffs in lace fabric if you fabrics; bias binding is an excellent option. bulky, and bulky wrist finishes feel uncomfort-
really want a cuff in lace. However, do smash the beads off the scam able to wear.
Don't stitch bias binding finishes in most allowance, and we suggest using a different Don't always interface denim cuffs. Some
weights of lace, as it would become bulky. fabric, without beads for the binding. denim fabric already has the weight and sta-
However, the bulk would depend on the weight Don't try topstitching beaded cuffs-this will bility without needing interfacing; however,
of the lace fabric you use. nor work! sample first. If the cuffs are not interfaced, slip
Don't stitch plackets and open cuffs in heavy- Don't stitch shirring to beaded fabric. a small piece of interfacing under the button-
weight lace, as the density of lace may be too hole section only, so it does not stretch when
difficult to work with. Consider using silk Knits the buttonhole is stitched and used
charmeuse for the placket, cuffs and collars, as Do structure cuffs in knit fabrics with stable
it would combine very well with lace. interfacing to take the stretch capacity out of Velvet
the cuff. Fusi-Knit interfacing is excellent for Do be careful if you are considering stitching
Satin stabilizing knit fabrics; place the cuff on the cuffs in velvet fabric. Velvet needs as few seam-
Do stitch cuffs in lightweight satin such as interfacing on the vertical grainline to stabilize lines as possible, as it is a really tricky fabric
silk charmeuse. However, carefully choose the it (see Figure 3.10). to stitch and press. We recommend choosing
type and weight of interfacing. Silk organza Do stitch elastic wrist finishes on lightweight another wrist finish.
may work well. Sample a seam first to see if knit. Do try a simple hand-stitched hem instead;
any ridges are apparent from the correct side. If Don't use gathered wrist finishes in heavy- this would be the perfect choice for a wrist
they are apparent, carefully grade the seams to weight knit fabrics. finish in velvet.
reduce bulk. Do hand stitch a trim to the wrist edge to add
Do consider finishing cuffs with a cou- Denim a special touch in velvet.
ture hand stitch rather than topstitching an Do stitch cuffs and plackets in denim; they Do sample any gathered wrist finishes first
edgestitch. also look great topstitched. before stitching the wrist. Shirring and other
Don't stitch cuffs, casings, bindings, and shirr- Do choose the type of placket carefully to best elastic finishes can look great stitched in light-
ing elastic in heavyweight satin fabrics; a better suit the fabric weight. A darted placket reduces weight velvet; however, their applicability can
option is to hand stitch a neat hem. any bulk; however, a shirt-sleeve placket will only be determined by sampling first.
fs and O t h e r W r i s t Finisher: Encircling the W r i s t
~~........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leather uncomfortable. We recommend choosing another look? Bias loops are outlined in Chapter 17,
Do stitch open cuffs in leather. The seam finish finish. However, if you do want to give it a go, in the section "Bias Loops."
depends on the weight of the leather. Seams can sample first in your fabric choice to see how the In Figure 12.25 a rib band is stitched to the
be stitched, turned, and secured with leather cuff would look-there is nothing wrong with neck edge. Transfer your knowledge and
cement or topstitched to hold them in place. uying and gaining some experience from this stitch a rib band as cuff finish. Refer to "Rib
Do interface leather cuffs. If the leather does exercise. Knit Bands at Necklines and Armholes" in
not need interfacing, slip a small square under Chapter 12.
the buttonhole section only, so the buttonhole TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE In Figure 13.1~the print sheer top has shirr-
does not stretch out of shape from use. There are numerous other wrist finishes that could ing elastic stitched around the wrist. How
Do sample any placket finish in the leather be explained in this chapter. All options cannot about stitching the same finish to a short or
first. The style of placket you choose depends be covered here; however, by wansferring your three-quarter sleeve or under the bust-or
on the weight of leather. knowledge and by stretching your creativity, the anywhere else the designer chooses to place
Do stitch a vent in leather. knowledge you have gained will help you stitch it? Always make sure plenty of fullness is
Do be careful choosing gathered wrist finishes other wrist finishes not outlined in this chapter. allowed in the pattern for gathering. Sample
in leather. Use only lightweight leather, such first to see how many extra inches are
as a very soft lambskin; however, it is a must to Any cuff or other wrist finish, such as a needed, as each fabric shirrs differently.
sample first. casing, bias binding, or shirring elastic, can Did you know that a notched cuff follows the
Don't stitch plackets in heavyweight leather; be stitched to a short or three-quarter-length same stitching order as a waistband?Trans-
in fact, don't stitch cuffs in heavyweight sleeve. Just uansfer your knowledge and use ferring your knowledge, you would simply
leather. the same stitching order-but do remember turn it upside down and stitch, using the
to measure the arm where the cuff is going to same stitching order. Also take a quick look
Faux Fur sit, as it will be larger than the wrist measure- at Figure 15.33d to see an oversize contoured
Do stitch faux fur for the top side of your cuff. ment. The soft pink, delicate dress in Figure cuff stitched to the hem of the skirt. Do you
Since fur is thick, a lining needs to be stitched 13.25 has short sleeves tucked to a closed cuff. also notice that the shirt-sleeve placket is
as the under cuff to reduce bulk. A casing with elastic inserted can be stitched stitched up from the hem on the skirt and in
Do stitch a simple turned-back hem as a wrist to any level on the sleeve as long as it feels the neckline of the T-shirt in Figure 15.34b?
finish; hand stitch with a catchstitch. Refer to comfortable. Try several rows, with two
Figure 15.9 to see how to catchstitch. or three casings stitched around the level STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
Don't stitch plackets, gathered wrist finishes, of the short sleeve, above the elbow, and at The fold-back (or gauntlet cuff) is one of our
or elastic wrist finishes to faux fur, as all these the wrist. This makes an interesting puffed favorite cuffs. It takes more time to stitch but is
finishes are too thick and bulky. sleeve design. well worth the effort. We decided this chapter
A contoured cuff does not always need to be would not be complete without giving this cuff
Heavyweight Fabric secured with buttons and buttonholes. How a mention. The skills you have gleaned so far in
Don't stitch plackets and open cuffs in heavy- about stitching a row of bias loops instead, this chapter will be recognized as we teach you
weight fabric, as they would be bulky and and using small pearl buttons for a glam how to stitch this exotic cuff!
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
First of all, it is a contoured cuff. It also has for warmth. The collar can be turned up so
a separate contoured fold-back section stitched you can snuggle into this coat. The cuffs turn
to the contoured cuff, which is folded back and down with the fur covering your hands to keep
elegantly stands away from the buttoned cuff. you warm on those freezing-cold winter days.
The warm overcoat with fur collar and This is also a great style for tall people, as the
cuffs, illustrated in Figure 13.26a, has the cuff can be turned down for those who have
fold-back cuff stitched to the wrists. A coat longer arms (Figure 13.2613). The cuff can also
doesn't necessarily need a placket if the wrist be turned back halfway and be stitched perma-
opening is wide enough. Then the cuff would nently. Hand stitch the under cuff only to the
be stitched as a closed cuff. The fold-back contoured cuff using double thread. Notice in
section in the coat has been stitched in fur to Figure 13.26~that a trim has also been stitched
13.26A W A R M C H E C K OVERCOAT WITH
F U R COLLAR A N D C U F F S mirror the collar, not only for beauty but also around the edge of the cuff.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. .~~ . . ~ .~
~ . . ~ ~~ ~~ . ~~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ .~ ~ ~
. ~ ~ ~
/
CORNERS
13.178 PLACE THE
-Jv FOLD.BACK CUFF
TO THE CONTOURED
b CUFF AND STAYSTITCH
IN PLACE
- - LEAVE OPEN
'\%/4"
width to match that of the other cuff. Restitch handbasted first. Perhaps this step was skipped! Elastic Finishes
the width, and stitch the cuff back to the wrist. Seam rip the stitching and realign the folded Is the elastic too tight, too loose, or just right?
This is extra work, so next time be sure to check edge of the cuff-pin and handbaste in place Is the elastic so tight in the casing it can't
that the cuff is a mirror image at an earlier stage. before restitching. move freely?
Is the shirring elastic stitched parallel to the
. .. my cuff is too tight? SELF-CRITIQUE hem?
If the cuff is too tight, there is no other option To critique your wrist finish, ask the following Does my wrist have enough fullness and
than to carefully remove the cuff using the seam questions about your wrist finish: gathering so the sleeve drapes beautifully?
ripper and stitch a new one to a larger measure- Did I sample sufficiently to make a wise
ment. Go back and measure the hand again, and Cuffs decision as to the best wrist finish for my
make a new pattern. This time make sure you Did I use the correct weight of interfacing for fabric?
have an accurate measurement for the cuff, with cuffs?
ease included. Have I stitched the correct placket to suit the
cuff?
. ..my cuff is too big; what can I do to Do my cuffs mirror image each other? If not, Am I learning the important concept that the
adjust it? I have already stitched the why not? fabric weight guides me in the choice of wrist
buttonhole! Do my cuffs lie flat, or do they look twisted? finish for my design?
Try stitching another button farther back from the Is my edgestitching parallel to the seamline? Do I understand how fashion and function
first button (see Figure 13.17) to give the option Does the placket sit flat and smooth, and mtlst go hand in hand?
of tightening the cuff. However, if this makes the does it function properly? Do I understand the concept that cor-
placket and cuff look twisted, them uy the follow- Have I stitched my buttonholes and buttons rect patterns are the foundation of correct
ing idea. Carefully take the cuff off the wrist from in the correct positions so my cuffs close stitching?
the button end, undo the cuff, and restitch to make properly? Do I understand how crucial notches and
it smaller. If the sleeve is gathered, then pull more When the cuff is closed, is the wrist measure- other pattern markings are in setting myself
gathering to shorten the cuff length to fit your new ment comfortable? up to successfully stitch the notched cuff?
cuff length. If the sleeve is tucked, make the tucks Are my buttonholes too tight, too loose, or Do I understand the benefits of sampling
larger or add another tuck to the wrist to reduce just right? first before stitching the garment?
the wrist length. Reapply the cuff to the wrist. Did I stitch enough samples to make an Do I understand the importance of having
informed decision regarding the best wrist an accurate wrist measurement so my wrist
.. .my cuff looks twisted? finish for my fabric? finish is comfortable?
When stitching the cuff closed with a machine- Did I use quality thread for my stitching? Do I understand how important interfacing
stitched edgestitch or a stitch-in-the-ditch, the Did I use the correct stitch length for perma- is to the structure of the cuffs?
cuff will twist easily if it was not pinned and nent stitching and topstitching?
Sleeves: Rounding Off the Arm
*. ~.
,, 1,~.
leeuee are an importint aspect of garment silhouettes and csn evel~&~$f&k iqQ$$@to
S another. The opportunity for designs of the sleeve and ihe finish of fb& $$&&@&endless.
...~,
-. .
K E Y TERMS
All-in- One Sleeve
Sleeves move with fhe body and need two holes: one for the arm to @o$'n~&@&"@f~$%~rfor
. . . .P .~i
Cap Sleeve . ..
it to come out of. Thereare two categories of sleeves: a separate cut Sle@+:Xha ,f&$@'imo the Dropped Shoulder Sleeve
a . :
bodice, and a sleeve that is combined with all, or part, of the bodice. ~ei-in~.atbe,&:'an be Elbow Dart
~ . . Flat Insertion
~.
Gathered Sleeve
designed to fit thearmholesmoothlyorwith gath- In this chapter we ei$a& and .ilhstrate Gusset (One-Piece)
ers. They can be designed to fit to the body orwith many variations of sleeves?~.p%tmdthedesign Gusset (Two-Piece)
e x a g g d fullness and can be cut to any length student's construction h%&$ge. Add your Kimono Sleeve
from the upper arm to the wrist. The hemline of samples to your wo~kboii&~~~eiii&~ Sleeves can Raglan Shoulder Pad
the sleeve can be hished in various ways, becom- Raglan Sleeve
be a challenging process, !$ea3tlos&heart.
Set-in Shoulder Pad
ing an importaut &focal point on the garment. Once experience and d. . d, < . .m
~ e in .s@ching Set-in Sleeve, 0 h e Piece
A sleeve~withunsightly gathers and puck- have been gained, you wisbaBMk to s&ch anv Set-in Sleeve, T&O Piece
ers or onet$a'M&ts becaauseproper grainlimes sleeve perfectly! Shirt Sleeve
were not &iht~;qd
. ,is. .a sign of inexp&ience, Shoulder Ead
haste, b r . d + , m~e'believe
~ aperfecdy set- S M E I.D. Sleeve Cap
Sleeve Ease
in sleeve isathiag &:beauty and can be achieved Often, sleeves are named forthe atea from which Sleeve Finish
in all fibtics, with practice, patience, and a few they are designed; for example, the cap.sleeve is Sleeve Head
good sewing tips.- designed from the cap area of a complete sleeve Sleeve Hem
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
..~......~...........~..........
...~.-~~....-...-..
Sleeves: Rounding Off t h e Arm
u
The upper collar in jackets and coats should be CUT SEPARATELY
AND STITCHED AS
MPORTAHf stitched. SET.IN SLEEVE
Ilgood design comer from sooil patterns Collars and facings in blouses and dresses
hlch are demlopd from good slopers. 01 should have been applied.
slop strong pattaromaking skills to assis Finish cuff and stitch to sleeve edge before
ru In design!
sewing the sleeve into the garment. CUT-IN-ONE
WlTH GARMENT 1
and can be modified in endless ways. Look at NOW LET'S GET STARTED
the sleeve variations in the Style I.D.; by the end The Fairchild Dictionary of Fashion defines
of this chapter, you will know how to stitch and sleeves as: "that part of an item of clothing
1 4 . 2 A BASIC FITTED 14.26 C A P
insert these and many other styles of beautiful that covers the arm."' As shown in Figure 14.2, SET-IN SLEEVE S L E E V E FRONT
sleeves (Figure 14.1). sleeves can be fitted, set-in, cap, one- or two-
piece raglan, or a variation of the kimono sleeve.
GATHER YOUR TOOLS The two most common categories of sleeves
For the techniques in this chapter, you will need are set-in sleeves (Figure 14.2a), which join the
a tape measure, fabric marker, scissors, pins, bodice at the natural joint of the body where the
threads, materials for sleeve heads, shoulder arm meets the shoulder; and all-in-one sleeves,
pads, and lots of patience! Think ahead-or- with no armhole (Figure 14.2d).
der now. Oftentimes chain fabric stores do not A well-fitted sleeve is one that hangs properly
have an extensive selection of specific supplies and fits the arm and shoulder smoothly; these
needed for sleeves, such as a wide assortment of aspects ensure the sleeve will be comfortable to
shoulder pads, or sleeve headers. Once you have wear. Stitching the sleeve into the armhole cor-
14.2C 0 N E . P I E C E R A G L A h 14.20 8 A S I C
decided what type of sleeve is part of the design, rectly is also part of achieving a well-fitted sleeve. S L E E V E WlTH S H O U L D E R KIMONO S L E E V E
begin the research to find the correct supplies, However, this won't happen unless the pattern is A N D ELBOW D A R T S FRONT
and order them as soon as possible. correct-correct stitching begins with a correct
pattern (Figure 14.3). This aspect of the sleeve
SHOULDER NOTCH Sleeve head, or heading, is a bias strip of the construction process, and is critical to
various types of fabr- used to fill out the g o ~ dsewing at each step of the project. Our
BACK NOTCHES sleeve cap. This is used in dress- and blouse- advice to students is to learn the correct term
weight fabrics as well as in heavier coat or and use it!
jacket fabrics (see Figure 14.5a).
Shoulder pads are layers of padding made SET-IN SLEEVES
SLEEVE CAP
from materials such as cotton batting, felt, The set-in sleeve is a classic sleeve, which can be
foam, or some of each. They support the constructed as one or two pieces. The cap of the
shoulders of a garment for correct drape, sleeve is rounded to provide extra ease and com-
and maintain and support the shoulder area fort to fit over the shape of the shoulders (Figure
of tailored garments (see Figure 14.16 and 14.4a). In the pattern drafting stage, the shoulder
Figure 16.16). areamust be trued as shown in Figure 14.4b for a
Elbow dart allows the arm to bend in a smooth armsyce. Most students find it difficult
straight, fitted sleeve, and can be one or sev- to shape and ease the cap smoothly, and often
eral smaller darts (see Figure 14.3). the problem stems from too much ease in the
Sleeve hems are the finished lower edges of sleeve cap or choosing the wrong fabric. Unless
the sleeve, which can be turned to the inside
of the sleeve, turned to the front of the sleeve
as a decorative finish. or finished off with
another technique such as bias binding or a lNOTCH 2 NOTCHES
cuff. The type of sleeve or hem finish used ON FRONT ON BACK
ARMHOLE
depends on the fabric, the style of the gar-
ment, the garment use, and the care of the CENTER SHOULD BE SHOULD BE CENTER
Notches are clips in the seam allowances, Refer to Chapter 13, "Cuffs and Other Wrist
indicating the front of the sleeve (one notch), Finishes," for detailed information on this
the back of the sleeve (two notches), and important aspect of sleeve design. FRONT
Gently pull the basting stitches into easingon the der (Figure 14.5d). Use your hands to mold the Pin key points together (see Figure lq.ge), as
sleeve cap (Figure 14.5~). shape-this is where you get to develop heat- follows:
Stitch and press the elbow dart or stitch the ease resistant fingers! -Shoulder seam to center of sleeve cap
(see Figure 14.5~). Don't remove the sleeve until it has cooled down. -Two backsleeve notches to armhole notches
Place the sleeve cap over a tailor's ham; hold Stitch the underarm seam and press open. -One front sleeve notch to armhole notch
both sides firmly at the notch points with one Turn garment to the wrong side; have the sleeve Evenly distribute the ease between notches, and
hand-pull taut (Figure 14.5d). turned to the correct side. pin; i f the ease has been properly determined in
Steam-press the sleeve cap with a steam iron to Slip the sleeve into the armhole and match the the patternmaking stage, the sleeve should fit
reduce the easing and to reshape the sleeve into underarm seams together; the correct sides are easily into the armhole (see Figure rq.ge).
a rounded s h a ~ to
e fitthe curve of the shoul- now facing together (Figure 14.5e). Stitch the sleeve into the armhole with the sleeve
Sleeves: Rounding Off t h e A r m
facing up, beginning at the underarm seam. Mark all notches and matchpoints (Figure
The intersecting seams should be stitched with 14.7a).
the seam allowances left up; don't trim or clip. On the upper and under sleeves, fold the vent
RefertoChapter 6. "Seams," for more informa- facing in and the hem up. Mark the position
tion on stitching intersecting seams (Figure where the patterns intersect; open the pat-
6.29a). tern and connect these two points to stitch
No puckers should bevisible in the sleeve cap mitered corners. Add %-inch seam allowance
after stitching-if they are, use your seam ripper UPPER
(Figure 15.23a).
to remove the stitches and restitch the sleeve. SLENE Begin by stitching the back sleeve seam
(Figure 14.7a). Lay the under sleeve with the
Two-Piece Set-in Sleeve correct side up; place the correct side of the
The two-piece set-in sleeve is found mostly in upper sleeve on top, matching notches. Stitch
suits and coats. Both sections of the sleeve are the seam from the sleeve cap down to the
shaped to ~roducea fitted sleeve with seams at matchpoint corner and clip into the match-
the front and back armhole (Figure 14.6). The point (Figure 14.7b).
seams of the under sleeve and upper sleeve are Press the seam open.
stitched together before the sleeve is set into the Stitch the mitered corners; begin by folding
garment. The sleeve is set into the garment fol- over the diagonal seams with correct sides
lowing the same directions as for the one-piece together, stitching from the %-inch seam
set-in sleeve above. allowance on the cut edge. Stitch through to
the folded edge and clip the corner, finger-
Two-Piece Sleeve with Vent pressing the seam open. Turn using a point
Often two-piece sleeves are finished with vent turner to get a sharp, right-angled corner;
openings at the lower edge (Figure 13.24). This press (Figure 14.7b and Figure 15.23a).
type of finish has to be planned for during the Hand stitch both facings of the vent to the
sloper stage of patternmaking. To sew the two- O n the sleeve cap, fold back each seam allow- garment using a catchstitch (Figure 14.7~).
piece sleeve with vent: ance and cut the pattern using a mirror image Stitch the front seam together and catchstitch
of the sleeve shape. the hem (see Figure 14.7~).
14.7A STITCHING
THE VENT
\ Gathered Sleeve seam; stitch another row of stitches l/s inch
The gathered or puffed sleeve is a variation of from the seamline; trim away excess seam al-
the set-in sleeve (Figure 14.8a). Instead of easing lowance, or serge the seam to finish the edges
in the fullness of the sleeve cap, this fullness is with the gathers underneath.
gathered in. Gathers are visible in the armhole With exaggerated gathering or for very soft
seam, and the cap is puffy with plenty of full- fabrics, a sleeve header will support the
ness. At the patternmaking stage, this type of fullness.
sleeve is slashed open and fullness is added into Refer to Chapter 6, Figure 6.23, for further
the sleeve cap in varying amounts per the de- gathering information.
signer's preferences. To gather the sleeve cap:
Shirt Sleeve
SERGED SEAM
\
14.8A
GATHERED
SLEEVE
A-
=,-
ms
-=F/
. ~i.~*:...--<.*.
=+. ~~~-$c3*s?
14.9C S E R G E D S E A M
Chapter 6, "Seams," and Figure 6.28d for Stitch the side seams of the sleeve, leaving the other option is to stitch the side seams of the gar-
more information. %-inch seam allowance unstitched; back- me?t and sleeve first, then sew the raglan sleeve to
Stitch the side seams in one continuous stitch (Figure 14.10bj. Press the'seams open. the garment (Figure 14.1ib).
stitching, matching the armhole seamlines With the correct sides together, match the
(Figure 14.9d); this seam can also be sleeve to the garment at the notches and the To insert a one-piece raglan sleeve with a dart:
serged. underarm matchpoint; pin. Stitch the dart or seam overthe arm at the
Complete the sleeve. Stitch, beginning at the underarm, with the shoulder. Slash the dart open on the foldline
garment up facing you; the stitching will ac- and press; use a tailor's ham to shape this area
Dropped Shoulder Sleeves tually be done in-the-round. Backstitch, and (Figure 14.11a and Figure 14.3b).
Dropped shoulders are created by a wider press. Pin the sleeve seams to the appropriate garment
bodice that hangs off the shoulder onto the arm edges, correct sides together, carefully matching
with a flattened sleeve cap that is joined in a Raglan Sleeves notches to ensure that the front of the sleeve will
seam. They are most attractive when loose fit- The raglan sleeve gets it name from a loose match the front ofthe garment.
ting and made from fabric with drape. Blouses, overcoat named after an English general. This Stitch, trim, and then stitch again '/8 inch from
dresses, and casual jackets or coats are good sleeve has long shaping at the top and is set the first stitching between the notches (Figure
candidates for dropped shoulder sleeves. Part into the garment before the underarm seam of 14.11b).
of the sleeve cap combines with the garment, the sleeve and garment is joined. The raglan
covering the upper arm at different lengths. sleeve is a versatile sleeve that can be used as 14.10A GARMENT SIDE
S E A M STITCHED
This can be extended or exaggerated as much the basis of many sleeve variations. The sleeve
as the designer desires. The garment can be de- is cut from a separate pattern piece, and its
veloped with or without the lower sleeve. The seams, which extend diagonally from the
lower sleeve can be attached to the garment neckline to the underarm, add a design detail
at the extended cap. The sleeve can be of any to the garment. The sleeve does not have the
length or style; the only consideration is that traditional armhole seam, but retains the un-
the top of the sleeve must be the same dimen- derarm of a set-in sleeve, as shown in Figure
sion as the extended cap. 14.11b. In a one-piece raglan sleeve, a dart at
Because there is no ease in this type of sleeve, the shoulder gives some shaping to the shoul-
follow these stitching directions: der area. In a two-piece raglan sleeve, the
shaping at the shoulder comes from the shape 14.108 SLEEVE
S E A M STITCHED
Stitch the side seams of the garment to the of the seams.
matchpoints, leaving the %-inch seam allow-
ance unstitched;
backstitch. Press the seams open (Figure sleeve, the side seams are stitched after
14.10a). sleeve is sewn to the garment; however, an-
14.11C S E R G E 0 F I N I S H
RAGLAN S L E E V E
, r 14.118 S T I T C H I N G A N D
TRIMMING THE
RAGLAN S L E E V E
Press the seams flat as stitched (melding the Two-Piece Raglan Sleeve SLEEVES CUT-IN-ONE WITH ALL
stitches), then press open. A two-piece raglan sleeve should be carefully OR PART OF THE GARMENT
Stitch the side seam and sleeve seam of the gar- marked to indicate the front and back. Cap Sleeve
ment in one continuous plain seam; this seam Match all notches and markings. A true cap sleeve is created in the patternmak-
can be serged closed after stitching to finish Stitch each sleeve individually to the front ing stage of design development, and is drafted
the seam edges (Figure 14.11~);or, if this seam and back; press the seams. from the cap of a sleeve pattern. It is then sewn
is in a garment that will be lined, it can be left Join the seam allowances along the shoulder into the garment as a sleeve. It can be designed
unfinishedto be covered by the lining. seam in one continuous stitching; press-since to conform to the arm or to stand away from the
this area is curved, press over a tailor's ham. arm. When the cap sleeve is very short, it is lined
Stitch the underarm seams. to the edge (self-faced) (Figure 12.14a).
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
rkingofthe matchpoint is critical for one- or two-piece gusset is sewn in the un-
ttingof tws sleeve. : derarm seam. To stitch a kimono sleeve with-
The cap sleeve is lined with its own fabric to the out a gusset:
1
edge before being stitched to the garment.
Afterthe cap sleeve is stitched into the garment,
use bias binding to finish offthe underarm seam
allowances and continue around the sleeve, fin-
ishing offthe cap sleeve seam allowances atthe
same time.
0 M tch notches and underarm curves of the front
d back sleeves (Figure 14.lzb).
Pin the front sleeve to the backsleeve with the
correct sides together.
Stitch the shoulderlsleevestogether; press.
I'
Stitch the underarmlside seams together;
!
!
II NOTE
Always pivot corners with the needle in the
II press.
Reduce the stitch length; just inside the seam,
i
14.12A C A P S L E E V E
fabric. stitch a second row of stitches in the seam allow-
ance of the underarm curve for reinforcement for
a very loose sleeve. Serge finish the edge ofthe
Sometimes the short-sleeved kimono sleeve is seam allowances together if the garment will not
called a cap sleeve. It looks like an extension of be lined (Figure 14.1zb).
the shoulder; it should not be fitted too closely Ifthe garment is lined press the seam allowances
or it will pull under the armhole. (Refer to the in the direction in which they were stitched, then
Style I.D., Figure 14.ld.) press open. Because this seam is on the bias, it
can be shaped with pressing.
uI??no Sleeve
The kimono sleeve is used in garments where One-Piece Gusset
a wide, loose sleeve is desirable. The sleeve is The addition of a gusset to a sleeve provides
cut as part of the main body of the garment extra ease and movement (Figure 14.13a). A
with half the sleeve on the front of the gar- gusset is a one-piece diamond or two triangles
ment and the other half on the back of the gar- sewn to a slash in the underarm seam. Cutting
ment. The pattern pieces resemble a T-shape, these pieces on the bias gives the most ease and
and there is no seamline around the armhole. strength to the gusset. The diamond points of
The dolman sleeve is developed from the the gusset must end precisely in line with the
basic kimono sleeve. The underarm seam is underarm seamline and the slash points on the
11.128 U N D E R A R M reinforced to withstand the strain from arm garment. If they don't, the sleeve will feel un-
movements. For extra ease and movement, a comfortable, be pulled slightly off center, and
S l e e v e s : Rounding Off t h e A r m
/\
Two-PieceGwsset
The two-piece gusset is easier to sew than a one-
piece because the underarm seam is open when
the gusset pieces are stitched to the slashed
opening. This eliminates maneuvering around
i 4 . l J G EDGESTITCHING four corners (Figure 14.14a).
T H E GUSSET
The finished two-piece gusset has a seam
going down the center since one piece of the
gusset is stitched to the front of the sleeve
and the other is stitched to the back. Carefully
marking the front and back pieces is a good
safeguard against having to seam rip the wrong
pieces. To stitch a two-piece gusset:
- 14.15b.
Center the head inside the sleeve cap with one
long edge matched to the cap edge (Figure 14.15~).
Pin and permanently hand stitch it to the 14.15A S L E E V E H E A D CUT I N T H E S H A P E O F A
S L E E V E C A P FOR A J A C K E T O R COAT
cap seam allowance, close to the machine
stitching-% inch apart and loose work best;
or the sleeve head can be machine stitched %6
inch inside the sleeve cap seam allowance (see
Figure 14.15~).
Turn the seam allowance into the sleeve: the
headerwill turn with it, supportingthe cap.
Continue with construction of the garment and/or
lining.
FOLDED EDGE /
SHOULDER PADS 14.158 S L E E V E HEAD FOR L l G H T W E I G H T / S H E E R 14.1SC S L E t r r n-u,
nANDBASTIND,
FABRICS A N D B L O U S E S MACHINE BASTING
Shoulder pads are important for adding shape
and structure to a garment, and they affect the
way the garment fits, hangs, and looks on the
body. Shoulder pads come and go in fashion, but Set-in pads (Figure 14.16a) that are specifi- The raglan shoulder pad softly rounds off
a coat or jacket always looks better with a narrow, cally designed for jackets and coats are called the point of the shoulder and helps fill in the
%-inch shoulder pad squaring the shoulders. tailor's shoulder pads and are generally larger in area of the sleeve cap. Raglan shoulder pads
Shoulder pads provide a well-made, finished- front than in back, in order to fill in the hollow (Figure 14.16b) are oval in shape, rounded at the
looking garment. There are two types of shoul- of the chest below the shoulder. The sleeve edge shoulder edge, and slightly molded to fit over
der pads-those for set-in sleeves and those for of the tailor's pad is crescent-shaped to follow the shoulder point. The thickest part of the
raglan or dolman sleeves. Available in covered or the shape of the top of the armhole. These pads raglan pad is in the center of the pad.
uncovered forms, these pads come in many sizes have an extra layer of hair canvas or buckram Shoulder pads are made from a variety of
and thicknesses from $4 inch to 1% inches. covering the padding and are never covered materials, including cotton or polyester batting,
A set-in shoulder pad has a long, straight with fabric because the garment's lining will and foam. They can be covered in lightweight
edge that corresponds to a garment's sleeve cover the pad. lining fabric or tricot knit, or they can be pur-
seam, and its thickest part is along this edge. It Smaller pads used in dresses and less tai- chased uncovered, to cover with fabric to coor-
creates a sharper line between the shoulder and lored jackets are symmetrically balanced, front dinate with the garment.
the sleeve and gives a crisper, structured look. and back. Shoulder pads should never be visible from
Sleeves: Rounding Off the Arm
RIGUN
SET-IN
HOULDER PAD
SHOULDER PAD area, stopping about 1inch from the neckline. If
the shoulder pad is too long from the shoulder
point to the neckline, trim it to fit and refinish
the edge.
To shape the covering, form and stitch a dart and do not have this piece of equipment, use
from the excess fabzic on the underside of the a tightly rolled terry cloth bath towel in its
pad covering.
Refold the covering over the pad, with cor- Do not attempt to press the sleeve cap with-
rect sides facing out; pin in place. out a shaped pressing tool, such as a tailor's
Serge or zigzag stitch around the remaining ham, underneath it-pressing is to aid in the
edge; bias binding also makes a nice finish on shaping of this curved area, not to flatten it!
unlined garments. (See Figure 14.5d.)
Using lots of steam directed toward an area
PRESSING THE SLENES of the sleeve and smoothing it with your
Even though we have stressed pressing as you
sew in every chapter, we cannot say often
enough how important it is to press the sleeve at
+*
14.17 S T I T C H I N G each step of the construction. Pressing is almost
THE SET-IN
S H O U L D E R P A D TO as important to the sleeve as the stitching. Press-
THE SHOULDER SEAM
ing isan art developed over time, based on ex-
perience with many types of fabrics. In all of
If there is a chance that the fabric would shadow our directions, pressing has been indicated at
through to the correct side of the garment, use a each step of the way, but additional emphasis is
flesh-colored lining or tricot-knit fabric. needed about the pressing of the sleeve.
fingertips can be an effective way to get rid of when stitching to prevent slipping. Do handbaste seams to avoid seam slippage.
small wrinkles in the upper sleeve. Do use very narrow bias bindings for finishing Do avoid set-in sleeves on heavyweight
When working with lots of gathering, press the sleeves at the hem or the armhole. satin-it can be difficult to ease in.
into the gathers with the tip of the iron, Do use a self-fabric or taffeta sleeve header in Do consider bias-cut sleeves.
taking care to avoid flattening the gathers. the sleeve cap to support gathers.
Finally, if the final pressing of your sleeve Do use self-fabric lining on the fold at the hem Beaded Fabric
leaves something to be desired, consider if the sleeve has a straight hem. This must be Do stitch kimono, raglan, or dropped shoulder
taking the garment to a professional dry cut as a mirror image. sleeves-they're easiest to sew.
cleaner, which has pressing equipment Don't leave regular seam allowances showing; Do change the needle frequently, as beading
specially designed for different areas of a gar- always seam finish as narrow as possible. can dull or burr the needle.
ment. A good final press sets the shape of the Do use two sleeve patterns, one for each side
garment. Lace of the garment, and cut out the beaded sleeves
Do use contrasting or flesh-colored underlin- from a single layer.
STITCHING TRICKY FABRICS ing with lace sleeves to highlight the motifs of Do carefully match the front sleeve notch to
Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns, the lace. the front bodice notch to match the beading
and Repeat Patterns Do use the self-edge of the lace, especially pattern or repeat.
Do use even plaids for easiest matching with if there is a border for the hem of the sleeve
set-in sleeves. (Figure 6.48). Knits
Do cut underarms of the sleeve on the same Do use narrow French seams to finish seam Do eliminate ease from the sleeve cap of knit
plaid for matching (Figure 2.16). allowances if the lace is not too heavy. sleeves-knits do not need easing.
Do use the bias grainline for sleeves for a con- Do use a Hong Kong finish on heavier laces to Do use the flat insertion method for sleeves,
trast that doesn't have to be matched. finish the seam allowance; if the lace is under- using a %-inch seam allowance.
Do match the front notch of a set-in sleeve to lined with a contrast fabric, finish the seam Do match the cap, the underarm points, and
the notch on the garment bodice. allowance edges with serging. also halfway between the underarm and sleeve
Do match front and back below the notch on Do use tulle or taffeta for sleeve heads to cap-this ensures even distribution of the knit
the shoulder seams of kimono sleeves. support the cap of exaggerated, gathered lace sleeve.
Do choose another fabric if the plaids cannot sleeves. Do stitch the armhole seam with the garment
be successfully matched. on top and the sleeve next to the sewing ma-
Don't try to match plaids on raglan sleeves- Satin chine, gently manipulating the armhole to fit
they won't match due to the slant of the seam. Do use tissue paper underneath the satin when the sleeve.
stitching to prevent the feed dogs from marring Do stitch again '/s inch away from the first lin-
Sheer Fabric the surface. of stitching.
Do use serging to finish the seam allowances Do pin only or handbaste within the seam al- Don't overstretch the armhole-this results in
of sheer sleeves. lowances, as satin surfaces are easily marked by wavy seams.
Do use tissue paper underneath the fabric pins.
S l e e v e s : Rounding Off the Arm
UNDER SEN4
1 4 . 1 9 ~STITCH THE
UNDERARM SEAM
14.19F I N S E R l
1 1 . 1 9 0 PULLING UP EASE: STITCHING THE SLEEVE
UNDERARM SEAM
?;&$;::!;:.
I,!! .J .
( I . i:.. '.
<,,,;.:!,
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
-~~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ . ~ . ~ .
both a plaid fabric and a nonplaid fabric; In knit fabric, extend the raglan sleeve into
LE
compare the fit. . the bodice, as shown in Figure 14.20d.
Sleeve underarms are bias cut-leather has Combine two techniques on one sleeve:
no bias so it does not mold as well as fabric increase the ease at the sleeve cap and turn STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF ...
to the armholes. Easingwill help the sleeve
fit into the armholes.
the ease into pin tucks orpleats, releasing the .. . I've stitched my sleeve and there
fullness toward the sleeve hem. are unwanted, unsightly puckers!
Change the shape of the basic sleeve into Careful ease stitching and pin basting help
a flare or direct the fullness of the sleeve to eliminate puckers as the sleeve is stitched
Do trim away the fur from the seam allow- toward the hem, making the hem of the into place. However, if these techniques do
ances before stitching the sleeves to reduce sleeve the focus. not prevent the puckers from forming, rip the
bulk, or if the fur is short pile, stitch the seams Combine the front raglan sleeve with a dif- stitches out of the section that is puckered, and
together, then trim the fur away; use hair clip- ferent back, such as a kimono sleeve back. press. If the fabric is difficult to ease, puckers
pers or a razor. Change the depth of the dolman sleeve and are more likely to occur again, so handbaste
DO place raw edges together and zigzag stitch add a gusset for better fit and ease. the area that is puckered. The eased area may
together. Add a slotted seam down the center of a have to be extended around the entire sleeve to
set-in or raglan sleeve to reveal a contrasting accommodate the excess amount in the sleeve
Heavyweight Fabric fabric. cap. Check the stitch length and adjust it to
DO use a catchstitch to hold seams in place in a Add tucks or inverted pleats to the center of a slightly smaller stitch length, then restitch.
raglan sleeve (Figure 6.51b). a set-in sleeve to draw attention to the sleeve. Also, check the amount of ease in the pattern,
Do use a damp wet cloth for extra steam if Add a seam with piping inserted down the reducing the ease. Recut the sleeve and stitch
needed to press and flatten the seams. center of a set-in sleeve. into the armhole. Chalk this up to the learning
experience!
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
Now that you know how to stitch sleeves, and Sleeves offer a myriad of design possibilities, so .. . I've stitched a kimono sleeve and it
have become more familiar with the different think outside the box when applying the sleeve really droops unattractively!
types of sleeves, take that knowledge and try one techniques learned in this chapter. Adding a one- or two-piece gusset to the al-
of the following techniques. Remember, always ready stitched underarm area of the kimono
sample a new technique before applying it to a Slash the sleeve cap and add exaggerated sleeve will provide more fit and ease of move-
garment, and allow plenty of time to do so. pleats (Figure 14.20a). ment. Adjusting the curve of the underarm
Apply beaded trim to the upper garment, area to a higher curve will also bring the sleeve
Slash open the cap of the sleeve to add extending from the neckline down the entire closer to the body. Adjust this curve with
extravagant fullness to the cap of the sleeve; kimono sleeve (Figure 14.20b). basting stitches first before cutting away any
support the fullness with a sleeve header of Create self-fabric trim and apply over the of the underarm seam to see if it rectifies the
taffeta. dropped shoulder, continuing across the dissatisfaction.
Cut a set-in sleeve on the bias grainline in bodice (Figure 14.20~).
S l e e v e s : Rounding Off t h e Arm
~~ . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . .~ . . - - . . ~~.
. .~ ~ ~
..-.
.. . I've added a one-piece gusset and Has the sleeve been pressed on a sleeve Do I understand the significance of ease
the sleeve doesn't hang properly! board, without a crease pressed down the ~titching,pinning, and basting to the suc-
The key to inserting gussets is to be absolutely ac- center of the sleeve? cessful pucker-free application of a sleeve?
curate in marking and stitching. Precision is para- When stitching the raglan sleeve, are the Do I understand the importance of choos-
mount in this technique. Take out the gusset, and seams evenly sewn, pucker-free, and pressed ing the correct combination of shoulder and
recut and re-mark a new one. Check the markings without being visible on the outside of the sleeve cap support for the sleeve?
on the garment. Begin again. Learn from this ex- garment? Do I understand the difference the proper
perience, and always make a practice muslin in Has the proper sleeve support been inserted positioning of the shoulder pad makes to the
the same weight as the garment fabric. Remember, for the raglan sleeve? support of the shoulder and sleeve?
making a muslin does not necessarily mean using Does the two-piece sleeve hang properly Do I understand how critical it is to cor-
100 percent cotton muslin. By using a similar with the correct shoulder support? rectly press along each step of the sleeve
weight for the muslin, you would see early on in If working with a specialty fabric, does the construction?
the construction process how the sleeve would sit. style of sleeve complement the design? Do I understand that the basic sleeve is just
the beginning of sleeve design?
SELF-CRITIQUE Do I understand that changing the design
Are my ease stitches evenly distributed on of the sleeve and the hem finish of the sleeve
the marked area of the set-in sleeve? Do I understand the difference between a offers unlimited design possibilities?
Are my set-in sleeves pucker-free? set-in sleeve and a cut-in-one sleeve?
Do my set-in sleeves hang properly? Do I understand the critical importance of The fashion designer needs an excellent knowledge
Are the shoulder pads or sleeve headers vis- accurate matchpoints, notches, and stitching of clothing construction. Accurately marking,
ible from the outside of the sleeve? in setting myself up for stitching the per- easing, pinning, and pressing sleeves are impor-
Do the shoulder pads or sleeve headers sup- fectly fitted sleeve? tant steps of construction. Remember, design-
port the shoulder and sleeve cap? Do I understand that the amount of ease, ing, patternmaking, and construction are closely
Is the pressing of my set-in sleeve smooth so important to the setting in of sleeves, is linked together and without good construction,
and wrinkle-free, adding to the shape rather determined at the patternmaking stage? there isn't good design. Learning to sew is a pro-
than flattening it? cess, so keep sewing and never give up!
Hems:. Defining the Length
.. . . .
.,.~.
~
,.~
.:~-:.:
he hem is one of the most noticeable aspects of a garment, a s it defines ffi$+t+*phr
.~
. .. .. ....~..
~
,..,
~
.&..,
~
TERMS
.~EY . .,
T
~
We have attended many student fashion shows and enjoyed them i m m e n...~. .l. y . l : ~ ~ ~ Hznd-Stitched Hem
each model appears on the catwalk wearing each glamorous garment, it is th@?b.$i@$@at&~~t @gm
... . . * .. . . .
:z
hits the eye. If the hem has not been leveled and correctly stitched using a sut@I$t&-6tii~ Hem Allowance . .
technique for the fabric, it can spoil the entire look of the garment. , . . Hem Edge . ~
. -- HemFinish ~. . .
The process 6f stitching the hems is our- designer can customize the &Mitable %em Hemline
lined in this chapter. Various hem finishes finish and stitch for each fabric type and indi- Machine-Stitckid Hem
and hem stitches are explained, including in- vidual garment. Mirror Image 2
visible hand-stitched hems, machine-stitched Mitered ~ o ~ n ? $ : . . F-.
hems, false hems, and other creative hem STYLE I.D. Pin-Ma& . . . x *: ,
flared, circular, and angled hemlines. Know- The coatdress in Figure 15.la has an asym- ~ t . ~ i i @ ; p @ ~ m,-i ' ( . .
....-"
~~
~ ~
Figure 15.lb illustrates wool check pants A hem is an extra width of fabric added stitched in the same way as a straight hem. But
with wide cuffs. Cuffs are not always the trend below the finished hemline at the pattern- take heart, any shaped hem can be perfectly
for the season; regardless, a designer needs to drafting stage. This extra fabric is called the stitched into a beautiful hem!
know how they are stitched. Notice the cute hem allowance. The border of the hem allow-
little jacket with the two front hem slits. Hem ance is called the hem edge; this is the raw HOW TO CHOOSE THE
slits are often needed in garments for functional edge of the fabric. A hem is formed when the APPROPRIATE HEM
design purposes; other times they are purely hem allowance is neatened with a hem finish. It can be difficult to choose which hem finish
decorative (which is the case in the jacket). Also The hem is then turned back and stitched to and hem stitch to use for each garment. We
notice that the sleeve hem has been stitched with the garment. The hem can be hand stitched or highly recommend beginning by sampling the
cuffs. (If you turn back to Figures 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, machined stitched to finish the hemline. The hem in the same or similar fabric type as the
and 1.7, the importance of functional design is hemline is also the foldline; however, if a false garment. Then if one sample doesn't work, try
discussed in full.) hem is stitched to the hem edge, then the fold- another until you feel satisfied that the hem
The summer floral skirt in Figure 15.1~is line is called a seamline. finish and stitches are "just right" for your
circular, with a narrow, rolled, machine-stitched The hemline is the folded edge that defines project.
hem. This is the idyllic hem finish on full, floaty, the length of the garment. Hems are added to Choosing the appropriate hem finish and hem
circular hemlines. blouses, shirts, shorts, pants, skirts, dresses, stitches for a garment is the first important deci-
The softly draped top in Figure 15.ld is jackets, coats, and sleeves at the beginning when sion when stitching the hem. How the final hem
paired with the jeans and has an angled hand- the pattern is plotted. A hem prevents garment looks influences the success of the garment.
stitched hem. edges from fraying and adds weight and sup- Here is a checklist with four helpful h'ints to
As you can see, there is no standard hemline port to the hemline as well as finishing the hem consider:
for garments-hems can be all shapes and sizes. edge.
Dejining the length is part of the silhou- 1. The style and look you want to achieve.
GATHER YOUR TOOLS ette of the garment; the silhouette or outline Whether the garment is for casual wear,
You'll need the following tools: skirt marker, of the garment is one of the important design day wear, business wear, or evening wear
chalk, pins, thread, machine and hand stitching elements. The length of the garment is de- gives some direction as to the type of
needles, seam ripper, point turner, and a vari- fined at the sketching stage of designing. There hem finish to use. For example, machine-
ety of hem tapes. With the tape measure around are many different hem lengths and shapes to stitched hems are used more often in casual
your neck, you are now ready to begin stitching choose from when designing collections. Hems garments such as active wear and sports-
hems. can be straight, curved, circular, angled, or any wear. Hand-stitched hems can also be used
other shape the designer chooses. The designer for casual wear, and definitely used for
NOW LET'S GET STARTED endeavors to cover a variety of hem lengths to business wear, evening wear, and high-end
What Is a Hem? appeal to the target customer. garments.
To help you understand each term associated Straight hems and shaped hems are stitched 2. The weight, drape, and handle of the fabric.
with hems, look at Figure 15.2 and follow along differently. The difference is slight yet impor- The type of hem must suit the fabric. For
as each term is defined. tant. A shaped hem cannot be folded back and example, if the fabric you are working with
Professional Sewing T e c h n i p e s for Designers
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ . . . . . . . . ~ . ~
is sheer, then consider stitching a narrow hem or a machine-stitched rolled hem may 15.38 PEGGED S K I R T
rolled hem, because a wider hem allowance depend on the time available; both would
would shadow through to the correct side work well.
of the fabric. A narrow, rolled, hand- or
machine-stitched hem would look the least A SMOOTH, EVEN HEM BEGINS
obtrusive. WITH THE CORRECT PATCERNS /NOTCHES
3. The price point. The chosen finish may A successful hemalways begins with the correct
need to reflect price constraints. patterns. BACK
c
4. The big picture-time. This factor can also
determine the hem finish. For example, The Hem Allowance SIDES-
whether you choose a hand-stitched rolled The fabric and silhouette dictate the width of the
hem allowance. Here are some pattern tips on
how to decide on the width of hem allowance.
-------\-----
I
NOTE Table 15.1 is a guide that sets out some sug-
I f pleats or a godet are inserted into the gested hem allowances for different silhouettes PLACEME SEAMS OFTHE
PITTERN TOGRHER. USING
hemline, line up these patterns as well when and styles. Also look at Figure 2.9 to see the AHIP CURE DWWA
creating a smooth hemline. shape of each hemline referred to in the follow- SMOMH CURED HEM LINE.
I
Some hems reommended for hand stitching it must be cut as a mirror image to the angle
can also be machinestltchedas part ofth of the seamline. Cutting the hem allowance as fectly flat when stitched. If this is not attended
design-this is the designer's choice. mirror image ensures that when the hem allow- to at the patternmaking stage, the hem will look
ance is turned back, it will lie flat behind the puckered from the correct side of the garment
Hems: D e f i n i n g t h e L e n g t h
.................... .....~~.-.~~.~~~-~~.~~~-~~-~~..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
h
THE HEM WITH A If a form or person isnot avail4ble to level the
SKIRT MARKER
hem, then it can be done on the workroom table
as follows. This method is not as accurate as
using the skirt marker but is better than not
ALLOWANCE
doing it at all. Follow Figure 15.6 to level the
hem this way.
Skirt
Fold the skirt in half with the center front
on the fold. Place the garment flat on a
table.
Measure from waistline to hemline; move the
tape measure around the skirt and pin-mark Stitch the hem finish.
the skirt length. Pin the hem in place-don't press over the
Add the hem allowance and cut away the pins, as they may leave small hole marks in
excess fabric. your garment.
Handbaste hems in tricky fabrics such as
Dress sheers and beaded fabrics.
O n a dress, establish the waistline and pin- Hem stitching-stitch the hem using the
mark. stitching method that best suits the fabric
Measure from the pin-mark to the hem, and design.
following the previous instructions for the Press the hem when it is completed-always
"skirt." use a pressing cloth!
15.7A O P E N S E A M 15.78 OPEN SEAM Reduce bulk from the hemline, which is the
XEDUCI BULK OH
HEM SLLMALLOWANCI foldline (Figure 15.7a).
Reduce bulk on the hem seam allowance
(Figure 15.7b).
Reduce bulk by clipping into the seam
allowance on the hemline, and turn the
seam allowance in opposite directions
(Figure 15.7~).
HEM STABILIZERS
PATTERN T I P
Place a l l the pattern seamlines together and
1 5 . H E M STABILIZER: INTERFACING underlined; only the coat front and front facing it will add bulk. Steam-press the canvas to the
AND SEW-IN CANVAS
(and collar) are interf~ced,so adding a hem sta- hemline shape.
bilizer in this case would be an advantage. This If the crease for the hemline is hard to see,
coat gets
. lined, so look ahead to Chapter 16. handbaste so it's visible. Line up the canvas on
Always sample first to see if a ridge shows from the crease; smooth and mold without stretching,
the correct side of the fabric after the hem stabi- and pin in place. Turn the canvas top edge back
lizer has been applied. % inch and lightly hand stitch it to the garment
Horsehair braid is another hem stabilizer using a hidden slipstitch. Finish the hem by
used mainly for stabilizing hems in evening hand, stitching the hem allowance to the canvas
wear. The stitching method for applying horse- using a hidden slipstitch or catchstitch. Figure
hair braid is discussed in the section "Horsehair 15.9 illustrates both of these hand stitches.
Braid," later in this chapter. There are a variety of hem finishes to choose
from. The hem finish is applied to the hem edge,
,/Aft,
?, r stitching the hem
INTERFACING CREASE LINE^
&HEMLINE
U S E A ~ G L I G STITCH CANVAS
TO lOlN U N V A S
w
m finish, measure and fold the
allowance to the wrong side and press a firm
creaseline, a s shown in Figure 15.15 in the section
which is the raw cut edge of the fabric. Applying a
hem finish prevents the garment fromfraying and
adds quality. Some hem finishes add bulk, while
"Preparing the Hem," later in this chapter. others shadow or show a ridge from the correct
jacket in Figure 15.lb, in the Style I.D., has a side of the fabric. The type of hem finish is an
hem stabilizer to help hold its shape. Fusible Hem Stabilizer important decision. Take a look at Table 15.2 on
Hems can be stabilized with a fusible or Cut the interfacing in one long piece; if page 430 for hem finishes for different fabrics.
sew-in interfacing. Figure 15.8 illustrates both you don't have enough length, then pieces
15.9 H E M C H A R T OF H A N D S T I T C H E S U S E D T O S T I T C H H E M S
options; the sew-in interfacing in this case is can be overlapped by l/s to !4 inch and WITH HAND STITCHING NEEDLES
bias-cut canvas. Care needs to be taken that the pressed in place along the crease line (which is HIDDEN HIDDEN
correct weight of stabilizer is used for the fabric the hemline).
weight and the desired structure. Refer to chap-
ter 3, "How to Choose the Best Stabilizer for Sew-in Bias-Cut Canvas
Your Project." For example, a lightweight fus- A sew-in canvas is an ideal hem stabilizer to use
ible interfacing will lightly structure a hem. A for tailored jackets and coats. It will bepresumed
sew-in canvas will add more body. that a jacket or coat with a canvas hem stabilizer
When a garment is underlined, a hem stabi- will be lined. Bias-cut the canvas to the required
lizer is not usually needed, as the underlining length and approximately 3%inches wide. If the
takes its place, but there are exceptions to this canvas needs to be joined, butt the two pieces
rule. The coatdress in ~ i @ r e15.la would be un- together on the straight grain and zigzag stitch
derlined but may also benefit from a hem stabi- together as illustrated on the right-hand side WEDGE SIRGED HONGKONG SERGED CLEAN
lizer. Notice in Figure 15.8 that the coat is not of the coat in Figure 15.8. Don't stitch a seam; FINISH FINISH FINISH
Hems: Defining t h e Length
. . . . . .. .
1S.lOA S T I T C H A ROW O F B A S T I N G S T I T C H E S
Folded Edge as Hem Finish T O T H E HEM FINISH.
or 'h inch back from the hem edge to prevent serged hem finish would be the most commonly
fraying. used hem finish in production for straight,
curved, flared, circular, or angled hems. Notice
in Figure 15.10 that the serger has finished a
curved hem.
NOTE
Cxrved A-line and flared hems cannot be
Angled hems can also have a serged hem
turned back in exactly the same way as straight
finish. This will be explained in the uocomlng
section "Mitered Corner." hems. When the hem is straight, you only need
to serge the hem edge before the hem allowance
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
i'
sure they are stitched on the lengthwise grain
~ f t t serging
r your hem finish, another stitching (see Figure 6.17). STITCH-IN-THE-DITCH
BI*S BINDING LIES
p is needed before completing the hem finish for It is important to use the correct weight of bias FLAT UNDER THE HEM.
curved A-line or flared hems. This extra stitching binding. A binding that is too heavy will add bulk
step willensurea smooth, flat hem on yourgarment, to the hem and may show a ridge from the cor-
and this will be evident as your garment is modeled rect side after it is pressed. The stitching order for out, Seams Great is made from tricot, which is
on the catwalk. the Hong Kong hem finish is identical to that used lightweight, sheer, and not bulky. Due to its
Notice that the hem width has been reduced to 1 when stitching a Hong Kong seam finish. Follow sheerness, it blends with most colors. It is ideal
inch (Figure 15.1oa). the stitching order in Figures 6.33a and b. as a hem finish for lace and other sheer fabrics.
Machine stitch one row of basting stitches along Curved A-line or flared hems can also have Stitch bias grain Seams Great to straight or
the bottom of the serged finish, approximately 4 a Hong Kong finish. Bias is flexible so it will curved hem edges, and a straight grain Seams
to 6 inches on either side of the seamline. (The fit perfectly to a shaped hem edge. Prepare the Great to straight hemedges. Refer to the "Where
more flared the hemline is, the farther back you hem edge with basting stitches, as Figure 15.10a to Buy" section of this text.
will need to stitch.) In some cases the entire hem illustrates; the only difference is, don't serge the You will find this an easy method-simply
edge may need to be basted and pulled up into hem edge-leave a raw edge. After the hem is fold the Seams Great in half and wrap it around
easing (Figure 15.1oa). eased and steam-pressed, as Figure 15.10b illus- the hem edge, enclosing the raw edge. Hand-
Afterthe hemline is prepared, pullthe basting trates, the Hong Kong finish is then stitched to baste the binding in place to prevent twisting.
stitches into easing. When the hem is folded the eased hem edge in the same way it is stitched Edgestitch the binding to the hem edge; be sure
back, evenly distribute the easing until the hem in Figure 15.11. the fabric edge remains butted up to the foldline
lies flat. Don't pull the easing too tight orthe hem during the entire stitching process (Figure 15.12).
will look wavy from the correct side. Steam-press Seams Great
the easingalongthe hem edge (Figure 15.1ob). Seams Great is another variation of the Hong Hem Tape
When completed, choose the hem stitch you Kong finish. Seams Great was discussed in Hem tape is an ideal hem finish to use on heavier-
want-a serged hem finish can be machine Chapter 3 as a stabilizing tape, and listed as a weight fabric, such as tweed, as it eliminates
stitched or hand stitched. hem tape in your tool kit. As Chapter 3 points bulk. Stitching a hem tape as a hem finish is a
Hems: Defining the Length
. ...~. ~~ ... ~ ~~~~~~
..
I
PATTERM TIP the stitching order is identical. Notice the hem
Deduct the width of the hem tape from the edge does not need to be serged. The hem tape is
tetal hem aIIowanee and add %-inch seam pinned or handbasted '/r inch over the hem edge,
allowance. as illustrated in Figure 15.13b. The tape is then
edgestitched in place. Do not stretch the lace tape
couture finish and also looks classy on luxury as you stitch, because it may pucker the hem.
fabrics such as velvet and silk fabrics. Hem tape Curved A-line or flared hems can also be
is available in nylon, lace, polyester, or rayon finished with hem tape. Rayon tape is softer
ribbon. It is available in a variety of colors and and easier to ease and steam-press into a curved
is approximately % inch to )/r inch wide. A slip- shape than lace tape. First prepare the hem
RLW HEM EDGE
stitch is the perfect hand stitch to use on this edge with basting stitches, as Figure 15.10a il-
hem finish. How to slipstitch is explained in lustrates; the only difference is, don't serge the
15.135 RIBBON H E M TAPE
"Hand-Stitched Hems," later in this chapter. hem edge-leave a raw edge. The hem is then
Ribbon and lace hem tapes used as hem fin- eased and steam-pressed. Figure 15.10b shows
ishes are illustrated in Figure 15.13. Notice in you how this is done. Next follow Figure 15.14
Figure 15.13a how the hem tape is joined on the and stitch one row of machine basting stitches
side seam by overlapping l/r inch. Imagine how just inside one edge of the hem tape. Pull up
glamorous your bridal gown would look, with the basting stitches into easing. The tape is now
lace hem tape showing, when the garter was curved; steam-press the tape in this shape. Now
removed! edgestitch the tape to the curved hem edge, as
Figure 15.14 illustrates.
15.11 S E A M S GREAT I S AN I D E A L H E M F I N I S H
O N S H E E R F A B R I C S SUCH A S LACE.
PREPARING THE HEM
Let's recap what has been discussed about hems
so far:
match the seams together, notch the seams, To prepare the hem, follow these helpful sug-
and draw a smooth hemline with minor hem gestions. Take your tape measure and accurately
allowances. measure the width of hem allowance parallel
The second step was to level the hem with a from the hem edge up around the entire hem,
skirt marker. and press in place (Figure 15.15a). Next pin
The next step is to prepare the hem after the the hem in place-pin and handbaste the hem
hem finish is stitched. in place on delicate fabrics (Figure 15.15b). No
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
' 6 USING
size is important. Refer to Figure 2.22~to see
the different needle sizes used for hand stitch-
ing. In needle sizing, the length and thickness of
the needle denotes the size. The larger the needle
matter what shape the hem is, these instructions size, the shorter and finer the needle will be.
are the same (except for a narrow rolled hem).
Hand-stitched hems look wonderful on any "Sharps" are good all-purpose needles and
garment when they are well stitched. Hand- ideal to use for hems or other hand stitching.
15.15A PREPARE T H E H E M : M E A S U R E T H E H E M
stitched hems are stitched with hand stitching They have a sharp point, a round eye, and are ALLOWANCE A N D P R E S S T H E H E M .
needles and thread. of medium length. Select the needle accord-
Hand stitches should not show from the cor- ing to the weight of the fabric. Notice in the
rect side of the garment. Invisible hand-stitched hem chart in Figure 15.9 that the needles
hems do not draw attention; rather they should used for hand stitching hems are sizes 7,9,
blend with the overalllookof the garment. Hand and 10. (A good average size for invisible hem
stitching hems can take time and patience as you stitching is size 9.)
get the hang of the stitches. Some students love Notice they are threaded with a single
it and others don't. However, do persevere with thread, ready to stitch hems. Embroidery
it. The hem chart in Figure 15.9 gives an over- needles, also known as "crewel" needles,
view of the choice of hand stitches that can be are identical to sharps but have a longer eye,
used for stitching hems. Become familiar with making it easier to thread multiple strands
1 5 . 1 5 8 P I N T H E H E M I N PLACE: O N DELICATE F A B R I C S ,
these options for hand stitching hems. of threads. P I N AND HANDBASTE THE HEM.
Hems: Defining the Length
~.........~...~~......
. ~~ ~ ~ . ........
. ~ ~.~~~~~
~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . .. .
~
Blindstitch
.
Begin by attachingthe thread on the seamline of
the wrong side of the garment.
makes threading the needle easier.
Turn the garment to the wrong side. Get A blindstitch is a stitch that is not only invisible Place the needle back into the previous needle
comfortable-lay the garment across your lap. from the correct side but almost invisible from hole, and slide the needle along into the folded
Begin by securing the thread on the seamline the wrong side as well. A blindstitch can only hem edge forvs inch and pull the needle out of
using three or four overhand stitches with a be applied to a folded edge; these two go hand in the fabric.
single strand of thread (not double) (Figure hand, as seen in Figure 15.16. Directly opposite where the needle has come out,
15.16). A blindstitch can also be used to attach fac- pick up a smallstitch (one fabric thread) on the
Continue stitching the hem in the direction ings, ~ockets,and trims to the garment surface. garment and pull the thread through the fabric.
outlined for each hem stitch. Care is needed to make sure the stitches are in- Then place the needle back into the previous
* Take the finest stitches ~ossible,as hem visible and strong enough to hold the pockets needle hole and slide the needle 3/8 inch along
stitches must look invisible from the correct to the garment when the pockets are used for into the folded edge.
side of the fabric. functional purposes. Continue stitching i n this rhythm until the hem is
Don't ~ u lhand
l stitches too tight or the hem completed.
will look puckered.
When the hem stitching is completed, finish
as you began with three or four overhand
stitches and clip the thread.
C Stitch right to left i f you are right-handed or left to
h t i f you are left-handed (Figure 15.16).
Fold and press the '/,-inch seam allowance to the
PATTERN TIP
Add an extra % inch to the hem allowance for
I
When the hem is completed, press in place-
this completes the SEW, CLIP, PRESS
method of hem stitching.
. wrong side.
Pin and handbaste the hem i n place.
turning the folded edge.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.. . . ~ ~ . . . ~ . . . ~ ~ . - .~~ ~
. . ..~~~
~ ...... . ~
~... .
l5.17A SLIPSTITCH
Slipstitch
This stitch is one of the mostly commonly used IMPORTANT
.--....
.~~ ~ ~
difference is that the stitches are between the fabrics only. The hem finish can be left as a raw
1 hem and the garment. Refer to Figure 15.17. edge or serged. Notice in Figure 15.18a that the
hem edge has been left raw. When a catchstitch
is stitched over the raw hem edge, it eliminates
ght to left if you are right-handed and bulk and ridges from appearing from the cor-
you are left-handed (Figurei5.17a). rect side of the fabric. In this case the catchstitch
Attach the thread to the seam with a few over- combines the hem finish and the hem stitch all in
16.178 HlODEN SLIPSTITCH
hand stitches. one stitching process. This is an excellent finish
Withasingle thread, takea small stitch in the to use when the garment is lined. A catchstitch
garment a scant '/r inch to the left of the seamline can also be stitched as a hidden catchstitch, but
CLOSED and pick u p one fabric thread. Move to the left do apply a hem finish before hand stitching the
SERGED S E U I
again a scant ./,inch and slide the needle from hem (Figure 15.18b).
the back to the front of the hem.
Continue to stitch the hem in this rhythm of
P
li
stitching until the hem is completed. Stitch left to right if you are right-handed or right to
The stitches will look like smallVs and should be w t if you are left-handed (see Figure 15.18a).
approximately Va inch apart when finished. After attachinga single thread on the seam with
a few overhand stitches, move the needle to the
- S;ITCH IN THIS DIRECTION
Hidden Slipstitch right by %inch. Then take a small stitch (one
For a hidden slipstitch, roll back the hem edge thread from right to left) in the garment directly
% inch toward you and secure the thread on the above the hem edge. The garment stitches must
IMPORTANT.
~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .
m side seam, ready to slipstitch (Figure 15.17b). be small so they don't show on the correct side of
the garment.
The width between the stitches is important. Catchstitch Take the next stitch in the hem, '/B inch below
Stitches that are too far apart will not hold A catchstitch forms small x stitches to catch the the hem edge and to the right Gsinch. Angle the
the hem in place; those too close together hem edge to the garment. This is an excellent needle right to left to take a small stitch in the
may make the hem look puckered.
hem stitch touse on heavier-weight fabrics; how- hem. A couple of stitches can be picked u p in the
ever, it is not limited to stitching heavyweight hem, as they will not show.
Hems: Defining the Length
15.18A CATCHSTITCH
CATCHSTITCH
Continue to alternate the stitches from garment
to hem until the hem is completed. The distance
between each stitch on the garment side should
be 318 inch.
0 A owl/. inch hem allowance.
Stitch a row of staystitchingy~inch above
the hem edge. This helps to roll the hem
edge.
Trim off the raw edge close to the stitching just
OVERHAND s T m n a short length at a time as you stitch.
PICK UP ITHREAD ONLY
Roll the hem allowance (below the stitch line) up
and over again so the row of stitching is on the
folded edge.
Using a small needle, begin from the seamline
and stitch a blindstitch or slipstitch from right to
i
STITCH IN THIS DIRECTION
. left (left to right if you are left-handed). Figure
15.16 shows how a blindstitch looks as it is
stitched.
Hidden Catchstitch Sit comfortably with the garment in your lap, hold
For a hidden catchstitch, roll back the hem the hem taut, and continue stitching.
15.188 H I D D E N CATCHSTITCH
edge !h inch toward you and secure the thread
on the side seam, ready to catchstitch (see MACHINE-STITCHED HEMS
'
Figure 15.18b). Using a hidden catchstitch will Machine-stitched hems are popular in casual
prevent a ridge from showing on the correct clothes. Because they take less time to stitch
side of the fabric. than hand-stitched hems, they are cost-effective
in production.
Narrow Rolled Hem O n machine-stitched hems, the topstitching
A hand-stitched narrow rolled hem adds a is visible from the correct side of the garment
couture finish to an expensive garment. Hand and can become a design feature. When other
stitching a rolled hem is very time-consuming parts of the garment, such as the seams, pock-
and thus cannot be used in mass production. ets, collars, and bands, have been topstitched,
It is a finish that is ideal for lightweight, sheer the hems are often topstitched as well. The
fabrics. Use a small-sized hand needle and silk jeans the designer is wearing in Figure 1.1 il-
thread for fine fabrics. Just put on your favor- lustrate this point.
ite music, get comfortable, and stitch the night It is the designer who decides on the place-
away. A narrow rolled hem can be stitched to ment of the topstitching. There are no rules as to
any hem shape. Follow along with the stitching the position; however, the topstitching is guided
order in Figure 15.19. by the hem allowance, which was addressed
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
will be explained: straight, curved A-line or Take a look at the jeans in Figure 15.ld of the
flared, and angled. Style I.D.; a twice-turned hem would be used 15.20 MACHINE.STITCHED S T R A I G H T H E M S : C L E A N EDGE
Hems: Defining t h e Length
15.10 shows how to prepare the hem edge for inating bulk on corners. After the bulk is cut
a curved (A-line) and flared hemline so it sits away from the corner, the seam is stitched on the
smooth and flat from the correct side of the bias grain (Figure 15.23a). Notice in Figure 15.lb
garment. After the machine basting has been that the jacket has an angled hem to form the slits
applied, eased, pressed, and turned back, the on the front jacket. The corners of the slits would
I hem can be machine stitched in place. Figure
15.22 illustrates how the hem should look, on
be stitched with mitered corners. The corner is
cut off at the patternmaking stage before the gar-
2 PARALLEL
ROWS OF STI7CHINB both side of the fabric, when it is completed. ment is cut in fabric (see Figure 15.23a).
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~~ ... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~~~~
~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . . . .
EDGESTIICY \
SERGED FINISH
\
MITERED COWER'
REDUCEBULK MRMENT
ON CDRNER
FINISHED HEMUWE
.
MITERED CORNER
\
F~NGERPRESS
SEAM OPEN
' /
REDUCE BULK ON
CORNER SE*M
Hems: Defining the Length
Narrow, Rolled, Machine-Stitched Hem as this defines the finished hem width. Trim the
PATTERN T I P A narrow, rolled, machine-stitched hem adds a excess seam allowance as close to the edge-
An angled hem can have a folded edge finish classy look to any garment. A special foot can stitchingas possible. Usingapplique scissors
or a serged finish. Both finishes can be hand be ~urchasedthat rolls the hem in one stitch- helps to cut closer to the stitching. Take a quick
stitched or machine topstitched. The finish
affects the pattern and the stitching, so
decide beforehand which finish you will use.
ing process; however, many design schools
don't provide them. This hem technique is ideal
to use on circular skirts, collar edges, ruffles
. look at these scissors in Figure 15.25a.
With the wrong side facing up, fold the hem
over again and edgestitch directly on top of
Refer to Figure 15.7313 to see both options.
Add an extra '/,-inchseam allowance for and flounces, and curved shirt hems. A narrow the last row of stitching; press the hem (Figure
the folded edge finish; this is illustrated i n rolled hem is also an excellent hem finish for 15.24~).
Figure 15.23~. fine, sheer fabrics. It is not a good hem stitch to
a ~ o l to
y heavyweight fabrics. Angled Narrow Rolled Hem
N o matter what shape the hem is, straight, For an angled hemline, each edge must be
.
<7
F Id the bias edges togetherwith the correct
curved, circular, or angled, the same three-step
stitching technique applies when stitching a
stitched separately, in two easy steps, as illus-
trated in Figure 15.24d. Use the same stitch-
j
~ ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~
:.!
$
15.24A F I R S T ROW O F STITCHING : 1 5 . 2 4 8 SECOND ROW OF STITCHING fi
I1
I1
THIRD ROW I1
STRCW A COUPLE OF
OVERHAND SNTCHE5
NOTE
F i s h i n g line can be inserted between the
rolled edges in the last s t i t c h i n g process. STE
STITCH OW OVEPWAND STITCH
F i s h i n g line weights vary so try 25 lbs-this 2
I
are needed on garments for various reasons:
IMPORTANT
First stitch a sample cut on the same grain- Any shaped hem edge, such as a scallop hem
line as the hem on t h e ~ a r m e nto
t which it edge, needs a false hem (see Figure 15.la).
IS belngrtitched. This I s important t o the Fabric shortage may be an issue. When you
success o f a lettuce edge, as the width of
run out of fabric, stitch a false hem. A false
the stitching; density, and tension may need
SEAM ALLOWANCE hem can be stitched to a straight or shaped
adjustment to suit each fabric type.
edge.
If the hemline has been cut on a border, there
may be no room for a hem allowance (see
1).Tatch the thread color or combine three different Figure 2.11).
bnesfor an interesting effect. If a heavyweight fabric hem is too heavy to
Yith the correct side facing up, place the hem turn back, a bias-cut false hem facing can
dge underthe serger foot. Align the knife with be stitched from a lighter-weight fabric to
15.25B L E T T U C E EDGE: STRETCH T H E H E M A S Y
he hem edge and hold the fabric taut as you reduce bulk.
STITCH TO FORM CURLS. stitch alongthe folded edge. The knife will trim If pants are too short, a false hem can be
off any excess fabric. added to lengthen them:
When returning to the beginning, overlap as few Carefully seam rip the hem stitches from the
PATTERN T I P stitches as possible, raise the foot, and release hem to let down the hem for the extra length.
Add an extra %-inch hem allowance if the the tension disc. Then press the foldline from the hem.
hem edge is folded back, as Figure 15.25a Carefully pull the garment backout of the ma- When the hem is let down, the foldline may
illustrates (this is eventually cut off). chine, leaving6 to 7 inches ofthread. not press out and this can be a problem.
Finish the threads by threading them through a After the foldline is pressed, stitch a false
needle and completing a few overhand stitches. hem to lengthen the pants.
stitch allows seams and hems in knit fabrics to Carefully cut off the extra ~/r
inch of fabric with Follow the instructions from Figure 15.26.
stretch. It would not be suitable as a hem finish applique scissors (see Figure i5.25a).
on bulky sweater knits. Bias-Cut Hem Facing
Figure 15.25a is stitched with two layers of FALSE HEMS A hem facing is cut following the shape of
fabric folded together to stabilize the edge. The Knowledge of how to stitch a false hem is worth- the edee
" it is stitched to. As an alternative to
edge is pressed 34 inch back before stitching. while, as you never know when it will be useful. stitching a shaped facing, a bias-cut facing can
Figure 15.25b shows a single layer of lightweight The asymmetrical coatdress pictured in Figure be stitched as a false hem. The A-line curved
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
L?
Th hem that is going be stitched is an A-line skirt
m
' . Before proceeding, make sure the skirt is fully
stitched together in-the-round. The hem is the last
pin i n place.
Stitch a %-inch seam around the hem edge,
understitch, turn, and press the hem. Don't press
stitchingprocess i n the stitchingorder. Follow along, overthe pins, as they may leave a mark; hand-
referring to Figure 15.26. baste the hem i n place instead.
Allow plenty of length in the facing; cut the bias Hand stitch the hem in place.
width to the hem allowance of your choice-1
to 1% inches.Add %-inch seam allowance for Scalloped Hem
a clean-edge hem finish. The edge can also be
serged. facing that is an exact mirror image
Have the garment turned to the correct side. of the hem edge shape ofthe scalloped hemline.
Carefully wrap the bias-cut facing around the The top edge of the facing should be a straight or
hem edge, with the correct sides facing together;
don't stretch the bias, as it will twist the hem out
1/4" TURNED BACK FOR
1 curved line to mirror the general direction of the
hem shape (Figure 15.27a).
of alignment. CLEAN EDGE HEM FINISH Apply interfacing to the facing, i f required.
Hems: Defining t h e L e n g t h
.......................... . . ~ . ~
- - /[
REDUCEBULK
CUP 111T0 EACH
Horsehair braid is a very effective sheer poly-
ester mesh used to stabilize and add structure
BRAID STITCHED TO
URVED. FLARED. AND
FICI*G B I*TERTACIIG SCALLOP POINT
to evening wear such as satin gowns. It is avail- CIRCULAR HEMLINES FLAT APPLICATION
I able in heavy and soft weights, in widths from Have the correct side of the garment facing up.
% inch to 6 inches. Narrow horsehair braid Lay the horsehair over the hem allowance, lining
adds a soft structure; wider horsehair is stron- up the edges together (Figure 15.28a).
I .eer and adds more structure to the hemline. Stitch them together with a %-inch seam al-
When a hem is stabilized with horsehair braid lowance. Do not stretch the horsehair as you
and stitched in place, hand stitches are less stitch-if you do, the hemline will looktwisted.
noticeable from the correct side when the gar- Fold the horsehair braid over to the wrong side of
ment has been underlined because the stitches the fabric and press the hem crease.
- are stitched to the underlining rather than to Pin, handbaste, and catchstitch the hem t o the
.15.27a).
To define the scalloped hemline, cut a template
with approximately four or five scallops. Cut $6
However, if a designer chose to, the hem could
be topstitched if an underlining wasn't desired
as part of the design.
sandwiched between the hem allowance and the
garment.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
r~~~~........... .
HORSEHAIR BRAID
..
ALLOWANCE
15.288
-
STITCHING THE HORSEHAIR B R A I D TO THE UNDERLINING
- 7
TURN UP HEM
.,
is then turned back to form cuffs on the gar-
Press the hem i n place, protectingthe fabric with e seams. It is important that they be
a pressing cloth. ment hemline. Cuffs can be added to the hem stitched to the shape of the cuff-ifthey are not
Catch the hem to the seams and underliningonly. edge of sleeves, skirts, dresses, or pants. Cuffs shaped correctly at the pattern drafting stage.
using an overhand stitch, and stitching approxi- can be stitched separately as a hem band or cut then they will not sit well when folded back into
mately every 5 to 6 inches (Figure 15.28d). The all-in-one and turned back. Cuffs stitched all- cuffs. (Refer to your patternmaking books to get
hem must be caught often enough so it does not in-one with the garment sit flatter and look less this correct.)
droop i n between the stitches. bulky. We suggest not interfacing cuffs, as this Stitch the hem finish (Figure 15.2ga).
may make them too heavy and bulky. Cuffs cut Turn back the hem on the foldline; place the leg
CUFFS all-in-one will be explained in this chapter. The over a sleeveboard and move the leg around as
Cuffs are an extra length of fabric added to wide cuffs in the pants in Figure 15.lb look ab- you press the foldline. Notice in Figure 15.2ga
the hemline of the pattern. The extra length solutely fabulous made in wool check fabric. thatthe fabric width folded back above the fold-
Hemr: Defining t h e Length
~ ~ .................~..~
15.29A C U F F E D P A N T S
line includes the hem allowance and the width of
the cuff.
From the wrong side, pin and stitch the hem in
place-the hem can be hand stitched fora more
expensive finish or machine stitched for a budget
production finish (see Figure 15.zga).
Turn the garmentto the correct side and fold the
cuff back. The cuff can be secured on the inseam by
stitching-in-the-ditch (Figure 15.29b). The cuff can
also be hand stitched using a few overhand stitches
to connect the inside cuffto the inseam (Figure
HEMUME/
15.29~). Visible hand stitches would look ugly!
1S.aOA VENT 15.308 IMPORTANT PATTERN MARKINGS 15.30C VENT: STITCHING THE HEM I N PLACE
AND INTERFACING APPLIED: DARTS, ZIPPER,
AND CENTER.BACK SEAM ARE ALE STITCHED I N
PREPARATION FO~PSTITCHING'THE VENT.
~ - - -- ~ ~ -~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ -
"NlSll THE STlTLHllG THE HEM ALLOWANCE
I/I"BICK FROM FACING
EDGE. EeULI
NOTE
When a lining is stitched to thevent, the
lining holds the vent facing in place and no
topstitching is needed. To stitch the lining
t o the vent, refer to "Skirt with Vent" in the
section "Open Lining with Waistband" in
Chapter 16.
T H I V l n T A R I EQUAL LEWCITHS
the facing edge i f a lining is goingto be stitched Slits also can be used f o r decorative purposes
around the vent. I f the garment is not lined, then because the designer thinks they l o o k aestheti- IMPORTANT
stitch to the edge of the facing (Figure 15.30~). cally pleasing. In the jacket in Figure 15.lb, the The hem can a1m berr~rchcdwlth a mitered
The corners ofthe hem can be trimmed to reduce hem slits add a touch o f class to the front o f the corner to rdum buk. To do this, turn to
the bulk (see Figure 15.30~). Once this is done, jacket, and they are purely decorative. A facing i s Figureig.ag and W o w the rtitchlngorder. A
scqedhtnt Rnsh Is the bert vption on the
the hem length cannot be lengthened. added t o the slit so it turns back to provide a clean
skirt, t r It reduces bulk
Turn the facing back to the correct side and edge rather than joining a seam (which adds bulk).
sharpen the corners with a point turner; make T h e slit is topstitched at the t o p edge o f the facing
sure both sides of the vent line up without one t o h o l d it in place. T h e topstitching i s visible, as The waistband is applied, and now you are ready to
side being longer than the other. Figure 15.31b illustrates. F o r a stxapless evening stitch the hem facing in place.
From the correct side, handbaste or pin the gown, topstitching w o u l d l o o k t o o casual and Once the skirt is stitched in-the-round, the hem
topstitching position of the vent; the shape is a w o u l d detract f r o m the elegance of the garment. edge can be serged.
mirror image of the facing shape (Figure 15.30d). Nosice that in Figure 15.31a, the topstitching has Fold the facings back so the correct sides are
Refer to Figure 15.3oa to see the position of the been omitted; instead, a liningi s stitched around together. Stitch across the bottom edge f o ~
topstitchingfrom the correct side of the garment. the facing edge t o h o l d the h e m slit in place. F o r the width of hem allowance, as illustrated for
Stitch the vent from the correct side; pull the instruction on how the lining i s applied to the Figure 15.30~.Reduce bulk on the corner of the
threads back to the wrong side and tie off (see facing, refer t o "Skirt with Slit" in the section hem i f t h e fabric feels thick, as this figure also
Figure 15.3od). "Open Lining with Waistband" in Chapter 16. illustrates.
Ifthe skirt is not lined, hand stitch the facing to Turn the facing back to the wrong side; use a
the hem using a slipstitch (see Figure 15.30d). point turner to sharpen the hem corners. Check
&? e stitching order, the interfacing is applied to that the slits are of equal length; if they are
HEM SLIT WITH FACING e facings. The darts and zipper are stitched next. uneven. adjust the length.
A slit can b e added i n t o the garment o n any and the seams are stitched together and pressed. Handbaste or pin the top edge of the facing.
seam, up f r o m the hemline o r d o w n f r o m a From the correct side of the fabric, stitch the
neckline (Figure 15.31). A h e m slit i s oftel facingto the fabric followingthe facing shape
used in skirts as a n alternative t o a vent (Figurt PATTERN T I P (see Figure 15.310
15.31b). Slits are used f o r functional desigl The most important part of the pattern Pull the threads to the wrong side and tie them to
purposes in the garment. F o r example, the: draftingis to markthe matchpoints for the secure the topstitching.
are o f t e n positioned o n the side seam o f shorts position where the seam divides into the slit. Hand stitch the facingto the hem using a slip-
Add the facing and hem allowance to the pat-
c a p r i pants, o r l o n g pants t o w i d e n the lej stitch (Figure 15.31~).
tern to allow for the slit. It is best to make the
opening. Slits are also located o n side seams o facing and hem equal widths, approximately
tops t o a l l o w r o o m f o r the hips. A n o t h e r p o p I ~ Z inches, so the corner can be stitched into Hem Chart
u l a r location for slits i s in the center back o a mitered corner. Notch the hemline and the T h e chart inTable 15.2 can be used as a guide f o r
side seams o f t h e h e m o f a skirt, t o a i d w a l k i n ! facing allowance (Figure 15.jlc). choosing the appropriate h e m finish and h e m
and sitting. stitches f o r different fabric types. I t i s impossible
Professional Sewing Techniqnes for Designers
~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ .~.~
~ ~ . ~.,. ~~. ~
~ ~ ~ ~.
........ ~ . . ~
EMUINB GOWN
DOES "0I"IVE
IWITOPSTITCRI"6. THE SPLIT 15
ASTHE L l l l W 6 TOPSTITCHLO
HOLDS I T I I PUCE TO HOLD I N
\ PLACE
STITCHING HEMS IN
TRICKY FABRICS
Sheer Fabric
Do choose the hem finish and hem stitches
carefully, as hems in sheer fabric shadow.
H e m s : Defining t h e Length
Do sample tlie hem first to find the best option Satin Do try a Hang Kong finish or Seams Great,
to suit the sheer fabric Do take special care when stitching hems in then hand stitch the hem using ail invisible
Do use fine lace pins or handbaste the hem to satin; always sample the hems in satin first to slipstitcli.
secure in place. establish thepe~fecthem finish. Do smash the beads off (gently) with a rubber
Do try using silk thread for hand stitching Do use fine lace pins to secure hems in place or mallet from any hein edge that is going to be
hems in fine sheer fabric. handbaste the hem with a fine needle and silk finished with a Hong Kong or Seams Great
Do also use a fine needle for hand stitching. thread. finisli.
Do machine stitch topstitcbed helix in sheer Do test the fabric first to make sure no hole mat-ks Do try a hand-stitched rollcd hem on beaded
fabric, with a clean finish. sllon~in the fabric from the pins and needles. fabric; tlie beads inay need to be gently
Do hand or machine stitch a fine, narrow, Do consider leaving a raw edge instead of smashed off 6rst.
rolled hem finish, as this works well on sheer stitching a hem finish in satin when the gar- Don't machine stitch hems in beaded fabric.
fabrics. Iilent has a lining. Hem finishes can show a Don't overdesign garments in beaded fabric; let
Do stitch twice-turned hems on sheer fahric. ridge from the correct side of the fabric; stitch a the fabric speak for itself.
Don't stitch most hem tapes to sheer fabrics, catchstitch to enclose the raw edge.
as the tape will shadow; however, a lace hem Do stitch a horsehair braid to the hem of an Knits
tape shadowing under the hein edge map eve~iinggown to add structure to the hem. Do think of functional design when it coiiles
look fantastic-this is why sampling first is Do stitch heins in satin using a catchstitch or to stitching hems in knits; the hem finish and
beneficial. slipstitch. hem stitches must be able to stretch after the
Don't reduce bulk from the henis of sheer Don't stitch a twice-turned hem in satin, as it hem has bee11stitched.
fabrics, as this will show from the correct side; would be too bulky and inay show a ridge from Do stitch a hem with twin needle stitching-
helils ill sheer fabrics are not bulky. the correct side of the fabric. this is an ideal hem stitch for knits, as the
Don't stitch hem tape if it shows a ridge from zigzag stitch that forms on the wrong side of
Lace the correct side of the fabric-test this first! the fabric allows the hem to stretch.
Do make use of any scalloped fabric ed,oe as Do use a serged hem finisli as the hemlilie of
the hemline of the garment (Figure 6.4Sb). Beaded Fabric T-shirts.
Do consider appliqueing a scalloped edge Do use fine needles and silk thread to hand Do stitch a lettuce-edge finish for heills oil fine
fro111the self-fabric or a lace trim to the hen1 stitch a hem ill beaded fahric. knits.
edge. Do sample the hem first, as the fabric may Do use a hidden catchstitch to stitch henis
Don't machine stitch a once- or twice-turned shadow froin the correct side. in knits. Catchstitching has a back-and-forth
hem in delicate lace. Do stitch beaded fahric with care, as it is so (zigzag) movement that allows hems to stretch.
Don't stitch a Hong Kong finish, as it will delicate to handle. Don't stitch one single row of straight top-
shadow-use sheer Seanls Great as a hein finish Do use fine lace pins to secure the hem in stitching around a fitted hem, as the stitches
instead. place, and handbaste with a fine needle, as hole will pop when the garment is worn. Only
Don't topstitch hems in lace. marks may be left in the fabric. stitches with a back-and-forth movement allow
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.~
Don't topstitch hems in velvet. going to be lined; then hand stitch the lining 15.32 H E M I N LEATHER
Leather
Do stitch a false hem in leather usingu a lieht-
weight fabric, as it will reduce bulk.
0
I *
Do try binder clips (Figure 14.19a) or large bulk, then catchstitch the hem in place.
paper clips to hold the hem in place; pins leave Don't turn the hem edge under l/r inch as a Do consider using hem tape as a hem
hole marks in leather. Do test the binder clips clean finish, as fur is too bulky for this type of finish, as the tape reduces bulk on the hem
to see if they leave a mark on the hem. It may hem finish. edge.
be better to use paper clips on a soft lambskin Don't topstitch hems in faux fur. Don't machine stitch hems in heavyweight
hem to hold it in place (Figure 15.32). Don't trim the fur from the hems (as you do on fabric; topstitching will draw attention to a
Do secure hems in place with leather cement. seams), as it's better left on the hem of faux fur. bulky hem.
Apply the cement with cotton Q-tips or a Don't stitch a hem finish in faux fur, as the Don't stitch a twice-turned or narrow rolled
small brush to secure the hem in place (see edges will not fray and it is not necessary. hem in heavyweight fabrics.
Figure 15.32).
Do edgestitch hems in leather. Heavyweight Fabric TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Do secure hems in place with leather tape Do sample the hem first to see how the fin- AND STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY
(both sides are sticky; just pull the paper from ished hem looks from the face of the fabric; Many stitching techniques have been taught in
the tape as you apply the tape to the hem check to see if a ridge or bulk is visible along this textbook; this is the time to think back on
edge). the line of hem stitching. what you've learned so far. By transferring your
Do stitch one straight row of stitching %inch Do consider stitching a false hem if the hem is knowledge, you will be able to apply some of
away from the hem edge if the garment is too bulky and shows a ridge. these stitching techniques to the hem, so the
Hems: D e f i n i n g t h e L e n g t h
hem becomes the feature. This section will get 15.33~ . . . ONE S I D E OF M Y S E A M 1s T O O LONG? 15.038 ... M Y H E M P U C K E R S F R O M
T H E CORRECT SIDE?
you started-we encourage you to think of
other ideas and stretch your creativity.
Here is a list of some of the stitching skills
learned in past chapters. Let's go through them,
and apply them to the hem:
garment; it can also be stitched to the sleeve and check your pattern seam lengths-if it . ..my hem looks puckered?
edge. Another idea is to stitch the false hem is not correct, fix it now, as shown in Figure If you were stitching a curved or flared hemline,
illustrated in Figure 15.26, to the correct side 15.33a. You may want to use the pattern again did you add the basting stitches needed to ease
of the garment as a hem hand or as a facing. in the future. the hem edge first? If not, go back and complete
This too will draw your eyes to the hem, this step, outlined in Figure 15.10. The other
especially if you use line and shape to create . . . I don't know how much hem option is to snip the thread on the hem stitches
a more exciting hem shape. allowance to use? to loosen the stitching, and then restitch that
And now for Chapter 15-let's take just one Refer to Table 15.1 as a guide. The fabric weight part of the hem. Carefully take the hem stitches
stitching technique (cuffs) and transfer this (the sheerness or heaviness) and the garment out, and press the hem edge flat. Then reduce
knowledge and stretch our creativity. Figure silhouette determine the width of the hem al- the hem allowance and restitch the hem.
15.34d shows an elegant strapless dress. A lowance, the hem finish, and the stitches used. A hem can also pucker because the hem edge
cuff has been stitched to the hemline and to Sample the hem first in your chosen fabric to es- is too tight when it is folded back and has not
the top edge of the strapless dress. The wide tablish the best hem allowance for your project. been cut in a mirror image of the seamline. So,
cuff on the hem is secured in place with but- check the pattern to see if this is causing a puck-
tons and buttonholes. Undo the buttons and . .. my garment is too short? ered hem. If you don't cut the hem allowance as
let the cuff hang down for a longer length- Let the hem allowance down; press. Stitch a false a mirror image, the hem will never lie flat-it
tall girls will love this design! The cuff on hem with a shaped or bias-cut facing. Figure will always look puckered. This aspect of pat-
the top edge can also turn up if stabilized 15.26 explains how to do this. ternmaking is illustrated in Figure 15.4. To solve
correctly. this problem, recut and restitch the seamline-a
.. .I cut my garment too short? small amount will be lost from the side seam,
The popular balloon hemline is a fun hem treat- How can I lengthen it? but it's better to have a slightly narrower skirt
ment. This hemline is explained in Chapter If afalsehemdoesnot solve theproblem,consider than a puckered hem. Follow the instruction in
16, "Closed Lining to Control the Garment adding a hem band, ruffle, or lace to lengthen Figure 15.33b.
Silhouette." the garment. If this solution is not appropriate,
you may need to recut your garment. .. .I'm not sure which hem finish to
STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . choose from the many available options?
. .. one seam is longer than the other and . .. my hem looks bulky? First sample all your options in the fabric you are
my hem is not level? Carefully seam rip the hem stitches; press the using. After years of experience, we still sample
Many students experience this problem, and hem edge so it is lying flat. Stitch a hem tape lace all hem choices that suit the fabric and style.
thefollowingtipsmayhelp: Ifonesideis %inch as a hem finish, as this will eliminate bulk. A Take a look at them, and then choose the best
to ?4 inch longer, the excess can be trimmed catchstitch could also he stitched to a raw edge hem. Many creative peoplearevisual, so stitching
off. Figure 15.33a shows how to correct the to reduce bulk. Try reducing the width of the a sample that can he looked at and touched can
hem. If one side is !h inch or more longer, the hem allowance, as this also reduces bulk. be very helpful. Ask your instructor's opinion,
seam will twist. Carefully rip out the seam and invite other students to critique your work.
438 Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
................................................................................................................................................
Then if you are still not sure, sleep on it-this . Does the completed hem look bulky?
Is the hem finish appropriate f6r the fabric
really does help. Good luck!
type? Do I understand the importance of hegin-
.. .I can't find any hem finish that I like? Does the hem shadow or show a ridge from ning with correct patterns, with side seams
Sometimes a garment is not going to be "per- the correct side of the fabric? that match together, notches snipped, match-
fect" when the design is finished. Some fabrics Is my hem hand stitching invisible from the points marked, and a smooth, even hemline?
are difficult to work with and, in the end, we correct side of the garment? Do I understand the concept that the fabric
just have to choose the best hem option from Is my topstitched hem parallel to the weight and silhouette of the garment hemline
what is physically possible. Remember, life is hemline? guide me in choosing the best hem finish and
not always perfect! When I stand back and view the garment, hem stitching for my project?
does the hem blend with the garment as a Do I understand that using quality thread
SELF-CRITIQUE whole or does it stand out because of bad and the correct size and type of hand stitch-
This is the time to look at your finished garment stitching? ing needle do make a difference in my hem
and seriously evaluate the hem. Place it on the Did I stitch enough samples to make an stitching?
form or a model, and stand hack toview it from a informed decision regarding the best hem Do I know how to choose the best hem finish
distance. Then answer the following questions: finish and hem stitching to use? Did I save and hem stitching for each fabric weight?
them for later reference in my workbook or And finally. ..
Does my hem look level when it is on the collection? We suggest restitching any hem stitch-
form? How can I improve on my hem stitching in ing samples that could be improved on or
Does the hem lie flat, or does it look the future? changed for future reference. Then add them
puckered? to your workbook.
P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g T e c h n i q u e s for D e s i g n e r s
~~~ ~~~ ... . ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-
16.1C PLEATED S K I R T
1 5 . 1 8 BALLOON S K I R T
....a, .:..:~:
.. :. ...,.
I.:. ,.,.:
: '
.,
8.
..:.,
I
cover the inner construction, we might not silk georgette, and silk crepe de chine are rs China silk, would be the appropriate choice.
be bothered to stitch a lining at all. We could interchangeable and can double as fabric or
Vinter coats need a lining to add warmth and
lining.
decide to serge or neaten the seams with a Hong lurability, both of which enhance the quality
Kong seam finish instead. However, there are )f the garment. Silk satin has a beautiful quality
many more reasons for adding a lining into a and makes a luxurious coat lining! And there are
garment than just to cover the inner construc- choices are more limited than fabric choices; lots of colors and prints to choose from.
tion. The following list outlines several reasons nevertheless, choosing the correct lining for the
why lining a garment is so beneficial. A lining: garment is important. Linings can be made from Lightweight Lining
many different fabrics, including silk, polyes- Habotai or China silk is a fine, soft, lightweight
Helps the garment to slip on and off the ter, cotton, polyester and spandex, flannel, and lining that does not add any bulk under gar-
body with ease. fleece. The fiber content matters when choosing ments. China silk is not a good choice for a
Gives the garment a smooth, luxurious feel- the lining. Consider a silk lining: one of its attri- coat lining, as it is too limp; however, it is an
ing of comfort. butes is that it breathes, making it comfortable to ideal weight to line skirts and dresses. Don't use
Prolongs the life of the garment. wear in a hot climate, whereas a polyester lining China silk to line pants, as it does not withstand
Adds a quality finish to the garment. does not breathe and would feel hot and sweaty the wear and tear-it easily tears away from the
Adds warmth. in a tropical climate. For this reason, the choice crotch seam.
Helps the garment retain its shape. of fiber content and weight of the lining needs Silk georgette is a sheer lightweight fabric. It
Prevents the garment from stretching. to be made with consideration for the wearer. is ideal to use as a lining under sheer fabrics, as
Prevents the garment from clinging to the This is how fashion and function meet. it helps to retain the soft drape; however, one
body. single layer may not give the opaqueness re-
Reduces wrinkling in the outer fabric. Woven Lining quired. Several layers of silk georgette can be
Adds oomph to limp fabrics. Just as fabric is categorized into a woven or knit used as the lining. It is available in beautiful
Helps the garment hang with smooth, flatter- so it is with lining. And just as fabric is catego- tonal colors and prints, which can add a delight-
ing lines. rized into three different weights, lining is simi- ful color detail under garments.
Protects the skin. Some textiles, such as wool, larly classified-as lightweight, medium weight, Silk crepe de chine is an outer garment fabric
and the inside of leather have coarse textures or heavyweight. A lining should be lighter in available in several weights-two-ply, three-ply,
that can irritate the skin. Lining garments weight than the garment fabric; one that is too and four-ply-that can double as self-lining. Al-
made with these fabrics will protect the skin. heavy could distort the look of the garment and though it is expensive, it is also long-wearing,
feel bulky. The lining should feel comfortable, making it an ideal choice for linings and other
TYPES OF LINING smooth, and luxurious on the body. garments. Silk crepe de chine makes a beauti-
Just as there are a variety of fabrics to choose The weight of the lining also needs to suit the ful, luxurious lining. This fabric can be hand
from, there are also a variety of linings. Lining purpose and type of garment. For example, a coat washed or dry cleaned.
, .;
.. , . ,,, Professionnl Sewing T e c b n i q x e s f o ~Designers
Bemberg Rayon Lining is a favorite lining used to make this lining fabric. It can be made ing them together (this is called quilting). Batting
fabric because it's good quality, soft to the hand, from polyester, nylon, rayon, or acetate in many is also available in silk, which is warm, breathable,
comfortable, and washable. It also comes in a different weights; has a luxurious feel and drape; and very light in weight.
variety of colors. It can be used to line most gar- and is very tightly woven, providing some wind
ments; however, use a heavier-weight lining for resistance. Stretch Linings
coats and warm jackets. Rayon is an anticling Peachskin is a polyester lining that is considered Spandex can be added to either a woven or a knit
lining, wliicl~is anothei- one of its attributes. a microfiber. It drapes well and is wrinkle-resistant. lining to add a stt-etch element. It adds stretch in
Ambiance is a lightweight rayon lining that One-hundred-percent cotton is not slippery, the length, the width, or in both directions. It is
is hand washable and available in an amazing so it is best suited to lining skirts and vests that important to match the stretch capacity of the
array of colors. don't need to slip over other garments. A jacket lining to the outer fabric stretch capacity. For
Polyester lining is a lightweight fabric used or coat lined in cotton will not slip over other example, swimsuits are made from fabric that
to line dresses, skirts, pants, or vests. Make sure garments easily and may stick to other fabrics is very stretchy in both directions. Therefore, a
you purchase a nonstatic lining. Polyester lin- and feel uncomfortable. swimsuit lining must have thesamestretch capac-
ings do not breathe, but they also don't wrin- ity in both directions as the swimwear fabric.
kle, and are a cost-effective alternative to Inore Heavyweight Lining It does not matter if the lining has more
expensive silk. Be warned-polyester lining is Flannel-backed lining is also called Sun Back; it stretch capacity than the outer knit fabric, but
more difficult to stitch than other linings! provides a warm lining in coats, as the flannel it must not have less stretch than the outer knit
gives extra warmth and adds weight to the coat. fabric; if it did, the garment would not function
A4e&a~m-iY/ezgI!tLining Kasha is another satin-backed flannel lining (52 properly because the lining a~ouldrestrict the
Silk cl?urmeuse is a fabulous fabric that can be percent acetate, 48 percent cotton) that is perfect stretch capacity. For example, a lining used in
used for blouses, shirts, and evening gowns, or for lining coats and jackets, as the flannel back a knit dress or skirt only needs to stretch in the
as a fabulous medium-weight lining for jackets, adds body without bulk. width; however, a lining that stretches in both
coats, and evening gowns. It drapes beautifully Fur is an expensive lining, but think of how directions can still be used.
and has a semilustrous face and dull back. We luxurious a coat would feel with a fur lining! Faux
guarantee any customer trying on a garment fur can be used for a lining, or a detachable lining.
lined with silk charmeuse will fall in love with Faux fur comes in different thicktlesses: the more Always choose a woven lining with spandex
the luxurious feel of this fabric next to the skin! fitted the garment, the shorter the pile should be. in it if your fabric is woven with spandex. We
Crepe-backed satin is a medium-weight Quilted lining is the warmest of all linings and know it has been said before; match like with
fabric suitable for lining jackets and coats. It has is mostly used in cold-weather coats, jackets, and like! There are fabulous web sites that can help
a smooth, lustrous face and a pebbly, crepe back vests. Quilted lining is padded with polyester bat- you find a lining with a stretch capacity. Refer
and is available in silk and polyester. ting that traps air. Most quilted linings are avail- to the "Where to Buy" section of this text.
Twill Lining is a medium-weight fabric able in many fabrications such as acetate, polyester
suitable for lining jackets and coats, mainly in satin, cotton, and faux suede. Any fabric can be Stretch Knit Lining
men's wear. turned into a quilted lining by sandwiching bat- Tricot lining is lightweight, fine, and tightly
Microfiber refers to the size of the thread ting in between two layers of fabric and topstitch- woven. Tricot knits can be sheer or opaque and
Linings: Covering the Inner Surface
have asatin, crepe, or brushed surface.This fabric or crepe de chine. Look to see if any seams or THE LINING PATTERN
is very strong, comes in a variety of weights, and hems can be eliminated and replaced with a The first, most important aspect of stitching
is ideal for lining knit garments. It is reasonably foldline instead. a lining is to start with the correct lining pat-
priced and is available in an array of colors. terns. If you don't have the correct patterns,
Soft lingerie knits make fabulous linings and Criteria for Choosing a Lining- then the stitching techniques in this chapter
feel beautiful next to the skin. Fiber and Function will be difficult to follow. The lining pattern af-
Active wear and swimsuit linings can be Choose a static-free lining; no one wants a fects the fit of the garment. A lining that is too
used as linings for knit garments such as skirts lining clinging to their underwear! Rayon tight will pull the garment out of alignment and
and dresses. Although they stretch in both di- and silk make excellent static-free linings. will feel uncomfortable; one that is too big will
rections, they can still be used for lining knit Consider the warmth or coolness of the feel bulky and loose, will wrinkle inside, and
garments that stretch only in the width. These lining. Synthetic linings feel hot and sticky may even hang below the garment-this is not
linings are available in variety of fibers includ- in the heat; on the other hand, silk breathes. a good look!
ing polyester/spandex, 100 percent nylon, and Kasha lining is brushed on the wrong side of
nylon/spandex. Colors are limited to white, the fabric and adds warmth.
nude, and black. Choose the same type of lining as the outer IMPORTANT
Interlock is a knit outer fabric made from fabric: woven fabric needs a woven lining; a Snip all notches and mark all pattern mark-
ings. If the fabric and lining are not ad-
100 percent polyester. It does not have a lot of woven fabric with a stretch capacity needs
equately marked, stitching the liningwill be
stretch; there is a little mechanical stretch in a woven/stretch lining; a knit fabric needs
the width but this will not give the same stretch a knit lining-a stretch woven lining may
capacity as a knit with spandex. Interlock can suffice for some knit garments, but test the
be used to line knit garments and also woven stretch capacity first.
fabrics, since the stretch is minimal. The little Purchase a lining that needs the same care FULL OR PARTIAL LINING
stretch it does have will be comfortable for as the outer garment fabric. Don't choose a Garments can he lined with a full lining or a
movement. lining that needs to be dry-cleaned when the partial lining. When a garment has a full lining,
Mesh is a stretch fabric that can also be used outer fabric is machine washable. the entire inner surface of the garment is cov-
as a lining. Mesh is sheer, so it would make an The weight of the lining is important, as ered. Figures 16.la, b, and c (jacket only) illus-
excellent lining for garments that only need that the lining needs to cover the construction trate three garments that have full linings. When
touch of sheerness. details. A garment in which the shadows of the garment has a partial lining, only part of the
Selffabric as a lining can be an ideal choice, seams can be seen through the lining does garment is lined rather than the entire garment.
as some fabrics can double as the outer fabric not look professional. Figure 16.1~shows apartial lining on the pleated
and the lining. This method of lining works The lining color is also important for jackets skirt. Partial lining can also refer to a garment
best when the fabric is lightweight. Self-fabric and coats, because when they swing open, part being lined, for example, apocket or a collar.
is often used to line stretch knit tops and tight the lining is visible. This is an opportunity to This would reduce bulk when stitching fabric
knit skirts. Self-fabric as a lining works well on apply creativity in design. that may be too heavy to permit two garment
styles made from silk charmeuse, silk georgette, parts to be stitched from the same fabric.
442 P r o f e s s i o n a l S e w i n g Techniqwes f o r D e s i g n e r s
.......................................................................................................................................................................
PATTERN TIP allowance for an open lining, as illustrated This makes the lining pattern easily recog-
Generol Pottern Tips i n Figure 16.3a. or finishes slightly above nizable and helpsprevent the lining pattern
Each stitching method for linings outlined i n halfway for a closed l i n i n g as illustrated from being picked up and cut accidentally as
this text w i l l affect how the pattern is made. on the left side of the garment in Figure a garment pattern. In this chapter, the lining
Some extra pattern tips w i l l be given for each 16.3b. Open and closed lining methods are patterns are indicated by diagonal green
lining method. Also refer to your patternmak- explained later i n this chapter. lines, as seen in Figure 16.2.
i n g books for more specific directions. Here With a closed lining, a %-inchpleat is On skirt and pant linings with a facing or
are some general pattern tips to get started. incorporated in the overall length of the waistband, the back darts can be stitched
* A lining can be added into any garment (that lining for functional design purposes. The as tucks instead of a traditional dart. This
doesn't mean every garment needs a lining). pleat prevents the lining from beingtoo allows more "ease" across the back hip area.
All lining patterns are constructed from tight when stretching, reaching, or bending When lininga garment that is gathered
the original garment patterns. Figure 16.2 while wearinga jacket or coat, preventing or pleated around the waistline, eliminate
illustrates this point. Even though the pat- the lining from pulling away from the hem. thegathers and pleats as they add bulk to
tern plotting illustrated i s for a jacket, i t is The pleat is illustrated i n Figure 16.3b. the waistline. Take a lookat Figure 16.1a;
no different for other garments. Transfer all the same pattern markings and notice that the'sos-style dress lining is
Before making any lining patterns, plot the grainlines from the outer garment pattern to not gathered. To reduce bulk, fold out the
facings. The lining pattern is the part of the the lining pattern. Notice in Figure 16.2 that fullness from the waistline of the lining
garment pattern is left beyond the facing thearmhokand sleeve cap notchesfrom the pattern; the lining skirt shape w i l l still be
(see Figure 16.2). garment pattern are transferred to the lining flared or circular. The lining hemline w i l l
Notice i n Figure 16.2 that a pleat has been pattern. Notches have also been placed on s t i l l allow plenty of width so the lining
added to the back lining. This pleat is the front facing and lining so these pieces moves with the natural flow of the dress.
added to jacketlcoat linings for ease; it can be matched correctly during the stitching The measurements for the lining and gar-
opens when the wearer stretches, bends, process. The placements for both the back ment waistlines should be equal lengths
and reaches. If a pleat is not added, the pleat and the center-back facingare notched, afterthe garment i s gathered. Make sure
constant movement of the sleeves w i l l as these two points are stitched together the lining pattern fits the hip measurement
eventually cause them to pull away from
the armholes.
The hem of the finished lining
-
sits ao-
. when the lining is inserted.
Differentiate between the lining and the
outer garment
- oatterns bv markina the -
and is not too tight-remember the design
must be functional!
proximately halfway on the garment hem lining pattern using a different-colored pen.
The stitching methods for full linings Closed lining to control the garment When the lining is open, all lining and gar-
include: silhouette ment seams need to be finished. The lining and
Closed edge-to-edge lining garment hems are then finished and stitched sepa-
Open edge-to-edge lining The Difference Between Open and rately, as illustrated in Figure 16.3a. The lining
Open lining with facing Closed Linings hem can be machine stitched with a once-turned
Closed lining with facing Garments stitched with a full lining can be hem (see Figure 15.20 and 15.22). The garment
Open lining with waistband stitched with either a closed or an open lining. hem is hand stitched using one of the stitching
Lzntngs: C o v e r i n g the Inner Swrface
I I
ARMHOLE NOTCHES The Finished length of the lining must always
be shorter than the garment hemline-it is
never a good took to see a lining hem hang-
ing below the garment hem edge!
NOTCHES
OW F K I *
&UlllG
\ OPEN LINING: N O T ATTACHED TO GARMENT
,.i
,.>,
.:,:,
,
.;,
ii!
, , ,>
To close a lining, the garment hem is first to choose for each garment type-the lining
,':$
:,.hi?
*z
hand stitched in place. Acatchstitch, illustrated method chosen is mainly garment driven. $!:,...
.>,
.,j
'7,
in Figure 15.9, is an ideal stitching method to , , ,:,
::
use, as it encloses the raw hem edge. The lining ,,..
frays. The jacket in Figure 1 6 . 1 ~has a closed same. Before the lining is stitched into the gar-
lining. ment, the lining and garment are each stitched
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
...~ ~
TABLE 16. HOW THE GARMENT MOVES AFFECTS WHETHER IT IS AN separately. Figure 16.4 illustrates a coat lining
OPEN OR CLOSED LINING fully stitched and ready to be inserted into the
coat. Figure 16.5 is the coat fully stitched, ready
I Stitching Methods Full Llning C i d Llning
( m n . l * l m ~ ~ ~ . . n ~ - *
Open Lining
(-.mh.n--m to be lined. The method for stitching a jacket or
coat lining will be outlined later i n the text.
Edge to-edge
Serge open or closed seams i f the lining is an
Vest X
Cape X open lining. The seams do not need to be serged
Loose Jacket X when the lining is closed; however, i f the lining
Strapless Bodice X
Dress X fabricfrays, you may wish to serge the seams.
Pants I
When pressingthe lining, checkthe temperature
Skirt
setting of the iron before placing the iron directly
1
on the lining fabric. Many linings are heat sensi-
Lining With Facing
pants tive. Set the iron at the correct setting for the
Skirt lining fabric, and check the temperature before
Drew
JacketlCoat with placing i t on the garment.You don't wantthe
hightlA-line lining to melt!
hemlines
Press all the seams as they are stitched, taking
JacketlCoat with
flaredl circular I care to clip, trim, or grade the seams as needed.
Pants
Skirts
Each stitching method for full linings will be
I Lining to Control explained. For each stitching method, the gar-
Garment Silhouette ments are illustrated turned inside-out to show
Any garment
the inside view of each lining.
Partial Lining
Pant FULL LINING
Skirt Closed Edge-to-Edge Lining
Jacket/Coat
When stitching a closed edge-to-edge lining,
Garment Parts the outer garment fabric and lining look exactly
Collar
Fiounce
the same on both sides of the garment except
Peplum that one side is lining and the other side is the
Pocket garment fabric. Figure 16.6 illustrates a vest,
Pocket Flap
Waistband
I / cape, and jacket stitched with edge-to-edge
L i n i n g s : C o v e r i n g t h e I n n e r Surface
PATTERN TIP
L The outer garment fabric and the lining are
-
cut as duplicate shapes using the same pat-
terns. The outer garment fabric and lining are
stitched separately, then they're both joined
together. Figure 16.7a shows the lining and
garment as duplicate shapes being stitched
together. When the garment is completed.
one side of the garment is the outer fabric
and the other side i s the lining. Notice the
absence of a facing i n this style of lining.
This i s a quickand easy lining method that i s
cost-effective to use i n production.
TO WIIONCI SIDE
OF FABRIC
16.7A STITCH THE OUTER FABRIC AND LINING T O - 16.78 U N D E R S T I T C H THE NECKLINE S E A M 16.7C ALIGN THE GARMENT AND LINING; T R l M OFF A N Y
EXCESS LINING BEYOND THE OUTER F A B R I C EDGES.
GETHER AROUND THE NECKLINE A N D CLIP.
NECKLINE SEAM T
,R
M
I EXCESS UNING
NARROW STIBIUZING TAPE
PREVENTS THE SEAMS STRETCHING b
' '
TRlM OFF
EXCESS UNlNG b EXCESS LlWlWG
BULK REMOVED
FROM DARTS,
INTO ,
SEAM
C \DART
INTERFACING
FRONTVEST
lining as you stitch. On one side seam (either fabric hem edges together; match darts and lining is not visible from the correct side of the
side), leave a 6-inch opening i n the middle of the seamlines together. Stitch a %-inch seam garment.
lining seam, as illustrated i n Figure 16.7e. The around the hem edge; clip corners and curved Close the side seam by stitchingan edgestitch to
garment will eventually be turned through this seams, and grade any bulky seams (see Figure close the opening. This i s illustrated on the left
opening to the correct side. 16.7a). side of the vest side seam i n Figure 16.6a.
Fold the side seams over so the underarm is on Turn thevest to the correct side by pulling the
the fold and the side seams line up together. Cut garment outthrough the side seam opening Strapless Bodice
diagonally across the corners ofthe underarm (Figure 16.70. Use a point turner to sharpen any The bodice (garment fabric) is fully underlined
seam to reduce bulk, and press the side seams corners. Do not understitch the hemline, as this and boned on all seams before the lining is in-
open. Figure 16.7e indicates where the bulk is an impossible task! serted (see Figure 6.41). It needs to be noted that
needs t o be removed. Press thevest hemline; make sure the seamline the boning can be stitched to either the garment
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ . .~~
~ ~. ~ ~ . ~ .~
. . . ~. ~
~ . ~~ -~ - ~
~ ~ ~. ~~ ~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~
16.70 STITCH THE ARMHOLESEAMS. 16.7E STITCH THE SIDE SEAMS OF THE ! 16.7F STITCH THE HEM EDGES OF THE OUTER FABRIC
GARMENT AND LINING. AND LINING TOGETHER.
CENTER
N R N VESTTHROU6H
/slDES- OPE
r
FRONT
PATTERN TIP
Cut the bottom edge of the lining pattern i/s
inch shorter than the outer garment pattern.
LEAVE AN Doings0 e n r u n r that the lining w i l l not hang
OPENING 011
below the outer fabrlc and that seamlines
ONE SIDE
wit1 Be tucked slightly toward the lininp; so it
is not visible fmm the face of the garment.
. Place bodice and lining together and stitch . Clip, grade, and trim the seam allowances; press the center front, stitching as far as possible up to
around all edges.
Clip, trim, and grade the seam allowances as . all seams.
Catchstitch the collar or hood seam allowances to
the neckline area-the presser foot will not fit all
the way to the neckline (see Figure 16.7b). Under-
necessary.
Turn bodice through opening, press and hand- . the lining seam allowances (see Figure 16.15b).
The two openings on the front ofthe cape forthe
stitching prevents the lining from rolling to the
correct side of the garment even with excellent
stitch opening closed. hands are machine stitched to the liningfrom the
inside of the cape. Or use a slipstitch or blind-
stitch to secure the liningto the garment. Top-
- pressingskills.
Stitch the liningto the jacket at the bottom edge
of the jacket, understitching the seam allowance
I stitchingaround the opening can further secure to the lining as far as possible. Clip, grade, and
.
Refer to the stitching Instructions for the the liningto the cape. trim all seam allowances to reduce bulk.
fifties-style dress when joininga strapless Turn the jacket out through the side seam open-
Turn the lining seam allowance under on the
bodice t o a skirt (Figures 16.10).
opening at the side seam or center back hemline ing, with the lining side facing up and the gar-
16.8 E D G E - T O - E D G E L I N I N G - J A C K E T
wlTn SLEEVE: SLIPSTITCH T H E S L E E V E L I N I N G TO The following styles have an edge-to-edge
T H E O U T E R FABRIC S L E E V E EDGE. open lining-do refer tp them as you stitch:
"
style dress in Figure 16.1% where the lining is a
spot print. Notice in thin lining there is no facing;
stabilizingtape has beenusedinstead (Figure 3.15).
Even though this lining method is an ideal choice
for a dress, the choice of which lining to use is ulti-
mately the designer's, as shown in Figure 16.9.
17
UID111511TCHING
SLIPSTITCH
6.7a-f. There is no need to leave an opening on
the side seam, because the dress has a center
backzipper and this gives access for turning the
lining to the correct side (Figure 16.1ob).
16.1OA STITCH THE OUTER FABRIC 16.106 HAND STITCH THE LINING TO THE ZIPPER TAPE. 16.10C ANCHOR THE WAISTLINE SEAMS
B O D I C E A N 0 SKIRT WAISTLINES TOGETHER TOGETHER AT THE SIDE SEAMS.
AND INSERT THE ZIPPER.
STITCH WAISTLINES TOGETHER
OVER PREVIOUSWAISTLINE STITCHIN> CENTERI-,B
I sKIRT
s- OF LI*l"G
BODICE LINING
WAISTLINES
AnACHED
16.11A SHEATH DRESS WITH DARTS, SHOULDER SEAMS, 16.118 STITCHING THE ARMHOLES O F
AND NECKLINE STITCHED AND UNDERSTITCHED. THE SHEATH D R E S S wiched shoulder seam that is i n between as you
stitch. Clip the curved seam ready for turning
(Figure 16.11b).
Pull the shoulders sandwiched i n between out
from between the other shoulder seams to the
correct side. Repeat this stitching order to com-
plete stitchingofthe other armhole.
Stitch the right-hand side seam only. Refer to
Figure 16.7e when stitching the side seam; clip
the corner at the top edge to reduce bulk. Don't
clip the underarm seam where the zipper will be
inserted.
Insert an invisible zipper in the left side seam.
;-I
&
fold the lining seam allowance to the wrong side,
SHOULDERSWMS
-
FABRIC
IN BETWEEN THE OTHER catchstitched to the garment side seam by hand
BACK SHOULDERS
GARMENT
i n between the lining and outer fabric.
FABRIC PULL ON THESE MI0
- BACK
LINING.
SHOULDERS TO TURN
THE GARMENTTO THE Open Lining with Facing (Skirts, Pants,
CORRECTSIDE OF THE Coats with Flared or Circular Hemlines)
An open lining with a facing i s a lining t h a t
i s stitched t o t h e facing, but l e f t open t o h a n g
pattern-the choice o f where t o place t h e zipper CONTINUE WITH THIS STITCHING ORDER freely o n i t s o w n at t h e hem. Figures 16.12a a n d
is u l t i m a t e l y the designer's, depending o n t h e Take the left shoulder ofthe outer fabric and lining b illustrate a s k i r t and p a n t with a facingilining.
fabric used. and wrap it around the left lining shoulder and A center-back zipper has been inserted in the
armhole; match the shoulderseams and notches to- skirt, a n d the f a c i n g i l i n i n g i s slipstitched t o t h e
itchingorder for the vest, as outlined gether.The correct sides ofthe fabric will be facing zipper tape (see Figure 16.12a). T h e p a n t has a
i n Figure 16.7a, b, and c, earlier. Do not stitch the together and the right shoulderwill be sandwiched side zipper, a n d t h e f a c i n g i l i n i n g i s also h a n d
armhole. Having completed these steps, Figure in between the left side of the garment. stitched t o the zipper tape (see F i g u r e 16.12b).
16.118 illustrates how the dress should look (from Pin the armholes in place and stitch a '/,-inch T h e goal o f t h e facing i s t o f i n i s h the edge
the lining side). armhole seam; take care not to catch the sand- o f t h e garment a n d to provide some support t o
Linings: Cowering the Inner Surface
16.13A S T I T C H I N G T H E FACING TO T H E L I N I N G
Closed Lining
- with Facing
-
Jackets a n d Coats . PATTERN TIP
u MATCH CENTER
raonr N O ~ C H E ~ Jackets and coats usually have a closed lining The jacket or coat lining is always made
with a facing. In a closed lining, the lining hem from the original pattern, as illustrated i n
/ \ .,..
MITE"
is stitched to the garment hemline, as illustrated
in Figure 16.3b. Notice the pleat, which is incor-
Figure 16.2.
A jacket lining needs a pleat added beyond
thecenter back for ease of movement. The
porated in the length of the lining for ease (see pleat is measured 1 inch out beyond the
Figure 16.4). Refer to "General Pattern Tips," center back and cut on the fold i n a jacket
earlier in this chapter, for more information. (Figure 16.2b). For a coat, reduce bulk with
STITCH
Lining a jacket may seem like a challenging
- a center-backseam (see Figure 16.5).
A pleat is also incorporated into the overall
length of the garment and sleeve lining
16 138 STITCHING THE FACING TO THE L I N I N G
patterns. This is done by adding an inch to
the finished length of the lining.The pleat is
AUOWIWCE added to both thegarment and sleeve hems
\
Linings: C o v e r i n g t h e I n n e r Surface 455
......................... .>.. .............................................. ...... .. .. . . . . . ~ ..
I ,...
,,,,\..
. ..~
--'&;I
turner.
Press the facing in place. Sometimes, i f a heavy-
weight fabric is very bulky, excellent pressing is
not enough to keep the facing from rollingto the
front of the garment. Ifthis is the case, the facing
before the lining i s inserted. Figures 16.4 and 16.5 i n Figure 16.4. Stitch and pressall the seamsand can be understitched by hand usinga catchstitch
dearly illustrate the stitching that must b e com- insert the sleeves. (Figure 16.15b).
pleted before sewing the lining t o the jacket or the Press the pleat i n place from the correct side of Clip % inch into the facing, which is the full width
coat. I t i s also possible to stitch the lining t o the the lining; the folded edge is turned to the right of the seam allowance. The position of the clip
facing first and then stitch the facing to the gar- as you look at the pleat (Figure 16.14b). Stays- i s % inch below the finished hem edge, as illus-
ment edges. B o t h stitching methods are valid. titch the front and back necklines; the back stay- trated on the coat in Figure 16.16.
stitching will hold the pleat i n place. Figure 16.4
I
illustrates the staystitching around the front and
NOTE
coat stitched, clipped, and pressed. back necklines with the seam allowance clipped;
Another alternative is to turn the facing back
ready to insert the lining (see Figure 16.4). the lining i s now ready t o insert into the coat.
about an inch from the facingllining seam
Fully stitch the lining; begin by stitching the Press %-inch seam allowances to the wrong and lightly slipstitch or catchstitch the facing
back pleat on the jacket, as illustrated i n Figure side of the sleeve and lining hem edges (see to the garment; make sure the stitches aren't
16.14a. The coat pleat is stitched with a center- Figure 16.4). visible from the correct side of the garment.
back seam to reduce bulk, and this is illustrated At this juncture, ifthe jacket has a collarthis i s
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~- .. . . . . . ~ ~~ ... .. ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~
16.15A JACKET OR COAT: S T I T C H THE FACING A R O U N D 16.16 H A N D STITCH THE GARMENT HEM
THE EDGE, I N C L U D I N G THE HEM.
Place the correct sides of the lining and facing A N D CLIP THE FACING.
CATCHSTITCH
Turn the seam allowance on the facing (below 2/2" & I/." BELOW HEM
16.18 HAND CATCH THE SHOULDER S E A M S TOGETHER. 16.19 SLIPSTITCH THE L I N I N G HEM TO
THE GARMENT HEM.
MITtHCEmlllBICY HAID CATCH SHOULDER
FACINGTO LlWlWG PLEIT OF GARMENT8 LINING-"r-"L^
smc. olaEcnowl / ./
SHOULDER
HANDSTITCHTO
TO HEM PRESS
LINING. DOWN
TOWARD H I M
LINING
PLEAT
CREIZELINE
'TURN PLEAT DOWN
8 HAlDSTlTCHTO FACING
seams together, the same method is used to the facing/liningabove the hem as illustrated The method of stitching the lining is the same
stitch the underarm seams together. on the right hand of the jacket in Figure 16.19. regardless of whether the waistband is con-
Also handstitch the garment and lining shoulder Press the entire garment and sleeve pleats i n toured or straight.
seams together (Figure 16.18). the hem of the liningwith a crease line.
To close the lining, pin the lining crease line%
inch overthe garment hem edge. When this is
done you will be leftwith an excess length of
Open Lining with Waistband
Pants a n d Skirts
C"Fu y s t ~ t c hthe outer fabric for the skirt or
' . darts and side seams, and insert
pants-st~tch
lining; this excess will become the pleat. Hand An open lining with a waistband is ideal for the center-back or fly-front zipper. Press all
stitch the liningto the garment hem usinga skirts and pants with a waistband, as it leaves seams.
slipstitch. This is illustrated on the left side of the lining to hang freely so it will never pull Fully stitch the lining-darts, side seams, center-
the jacket in Figure 16.19. the garment out of alignment. Figures 16.20a, backseam up to the notch that marks the end of
Turn the lining down toward the hem edge to b, and c give an inside view of how the lining the zipper length-and machine stitch the hem.
form a pleat, and invisibly slipstitch the pleat to is stitched to the waistband of a pant and skirt. Press all seams.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
Pants w i t h Fly-Front
In production on the lining pattern for the fly-
front pants is adjusted to stitch the lining to the
fly front facing; use a %-inchseam allowance for
easy sewing around the curved facing seam and
to reduce bulk. Stitch the pants; then:
1 5 . 2 1 S T I T C H I N G THE L l N l N G A R O U N D T H E F L Y - F R O N T
I
and pin t h e folded edge t o t h e facing (not the
extension). Slipstitch t h e lining t o t h e f r o n t IMPORTANT
MACHIIT BASTE LINING facing as illustrated o n t h e right side o f the Marking the matchpoints is important, as the
GARMENT WAISTLINES TOGETHER --+ lininxwill be stitched from this point around
pants in Figure 16.21. .
the facing,
-
the center-back seam matchpoint of the skirt,
the lining from being too tight from the end
Cut away t h e fly facing o n the right-hand of the zipper to the top of the slit. This extra and pin together. Begin stitchingat this point.
side o f the garment (leave a 1/2 i n c h seam length ensures the backseam w i l l lie flat Stitch across the top of the facing, as illustrated
allowance, l o o k i n g at t h e sketch) in F i g u r e when the garment is worn. Add all notches to i n Figure 16.22d. pivot at the corner, and continue
help achieve a smooth stitct down the side of the facing to the clipped posi-
16.21. I f y o u r fly-front is stitched l e f t over
right, it w i l l l o o k opposite t o this sketch. tion on the facing.
M a c h i n e baste the lining t o t h e waistline o f outer skirt: stitch darts, apply in- Repeat this stitching process forthe other side.
the pants. terfacing to the back facing, stitch the zipper, and Turn the lining to the correct side and machine
F r o m t h e inside, machine t h e b o t t o m o f t h e stitch the back seam to the matchpoints, which are baste the waistlines together, ready for stitching
fly f r o n t extension t o t h e lining. 1/, inch back from the seam edge. Stitch the outer the band to the waistline. Figure 16.21 illustrates
Slipstitch t h e l i n i n g t o t h e center f r o n t o n t h e skirt side seams, and hand stitch the garment hem the waistlines machine basted together.
l e f t side, w h i c h i s the seamline f o r the fly- as illustrated i n Figure 16.22b. Notice the hem has Hand stitch the skirt lining around the zipper tape
f r o n t extension.
On t h e right-hand side turn t h e %-inch seam
allowance t o t h e w r o n g side o f t h e lining
been clipped and stitched at the back i n exactly the
same way it was done for the jacket facing in Figures
16.5 and 16.16.
.
(see Figure 16.20b).
Atthe hem, below the clip, turn under the%-inch
seam allowance and stitch.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~- ~ ~ ~~~~~
OPEN PATIERN 8
ADO 114" FOR EASE
MATCHPOINT
Skirt with Vent from the matchpoint to the extension folded edge At the hem, below the clip, turn under '/,inch
Figure 16.20~shows a back view of the lining (Figure 16.22f). seam allowance and handstitch to hem (Figures
stitched to a vent. Any style of skirt, pant, or dress Stitch the right-hand side (lookingat the sketch) 16.22f and g).
can have a vent (or slit) inserted in the seamline of the lining to the slit (orvent facing) (see Figure
up from the hem. Notice the lining is stitched 16.22d). NOWthe left-hand side ofthe lining Closed Lining to Control the
around the vent to the vent facings; the lining needs to be stitched to the left side of the facing Garment Silhouette
pattern needs to be altered to accommodate this, (see Figure 16.229). Usually a lining is stitched to the garment follow-
as previously discussed. Also see Figure 16.22a. Place the correct sides o f the lining and facing ing the garment shape so it doesn't pull the gar-
ment out of alignment. The method of stitching
ia
together.
om ete the stitchingforthe skirt and lining in Fig- Pin the matchpoints together; begin stitching the closed lining to control the garment silhouette
- 16.22e and f.
Stitch thevent facing and extension together
from this point down to the hem and press to
complete the stitching order.
is an exception to this "lining rule." When the
lining controls the garment silhouette, it is meant
Linings: Cowering the Inner Surface
16.220 STITCH
THE LINING TO
THE CENTER.
BACK SEAM
O F THE SKIRT.
to secure the garment shape and hold it in place.and drape. For example, if you stitch a balloon
This method of lining can be applied to a skirt, hem in lightweight linen, it will create an en-
tirely different look than such a hem in light-
dress, jacket, sleeve, collar, or any other garment
part-there are no rules here. The skirt in the weight silk georgette because of the stiffness and
the fabric weight. Fit a muslin in a similar fabric
Style I.D. inFigure 16.lb illustrates a balloonskirt
with the lining controlling the silhouette. as the outer garment first, so the exact ratio of
Look ahead to Figure 16.2813 for another fullness to lining can be established.
example. This style of skirt looks far more attractive
without a back seam. A back seam would only
Balloon Hem disrupt the flow of the beautiful hemline. In-
The final look is dependent on the fabric weight stead, insert a zipper on the side seam.
Professional S e w i n g Techniques for D e s i g n e r s
-------I
r A 1 ICDTll Ill-
1
lining method could be used are pockets, pocket
I
and y6 lnch extra width along the bottom edge
through to the front undergarments. A neutral, flaps, collars, flounce, peplum, or waistband. of the flnp It is i m p m n t to note thnt when
skin-toned lining can be a good option, as it will When two pieces of fabric are stitched together to maklngffnyunder pattern, the seam being
not shadow from the face of the fabric. form a pocket, pocket flap, waistband, or collar, stitched to the garment (collar necklineor
flnp straight edle) must be the same kngth
the garment part can look bulky because of the
for both upper and under pnttorr~s:starting
Dress fabric weight used. Even though the seam may be from this point, the under pattern is then
A partial lining can also be a good option when a clipped and graded, the section can look bulky made sltghtly smaller. When the two pieces
difference in sheerness and opaqueness is wanted after stitching, and this detracts from the beauty are stitched mjether and clipped, turned, and
in the design. Look ahead at Figure 16.28~. of the garment. To reduce bulk, a lighter-weight pmssod, the llning unduflnp wilt be tucked
fabric such as a lining can be stitched to the un- u n e r the upper flap end the seamtine will not
bevisible from the correct side of the garment.
Closed Partial Lining derside of the garment piece. There are other rea-
This is exactly the same patternmakin%
Garment Parts sons for stitching a lining to garment parts, among method used to make upper and under col-
A closed partial lining can be used on one side of a them: a lining stitched to pockets reinforces the lars, which are illustrated in Figures si.4b-d.
garment section instead of two layers of the outer pocket and adds interest with a contrasting color The method is the same regardless d the
fabric. Examples of garment parts where this lining under pocket flaps; a lining in collars pro- flap shape-round, polnted, or square.
Lintngs: Coverrng the Inner Surface
1 5 . 2 5 0 COAT FRONT W l T H
PARTIAL LINING
1 6 . 2 5 8 PANTS W l T H
PARTIAL L I N I N G
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. ~ ~ ~ .~ ~
~ ~ ~~ . ~ ~.
~~~ ~
~ ~~ ~~ . .~ . ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~
type of interfacing being used on the rest of the together along the outer edges, and understitched hole openings for the drawstring before turning
garment. to keep the lining from.rolling to The front of the Pack the casing(Figure 9.12b). Line the hood
Cut the lining layerwith the lengthwise grain hooded garment. Sample this first; the understitch- with a wind-resistant lining (such as microfiber)
going across the flap. ingwillshowwhen the hood flips overon the backof designed for active wear, and plot the lining pat.
When stitching, keep the edges aligned even the garment, and this may not look very nice. I f you tern piece without the turned-back hemlcasing
though the under flap is slightly smaller. Stitch delete the understitching, make sure the seamline allowance.
with the lining layer on top; handbaste before is well-pressed. Ifthe hood has a center-back seam,
stitching, if necessary. lightly slipstitch the lining to the outer hood seam- Peplum
Clip, trim, and grade the seam before turning; press. line from inside the hood. A p e p l u m i s a separate, shaped section b e l o w
Topstitch the flap i f desired, before continuing the waistline t h a t i s joined t o the bodice with
with construction ofthe garment. Some design tips for you: a seam (see Figure 16.26a). In m a n y respects, a
Garments such as a duffle coat, traditionally p e p l u m i s a l o t l i k e a collar, o n l y joined a t the
Collars made from wool, have hoods lined with plaid waist rather t h a n the neckline. T h e p e p l u m i s
W h e n constructing coats and jackets, the under flannel for warmth and softness. a style t h a t comes a n d goes in fashion, and t h e
collar i s often cut f r o m a different fabric such as Lining an elegant evening cape made of velvet shape a n d design o f this detail present oppor-
the l i n i n -g fabric t o reduce bulk. T h e under collar orwool with a luxurious fabric such as silk tunity f o r creative pleating, tucking, gathering,
can be c u t f r o m a contrasting fabric as a design charmeuse allows the cape to drape easily over and more. T h e p e p l u m can b e l i n e d with self-
detail, - a bulk-
with the ultimate goal o f achieving the garments worn underneath. fabric if t h e fabric i s t h e appropriate weight,
free collar. T h e under collars f o r tailored men's Afunctional hood in a garment such asan o r a contrasting lining fabric can be used-re-
jackets and coats are made f r o m w o o l felt, w h i c h active-wear fleece garment has the hem of the member, the choice o f lining i s always a fabric-
can be purchased precut in several basic colors. hood turned back and topstitched as a casing for d r i v e n decision.
F o r extensive stitching information o n collars, the drawstring. Stabilize and stitch the button-
refer t o Chapter 11.
MT ' d lining are both stitched separately.
Inside Hoods PATTERN TIP and the two are joined together before stitching the
Lining the h o o d o f any garment should also re- Cut the outer fabric hood slightly larger than peplum to the waistline seam.
flect the functional aspect o f the hood-lining the hood lining; this i s thesame pattern Stitch the peplum seams; press. Stitch the
f o r warmth, such as a hooded w o o l jacket; f o r principle outlined previously. This ensures lining seams; press (Figure 16.26b).
luxury, such as the h o o d o f an evening cape; o r that the lining flts comfortably inside the
Staystitch both liningand outer fabric peplums
outer fabric hood and does not hangover the
t o cover the wrong side o f the fabric. separately around the waistline to prevent the
seam edge. When two pleces of fabrlc are
PATTERN TIP
Make upper and under peplum patterns fob
lowing the same pattern principle r s for the
upper end under collar pattern* i n Chapter ti:
refer to Flgure n.4.
16.26d).
Slipstitch the pressed lining edge over the FLOUNCE
16.26C UNDERSTITCHING
Flounce
HANDBASE
The jacket in Figure 16.26a has a lined flounce,
which adds quality to the garment. Attend
to the pattern by preparing upper and under
flounce patterns. The upper flounce pattern
needs to be cut 1/16 inch narrower than the upper
flounce pattern; this ensures that when stitched,
clipped, turned, and pressed, the seamline will r
roll slightly to the under flounce and not be vis-
ible from the correct side of the fabric. SUPSTITCH A
)
Handbaste the inner flounce circles together.
Stitch to the wrist using %-inch seam
allowance.
468 Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
.. . .~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~ . . ~.
~ ~. ~. .. .~ .
The sleeve lining is slipstitched to the wrist color of the lining will shadow and may be vis- Beaded Fabric
seamline as shown in Figure 16.26d. ible from the correct side of the bbric. Choose Dg use one of the beautiful silk linings avail-
a lining for its weight and fabric surface; a able; silk satin charmeuse gives a fabulous soft.
Waistband shiny or mat surface will be evident through silky feel next to the skin.
A shaped or a two-piece waistband is often lined the sheerness. Do use a quality silk lining in a quality beadea
on the back side of the band to reduce bulk. A Do consider using two layers of self-fabric as fabric that will last a lifetime.
lined waistband also adds comfort if the fabric the lining; this ensures the lining will be the Don't use heavy, bulky linings in a beaded
is scratchy, such as wool or beaded fabric, or if perfect color match to the garment. garment.
fabric is in short supply. The under waistband Do consider cutting the lining a different
can be lined with lining fabric and the edge fin- length to add contrast to the garment. The Knits
ished with a Hong Kong finish to further reduce skirt in Figure 16.28~illustrates how this looks Do make sure you use a stretch lining in knit
bulk, as shown in Figure 9.7~.Refer to the con- in design. Several different lengths of linings garments.
struction of the waistband in Chapter 9. in contrasting tones can be used under a sheer Do look at the variety of knit linings that can
skirt. be found on the Internet; some lovely, soft knit
FINAL PRESSING OF LINED linings are available in a variety of colors. Refer
GARMENTS Lace to the "Where to Buy" section of this book.
If you have been following the stitching method Do preview different linings under lace, as the Do consider using a lingerie knit fabric as a
of SEW, CLIP, PRESS all along, minimal lining will show through and have an impact lining, as it feels soft and luxurious next to the
pressing will need to be done at the end of the on the final look of the lace. For example, silk skin.
garment construction. If you have not, thepress- charmeuse will give the lace a shiny, opaque Don't use a woven lining that lacks a stretch
ing will be much more difficult, and impossible look, whereas silk georgette will provide a dull, element, as this will restrict the garment fabric
to do in certain areas of the garment without sheer look to the lace. from stretching.
taking it apart. Do use a quality lining for lace, as it will be Do stitch clear elastic to a balloon hemline
Even with our many years of experience of visible from the correct side. to stabilize the hemline and prevent it from
sewing and pressing, we take the final coat or stretching. Refer to Chapter 6, "Stretch Seams."
jacket to our dry cleaners and have them give it Satin
a good press. For a nominal cost, the final gar- Do match the lining weights together; use a Denim
ment has a well-set shape that is retained over heavier-weight lining for heavyweight satin Do think carefully about stitching a full lining
many times of wear. and a lightweight lining for lightweight satin. into a denim garment; denim rarely needs to be
Do consider using silk satin charmeuse as lined.
LINING TRICKY FABRICS the outer fabric and the lining, as the weights Do consider using 100 percent cotton for a
Sheer Fabric combine well together and the lining will feel partial lining in denim garments.
Do choose a lining for sheers carefully, as the luxurious next to the skin. Do line garment parts such as pockets and
Linings: C o v e r i n g the Inner Surface
~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
16.27 FUR L I N I N G
pocket flaps with an edge-to-edge closed lining Faux Fur
to reduce bulk, especially in heavyweight denim. Do stitch fur lining into jackets and coats,
as it is cozy and warm and a great choice for
Velvet garments worn in cold climates. Fur will he
Do consider using silk satin charmeuse as a too bulky for buttons and buttonholes, so add
lining in velvet. A luxurious fabric needs a a front facing in an alternative fabric (Figure
luxurious lining. 16.27). Fur could be stitched as the sleeve
lining; however, a sleeve lining could also be
Leather made from smooth, silky fabric. This will
Do realize that leather garments need a lining ensure that the jacket or coat slips on and off
because: with ease. NR COLUR
STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY Thinking creatively about linings may be a lining attached to the edge of the facing. It
Here are some ideas to add extra "pizzazz" to the selling point foryour garnient; a creative would also be easy to add a lining to the facing
the inside of the garment! lining may attract a customer to choose your of a jacket with a facing; the lining could be con-
garment over another garment. structed from the pattern pieces (but remember
Think creatively when purchasing lining- to remove the facing area from the pattern).
different colors, fabric patterns, stripes, STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. .
checks, or plaids can be used as the lining. .. .my lining is too short? . ..my lining is hanging below
Think creatively and combine several dif- A band of self-fabric or contrast-colored lining my garment?
ferent linings to create one extraordinary can be added to the hem edge of the lining. Also Remove the hemline of the lining, press and mea-
lining, as illustrated in the coat lining in consider stitching apiece of lace the extra width sure carefully, cut the lining shorter, and re-hem it.
Figure 16.28a. you need to the lining hem edge. Alternatively,
The body lining in a jacket or coat could consider stitching a ruffle to the lining hem .
. . my lining is too wide at the hem
have a plain-colored lining and the sleeves edge, as long as it doesn't add bulk, or stitch a and won't fit into my garment!
could be made from a striped lining. false hem on the lining. First check your lining pattern-it could be
The wool knit skirt in Figure 16.28b is incorrect. Inaccurate stitching of the lining is
nipped, tucked, and draped into an interest- ... my lining is too tight, and the outer often a reflection of incorrect patterns. Go back
ing asymmetrical shape. The lining under- fabric does not sit well because of this? to the seam allowances and restitch to make
neath is made in a lightweight patterned We suggest seam ripping the lining and taking the seam allowances bigger, seam rip the old
jersey knit stitched as a smaller lining to it out of the garment. First check the lining pat- stitches, and press the seams again. Measure the
control the outer skirt shape. tern to see if the pattern was too tight for the lining to the garment hem edge to make sure it
Line a leather jacket with a soft lace-one garment. Adjust the lining pattern to the cor- fits this time before attaching it. The opposite
that is not scratchy or irritating to the skin. rect size and, if possible, recut and restitch the can also be done if the lining is too tight around
An important aspect of functional design is lining. A panel or a godet can also be added to the hem edge: let out the seams, seam rip the
that the lace be comfortable. This idea can the lining to add extra width. Don't be hard on stitches, and press the seams before attaching
look amazing when the lining is cut longer yourself-use it as a learning experience! the hem of the lining to the garment.
and left hanging below the garment hem
edge (the opposite of how traditional linings . .. my garment should have been lined SELF-CRITIQUE
are cut). In Figure 16.28c, the jacket is made but wasn't-can I add a lining after the Did I begin with the correct lining pattern?
from leather and the hem edge has been cut garment is finished? Did I snip notches and mark matchpoints on
to take advantage of the natural leather skin This depends on the style of the garment-it the lining?
edges. The lace lining is only attached to the would be easy to add a lining to skirts or pants Did I choose the best lining method for the
underarm and shoulder seams of the leather, with a waistband. Simply remove the waistband, type and style of garment?
which would adequately hold it in place. This insert the lining, and restitch the waistband. Did I choose the right weight and type of
could be done with a stitch-in-the-ditch. Skirts or pants with a facing could easily have lining for my garment?
Linings: C o v e r i n g t h e I n n e r Surface
. . . ~
. ~~~.
~~ . ~~
~
~....~.....
~~.~~ ..~ .. ~
wrmrorn r-
umrm mmor
,"es,UIoum
16.28C LEATHER I A C K E T
16.28A COAT
16.288 SKIRT
,.,. ,.
.-. ;I
:. Professional S e w i n g T e c h n i q u e s f o r D e s i g n e r s
When my garment is placed on the form, D o I understand that a lining adds quality D o I understand how fashion and function
does the lining pull the garment out of and longevity to a garment? must go hand in hand when considering
shape? D o I understand that not all garments need whether to line a garment, and if so, which
Does my lining hem hang below my garment to be lined? lining to choose?
hem? Do I understand that a lining needs to
suit the function and wear-and-tear of the Stitching a lining is a challenging process for
garment? the fashion design student; however, with prac-
D o I understand that a partial lining reduces tice it will get easier. Follow up on what you
D o I understand how correct patterns with bulk in garment parts? did not understand. Perhaps ask an instructor
notches and matchpoints set me up to D o I understand the concept of a partial to explain what mystifies you. Learning to sew
accomplisl~correct stitching and help the lining and the reasons for choosing this is a process, so keep practicing and never give
garment be perfectly aligned? method of lining? up! Having an excellent knowledge of clothing
D o I understand how the lining pattern is D o I realize that a fabulous lining fabric that construction empowers the designer. Having
made from the original garment patterns? feels luxurious to the hand may be a good knowledge of how to stitch linings will take you
D o I understand that linings are made in dif- selling point? one step further toward your goal of being an
ferent fibers, weights, and hand? excellent fashion designer.
.. ..
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Garment
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.73 . .:-::
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chapter we consider the final sewing methods that bring closure i&,:t@e garment. De- .&'E,s
. ~. TERMS Grommets . ..'ik
on the type of closure used, these elements can be a focus of thedesign or quite ~;~n?m&ri~~l H i a l f B ~ l l : & ~ - p. -& . ~
insignificant. However, they are an important consideration for the designer, as they facilitate Clasnre Hook ~tid.&~!& =. j-
dressing and undressing, as well as warmth and coolness when wearing a garment. Bias Loops .~n-~ea.rn.&~z~~b,le
Buckram
A variety of closures will be discussed that offer many design options for the design student
Buttonholes
Buttons
w explore. The faithful "button and buttonhole" button and buttonhole closure (Figure 17.la). Closure
will be outlined alongwith ties, tabs, toggles, loops, Symmetrical single-breasted coat with Concealed Closure
tab-loop, snaps, hooks and eyes, lacing, and belts. button and buttonholes closure, tie-belt, and Dome Button
Each closure should complement the fabric tab belt carriers (Figure 17.lb). Double Breast,& . ;
and design. When considering garment closure, Symmetrical single-breasted jacket with Edge-to-Edge. 1.. ,-.;. i.. .. ,, .....I. '. :,-* ;.~.
functional design is very important-the clo- button-and-loop closure (Figure 17.1~). , ..,...& e
~ l o s u r- g . :: -. .::.~:'$ymF4J
Exrensjafi:.;.;:.: ~.:.>.:,:;-
sure needs to be user-friendly. Asymmetrical jacket with diagonal bound : .,.. p e .
Faced
buttonhole and one large button; the rest of ~uttonhkle.
STYLE I.D. the closure is concealed snaps (Figure 17.ld).
The Style I.D. illustrates various closures that
can be used in design: GATHER YOUR TOOLS
Gather the followina - supplies
- - in a variety of
Symmetrical double-breasted coat with different sizes: snaps, hook and eyes, buttons, I
473
Professional Sewing T e c h n i q ~ e for
s Designers
Pockets applied
Seams stitched
Tucks and pleats stitched
Zipper, waistband, ruffles and flounces, collars,
facings, and cuffs all stitched
Sleeves inserted
Hem stitched
Lininginserted
Closures: Closing the G a r m e n t
~......~.....
Now attend to the closure, which is the last How to Choose the Appropriate are delicate and need gentle hand washing; the
process in the stitching order other than at- Closure for the Garment extra care needed for laundering could dissuade
tending to the finishing touches of the garment. Let the design and fabric guide your choice. a customer from purchasing the shirt.
You'll need to put time and thought into the clo- Consider the look you want to achieve-busi- Be aware that synthetic buttons don't toler-
sure for your design in the sketching stage; these ness, evening, or casual wear; the closure influ- ate a hot iron, and that leather and wood buttons
ideas will be developed further when the pat- ences the design and needs to suit the occasion. cannot be hand washed or dry cleaned. Buttons
tern is drafted. At this stage, the stitching order Consider the purpose of the closure and the se- that cannot be dry cleaned need to be removed
to be used and the supplies needed also require curity needed. For example, if snaps are used to first or covered by the dry cleaner, which adds
consideration. close a coat, then the snap size is important; the to the cost of cleaning the garment.
snap needs to be strong enough to securely hold
I
Types of Closures the coat closed and not pop open. This is how
fashion meets function. A complicated closure NOTES
There are many different types of closures. The
on coats and jackets may be annoying to take Fashion rules are made t o be broken; design
key to the success of any closure is choosing
students may change this direction t o add a
one that gives you the look and function you off and put on all day; think functional design-
different twist.
want and suits the fabric surface as well as the complicated closures could inhibit sales.
fabric weight. Then make the patterns to corre- The fabric weight needs to hold the par-
late with the closure design, followed by quality ticular closure without caving in. For example,
stitching. a large heavy button stitched to a lightweight CLOSING THE GARMENT
Buttons and buttonholes are the most fabric will affect how the garment sits on the A women's garment is closed with the right side
common closure used in fashion design. So body. Again, consider functional design-the lapping over the left side, while men's clothing
many fabulous buttons are available today-you garment part being closed should dictate the is closed in the opposite way: left over right.
just have to look on the Internet to see the vari- type of closure needed. Any area of a garment One exception to the "right over left" rule is a
ety available. These can become the focus of the where there is stress, such as a waistband or fly- fly-frontlwaist closure on women's pants and
garment. Other closures, such as snap fasten- front closure, needs to be secure (four-hole but- jeans when the closure direction is interchange-
ers, hooks and eyes, tabs, tab-loops, toggles, tons will be stronger than two-hole because of able (Figure 17.2a). The "right over left" direc-
lacing, and belts add to the list of favorite clo- the extra stitches). tion continues around the body to the back; the
sures used in fashion today. All of these closures The laundering of the garment also dictates closure in the back then becomes left over right
will be highlighted in this chapter. the type of closure needed. If buttons are used, (looking from the back view) (Figure 17.2b).
Functional design is so important when then the material from which the button is made
considering the type of closure to use-the is important; if the garment is washable and can Key Button Placements
fabric should suit the design, and the closure be thrown in the dryer, make sure the type of clo- There are key ~ o i n t where
s buttons need to be
should suit the fabric. These two aspects m u s t sure used is also washable and dryer safe. Imagine placed so fashion and function meet. Neck, bust,
be in sync for the garment design to be havingamachine-washable, dryer-safe shirt, with waist, and hips are the key closure positions that
successful. mother-of-pearl, rhinestone, or glass buttons that relate to the body and its movement; these are
Proferrional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ . . ~.
~ ~............
. ........................... ~.
STITCHING SUCCESSFUL
CLOSURES BEGINS WITH THE
CORRECT PATTERN
f
17.3 K E Y BUTTON-
H O L E PLACEMENTS:
or tabs, has an impact on how the pattern is
ALL BUTTONHOLES
E V E N L Y SPACED
made. For any closure, whether symmetrical or
asymmetrical, the location of the closure must for o~lgermentrto ciore accurately an6
be defined first by drawing a line at this position correctly. both garment center and Qarment
off-~enferlines must be brought directly
on the pattern. ~h~~~lines can be labeled gar-
together when buttoned, Look at Figure 19.4
ment center line for a symmetrical design and how HCh garment clores directly on
to
garment off-center line for an asymmetrical these lines, ,ndicuthl in red.
design (Figure 17.4).
Closure Chart
Take a look at the chart in Figure 17.7, which
illustrates some basic closures: buttons, snaps,
and hook and eyes. The chart shows what sizes
are available for each. The sizes available for
purchasing covered button kits (to cover your OAWAEWT
OW CENTER
own) are also indicated in the chart. "WE
If you are not 100 percent sure of the size
button you want, then cut a few circles from
pattern paper to approximate the possible sizes.
Place them on the pattern or your muslin, stand
back, and observe whether the size fits the pro-
portion of the overall garment. And don't forget
the key placement position for buttons! 17.4C ASYMMETRICAL DESIGN: SINGLE BREASTED 17.40 ASYMMETRICAL D E S I G N : DOUBLE BREASTED
Closures: Closing the Garment
I
height, and length. Buttons are manufacture nlways notch the extension position, 86-
from a broad range of materials such as plasti
wood, metal, gold, silver, pewter, brass, coppf
horn, mother-of- earl, ceramic, shell, glass, ivor
I pecirlly if 8 collar is being stitched to the
neckline (see Figure17.6).
/ ::Z"Ls ~orcelain,rhinestone, rubber, bone, and an array for the garment. Like fashion designers, button
of synthetic materials such as polyester or nylon. designers push their creative limits to come up
They may also be covered with fabric. with new and exciting buttons. The general
Buttons can be functional or decorative, or shapes in which buttons are manufactured are:
both, depending on their purpose. For example,
the buttons in Figure 17.2 on the skirt and pant
;i-
waistbands are purely functional; whereas all the
/ NOTCH EXTENSION
buttons in the designs in the Style I.D. are both
17.58 EXTENSION
ON LEFT SIDE O F
GARMENT
functional (for the closures) and decorative.
GARMENT ONLY CENTER LINES
Buttons must close a garment securely yet
slip comfortably through the buttonhole so
the customer does not struggle when opening
or closing the garment. Buttons that are not
stitched securely pop off after several wearings.
Button Sizes
Buttons are measured in lignes (abbreviated L),
. GARMENT which is the traditional European sizing. But-
CENTER LINES
tons can also be purchased according to the
diameter measurement; they are available from
%/la inch to 2% inches in diameter. Refer back to
17.7 CLOSURE CHART: SIZES O F CLOSURES FOR BUTTONS. SNAPS, AND H O O K S AND EYES'
-
COVERED COVERED COVERED COVERED
FIAT
each of these options.
Buttonholes can be stitched by machine or by
band. Hand-stitched buttonholes look magnifi- 17.9A B O U N D
cent but require time and expertise to stitch. They BUTTONHOLE STITCHING ASNAP
DIAMETER
17.10A FLAT 17.11 MARKING THE BUTTONHOLE
the button is 1 inch diameter then the distance
down from the top edge would be ?4inch.
Mark the next button on the waistline (if not THlS DISTANCE 15
belted) and divide the remaining space evenly
+ 11s" NOTCH OFTHE B U n O N
for the amount of buttons planned. Place a + 214,'
button as close to the bustline as ~ossible;it can HANDBASTE CENTER
BARMENI LINE
be placed slightly above or below the bust. Refer
FWT
to Figure 17.3.
TIIREID MARK
) It is advisable to handbaste garment center
I
+ HEIGHT or off-center lines on both sides of the garment,
as Figure 17.11 indicates. Doing this in the be- I
I
ginning will be handy for two reasons: For fit-
I
tings, this prevents any guessing about where I
the garment closes. By bringing the two lines I
SHANK
together the garment can be pinned closed for H CHALK Mhmn
Diagonal buttonholes draw attention to the the garment center line (or off-center garme]
garment as a design feature. The diagonal direc- line) on the right-hand side of the garment, as it NOTE
tion is ideal for bias-cut garments; this means dicated in Figure 17.12~.The buttons are stitch Cord or gimp can be placed in the button-
they are stitched on the straight grain, which on the left side of the garment directly in tl hole as a filler to strengthen and raise the
stitches: it also prevents larger buttonholes
helps to stabilize the buttonhole. Position the same position. As a reference, turn back to Fil
from stretching. The colors available are lim-
buttonhole % inch over the garment center (or ures 17.4b and c to see how this looks in design ited: however, when stitched correctly, the
off-center) line and mark in a diagonal direction gimp should not show. Snip the gimp from
(see Figure 17.12a). MACHINE-STITCHED the end of the buttonholes when completed.
For horizontal buttonholes, begin the but- BUTTONHOLES
tonhole % inch beyond the garment center SEW Smartly, C L I P Carefully, PRESS Pre-
(or off-center) line toward the garment edge cisely when stitching buttonholes. \
MACHINE STITCHED BUTTONHOLE
(Figure 17.12b). Buttonholes on cuffs, narrow Machine-stitched buttonholes are the quick-
collars (11.8c), and waistbands (Figure 9.3b) est type of buttonhole to stitch on clothing. If
are always stitched horizontally, in the direc- an automatic buttonhole stitch is not available
uARMENT
tion of the cuff and collar or tab length. Refer on your sewing machine, you can still sew but- CENTER LIME
BOUND BUTTONHOLES
A traditional bound buttonhole adds a profes-
sional couture finish to jackets and coats and
looksvery classy. Bound buttonholes are formed
from two strips of fabric (called welts) cut on
straight or bias grains. After the two strips of
fabric are stitched, slit, and turned, the facing
is attached to the back of the buttonhole. This
can be done in two ways: by hand stitching, or
by machine-stitching windows into a facing,
which is then applied by stitching-in-the-ditch bound buttonhole should look identical in size For bound buttonholes, use self-fabric (see
around the buttonhole from the face of the gar- and shape. Figure 17.9a), or as a design feature, choose a
ment. The latter method is called a faced bound If you choose a large button for your jacket contrasting fabric, stripes, checks, or leather for
buttonhole. When completed, both types of or coat, machine-stitched buttonholes may the welts. It is important to use fabric that is not
buttonholes will look exactly the same from the be a poor choice. Large machine-stitched but- too bulky.
face of the garment. tonholes (over 1% inches in length) can look
Bound buttonholes are stitched in the gar- stretched and ugly. For larger buttons, bound Traditional Bound Buttonhole
ment earlier in the stitching order of the gar-
ment, before the facing is applied; for this
buttonholes are recommended; alternately,
snaps can be stitched as the closure, under the 7
U\ark the buttonhole placement (see Figure 17.11).
/
reason, determine your button size early, then button, and the button stitched on the garment :ut two narrow strips, called welts, in one long piece
add the correct extension to the pattern. Every surface. of fabric on straight or bias grain and 1% inches
Closures: Closing the G a r m e n t
17.150STITCH THE TRIANGLE AT 11.13E FACING H A S BEEN APPLIED-HANDBASTE THE WELTS 17.13F HAND STITCH THE FACING AROUND
EACH END DF THE BUTTONHOLE TOGETHER AND PIN-MARK THE BUTTONHOLE. THE BUTTONHOLE.
L A
0"
6 SMALL
ICING
,*HOLE
wide. Add an extra Iinch length for each button- buttonhole. As the length of the buttonhole top of the previous row of stitching for exoctlythe
hole. Cutthe strips offabric in one long length. increases, so too can the width increase; there buttonhole length; begin and end with aback-
With the wrong sides together, press the fabric i n are no rules, but consider the overall proportion stitch; otherwise, pull the threads to the wrong
half. (Figure 17.ya). side and tie off. Both stitching lengths mustfinish
Open the fabric and apply half interfacing, if Cut off the excess fabric width of each welt, leav- exactly at the same squared point. If they don't,
needed; this is dependent on the fabric weight- ingan equal stitching width (see Figure 17.13a). the buttonhole will lookaskew when finished
definitely stabilize bias grain strips, but straight On the correct side of the fabric, position the (see Figure 17.13b).
grain strips may not need stabilizing. welts on the placement mark; butt the cut edges From the wrong side of the fabric, slit the gar-
Refold the fabric again and, usinga 2.0 stitch together, and pin in piace (Figure 17.13b). ment fabric down the center of the stitching, stop
length, stitch back from the folded edge holfthe Chalk or pin-markthe finished length ofthe but- l/r inch from each end, and then slash directly
width ofthe finished buttonhole width. Stitch- tonhole on the welts (see Figure 17.13b). into the corners. Use small embroidery scis-
ing% inch will result i n a %-inch finished bound Usinga smallstitch length (1.5). stitch directly on sors to do this. I f the corners are not cut to the
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . ~ . . ~ . ~ ~ ,
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~ ~
fabric over the facing. Use a small stitch length (1.5) and stitch
From the correct side of the garment, pin-mark around the window shape; begin stitching on
each corner of the buttonhole by pushing the one side, pivot on each corner, and finish by
pins vertically through to the wrong side of overlapping the stitches by % inch-the over-
the fabric; replace with horizontal pins to pin- lapping stitching must be directly on top of
mark at each corner (see Figure 17.13e). the previous stitches. This must be a perfectly
O n the facing side, carefully slit in the stitched window with the length and wid+'-
middle of the pins; finish % inch back from exactly the same size (see Figure 17.14a).
each end, and cut diagonally into each corner Carefully cut in the middle of the window
(Figure 17.13f). This is the same procedure and diagonally into each corner up to the
explained in Figure 17.13~and now done on stitching; if the corners are not cut to thl
the facing. stitching, the buttonhole will not look
Fold each small section underneath to expose squared. This is the same cutting procedure
the welts; use a small needle and single strand illustrated in Figure 17.13~.
Closures: C l o s i n g t h e G a r m e n t
the bound buttonhole (see Figure 17.14b). fusible stabilizing tape applied to both sides of
From the face of the garment, stitch-in- the opening (see Figure 17.15). Refer to Chapter 3.
the-ditch around the window of the bound *StabilizingTapes."
buttonhole to attach the facing in place (see Stitch the seam and backstitch at each end ofthe BUTTONHOLE
OPENING
Figure 17.14~). opening; the opening must be secure so it does not
split open with wear and tear (see Figure 17.15).
17.14C S T I T C H - I N - T H E - D I T C H A R O U N D THE
WINDOW OF THE BUTTONHOLE FROM THE Press the seam open-forthis typeof buttonhole,
CORRECT SIDE O F THE GARMENT. the seams cannot be closed.
I f t h e facing hasa seam, then leave the same NOTCHES
PULLTHREADS TO
W R O N G ~ TIO
E OFF
opening in the facing and slipstitch garment and L
facing together around the opening.
I f the facing does not have a seam, then slit the
facing and hand stitch around the buttonhole
edge i n the same way as you would forthe tradi-
tional bound buttonholes in Figure 17.13f.
I
CONCEALED CLOSURE
A concealed closure is buttoned together, with extra-large buttons (as the button size increases,
one row of topstitching to define the closure so does the band size). Notice in Figure 17.16
(Figure 17.16). A separate hand with button- that when the garment is unbuttoned, the but-
holes is stitched to the right-hand side of the tons show on the left-hand side.
facing (Figure 17.17a). When the garment is but-
toned, the buttons are hidden between the gar-
ment and the facing. The buttons need to be flat
so they don't add bulk. Use buttons that are ap-
proximately '/B to 1 inch in diameter-don't use
6 Apply half interfacing to the band, and have the
cings interfaced. old the wrong sides of the
band together and press along the foldline.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
~ ..............
BAND WITH
BUTTONHOLES
/ applied.
Place the correct side ofthe band on top ofthe
correct side of the smaller facing; match the
edges together and staystitch i n place around 17.17A STITCH THE BUT.
three edges, as indicated in Figure 17.17b. TONHOLES TO THE FOLDED
INTERFACED BAND.
Next, to hold the band to the facing, machine
stitch i n between each buttonhole (stitching
all three layers of fabric together). Stitch i n a
horizontal direction; begin stitchingfrom the Figure 6.14 to stitch an angled seam. Make sure
seam edge and stitch up to the level of the but- matchpoints are marked.
tonholes. Leave the needle down i n the fabric, Place the correct side of the smaller facinglband
pivot, machine stitch back to the edge, and to the correct side of the larger facing, matching
clip your threads. In Figure 17.17b. the stitch- the neck edges together as illustrated in Figure
i n g is indicated on the bandlfacingand labeled 17.17~. Stitch from the neck edge down, pivot at
"stitching." the corner, and complete the stitching. Press the
Staystitch the corner ofthe largerfacing and clip; seam outward; don't serge the seam closed if the
an angled seam is stitched at this point. Refer to garment is lined. Figure 17.17d shows the finished
Closures: C l o s i n g the G a r m e n t
17.178
-
STITCH THE BAND TO THE SMALL FACING. 17.17C STITCH
THE SMALLER
FACING,
B A N D TO
THE LARGER
FACING.
L'
-
k NECKLINE
/
SMALLER FACING - I
SMALLER FACIWG
BAND IS SEPARATE
FROM THE r m w FACING
17.170 FACING
AND BAND
STITCHED
TOGETHER
LARGER FACING -
facing. Notice that the buttonholes just clear the correct side, topstitch; begin from the top of the jacket with buttons and loops as the closure. The
facinglband seam join. band and follow the shape of the band (see Figure loops slide easily over ashank button (dome, half
Stitch the facingto the garment, grade the 17.16). ball, or full ball). Flat buttons do not work well,
seams, clip the corners, and understitch (Figure Stitch the buttons to the left side of the garment to as the button needs to be lifted from the fabric
17.17e). Refer to Chapter 12 for more information correspond with the buttonholes (see Figure 17.16). surface for the loop to sit under the button.
on stitching facings. Bias loops are formed by stitching lengths
On the wrong side, handbaste the bandlfacing BIAS LOOPS of narrow bias tubing made in self-fabric or
seamline through to the correct side. From the Look at Figure 17.1~in the Style I.D. to see a contrasting fabric and forming them into half-
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
17.17E
17.18A TURNING THE TUBING W I T H
STITCHING
THE FACING
Stitching the Loops NEEDLE AND T H R E A D
TO THE The tubing can be turqed by using a loop turner. ,
GARMENT
A loop turner is illustrated in Chapter 2, "Gather
Your Tools," and is an essential sewing tool to PUSH M E N D 0
NEEDLE THROUG
have in your sewingkit. Tubing canalso be turned
with a needle and thread, and both methods will
be outlined and illustrated in Figure 17.18.
"
., I3 gin by makinga sample loop to getthe fabric
\idth/filling ratio just right for each fabric type. A~TACH 4 STRANDS
OF THREAD
Remember, bias stretches; therefore, sampling
the loop size first is essential.
E
THIS FABRIC
BAND WITH
Fold the bias strip in half with the correct sides WIDTH WILL PAD
THE
B"lrO*HOLLS facing (do not press). Shorten the stitch length
and stitch a row of stitches parallel to the fold-
line; taper thestitchingout '/2 inch from the end
if you are goingto turn the tubingusinga needle
and thread (Figure 17.18a).
PATTERN TIP
Cut the bias strip i n one long length; to
calculate the length, ascertain the length
of one loop, add ream rtlowance, and mul.
tipiy this loop length by the totelnumber
circle loops. The type of fabric needs to be taken of loops required. If you plan on usinga loop turner, then don't angle
into consideration. Lightweight smooth fabric To gut the width of self-filled tubing the end stitching; instead, stitch straight to the
(which doer look the nicest), add three
works best; for example, fine lightweight cotton end and clip the corners, as illustrated in Figure
times the Rnirhed loop width and double
batiste will make much finer loops than wool the measurement. for example, ifthe
17.18b.
crepe. Don't make loops in heavyweight fabric finished loop width is %. inch, add three
because they will look too thick and bulky. time this width and double this measure. Turning the Loops
Other creative ways of using tubing and loops mentr the final cutting width of the loop is To turn with needle and thread, use a blunt-
will be in "Stretch Your Creativity," later in this 1!4Inches. end tapestry needle and secure two double
chapter. stands of thread to the slanted end of the
Closures: Closing the Garment
... .-.~~.. ~......~~~~-
NOTE
The designer has a choice in choosingthe
type of closure when usin$ buttons and
tube. Insert the eye of the needle into the do, the hook will clasp around the fabric as loops. Since there is no extension, the clo-
you continue to ~ u s the
h fabric up through sure can be edge-to-edge and butt together,
tube (see Figure 17.18a).
the loop turner (see Figure 17.18b). as illustrated in Figure 17.20. Figure 17.a~has
If using the loop turner, slide it up through
an extension on the left side for the closure.
the bias tubing, as illustrated in Figure For both methods, gradually push the fabric
An edge-to-edge closure will not fully cover
17.18b. Have the lower movable part of the through the needle or loop turner. It takes the body, and a camisole or someother type
hook facing down as you insert the loop time to get it started; however, once the end of garment may need to be worn under-
turner. Hook the curved section over the top is sufficiently turned, the narrow tubing neath-this is not a style fora winter climate,
edge of the tubing. Push the fabric up; as you pulls through quite easily (Figure 17.18~). but a great summer style!
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
..~ . . . ...
........
17.20 BUTTONS A N D
LOOPS STITCHED TO AN
EDGE-TO-EDGE CLOSURE-
NO E X T E N S I O N A D D E D
- 17.21 BUTTONS AND L O O P S S T I T C H E D TO
THE FRONT O F THE GARMENT W I T H E X T E N S I O N O N
THE LEFT S I D E ONLY
TAB-LOOPS AND TABS belt loops, which were taught in Chapter 9; Tabs can be cut to any size, but do size them
Tab-loops and tabs are two other popular clo- refer to the section "Belt Loops," and Figure to fit with the overall proportion of the garment.
sures that look fabulous on more casual gar- 9.16 there. Belt loops are used on a waistband to Cut two pieces per tab and cut one interfacing.
ments. Tab-loops and tabs are inserted into the carry the belt and to keep it in place. Tab-loops To stitch tabs, follow the illustration in Figure
seam following the same stitching method as for and tabs can be used as an edge-to-edge closure, 17.24. Apply the interfacing to one side of the
the bias loops in Figure 17.19. Just transfer your or the closure can have an extension, as it does tab. Place the correct sides together and stitch a
knowledge and here is another closure you can in Figure 17.22. To see how an edge-to-edge clo- %-inch seam around the three sides, leaving the
stitch. To see how a tab-loop and tab dosures sure would look, refer to Figure 17.20. Figure end open for turning. Clip the corners to reduce
look in design, refer to Figure 17.22. 17.23 illustrates how to form belt loops into tab- bulk. Turn the tab to the correct side and use
Tab-loops are formed from edge-stitched loops and stitch in place. your point corner to sharpen the corners and
Closures: Closing t h e Garment
CC
1 7 . 2 3 8 S T I T C H I N G TAB-LOOPS
SHAPE I N PLACE
TWO ROWS OF STITCHIN1
CLIP CORNERS
r o REDUCE (ICON 6)
6lRHEITCEWTTIIINES
/ ....
Pin-mark each button position through to
the left-hand side of-the garme,ntto corre-
upright on the garment. Figure 17.21~shows
you how to stitch a shank button with an
spond with each buttonhole (Figure 17.25a). inbuilt shank.
Stitch the buttons in place.
Unbutton the coat and stitch two buttonholes What Thread to Use
to the left-hand side of the garment, one at the A safe choice is to color match the thread to
neckline or, as an option, one on the waistline. the button rather than to the fabric, especially
These two buttons help to hold the garment for two-hole and four-hole buttons where the
securely closed. The neckline buttonhole is thread color is visible. Stitch buttons with two
indicated on the coat in Figure 17.la in the strands of thread. The final length of the threads
Style I.D. The buttons that correspond with should be no longer than 16 inches; thread that
these buttonholes are stitched to the facing is any longer than this will get very tangled.
on the right-hand front. They must beflat so Waxed nylon thread (weight C) is excellent for
they don't add bulk. Buttons stitched to the stitching buttons securely to jackets and coats,
garment surface can be decorative and any but the colors are limited.
s h a p t h i s is the designer's choice.
17.258 V E R T I C A L
BUTTONHOLE Button the coat closed again; pin the garment Stitching Shank Buttons
center lines together, and turn the garment to Dome, halfball, andfull ball buttons are all con-
center (or off-center) line. Look at the coat in the wrong side. sidered shank buttons. They have a small ring or
the Style I.D. in Figure 17.lb as a reference. Pin-mark the two left-side button positions bar called a shank that protrudes from under-
through to the facing on the right-hand side neath the button (Figures 17.8b, c, and d). The
Double Breasted of the garment and stitch the buttons in thread passes through the shank, then through
Buttons and buttonholes are stitched to both place; these buttons will always be hidden the garment fabric so they connect together.
front sides of double-breasted closures. So follow underneath the coat. The shank holds the button slightly away from
the instructions carefully for stitching button Turn the coat to the correct side and the fabric to allow room for the other side of the
and buttonholes to a double-breasted coat. The button it up. The second row of buttons is garment to fit comfortably underneath without
coat we are describing for the closure is the coat stitched to the garment surface and doesn't feeling tight when the buttonhole is slipped over
in the Style I.D. in Figure 17.la. The instructions need buttonholes; it is purely decorative. the button.
move from the right to the left sides; follow this Double-breasted closures are symmetrical;
procedure to ensure correct buttoning. the buttons are placed at equal distances
on each side of the garment center- or off- ank buttons,followtheillustration in
* Stitch the buttonholes on the right-hand center line (see Figure 17.4a and d) and lined Figure 17.21.
front of the garment (Figure 17.la). up horizontally. Securely stitch this row Secure the thread to the fabric surface.
Pin the garment closed by placing the two of buttons; if shank buttons are stitched, Place the button in position with theshank in a
garment center (or off-center) lines together. build another shank to help the buttons sit vertical direction that allows horizontal stitches.
Closures: C l o s i n g t h e G a r m e n t
garment. Flat buttons need a built-in shank to will need more stitches to secure it than a small
extend the height of the button so there is room button stitched to a silk georgette blouse.
for the other side of the garment to fit comfort- Remove the tapestry needle and p u l l the button
ably under the button after it is buttoned (see outward so it i s taut. This leaves a small gap
Figure 17.27). of thread between the button and garment.
Wind the needle thread around these threads
n
<{e
Sti h the button with horizontal stitches; make
all the stitches on every button go in the same
t o build the shank (Figure 17.27~). Or, stitch a
chain stitch around the threads, as shown i n
Figure 17.31~.
direction. To finish stitchingthe button, slip the needle
I\ GARM6MT
Attach the thread to the correct side of the gar- under the button, take a few backstitches, and
I CIrnll
I LINE ment with a few overhand stitches in the button snip the thread. The thread is not finished on the
position (Figure 17.27a). facing side of the garment; the facing stitches
Push the needle up through one hole and back need to appear invisible i n case the neckline is
I
I
1 17.26 STITCHING A SHANK
through the other hole (repeat again for four-hole worn open (Figure 17.27d).
I BUTTON TO THE GARMENT buttons).
Place a tapestry needle through the thread at the In production, flat sew-through buttons are at-
Stitch the stitches parallel to the garment center top of the button and pull taut: this is necessary tached by machine rather than by hand.
line. for building i n the shank (Figure 17.2713).
Pass the needle alternately through the shank Continue to place the needle up into the hole Covered Buttons
and the garment fabric, completingabout 8 and backdown again; as the needle comes back Custom-made buttons covered with fabric or
stitches. down, push the needle into the fabric under the leather add an elegant finish to a garment. Cov-
Finish by securing the thread under the button; button and take a small stitch. ered buttons are useful when "just the right"
button can't be found. Covered buttons are all
. take a few backstitches and clip the thread.
To make an additional shank forthicker fabric:
when stitching the button, stitch loosely so there
Continue to stitch in this mannertoattach the but-
ton; the numberof stitchesdepends on the fabric
weight and on the sizeand function ofthe button.
shank blrttons and are available in a wide range
of sizes, from )/s inch to 2% inches in diame-
is a gap between the shankand the fabric, bring For example, a large button stitched to a Coat ter, and in flat or half-ball shapes. The closure
the thread up underthe button, and wind around chart in Figure 17.7 shows the sizes available.
the thread to make a firm shank(see Figure The instructions for how to cover the button
IMPORTANT are written on each packet. Some businesses
On lightweight fabrics, it is not nauuary to
also offer a covering service. (See the "Where
I
Stitching Sew-through Flat Buttons build in t h e r h m k . for madium- and heavy- to Buy" section in this text.)
Sew-through buttons can be two-hole or four- weight fabrks, however, It is important to Each button has two separate pieces that
hole buttons. The needle and thread are pushed build in a shank for tho reason eatad above. form one button; the top section is metal and
through the holes to attach the button to the covered with fabric, while the bottom section
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
. . . ~ ~ .
:,
.. ~..>
>
:;',,
:'i:.:,.:. 17.27A SECURE THE THREAD TO THE
CORRECT S I D E O F THE GARMENT AND THREAD THE
17.276 PLACE A TAPESTRY NEEDLE THROUGH
THE THREAD FOR BUILDING I N THE SHANK.
17.27C BUILD A SHANK.
$:i: NEEDLE THRDUGH THE TWO-HOLE BUTTON.
f:,;2
j;+:
):$
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%
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g;;;
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<
pi:
(b:; :
,*c;
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F, :.
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.it
F:. .
:*
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$:.
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$',.
6;:
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.,,,
!;,.
3.'.
, .,
\,,. ,.
>:/'
,.,,
:,:
?I
.;:k
ii.,'
:'
q;:;, hides the raw edges when clamped shut. The Reinforced Buttons
>:, :
pq:.,;
;;, bottom section has afahric or metal shank. Not Reinforced buttons are extra buttons applied 17.270 TO END, F I N I S H
UNDER THE BUTTON W I T H A
$12
h:... all fabrics are suitable for covering buttons; to the facing, behind the garment button, for ) F E W OVERHAND STITCHES.
S:'\,
,5
thick fabric adds bulk, and some fabrics fray -
reinforcement in carments that receive a lot of
$?,:I
:v.,
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easily, which can make the process of cover- wear, such as jackets and coats. There is no need
L!!: ing the button challenging. Lightweight fabric to form a shank; only operational or working
p ; ,:
!'
I>, ...,
, may need two layers of fabric and an interfac- buttons need a shank. The function of the re-
;C'
?:,,,.
, ,. ing to provide adequate opaque coverage. inforced button is to reinforce the garment
$A;
.,: .: .,
Closures: Closing the Garment
~ . . . . . . ~ ~ ~ ~~
~~~~
. ~~
.~. ~
. .. .. .~
. ~
. .. .~ ~
. ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~. . . . .
~ ~ ~~~ . ~ ~ ~
button, approximately L16 or L18. Match like lent replacement closure for really large buttons,
with like-two-hole reinforcement button with since buttonholes for very large buttons look
two-hole garment button and, likewise, four- unattractive and have the potential to stretch.
hole buttons combined together. Line up the re-
inforcement button behind the. garment button
RIGHT SIDE OFGARMENT U R G E SQUARE
on the facing. Sew directly from one button to the female snap to the right-hand BUTrON IS A
the other. side ofthe garment and the male to the left side WON-WORKING
BUTTON
(see Figure 17.28). Use two strands of thread for
SNAP FASTENERS
Refer to the closurechart in Figure 17.7to see the
snap fasteners available. A snap fastener has two
. small snaps and four strands for larger snaps.
Begin by securingthe thread to the fabricwith a
few overhand stitches; stitch approximatelyfour
round discs, one male and one female, that snap overhand stitchesthrough each snap hole, then
together to connect. Snaps are available in sizes slip the thread under the snap and up into the next
2 to 21, in black, silver, or clear nylon. Snaps can
also be covered; this can be a fabulous couture
finish to a garment. Snaps are designed to use as
. hole and stitch several overhand stitches again.
Pull the threads taut as you stitch and finish with
a couple of overhand stitches on the edge of one
closures for a variety of reasons. Match the snap ofthe stitches that has secured thesnap. Afterthe
size to the fabric weight and amount of hold the snaps are stitched, there should be no stitches
garment needs for the closure to function. showing on thegarment side ofthe fabric.
A small, %-inch, clear nylon snap (size 2) U R G E SNAPS
17.901PLACE THE FEMALE 17.288 PULL THE T H R E A D 17.29C PULL THE F A B R I C TAUT TO 17.290 PLACE THE C I R C L E OVER
SNAP FACEDOWN. I N T O GATHERS. SECURE I T AROUND THE SNAP. THE MALE SNAP.
With double thread stitch a running stitch around Gently push an awl through the center of the The snaps are now ready to stitch to the gar-
both circles. '/. inch i n from the edge; leave the smaller circle; larger snaps will need a little ment-good-quality thread and good-quality
thread and needle attached (Figure 17.29a). scissor snip i n the middle of the circle. Apply stitching is a must! Make sure the snap is
Place the female snap facedown i n the middle of Fray Check to prevent fraying. Pull the correct securely stitched with even stitches and the
the wrong side of the larger circle; pull the run- side ofthe fabric overthe male snap; pull up the thread is pulled tautthrough each ofthe holes,
ning stitches into gatheringto enclose the snap gathering stitches until taut. Snap both pieces as illustrated i n Figure 17.28. NOstitches should
(Figures 17.29a and b). together, then finish off the backof the male snap bevisiblefrom the correct side ofthe fabric.
Stitch large back-and-forth stitches to catch the i n the same way the female was finished in Figure Stitch the male snap to the facing and the female
fabric until it is firmly secured on both snaps; leave 17.29C. to the garment (Figure 17.28).
the needle and thread intact (see Figure 17.29~).
Closures: C l o s i n g the G a r m e n t
~ ~ ~
~ ~. ~ ~ . ~~ ~. ~ ~ ~ .~ ~~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~
Shoulder Strap Keepers by folding twill tape over twice and catch wit
Shoulder strap keepers are very functional, as small overhand stitches. Place the male disc ov, NOTE
they hold lingerie straps in place under garments the folded edge and stitch in place; use a small, A metal eye can be replaced with a thread
with low necklines and narrow garment straps. needle for small snaps so the eye of the needle fi eye, which is formed with a chain stitch and
used on high-end garments as a superior
Straps popping out from under the garment or comfortably through the holes (Figure 17.3C
finish. We encourage fashion students to
falling off the shoulder can spoil the look of an Fold the other end of the tape over twice ar learn how to make %-inch eyes from a thread
elegant garment. To prevent this from happen- stitch to the armhole side of the shoulder facir chain instead of using metal eyes. Thread
ing, stitch strap keepers-any customer would seam using an overhand stitch. Stitch the fema chain is also used for bett loops.
be delighted to find them in the garment! Cut snap to the shoulder seam nearest the neckline
two short lengths of %-inch twill tape to the
required length. Finish one end of the keeper HOOKS AND EYES length) to the facing. Position the hook facing
Hooks and eyes come in pairs; one side is the up. Work blanket stitches around circular rings;
hook and the other the eye. They are available stitch closely together to completely cover the
--P
in sizes O,1,2,3, and 6 in black or white enamel metal (Figure 17.31a).
and nickel; color match as closely as possible to Don't cut the thread-instead, slip the needle in
the fabric color. Hooks and eyes are the last de- between the garment fabric and facing, surfacing
tails to be stitched to the garment. at the end of the hook: then stitch a few overhand
r Asmall hookandeyecanbestitchedasaclosure stitches to secure the end of the hook to the
MILL
support. Size 0 will look inconspicuous stitched to fabric (Figure 17.31b).
the top edge of the waistline where a lapped or cen-
tered zipper has been stitched. The hook and eye Thread Chain
prevents gaping at the top of a closure(invisiblezip- An eye is stitched on the opposite side of
pers do not need hooks and eyes). Larger sik- or the facing at the same height, just next to
gimp-covered hooks and eyes can be used as the the seamline. Figure 17.31a shows you the
main dosure on jackets and coats (Figure 17.7). position. To stitch a thread chain eye, secure
Since hooks and eyes are hand stitched, they a double thread with a few overhand stitches;
are not often used in mass-produced garments. take another stitch in the fabric to form a
They are definitely a couture finish. loop (Figure 17.31b).
Slip your thumb and the first two fingers of
your right hand through the loop to hold it
ent inside out. Stitch the hookon open; secure the garment firmly with your
the right hand side ofthegarment; position the left wrist and hold the needle thread taut
hook% inch down and '/,s inch from the garment with your left hand (Figure 17.31~).
edges (Figure i7.3ia). Use your right hand forefinger to pull the
17.80 MAKING SHOULDER STRAP KEEPERS
Secure a double length of thread (*+-inch final needle thread through the loop to form a new
Professional Sewing Techniques Designers
.~........
. ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ . . . .. . ~
. ~ . . ~. ~ .. ...
~
~ ~. ~
C
IMPORTANT
I Always match the size of the hook and eye to the function forwhich
i t i s being used. Hooks and eyes con be stitched as the main closure
I
but need t o be strong enough t o secure the garment closed with-
out coming undone. For example, a size 6 hook and eye w i l l hold
a bustier closed, but sizes o to 3 w i l l not. Hooks and eyes are n o t
17.318 T A K E A S M A L L S T I T C H I N
I strong enough to keep waistbands closed; use a hook and bar closure
instead (see Figure 8.13).
I
THE F A B R I C TO F O R M A LOOP.
Closures: Closing the G a r m e n t
.... . . ~ ....
~~~~ ~. . ~. . . ~~
~ ~
to the right and left sides of a closure. Colors are Turn the tie-belt to the correct side with a loop
limited to black and white, but the white tape can turner, or use a rulerto help turn the tie-belt i f
be dyed. The hooks used are size 2. you have one on hand. From the correct side.
press alongthe seamline with the point ofthe
BELTS iron.
Belts can be the final finishing touch to the Lay the tie flat and press again so the seamline is
garment; in fact, they would be the last item perfectly aligned and does not show on one side
to stitch in the closure. Belts can be stiff and more than on the other. Slipstitch the opening
structured, with a buckle, or softly tied-a style closed.
called a tie-belt. Instructions for both types of
belts will be outlined. Structured Belt
A tie-belt can be made into a structured belt
Tie-Belt usineu buckram to stiffen it so the belt won't
A tie-belt can be used on all kinds of garments cave in around the waistline. Buckram, avail-
and tied around the waistline, under the bust, able in different widths for belts, is made from
on the front or back of the garment, around a tightly woven, stiffened cotton fabric. The
the wrist, or slotted through loops in a neck- buckle needs to be slightly wider than the fin-
line. The coat in Figure 17.lb in the Style I.D. ished belt width. Grommets need to be ap-
has a black contrasting tie-belt. Notice, too, that plied to the belt when the buckle has a prong.
\ shorter ties encircle the wrists. Grommets provide a circle opening for the
belt prong to enter. They need to be applied
along the lapped side of the belt, giving a vari-
Q
\/
Cu hetie-belt so itfitscomfortably around thewaist ety of closure lengths. Match the grommet size
h enough length to loop over and tie. A tie-belt to fit the prong. Grommets and the hardware
loop; tighten the loop to the fabric to form the can be cut on the fold, on any grainline; however. needed can be purchased online. The appendix
thread chain. Continue working the chain for the grainline will affect how the tails drape. Bias-cut "Where to Buy" at the back of this book is a
the %-inch length (see Figure 17.31~). belt ties are wavelike and fall softly; straight grain useful resource.
To finish, place the needle 5/r inch down into belt tails fall straight. Interfacing i s not needed in To calculate the length of a structured belt,
the fabric and end with a few backstitches in softly tied belts. take the waistline measurement and add several
the seamline. more inches (approximately 8) and 1 more inch
If a metal eye is used, it can be blanket stitched Place the correct sides together, and stitch a for attaching a buckle. Cut the belt wide enough
to the garment in the same way as the hook. seam around the edge; leave a 2-inch opening so that when it is stitched, turned, and pressed,
i n the middle; backstitch at each point (Figure the belt is slightly wider (I% inch) than the width
Hook-and-Eye Tape 17.32). of the buckram. The end of the belt and the
Hook-and-eye tapecanbepurchasedandstitched Trim the corners to reduce bulk. buckram should be identical in shape.
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
..................................... r-................
After the belt is stitched, turned, and pressed, Sheer Fabric closures in lace where seams will shadow from
slip the buckram into the belt slot-be patient-it D o stitch twice-turned bands (clpuble exten- the correct side of the fabric; always remember
will take time to push the buckram in. Cut off 1 sion turned over twice) on shirt fronts in sheer the integrity of the fabric-the closure must
inch from the buckram length to reduce the bulk fabrics; the extra layer of fabric will equal the suit the fabric!
so the belt can wrap around the buckle and be interfacing, and color matching of the interfac-
secured with overhand stitches, as illustrated in ing will not be an issue. Satin
Figure 17.33. The coat in Figure 17.16 has a struc- D o machine stitch buttonholes in sheer fabrics; Do use bias loops or elastic loops with half ball
tured belt, which gives it a classy tailored look. use a fine sewing machine needle and place buttons as the closures on satin; however, bii
The fabric surface needs particular care tissue paper underneath to stabilize. loops in heavyweight satin fabrics may look bulky.
when stitching closures. Delicate fabrics, such D o use bows and ties as closures in soft, light- Do stitch glamorous decorative buttons-such
as satin, sheers, beaded, and velvet fabrics, weight, sheer fabrics. as pearl, glass, jeweled, or covered buttons-on
need to be handled with care. Take extra care Do stitch bias loops as closures for sheers, but satin garments.
in choosing the type of closure for these fab- make sure the seam allowances are carefullv D o use a n e w correctly sized sewing machine
rics. It doesn't hurt to be reminded-the design and evenly trimmed to a minimum to reduce needle when stitching delicate fabrics such as
needs to suit the fabric and your closures should shadowing. satin; also use a fine hand sewing needle.
suit the fabric-stitching decisions are always Don't-stitch bound buttonholes, as the seam D o use tie-belts in soft silk satin fabrics.
fabric-driven. allowances will be visible in between the garment Don't stitch buttonholes onto satin fabrics
fabric and facing, and this is unattractive. without sampling first, as the surface is delicate
STITCHING CLOSURES IN and threads pull easily; however, buttonholes
TRICKY FABRICS Lace can be stitched as openings on blouses and
Matching Stripes, Plaids, Patterns, and Do sample machine buttonholes in lace first to shirts in lightweight silk satin.
Repeat Patterns see how they blend with the surface of the lace.
D o perfectly line up the right and left sides Use organza under the buttonholes as the inter- Beaded Fabric
together, matching the plaid, stripe, and check facing. Machine-stitched buttonholes would be D o use a thread eye when hooks and eyes are
horizontally and vertically. Remember, they applied to a flat-surface lace blouse, but not to an being applied to fine sheer fabrics.
will never match perfectly unless cut perfectly! evening gown. Elastic loops are a better option on D o use loops for closures on beaded fabric;
Do stitch bound buttonholes in stripes. Re- lace evening dresses; traditionally, they are used however, use a fabric with a smooth surface,
direct the grainline to the opposite grain for as a closure on lace wedding dresses. The loops sit such as silk satin, because beaded fabric would
welts to show difference, then they don't need !h inch apart and suetch over lots of tiny buttons. not stitch and turn smoothly into bias loops.
to match exactly to the garment stripe. (See the "Where to Buy" section of this book.) Do use soft ties and bows as closures on
Do be careful applying tabs as closures on Do use a fine machine and hand needle when beaded fabric, but think about using a smooth,
checks, stripes, and plaid fabrics, as they will working with lace. lightweight complementary fabric such as silk
need to be perfectly matched. Try cutting them Do use delicate hand stitches when stitching satin or georgette; don't stitch these closures to
on the bias grain to prevent having to match buttons to lace or any other closures. the fabric surface but, rather, inset them into a
them; this will also add uniqueness to the design. Don't stitch bound buttonholes or any other seam or use as a tie around the waist.
Closures: Closing the Garment
loop, snap fastener, tie, and belt in denim. Do stitch buttons to leather using waxed nylon
c,. Don't stitch bias loops in denim, as they may thread (weight C).
mH,s"ss"enE
I be too heavy and hard to turn. Do stitch traditional bound buttonholes, as
they look fabulous in leather! Use a leather ma-
Velvet chine needle. Mark the buttonhole length on the
Do carefully choose the closure for velvet, as it welts and not on the leather garment. Follow the
is a pile fabric; any closure added, such as a tab, stitching order for the traditional bound but-
would need to be cut in the same direction as tonhole with the following- difference: slit the
the garment fabric. facing ?4inch longer than the buttonhole length;
Do use bias loops inserted into the seam as a don't turn the edges under, leave them flat; and
closure in velvet; however, keep in mind that use afabricgl~estick to secure the facing to the
the weight of the velvet may preclude this type buttonhole area (pins can't be used in leather).
of closure from working, so sample first. Stitch-in-the-ditch around the buttonhole from
17.33 S T I T C H I N G A
B U C K L E T O A BELT Do use a contrast fabric such as silk charmeuse the face of theleather, as Figure 17.14~illus-
for loops. trates. The leather can be neatly trimmed closer
Don't try to stitch machine buttonholes to the Do stitch in-seam buttonholes in velvet, but to the stitches on the facing. Pull the threads to
surface of beaded fabric; the beads would get in sample first to get the correct size opening. the wrong side, tie off, and slip them through
the way and it would be a rocky road! Do stitch a sample buttonhole first on velvet the two layers of leather using a Glovers needle.
fabric to see how it looks because the machine Don't stitch bias loops, as leather has no bias grain.
Knits foot can leave marks on the fabric-choose Don't use snaps on leather; hand stitching does
Do use machine-stitched buttonholes in knit another type of closure if this happens. not look attractive on leather.
fabrics, but make sure the interfacing is cut on Do stitch covered snaps as closures in velvet;
the stable grain so the buttonholes don't stretch they would be an ideal closure. Faux Fur
in the stitching process (see Figure 3.10). Don't stitch bound buttonholes in velvet; Do use fur hooks and covered snaps for an
Do use a stretch stitch when stitching knit ties however, if you really want to, use an alterna- uncomplicated, clean closure on faux fur.
or loops; stitches "pop" when a stretch stitch is tive nonpile fabric. Don't machine stitch buttonholes in fur, as the
not used. hair will get tangled and messy.
Don't stitch loops in heavyweight knit fabric. Leather
Do mark the buttonhole position on the wrong Heavyweight Fabric
Denim side of the leather. Do stitch faced bound buttonholes in heavy-
Do try almost any closure in denim. Denim Do sample first to check that the buttonhole weight fabric, as this method reduces bulk.
is a wonderful fabric to work with; however, size is correct. Do stitch large covered snaps on heavyweight
sample the closure first to be sure it suits the Do use tab-loops, tabs, belts, and buckles as fabrics; they eliminate bulk. Stitch them as
fabric weight. closures in leather. They can be inserted into the working part of the closure, and stitch the
Do stitch any type of buttonhole, tab, tab- seams or topstitched to the surface. button as decorative design.
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17.34A BIAS TUBING F O R M E D have a closure across the shoulder or down Stitch different-sized buttons to one garment.
INTO A TOGGLE CLOSURE
the sleeve. A button.and buttobhole closure Be creative with button placements-group
could also be down the side seam of any them in twos or threes-there are no rules,
garment. but do maintain functional design.
A tie around the waist can be applied the Attach an extra flared section to the bottom
same way above the wrist of the sleeve. This of a skirt length and add bias loops. Stitch
is part of the design in the coat in Figure buttons to the skirt, and button the flared sec-
17.lb. The tie can be slipped though belt tion to the skirt for a longer length; the flare
loops and tied, buttoned, or fastened. can easily be removed for a shorter look. This
The same stitching method used for making is illustrated in Figure 17.1~in the Style I.D.
bias loops can be used for making a tie-belt; The following figures illustrate how some of
simply use larger proportions. The tie-belt the closures in this chapter can be stitched
will look rounded and padded. Three pieces in different proportions and used as other
of bias tubing can also be braided into a creative closure designs.
tie-belt. In Figure 17.34, a warm all-weather jacket
Do you realize that a bound buttonhole is could have either of these toggle closures.
a smaller version of a welt pocket? Refer to Toggles are often used as closures on heavy-
"Welt Pockets" in Chapter 5, and look at weight fabrics and casual styles of jackets,
Figure 5.11 and compare. coats, and sweaters. A toggle closure needs
Stitch a tab to the collar, hem band, or two bars; the left bar holds the toggle and the
pocket. The coat in Figure 17.lb in the Style right bar forms the loop for the closure. Tog-
I.D. has a tab stitched to the collar as part gles can be formed using bias tubing (Figure
17.346 TAB-LOOPS F O R M E D
INTO A TOGGLE CLOSURE
of the closure. Also use tabs as the belt 17.34a) or belt loops formed into a longer
keeper, as indicated on the design in this tab-loop and stitched to the garment surface
coat. (Figure 17.34b). A leather arrow is stitched
Use the same in-seam buttonhole stitching to cover the raw edges; the bars could also be
Do use tabs and tab-loops, but sample first to technique and, transferring your knowledge, inserted into a seam and the arrow omitted.
check whether the fabric is too bulky. stitch a larger slot in princess seams (or any Use a double lapped extension for toggle
Don't use bias turned loops in heavyweight other seams) and insert any style of belt closures.
fabrics, as they will be too bulky. through the slots. Figure 17.35 illustrates a tab-and-buckle
closure. This would be fabulous on a leather
TRANSFER YOUR KNOWLEDGE STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY jacket. Attach a buckle to the left-side tab;
Use the same pattern tips and stitching Group small buttons of different composi- then topstitch both tabs to the garment sur-
techniques for other placement positions tions (glass, pearl, metal) together as a sur- face. There are many styles of buckles avail-
for closures. For example, a garment could face texture on the fabric. able; choose the buckle first, and then size
Closures: Closing t h e G a r m e n t
the tab to fit the buckle. The buckle could closure, hand stitch the buttonhole together
also have a prong for a more secure closure; IMPORTANT with invisible stitches, stitch a large button over
apply grommets to the opposite tab for the Functional(lerignshould always be the the buttonhole, and then stitch covered snaps as
prong to slide through. highest prlorlty for the dorirn student when the closure. Then, hesitantly, we would say . . .
Figure 17.36 has an edge-to-edge bow clo- thinking absut how 0 closure w o r k $ and feels if the buttonhole is machine stitched, you could
an the body.
sure. This is an ideal choice for a loose jacket carefully add on some more stitches to lengthen
closure on the neckline. The belt loop is cut the buttonhole. You would need exactly the same
longer to tie; the tie would need to be hand longer belt loop or leather lacing could be used thread color and begin by overlapping a few
stitched to the back of one buttonhole so it instead. Grommets are applied on both sides stitches, then off you go! Carefully slit the but-
would not be lost when untied. of an interfaced edge-to-edge closure. Grom- tonhole extension with embroidery scissors.
Lacing is a favorite closure among design stu- mets are sturdier than eyelets, and the back of
dents, especially for a bustier. In Figure 17.37, eyelets can be scratchy next to the skin. ...I forgot to add an extension to my pattern
bias tubing is used for the lacing; however, a and the garment is too tight to dose?
STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . An extension can be added to the front of the
77.35 STRETCH YOUR CREATIVITY:
... I don't know what style of closure garment as a band, which will have a seam join.
TAB-AND-BUCKLE CLOSURE to choose for my design? Are there any Cut the extension/band on the fold with equal
guidelines to help me choose the best width underneath, attach half or full interfacing
closure to suit my design? to stabilize, and then stitch vertical buttonholes.
Yes, refer to the section "How to Choose the
Appropriate Closure for the Garment." Also, 17.38 BELT LOOP M A D E INTO A T I E : T H E T I E
I S SLOTTED THROUGH TWO BUTTONHOLES AND TIED INTO
sketch different closure options to visualize A BOW AS AN EDGE-TO-EDGE CLOSURE.
Final tweaking and careful completion of details from the inside out raise
all. Of course, few threads should be evident at Make sure the base of the iron has been
this stage if the SEW, CLIP, PRESS method of cleaned of any sticky deposits, such as those
stitching has been followed. Don't be tempted to left by bits of fusible interfacing. Often this
pull any stray threads with your hands to snap type of residue can be removed without the
them off, as this could pull the stitching apart. aid of cleaningproducts, so try this first:
Use thread clippers to clip the threads carefully. Turn off the steam, heat the iron, and rub
We know of many students who have rushed several layers of scrap muslin over the af-
this step, grabbed large shears, and accidentally fected areas to remove the residue. A clean-
snipped a hole in the fabric just cutting an un- ingproduct is available to remove stubborn
- wanted thread off! If you have not already used residue from the bottom of an iron.
?.
1 thread clippers, please do purchase a pair and .
Always me apressing cloth whenplacing an
iron on the correct side of the fabric! The
begin to use them. Turn the garment inside out,
place on a flat surface or on the form, and care- quality of work done in construction press-
:.
?
fully clip any threads left hanging after machine ing (remember, SEW, CLIP, PRESS)
or hand stitching or from serging (Figure 18.2). determines how much final press-
i.
In production, individuals called finishers ing is needed.
attend to the final details of the garment before it The care and respect given to
,..
,., - undergoes the final pressing. Part of their respon- the garment during construc-
sibility is to clip the threads and take care of any tion also affects how much
hand stitching such as buttons, hooks and eyes, final pressing is needed.
or snaps. If the threads are not clipped, they will Good pressing is essen-
still be hanging there when the customer pur- tial to good sewing!
chases the garment. A customer may be tempted
:I.. to pull the thread, and the consequences of this ,,,,,,,,,,
18.2 CLIPPING
the temperature setting for each fabric type, and Unfortunately, this is almost an impossible task .If your answer was "Excellent," then list
some sewing techniques you've never
then proceed by sample pressing first. Refer to with a closed lining. It is too hard at this stage
Chapter 2 for more pressing tips. to get back into the garment to press the darts, stitched before that would stretch your cre-
seams, and collar after it is completed. However, ativity and transfer your knowledge:
STOP! WHAT DO I DO IF.. . you can seam rip the lining from the hem to get
. ..my iron was too hot and I burned a back inside the garment.
. Slip the garment over
hole or scorched the fabric in my garment the ironing board and carefully get back inside
in the final pressing stage? Can I do any- the garment and press the seams and darts. Pull
thing about this? the collar corners out carefully with a pin point
Not really! This often happens to students when to sharpen the corners, roll the collar in your
they don't do a pressing sample first. One thing hand to get the seam perfectly aligned, and
you can do is to carefully seam rip the burnt press again.
garment section out, then recut and restitch the
piece back into the garment. This is a big job but SELF-CRITIQUE
worth doing if you have extra fabric and your Place the garment on the form, stand back, and
garment is going to be in a fashion show. The take a good long look at it. Check that every
other option is to add a decorative trim to the detail has been attended to. Congratulations, Look at your final project; can you see what
garment to cover the hole; this could be lace, a you have now finished your project! a difference it has made by using the SEW,
bow, a braid, or other appliquk. CLIP, PRESS method of stitching that was
How would you rate your final product? suggested in Chapter 2? If you don't recall
. .. my garment already looks pressed; do (Circle one) reading this, we suggest going back to read
I still need to give it a final press? Excellent /Very good /Good /Fair/ page 51 in the chapter again before stitching
This means you have obviously pressed every Unacceptable another garment.
dart and seam, collar, and cuff throughout the If you answered anything less than "Excel- Can you see that precise patternmaking
entire stitching process and carried your gar- lent," in what ways could you improve when and quality stitching result in an excellent
ment to and from school in a garment bag. you sew your next garment? garment-one that, when it appears on the
Congratulations-this does need applauding! catwalk, will make people gasp because it
No, don't press the garment any more; it's been Make a list of the areas for improvement. looks so fabulous!
pressed adequately. If you gave up halfway on pressing as you
stitch, then next time try the SEW, CLIP,
. . .I can't get into my garment to press PRESS method. It does make a huge differ-
the seams, collar, cuffs, and darts, and ence to the quality of a garment.
they don't lie flat-and, oh yes, my garment
is lined-what can I do?
Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~.~
~~~~~ ~ ~~ . ~ ~~~~~~~~ .
Are the tucks evenly spaced and stitched D o the facings lay flat and adequately finish Have I used the best type of closure for the
straight? the garment edge? design? Does the closure function well, so
Arc the tucks an equal w ~ d t hand depth? D o the cuffs fit to the wrist properly or are that buttonholes easily slip over buttons, and
If topstitched, are the pleats stitched evenly? they too tight or too loose? Are the cuffs snaps, hooks, and eyes securely hold the gar-
Ai-e the pleats correctly hemmed and hulk structured with an interfaciilz and the but- ment closed?
free? tonholes or loops stitched in the correct When I stand back and view the overall gar-
Is the waistband properly stabilized? position? ment, does it look well pressed?
Does the waistband extension face the cor- D o my sleeves round the arms beautifully, When I stand back and view the overall gar-
rect direction? with the easing evenly distributed and no ment, are any threads left hanging?
Does the waistband have the correct closure little puckers evident on the sleeve cap? Did I experiment by sampling to make an
and does it lie flat? D o my hem stitches on the hem show on the informed decision on the type of stabilizer,
Are the ruffles stitched with even, well- correct side of the garment? Is my top- scam stitching, hem stitching, and pressing?
distributed gathering, or does the gathering stitched hem stitched straight?
look bunched? Does the lining sit well? Is the liniug too Congratulations, your garment is finally all
Does my collar sit well oil the garment and tight or too loose? Does any lining hang sewn up! Place it in the garment bag for the final
did I use the correct weight of interfacing to below the hein from the correct side of thc wt-ap.
add the required structure or did I leave this garment?
aspect out?
GLOSSARY
Accordion Pleat: A very narrow pleat, wider at Backstitch: (1) A permanent hand stitch used Bias Facing: Bias fabric strips cut and pressed
the bottom than at the top. to stitch a seam. (2) A technique of machine to match the shape of the area to which it is
All-in-One Facing: A facing used to finish stitching forward and backward to secure a being applied.
the neckline and armhole edges at the same seam so it does not unravel during the con- Bias Loops: A closure made of bias tubing
time. It is commonly used in areas where struction process. formed into half circles.
separate facings would overlap, creating a Band: A feature used as a finish for the edge of BiaslRolI Collar: A straight, rectangular, bias-
bulky appearance. garment sections, as an extension of a gar- cut collar that rolls over and drapes around
All-in-One Sleeve: A sleeve with no armhole. ment edge, or applied as a decoration. the neckline.
All-Purpose Zipper: A zipper that is closed Belt Loop: Fabric or other material, such as Blanket Stitch: An embroidery stitch, usu-
at the bottom; most often used in a skirt or leather strips, constructed to hold a belt in ally sewn by hand, that is evenly spaced,
neckline openings, and trousers, slacks, or the desired position on a garment. with one stitch exactly like the stitch next
pants. Also known as a conventional zipper. Bemberg Rayon Lining: An excellent all- to it. The needle is inserted at right angles
Armhole Facing: A fabric piece cut the same purpose quality lining that is anti-cling and to the edge of the fabric and brought out at
shape and on the same grainline as the arm- breathable, with a soft silky touch. the edge so that each time the stitch is re-
hole edge it is finishing. Bias: The grainline that runs at a 45-degree- peated, the needle passes over the previously
Asymmetrical Closure: A closure on one side angle to the lengthwise and crosswise stitched thread.
of the garment and not centered. grainlines. Blend: A combination of natural and manufac-
Asymmetrical Darts: Darts that originatefrom Bias Binding: Strips of fabric cut on the bias tured fibers.
different positions on either side of the garment. grain. Blind Tuck: A type of tuck in which the fold-
Awl: A pointed, metal instrument used to Bias Binding Finish: An edge finish that line of one tuck touches the stitching line of
make small holes within areas of the pattern stitches a narrow bias-cut fabric strip to the adjacent tuck.
or garment. enclose a raw edge.
514
Glossary 515
Blindstitch: A hand stitch used through a Button: A three-dimensional form that has Closed Lining to Control the Garment Sil-
folded edge. It is nearly invisible from the width, height, and length, and is usually houette: A lining that is cut smaller than the
correct and wrong sides of the fabric. aired with a buttonhole or loop and used as garment piece and used to control the shape
Block Fusing: Lengths of fabric and interfac- a closure; it can also be a decorative element of the garment silhouette.
ing fused together, and then treated as one on the garment. Closed Lining with Facing: A lining that is
piece of fabric. Buttonhole: A finished opening aired with a stitched to the facing and to the hem.
Bobbin: A small spool used on the sewing ma- button (or other type of closure) to secure a Closed Partial Lining: A lining used on a sec-
chine inside the bobbin case; approximately garment closed. tion of the garment (yoke, pocket, or flap) to
50 or more yards of thread that creates the Canvas: A stabilizer used for tailoring men's reduce bulk.
bottom stitch of a well-balanced stitch. and women's garments. Closed Ruffle or Flounce: A ruffle or flounce
Bodkin: A tool used to thread elastic or draw a Casing: A foldover edge or a separately applied that is stitched in-the-round.
string through casings wider thana/' inch. piece of fabric used to create a "tunnel" Closed Serged Seam: A seam in which both
Boning: Plastic or metal strips stitched on the within which to enclose drawstring ties or seam edges are serged together and pressed
inside of a strapless garment to support and elastic. to one side.
add structure. Catchstitch: A hand hem stitch that forms Closure: Whatever is used to fasten the gar-
Bottom Stop: A metal tab at the bottom of the small x stitches. ment so it will close.
zipper that prevents: the slider from running Centered Zipper: A zipper in which the teeth Collar: The part of a shirt, blouse, dress,
..
off the zio~er.
Box Pleat: Formed by two side pleats, laced
are centered beneath the basted seamline,
and top stitched ?4to '/z inch parallel to the
jacket, or coat that encircles the neckline.
Collar Stand: The height to which the collar
side by side, and turned away from each seam. stands up.
other. Chiffon: A lightweight, sheer fabric made Collars Stitched with Front or FrontIBack
Breakpoint: The beginning of the roll 1'me on with tightly twisted yarns of silk, polyester, Neck Facings: A necessary finish to the gar-
the front of the garment where a notched or or other fibers and used for evening wear. ment when the collar is worn open.
shawl collar rolls over. Clean-Edge Finish: Fabric edges topstitched to Collars Stitched with No Neck Facing: A
Broadcloth: A tightly woven fabric with a faint finish the raw edges of a seam or hem. collar designed to remain closed rather than
rib, available in different weights and fibers. Clear Elastic: Stretchy elastic made from 100 being worn open.
Buckram: A very stiff, coarse, open-weave percent polyurethane. Collection: A group of garments designed and
fabric used to stiffen parts of a garment, Closed Cuff: A cuff stitched in-the-round presented for a particular season.
such as a belt. that does not open and does not need a Concealed Closure: A hidden closure.
Bulk: Thickness in seams that needs to he placket. Concealed Placket: A lapped placket with
reduced. Closed Edge-to-Edge Lining: A lining in concealed closures.
Bulky Seam: A thick seam. which the outer garment fabric and lining Continuous Placket: A separate binding
Bust Point: The apex, or center point, of the are exactly the same shape. stitched to enclose the raw edges of a slit;
bust. traditionally in a sleeve wrist.
P r o f c r r i o n n l S e w i n g Technzquez f o r D e s i g n e r s
Contour Dart: A vertical dart that adds shape (2) Ail extra length added to the garment Dome: A quarter-circle button.
to the bust, waistline, and hips of a garment hem and turned back. Dquble Breasted: Overlapping closure usually
without a waistline seam. Also known as a Curved, A-Line, Flared Hem: A shaped hem- with two rows of buttons.
fish-eye or double-pointed dart. line (as opposed to straight). Double Topstitched Seam: A seam that com-
Contoured Cuff: A wider shaped cuff. Cut-in-One Waistband: A n extension of the bines two rows of topstitching, an edge-
Contoured Waistband: A band of fahric garment shape at the top of the waistband. stitch, and a welt.
shaped t o coincide with the contour of Cutting: The action of slicing fahric using scis- Draping: A method of designing a garment by
the rib cage or upper hip, and cut in two sors, a rotary cutter, or a cutting machine. lilanipulatiug fabric on a dress form.
pieces. Dart: An amount of fabric taken from the flat Dress Form: A physical replica of a women's
Convertible Collar: A collar designed to be garlnent to create shape. body shape with no head or arms, hut some-
worn open or closed. D a r t Base: The beginning of the dart. times with legs.
Cord 1: In a zipper, the slightly rolled portion D a r t Leg: The sides of the dart, which are Dropped Shoulder Sleeve: A sleeve that ex-
of the zipper tape, exposed above the top equal in length and are indicated on the pat- tends from the bodice over the upper arm.
stop, to which tlie teeth or coils are attached. tern or garment by the stitch lines. Ease: The process of joining a slightly larger
Cord 2: A filling made with yarns twisted D a r t Point: The end of the dart, which releases garment piece to a smaller garment piece by
together and used in piping or tucks. the maximum fullness to contour the gar- evenly distributing the full~iessalong the
Corded Tuck: A tuck in which the cord is ment over the body. sea111where tlie pieces are joined.
placed inside the foldline of the tuck before D a r t Transformations: The process of trans- Edge Application: A method used to stitch
the tuck is stitched. fcrrine" darts into other construction details ruffles and flounces to the garment edge.
Cotton Batiste: A lightweight, sheer, delicate through pattern alteration. Edgestitch: A topstitch applied !Ae inch away
fabric with a plain weave. Dart Tuck: A tuck that is not stitched to the from the seamline.
Courses: I11 knit fabric, the crosswise grain dart point. Edge-to-Edge Closure: A method of closing
composed of loops. This terlninology is Darted Placket: A topstitched placket with a the gar~nentin which tlie center fronts arc
used only with knits. dart at the top of the slit and used oil sleeves. butted together and do not overlap.
Cowl: A neckline finish cut on the bias.
Crease Line: A crease made by folding the
-
Decorative Desien: An element that is in-
eluded in a desigu for its aesthetic value.
Edge-to-Edge Cuff: A cuff that is stitched to
the entire length of the wrist, including the
fabric and pressing. Decorative Facing: A facing that is turned to placket.
Crepe-Backed Satin: A fahric in which one the correct side of the garment, functioiiiug Elbow Dart: A dart that allo\vs the arm to
side is a lustrous satin and the other side is as trim as well as a facing. bend in a straight, fitted sleeve; it may be
textured crepe. Decorative Two-Piece Waistband: A waist- designed as one or several sinaller darts.
Cross Tuck: A decorative arrangement of rows band cut in fabric and lining to accommo- Embroidery Scissors: Scissors that are approx-
of tucks stitched crosswise and lengthwise date the decorative shape. inlately 4 to 6 inches in length and are used
on the fabric. Designing: The process of visually arranging for detailed cutting.
Cuff: (1) A separate straight or shaped piece of and rearranging the design elements into an Encased Elastic Waistband: A length of elastic
fahric stitched to the hem of sleeves or pants. aesthetically pleasing design. that is zigzag stitched to the upper edge of
a garment waistline, and then turned to the Flat Button: A buttoil approximately !A inch in Full Lining: Fabric that covers the entire inner
inside. height. surface of the garment.
Enclosed Seam: A narrow '/i inch stitched seam Flat Insertion: A technique in which the sleeve Functional Design: An element that is in-
inside a collar, cuff, or waistline that is not is stitched to the armhole before the side cluded in the design to enable a garinent to
visible. seams are stitched. work physically on the body.
Exposed Teeth Zipper: A zipper with enlarged Flat-Felled Seam: A seam with a clean finish Functional Facing: Fabric that is attached to
teeth and wide tape that shows on the cor on both sides of the fabric. the raw edge of a garment section in order to
rect side of the garment, usually at center Flounce: A circular shape of fabric wit11 inner finish that edge. It will not be visible on the
front or center back. and outer circles. When the inner circle is correct side of the garment.
ExtendedlSelf-Facing: A facing cut in one straightened, the outer circle flutes. Fusible Interfacing: An interfacing with
piece with the garment. Fluted Ruffle: A narrow strip of bias-cut resin-like tiny dots on one side that become
Extension: An extra width of fabric typically fabric ease stitched down the center to give a fused to the garment fabric when heat is
used for closures. wavelike effect. applied.
Fabric: Material constructed from fibers that Fly-Front Zipper: A zipper application in Fusing: Using an iron to adhere a stabilizer to
can be woven, knitted, felted, crocheted, which fabric is used as a lap to cover the the fabric using heat, steam, and pressure.
braided, or plaited. front opening in a tailored gartneut such as a Garment Center Line: The center front or
Face of the FabriclGarment: Another way man's or woman's trousers. back of the garment.
of saying "the correct side of the fabric or Fold-BackIGauntlet Cuff: A wide, flared, fold- Garment Off-Center Line: The closure posi-
garment." back cuff that is stitched to a contoured cuff. tion on an asymmetrical design.
Faced (Folded Edge): Two layers of fabric Fold-Over Waistband: A waistband formed Garment Silhouette: The outline shape of the
folded together, as in a ruffle. by turning over the raw edge of the waist- garment.
False Hem: The hem allowance cut as a sepa- line and stitching it to the garment, forming Gathered Sleeve: A type of sleeve in which the
rate facing. a casing. top of the sleeve is gathered to the desired
Fashion Designer: A person who designs French Cuff: A straight, wide cuff folded back fullness between the notches.
clotliing. and fastened with cuff links. Gathered Wrist: A type of wrist finish in
Flannel-Backed Lining: A warn1 linin, con- French Dart: A dart that forms a curve which gathering is used to add fullness.
sisting of satin on one side with a napped, extending froin the lower side seam in a di- Gathering: A technique used to create fullness
flannel-like finis11 on the other side. agonal line toward the bustline. Also called by drawing up two rows of basting stitches
Flap: A shaped garment piece stitched to a curved dart. into slnall folds.
the garment section by one edge. It can French Seam: A small, narrow enclosed seam Glovers Needle: A leather hand stitching
be functional, hangiilg downward, cover- stitched to sheer, lightweight fabrics. needle.
ing a pocket, or decorative, as a design Full Ball: A circular button. Godet: A triangular piece of fabric inset into a
detail. Full Interfacing: Interfacing that is applied seam to add fullness.
Flat Application: Stitching while the garment to an entire section of a garment to provide Grading: (1) To reduce bulk by trimming the
lies flat. support, reinforcement, and shaping. seam allowai~ceto different widths.
(2) Using specific measurements to increase Hem Allowance: The width added below the Intersecting Seam: Two seams that cross each
or decrease patterns into different sizes. hemline that is turiled back to form the hem. *other.
Grainline: A pattern marking that indicates Hem Edge: Tlie raw edge of the hem. Inverted Pleat: The reverse side of a box pleat,
how to place the pattern oil the fabric. Hem Finish: The hem edge neatened. with two side pleats folded to meet each
Grommets: Brass, nickel-plated, or oxidized Hem Slit: AII opening in a seain up from the other on the correct side of the fabric.
black metal rings with holes iii the middle to hem edge. Invisible Casing: A length of elastic that is
accommodate lacing or used for decorative Hem Stabilizer: Interfacing, canvas, or horse- zigzag stitched to the raw edge of a waist-
design. hair braid applied to the hem to add shape line, turned to the inside of tlie garment. N o
Gusset (One-Piece): A diamond-shaped piece and structure. stitching is visible on the correct side of the
of fabric designed to be inserted into the Hem Tape: Lace or rayon tape used as a hem garment.
slasli of ail underarm seam to allow freedom finish. Invisible Zipper: A zipper that, when closed,
of arm movement. Hemline: The finished bottom edge of the gives a seamlike finish; only the very small
Gusset (Two-Piece): Two triangle-shaped garment. pull shows.
pieces of fabric designed to he inserted into Hidden Catchstitch: The finished hem edge Invisible Zipper Foot: A special sewing
the slash of ail underarm seam to ease re- rolled back 'A inch and sewn using a catcli- machine foot used for installing invisible
strictiveiiess of a fitted bodice and sleeve for stitch so the stitching remains hidden. zippers; it is designed with grooves that hold
freedom of asin movement. Hidden Slipstitch: The finished hem edge the coil out of the way so that the needle can
Habotai or China Silk: A soft, lightweight rolled back 9i inch and sewn using a slip- stitch alongside the chain or coil.
lining, tightly woven with very fine yarns stitch so the stitching remains hidden. Ironing Board: A board with a padded, heat-
Hairline Seam: A narrow seain overcast with Hang Kong Finish (or Bound Finish): resistaiit work surface used for pressing.
zigzag stitches; an alternative to a French A method of finishing a seam or hen1 in Keyhole Opening: A circular shape usually on
seam for sheer fabrics. which the raw edges are encased with a the neckline.
Half Ball: A half-circle button. binding. Kick Pleat: A pleat that gives fullness to a skirt
Half Interfacing: Iiiterfaciilg that is applied to Hook and Eye: A small liietal fastener; one side at the knee to the hem.
only half of a garmeilt section is a Iiooli that catches over a bar (or hand- Kimono Sleeve: A wide, loose sleeve cut all-in-
Handbasting: Temporary stitcl~esused in the made eye) to close the garment. one with the front and back of the garment.
coiistruction of a garment aiid later removed. Horsehair Braid: Sheer, bias, synthetic mesh Knife or Side Pleat: A crisply pressed pleat in
HandlFinger-Press: To press with the hands used to stabilize and structure hems and which the fold of tlie fabric is turned to one
or fingers rather than using at1 iron; steam other edges. side.
can also be applied. In-Seam Buttonhole: An opening in the seam Knit Fabric: Fabric constructed of interlocking
Hand-Stitched Hem: Tlie least visible stitch- for a buttonhole. loops that has stretch. Lycra is often added
ing of the hem to the garment, using a single In-Seam Pocket: A pocket stitched in the to retain the shape of the knit.
thread and hand-sewing needle. seam. Knit Interfacing: Iilterfacing made with
Hem: All these components: the hem allowailce, Interfacing: Fabric that is used to support, interlooping yarns that give it a stretch
hem finish, and hein stitches make up the hem. rcinforcc, and give shape to garments. capacity.
Lacing: A long strip of fabric or leather Microfiber: A soft, liglita~eiglitfabric with Notched Lapel Collar: A tailored L shape
threaded through pairs of holes (grommets) a silky feel composed mostly of ultrasoft two-piece collar that rolls back onto tlie
to secure the garlnent closed. polyester fibers. garment.
Lapped Seam: A seam in which one seam Mirror Image: Ail exact reflection of a shape. Notches: Small marks or clips placed on the
allowance is trimmed off, lapped over the Mitered Corners: A diagonal seam stitched on outside edge of a sloper, pattern, or seamline
other, and topsticclied; it is best suited to a corner to reduce bulk. to identify pattern and fabric pieces that
no~ifrayinglnaterial such as leather. Mock Seatn: A scam that is formed by stitch- need to be matched together.
Lapped Zipper: A zipper that is stitched be- ing a tuck. NotionsITrims: All the supplies, other
tween two sides of the garmeilt. One side is Narrow Bias Facing: Bias strips of fabric used than tlie fabric, needed for constructing
stitched on the folded seain edge; the folded it1 curved areas iii place of a shaped facing. garments.
edge of the other side forms a tuck conceal- Narrow Rolled Hem: A narrow, twice- O n Grain: A process whereby pattern grain-
ing the entire zipper. turued liem that may be machine or hand lines are placed parallel to the selvage of the
Lettuce-Edge Hem: A method of finishing stitched. fabric regardless of whether the grainline is
a hem that serges a small balanced stitch; Natural Fibers: Any fiber derived from animal lengthwise, horizontal, or bias.
when the edges are stretched, they look or vegetable sources. One-Piece Cuff: A cuff cut in one piece, then
fluted. Neckline Facing: A fabric piece facing cut in folded in half to become one cuff.
Lining: A lighter-weight fabric constructed the same shape and on the same grainline as One-Piece Waistband: A waistband cut in one
similar to the garment. It covers tlie inner the neckline edge it is finishing. piece with a foldline in the middle.
construction and adds warmth aud body. Needle Board: A flat board consisting of a Open Cuff: A cuff that opens with a closure.
Machine-Stitched Buttonhole: Two parallel rigid top nap formed by short, blunt wires Open Edge-to-Edge Lining: A lining in which
rows of close zigzag stitches that form two embedded upright in the base; it supports the garment and lining are exactly the same
narrow bars; each end of the bars is finished the nap of fabrics, preventing them froni shape, but the hem lining is shorter in leugth
with a wider bar. being crushed during pressing. and left to hang freely.
Machine-Stitched Hem: A method of finish- Netting: A stiff open-mesh fabric used under Open Lining with Facing: A lining that
ing a hem on a sewing machine, with stitch- garments to add structure. is stitched to a facing; the hems are not
ing that is visible on the correct side of the Nonfusible Interfacing: A type of sew-in stitched together but left to hang freely.
garment. interfacing. Open Lining with Waistband: A lining
Mandarin Collar: A narrow collar baud that Nonwoven Interfacing: Interfacing produced inserted into the waistband seam. The gar-
stands up around the necliline. from a bonded fabric created with sxwthetic ment and lining hems are left to hang freely
Manufacturing: The production of garments. fibers that have been clie~nicallyor ther- and are not attached.
Matchpoints: A pattern marking that indicates nlally compressed together with the use of Open Partial Lining: Fabric that covers only
the points that nlust come together when heat. part of tlie garment. The edge of the lining
stitching a scam. Notched-Extension Cuff: A cuff stitched is left to hang free of the garment and is not
Melding: A prcssiiig process that sets tlie to thc wrist from one placket edgc to the attached.
stitches into the fabric after stitching Open Ruffle or Flounce: A ruffle or flounce
P r o f e s i i o n n l S e z i n g Teclgniquei f o r D c s t g n e , s
constructed in one length and not stitched without cording, that is inserted into a seain Raglan Sleeve: A type of sleeve (cut in one or
together. as a decorative trim. ,two pieces) with slanting seains froin front
Open Serged Seam: A plain seam with both Pivot: Stitching to a point and swinging the and back necklines to the armhole.
edges serged separately and pressed open. fabric around 180 de,"rees. Raw Edge: The cut fabric edge with no finish.
Overhand Stitch: A small diagonal stitch used Placket: A finished opening in a garinent Reinforced Button: An extra button applied
to attach fabric parts together. section. to the facing hehind the garment button for
Overhand Tuck: A narrow, decorative tuck Pleat: A folded amount of fabric (in one or two reinforcement.
produced on curved lines using accurate directions) around the garment, stitched or Release Tucks: Tucks that release fullness in
hand stitching and measuring. unstitched and held securely along the join- the garment.
Overlap: The end of the waistband that is flush ing seamline, such as a waistline. Research Trends: Forecasting, tracking, and
with the placket of the zipper. It is extended Point Turner: A tool used to accomplish analyzing the general direction of fashion.
with straight or shaped end. angled corners on collars, cuffs, etc. Roll Line: The point on a roll-over collar at
Partial Lining: Fabric that covers only a sec- Pressing Cloth: A square of cotton, muslin, or which the collar rolls over.
tion of the garment. organza that is placed on the fabric surface Roll-Over Collar: A collar that stands up
Patch Pocket: A shaped piece of fabric applied before ironing to protect it and prevent the around the neckline and then rolls over onto
to a surface of a garment. It can be self- iron from leaving shine marks. the garment.
faced, unlined, interfaced, lined, or self- Princess Seam: A seam sewn in the front and Rotary CutterIMats: A cutting tool with a
fabric lined, and can be functional or purely the back of a garment froin the shoulder round blade, resembling a pizza cutter. It
decorative. or armhole to give a formfitting shape; it is can only be used on special cutting mats,
Patternmaking: The process of drafting gar- used instead of darts. which protect the work surface.
ment pattcrns mathematically. Production: The process of producing Ruffle: A straight strip of fabric, lace, or ribbon
Peplum: A shaped garinent section attached to garments. gathered into fullness on one edge and ap.
the waistline of a blouse or jacket. Pull Tab: The pull that moves up and down the plied to a garment.
Peter Pan Collar: A circular flat collar that sits zipper, opening and closing it. Also known Saddle Stitch: An evenly spaced topstitch sewn
around the neck, with two rounded collar as a slider. by hand using einbroidery thread.
ends that meet at center front. Quality Control: The process of ensuring that Safety Stitch: A seam that is stitched simulta-
Pickstitch: A topstitch sewn by hand using garments are manufactured with consis- neously with a chainstitch and ail overcast
embroidery thread. A smaller stitch is visible tently high-quality stitching. stitch on a serger.
on the face of the fabric, with a longer stitch Quilted Lining: A warin lining produced by Sample: An example of the finished gartnent or
underneath the fabric. topstitching layers of lining and polyester seam technique.
Pin-Mark: Placement of pins in the fabric to batting together, trapping air within the Sample Hand: A highly skilled person who
mark a certain position. layers. makcs the first sample garment during the
Pin Tucks: Tucks that are stitched parallel and Raglan Shoulder Pad: An oval-shaped shoul- design process.
close to the edge of a fold in the fabric. der pad, rounded at the shoulder edge, and Scallops: A series of half circles used as a deco-
Piped Seam: A bias-cut piece of fabric, with or molded to fit over the shoulder point.
Scissors: A cutting tool, available in various together, enabling the slide to join and sepa- Shaped Hem: A curved, circular, or angled
sizes. Bent-handled dressmaker's shears have rate the teeth or coils together; most often hemline.
offset blades that allow the blade to rest flat seen on sweaters, jackets, and jeans. Sharp Hand Stitching Needle: A needle with a
on the cutting surface, preventing the fabric Serging: The technique of using a serger, sharp point, a round eye, and medium length.
froin lifting away from the cutting surface. which simultaneously cuts and overcasts the Shawl Collar: A design in which the front
Seam: A line of perinanent stitching that joins raw edges of a fabric with several threads. jacketlcoat collar is cut all-in-one with the
two pieces of fabric together This can be used as a seam finish. back collar.
Seam Allowance: The space between the seam- Set-in Shoulder Pad: A layer of padding made Shell Tuck: A decorative tuck, fornled by hand
line and the edge of the pattern or the space from materials such as cotton batting, felt, or machine stitching, that produces a scal-
between the seainline and the cut fabric or foam that supports the shoulder of a gar- lop by overstitching the fold at determined
edge. ment with set-in sleeves. intervals.
Seam Application: An clement that is inserted Set-in Sleeve: A sleeve joined to the garment Shirring Elastic: Elastic sewing thread.
into a seam. by means of a seam that encircles the arm Shirt Collar: A type of collar traditionally
Seam Roll: A firm c\~linderlikecushion cov- over the shoulder. used on men's and women's shirts.
ered with cotton on one half and wool on SEW, CLIP, PRESS:The rhythm of stitching Shirt-Sleeve Placket: A type of placket tradi-
the other half, and used to press Ion,0 narrow used in garment construction; sew the seam, tionally used on men's shirts.
seams. clip the threads as you sew, and press the Shoulder Dart: A dart used to shape the
Seam Slippage: A garment construction prob- seains as you stitch. curved area on the back of the garment be
lem in which yarns separate, pulling away Sew-in Interfacing: A woven stabilizer that is tween the armhole and the neckline.
from the seains not fusible. Silhouette: The overall outline, contour, or
Seamline: O n the face of the garment it is a Sewing/Construction: The making of shape of the garment.
line; on the wrong side of the garment it is a garments. Silk Charmeuse: A soft, satill-weave fabric,
seam. Sew-through Button: A button with two or shimmery on the face with a dull finish on
Seams Great: A lightweight, sheer stabilizing four holes in the center; a needle and thread the back.
tape made from 100 percent nylon. is passed through the holes to attach it to the Silk Dupioni: A crisp, lustrous silk fabric with
Self-Fabric as Lining: Fabric that doubles as garment. an irregular, knobby texture.
both outer fabric and lining. Shank Button: A button with a s~nallring or Silk Georgette: A sheer fabric with a dull
Selvage: The firmly woven edges on both sides bar, called a shank, which protrudes from creped fabric surface; it is an excellent choice
of a woven fabric. underneath the button. for evening wear.
Separate Casing: A band of fabric constructed Shaped Dart: A dart that can be angular and Silk Organza: A stiff, sheer, lightweight fabric.
separately from the garment; the elastic squared or shaped in a curve, creating a n Single Breasted: Having one row of closures.
is inserted into the band, and the band is interesting line detail to a garment. Single-Layer Pocket: A pocket that is top-
stitched to the garment Shaped Facing: A facing that matches the area stitched to the surface of the garment; on
Separating Zipper: A zipper constructed with to which it is being sewn. It is often used on casual garments, it is usually made of light-
individual, vertical pin or bar stops that lock necklines and sleeveless armholes. weight fabric.
P,oJessionai S e w ~ n gTecbnzques f o r D e s i g n e r s
Sit-Flat Collar: A collar that sits flat on the Specialty Fabric: Ally fabric that is difficult to Stitching Guideline: A line woven into the
shoulders; the collar shape is al~nostidenti- work wit11 and rcqu.ires extra carc and atten- ,zipper tape that directs the stitching.
cal to the garment shape. tion when it is cut or stitched. Straight Hem: A hem that folds back and sits
Sketching: The technique of using paper and Stabilizer: Anything that could be used to add flat.
pencil to conlmunicate garment designs. structure to the fabric, sucli as interfacing, Stretch Seam: A seam sewn with stretch
Skirt Marker: A tool used to level a hem. boiling, wire, fishing line, netting, or tulle. stitches on knit fabrics, providing stretch
Slashed Opening: (Can also be called a slit). A Stabilizing Tapes: Narrow 'A-inch to 'h-inch- that matches the stretch capacity of the
slitlike opening i n the garment, usually at wide fusible or sew-in tape applied to the knit.
the neckline or wrist, finished with a facing seamline to prevent the scams from stretching. Structural Design: All the seams that are
or placket. Stand-up Collar: A collar that stands up stitched to hold the garment together.
Sleeve Board: A small-scale wooden ironing around the neckline and does not roll over. Surface Application: Ail elelnent that is
board with rounded, padded ends used for Staystitching: A single row of perinanelit stitched to the correct side of the garment,
pressing sleeves, short seams, and hard-to- stitches applied just inside the seamline to which is the fal~ricsurfacc.
get-to areas of a garment. add reinforcement before thc garliient pieces Symmetrical Closure: A design in which the
Sleeve Cap: The curved top sectioll of the are stitched together. closure is centcred on the garment.
slceve from the front to the back. Steam Iron: Ail iron that liolds a limited Symmetrical Darts: Darts that are the samc on
Sleeve Ease: Tlic additional allowallce of fabric alilount of water, wliich produces steam both sidcs of the garment.
at the sleeve cap, biceps, elbow, and wrist, when l~cated;it is used for pressing seams, Synthetic Fiber: Any fiber created by ~ u s h -
n,hich allows body movemeiit. hems, and completed garments. Industrial ing a chemical or combination of cheinicals
Sleeve Finish: The various ways a sleeve can be irons are gravity fed froin large tanks of through the holes of a special device, and
completed. water and produce a continuous stream of then into anotller chemical solution or air,
Sleeve Head: Strips of fabric or batting that lift steam. which hardens it into strands.
and support the sleeve cap and e~lllaucethe Stitch Directional: A method of sewing the Tab: Two pieces of fabric shaped with a point
sleeve's shape. garment in which seams 011 both sides of the at one end.
Slipstitch: A quick and easy hand stitch used garment are stitched in the salne directiou. Tab-Loop: A belt loop shaped into a loop and
to stitch hems. Stitch-in-the-Ditch: The technique of sewi~lg used as a closure.
Slot Seam: A seam that features two open a row of stitches inconspicuously from the Tailor's Ham: A firm, rounded, or oval cush-
tucks folded to the center of the seam. correct side of the garment in the seamline. ion with a wool or cotton covering that
Smooth Hemline: Drawing a level hemlinc i n Stitched-Down Casing: Casing that is turned provides a pressing surfacc to shape darts,
the patternmalring stage. to the inside of the garment and edgestitched slceve heads, lapels, collars, and curved
Snap Fastener: A pair of interlocking discs or topstitched to secure it to the garment. areas.
used to fasten clothing together. Stitched In-the-Round: A method of sewing Tape: In a zipper, the fabric portion to which
Spaced Tucks: Tucks separated by a deter- the garment together that i~lvolvcsstitch- the teeth or coils are attached; it is usually
mined a~nouiltof space bctween the foldline ing all seams together so the fabric piece is made of cotton, cotton blcnds, stabilized
of one tuck and the stitching line of the next. circular. nylon, or polyester knit.
Glossary
Tape End: The very top and bottom edges of Tuck: A fold of fabric (usually placed on Unpressed Pleat: A pleat that is formed in soft
the zipper tape. the lengthwise grain so it lies flat) that is folds, and is not pressed.
Tension: The balance of the upper and lower stitched down all or part of the way. Upper Collar: The collar piece that is visible
threads when stitching. Tucked Wrist: A type of wrist closure in on the garment and is cut slightly wider than
Thread: Flexible strands made from fibers or which tucks are stitched in the wrist to add the under collar.
filaments in many combinations and used in fullness. Velvaboard: A flexible base with polyester
hand or machine stitching. Tulle: A fine lightweight mesh used for bridal bristles embedded upright in it, used to
Thread Carrier: An alternative to a belt loop, veils. "press" napped fabrics and prevent crushing
made of several strands of thread covered by Tweed: A heavyweight textured woolen fabric of the nap.
a blanket stitch for reinforcement. with colored, stubby yarns. Vent: A lapped opening directed up from the
Thread Clipper: A device with short blades Twice-Turned Hem: A hem that is folded over hem edge of skirts, sleeves, and jackets to
used to clip threads when stitching. twice. allow for comfortable movement.
Toggle: A type of button used as a closure. Twill Lining: A strong, sturdy lining, with a Waist Dart: A dart that reduces the waistline
It looks like a barrel and is often made of diagonal parallel weave. and refers to the fullness to the hip area.
wood. Twill Tape: A narrow, sturdy, straight-grain sta- Waistband: A band of fabric, usually fully
Top Stop: The plastic or metal tab at the top of bilizing tape woven with herringbone twill. interfaced, that is seamed to the waistline of
the zipper, which keeps the zipper slide from Twin Needle Stitching: A technique in which skirts or pants and fastened to hold the gar-
being pulled off. two machine needles stitch two rows of par- ment firmly around the waist.
Topstitched Pocket: A pocket attached to the allel topstitching simultaneously on the face Waistband (Two-Piece): A waistband cut in
garment by stitching through all layers. of the fabric and zigzag stitches underneath. two pieces that can accommodate a
Topstitching: One or more rows of stitches Also known as double needle stitching. decorative shape. A lighter-weight fabric is
stitched on the correct side of the garment. Two-Piece Cuff: A cuff formed from two generally used for the under waistband to
It can also be used to hold the facing to the fabric pieces that are stitched together. reduce bulk.
garment in place of understitching. Under Collar: The collar piece that sits under- Waistline Facing: A facing with a finished
Traditional Bound Buttonhole: A button- neath the upper collar and is slightly smaller. edge that rests on the natural waistline,
hole in which narrow strips of fabric (called Underlap: The extension of the waistband that and must correspond with the shape of the
welts) cover the opening and meet in the allows for an opening. waistline.
middle (like lips) to form the buttonhole. It Underlining: An extra layer of fabric or inter- Waistline Stay: A firmly woven tape or
is mainly used on tailored garments such as facing fully applied to the wrong side of the grosgrain ribbon stitched to the inside of
jackets and coats. fabric to stiffen, reinforce, or add warmth. a waistline to prevent stretching and to
Tricot: A stable knitted fabric that can be sheer The two layers are then stitched as one. stabilize the waist; it also relieves stress and
or opaque and is often used for lingerie. Understitching: A row of stitches sewn close strain on the closure of strapless garments.
Trim: (1) A decorative embellishment added to to the seamline of a facing or under collar Wale: A lengthwise grain composed of loops.
the garment. (2) To cut away excess material edge to keep the seamline from rolling to This term is used in place of grainline when
with scissors. the outside. speaking of knit fabrics.
Waxed Nylon Thread: A strong-quality thread does not stretch, unless a stretch property, Zipper Coil: A continuous strand of flexible
used for stitching buttons. such as Lycra, is added to the fabric. ,nylon or polyester twisted in a spiral and
Welt: A double fold of fabric stitched to the Woven Interfacing: Iilterfacing constructed attached to a woven or knitted tape.
lower and upper cut edge of the pocket. with two sets of yarns (warp and weft) Zipper Foot: A sewing machine foot used in
Welt Seam: A seam that is topstitched on the formed by weaving. sewing all-purpose zippers or separating
fabric surface 1% inch away froin the stitched Wrist Finish: The stitching technique used to zippers.
seainline. finish the raw edge of the wrist. Zipper Teeth: Interlocking inetal or plastic
Woven Fabric: A fabric produced on a loom by Zipper: A fastening device that makes a com- pieces, more rigid than coils, that fasten
weaving lengthwise and crosswise yarns in plete closure by means of interlocking teeth together and are attached to a cotton or
three basic weaves-plain, twill, and satin. It or coils cotton-blend tape.
APPENDIX: WHERE TO BUY
As Cute as a Button What to buy: All notions Fashion Leather International
~ww.a~~~tea~ab~tt~n.c~m www.fashionleather.com
What to buy: Buttons Candlelight Valley Fabrics What to buy: Leather and fur
www.candlelightvalleyfabrics.com
Atlanta Thread and Supply What to buy: Stretch Bemburg rayon knits and Greenberg & Hammer Inc.
www.store.atlantathread.com woven fabrics www.greenberg-hammer.com
What to buy: Thread, cording for piping, What to buy: This company has a huge selection
shoulder pads, and many other sewing supplies, The Crowning Touch Inc. of online supplies mentioned in this textbook
as listed in Chapter 2, "Gather Your Tools." www.crowning-touch.com as tools for the designer. Here is a list of all the
What to buy: For turning bias tubing supplies, and much more that can be purchased:
Baer Fabrics Home sewing machines, pressing equipment,
www.baerfabrics.com Denver Fabrics dress forms, bobbins, scissors, rotary cutters,
What to buy: Underlining, interfacing, www.denverfabrics.com awl, pins, Chaco-liner, seam ripper, thread
custom covered buttons, and all notions What to buy: Lining, knits, woven fabrics, silk (Gutermann),DMC embroidery floss, thread
charmeuse, faux fur, and microfiber clippers, loop turner, pins, hand sewing needles,
Clotilde Glovers needle, tapestry needle, interfacing,
www.clotilde.com Fashion Fabrics Club organza, muslin, linings, horsehair, ribbon and
What to buy: FrayBlock, pleaters, and www.fashionfabricsclub.com lace hem tapes, elastic, hooks and bars, hooks
Velvaboard What to buy: Silk charmeuse, silk dupioni, and eyes, hook-and-eye tape, fur hooks, cement,
organza, and more. . . grommets (gold, brass, and nickel) and grom-
Clover, Fabric Depot met tools, shoulder pads, buttons, custom-made
www.clover-usa.com, www.fabricdepot.com covered buttons, covered button kits, boning
Professiorzal Sewing Tccbniques for Designers
(riglene boning and other types), cording, Mendel's Far O u t Fabrics Tandy Leather Factory
piping, buckram, batting, elastic and zippers, www.mendels.com/fa~tcners w~w.tandyleat11crfactory.com
skirt makers, snaps, and more. . . What to buy: Elastic loops What to buy: Eco-Flo (Eco-wise, water-based
leather cement), leather, and other leathcr
Haberman Fabrics Outdoor Wilderness Fabrics Inc. products
www.habermanfabrics.com www.owfinc.com
What to buy: SeamsGreat (in black, white, and What to buy: Grommets (brass, nickel-plated, Thai Silks
ivory), other notions, and great fabrics and oxidized blaclt), brass grommet heavy www.thaisilks.con~
setter tools. and metal hardware What to buy: Fabulous silks, including silk
Leonard Adler & C o Inc. knits, silk charmeuse, silk dupioni, and silk
www.leonardadlerco.net Prym-Dritz lining
What to buy: Skeins of waxed nylon thread (C www.dritz.com
weight), interfacing, underlining, and notions What to buy: Craft fabric glue and nylon snaps Twins Pleating Service
www.TwinsPleating.con~
Londa's Creative Threads The Sewing Emporium What to buy: Custom pleating of fashion fabric
www.londas-sewing.com www.sewingemporium.co~n by special order
What to buy: SofKnit Interfacing What to buy: Teflon zipper feet and adhesive
backed Teflon sheets Leather, Suede, Skins, Inc.
Louise Cutting (Cutting Corners) www.leathersucdeskins.com
www.cuttinglinedesigns.com Stan's Sewing Supplies What to buy: Leather and suede
What to buy: Underlining, interfacings, stabi- www.stanssewis~gsupplics.com
lizing tape, and specialty intcrfacings (check What to buy: Two-sided leather hemming tape Zipperstop
availability, as stock changes) (for stabilizing seams and hems in leather) and www.zipperstop.com
zippers of every kind, including invisible scpa- What to buy: Cusron1-order zippers
Lucy's Fabrics rating zippers
www.lucysfabrics.con~
What to buy: %-inch clear elastic, fashion
knits, and knit lining