6 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Heat Engine Heat engine is a device which converts the hheat energy possessed by the fuel (coal,oil or gas) into mechanical energy. Heat engines may be classified into two main classes as follows : (A) External combustion engines [Stam engine] (B) Intemal combustion engines [Petrol engine, diesel engine] External Combustion Engine ‘The engine in which the combustion of the fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder and the heat energy obtained from the combustion of the fuel is converted into mechanical energy inside the engine cylinder, ie. steam engine ‘There are several disadvantages in steam engine like — {a) They have low efficiency {b) ‘They require more space {©} They require more time for starting (@ They work on low pressure and tempe- rature. Internal Combustion Engine The beat engine in which the combustion of the fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and the heat energy obtained from the combustion of the fuel is converted into mechanical work. i 2. petrol engine, diesel engine and gas engine There are several advantages over steam engine as under : (a) They have high efficiency (b) They require less space or they are compact. {) They requize less time for starting (@ They work on high pressure and temperature Classification of Internal Combustion Engine ‘The 1.C. engine can be classified on the basis of (A) Types of the fuel used (Petrol or gasolene engine (ii) Diesel engine (iii). Gas engine (B) Number of Strokes per cycle of working ( Fourstvoke cycle engine (ii) Two stroke cycle engine (©) Types of ignition used for the combustion of the fuel (Spark ignition engine (ii) Compression ignition engine (iii). Flot spot ignition engine (D) Cycle of operations {0 Ottocycle engine (ii) Diesel cycle engine (Gil) Dual combustion eyele engine {B) Speed of the engine {0 Slow speed engine (ii) Meatium speed engine (iii) Fligh speed engine (E) Method of fuel supply (Carburetor engine (ii) Ai injection engine (iii) Airless or solid injection engine (G) Type of cooling system adopted (Aircooled engine (ii) Water cooled engine (iii). Evaporative cooling type engine60 | Mech. Engg, (ED) Location of valves (Over ead valve engine i) Side valve engine (Arrangement of cylinder (i) Horizontal engine Gi) Vertical engine Gif) Inclined engine iv) Radial engine (v) V-engine (vi) Opposed piston engine (vii) Opposed cylinder engine ‘The number of working cylinders (Single cylinder engine (i) Malticylinder engine (K) The applications (® Stationary engine (i) Automotive engine (iii) Marine engine (iy) Aircraft engine () Locomotive engine (L) Methods of Governing (@ Hitand miss govemed engine Gi) Qualitatively governed engine Gil) Quantitavely governed engine (M) Miscellaneous types (Free pistonengine i) Wankel engine (iii) Gas turbine iy) Sterling engine Application of LC. Engines ‘The LC. engines are generally used for— @ Road vehicles (ii) Aircrafts ii) Locomotives (iv) Construction-in-civil engineering eq- uuipment such as bulldozer, scraper, poner shovels Pumping sets (vi) Cinemas (vii) Hospitals (viii) Several industrial applications ® w) Different Parts of I.C. Engines (A) Parts common to both petrol and diesel engines (Cylinder (ii) Cylinder bead (iii) Piston (iy) Piston rings (v) Gudgeon pin (vi) Connecting rod (vil). Crank shaft (vii) Crank (i) Engine bearing (x) Crank case (xi) Fly wheel (xii) Governor (xi) Valves and valve operating machines Parts of petrol engine (Spark plug Gi) Carbuettor Gi) Fuel pump Parts of diesel engine (Fuel pump (i) Injector Major Terms connected with I.C. Engine (@ Bore—The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore. Gi) Stroke—The linear distance along the cylindrical axis between two limiting positions is called stroke. Gii) Top dead centre (T.D.C)—The top ‘most position of the piston towards cover end side of the cylinder is called top dead centre. (iv) Bottom dead centre B.D.C.)—The lowest position of the piston towards the crank and side of the cylinder is called hottom dead centre. (¥) Clearance volume—The volume con tained in the cylinder above the top of the piston, ‘when the piston is at top dead centro, is called the clearance volume. (vi) Swept volume—The volume swept through the piston in moving between top dead centre and bottom dead cenwe, is called swept volume or piston displacement. ® o(vii) Compression ratio—Itis the ratio of {otal cylinder volume to clearance volume. (viii) Piston speed —The average speed of the piston is called piston speed. Comparison between two stroke and four stroke I.C. engines Two stroke LC. engine Four stroke I.C. engine 1, Two stroke engine 1 ‘complete the cyele of operations in two In four stroke engine the working cycle of ‘operations is com: suokesof ihe piston. pleted in four suokes of the piston. 2. Two stoke LC. 2. Four stroke LC. engines engines are simple in| are complicated in ‘design esign 3. Two stroke LC. 3. Pour stroke LC. eagi- ‘engines are less com: plicated in constru- ction. 4. Output of the two 4.Output of the four stroke LC. engines is stroke LC. engines is more. Tt is sppmi- ess mately 60 to £0% owe than four stroke engines. 5. There is one working 5. There is one working stuoke and once fuel stioke and ance the fuel res are more complica ted in ecustuction is bumtineach wevo- is. burnt in two lution of the crank revolutions ofthe crank shaft, shaft, 6. In two stroke TLC. 6.In four stroke 1. ‘engines « lighter fly. engines there is no Wheel is used because problem of balancing there alle prod- lem of balancing. 4. The two sucke LC. 7 engines ate less eff cient. 8. Two stroke LC. en: 8. Four stroke IC. eagi- gines consume more nes consume less Iutri- Tbeicating oi cating oil 9. There is more wear 9. There is less wear and and tear in wo stoke tear init, TC. engine. ‘The four suoke LC. engines are more eff cient, 10. Ibis more noisy 10. Its less acs. 11. Thece i les fuel con- ‘sumption 11. There is. more fuel ‘consumption Mech. Engg. | 61 ‘Comparison between petrol engine and diesel engine Petrol Engine Diesel Engine 1. Airpetrolmistureis| I, Only air is sucked sucked ia the| during auction stroke. engine. | 2.Spark plug is used. | 2. Employs an injector. 3.Power is produced | 3. Power is produced by ‘by spark ignition ‘compression ignition 4, Thermal efficiency | 4, Thermal efficiency upto 25%. upto 40% 5. Occupies less space. | 6. More running cast 7. Light in weight, 8. Fuel (Petrol) cos. 5. Occupies more space. 6. Less rumning cos 1. Heavy in weight 8. Fuel (Diese!) cheaper. tes 9. Petml being volatile | 9. Diesel is non dan- is dangerous. gerous as it is non volatile, 10.Pre-igution possible.| 10. Pre-ignition not possi- le 11, Works on Otto eyele.| 11. Works on Diesel eycle 12.Less dependable. | 12. More dependable. 13. Used in car and) 13.Used in heavy duty motorcycles. Vehicles like trucks, buses and heavy machinery. 14, Compression ratio | 14, Compression ratio is ow,ie.7:1telD:1,| high LL: 120222 15. Maintaining cost is | 15. Maintaining cost is me. less, Performance of LC. Engine ‘The basic performance parameters are as below : {iPower and mechanical efficiency (i) Mean effective pressure and torque (iii) Specific outpat (iv) Volumetric efficiency (v) Fackair ratio (vi) Specific el consumption (vii) Thermal efficiency and heat balance (ili) Exhaust smoke and other emissions (ix) Specific weight