scales).

These include the pressure gradient, Ross by waves and jet steam and local
weather conditions. There are also links to be found between wind speed and wind
direction, notably with the pressure gradient and surface that the air is to be found
over.
PRESSURE GRADIENT is a term to describe the difference in air pressure
between two points in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth. It is vital to
wind speed, because the greater the difference in pressure, the faster the wind
flows (from the high to low pressure) to balance out the variation. The pressure
gradient, when combined with the Coriolis Effect and friction also influences wind
direction.
ROSSBY WAVES are strong winds in the upper trosposphere. These operate

GENERALIZATION
 Based on our experiment (WIND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT) the rotation
of the four cups of the anemometer depend on the force of the wind velocity from
the source (aircon, electric fan and blower)
Therefore an anemometer is useful because it rotates with the wind. To
calculate the velocity at which our anemometer spins, determine the number of
revolutions per minute (RPM). Next, calculate the circumference (in feet) of the
circle made by the rotating cups. Multiply our RPM value by the circumference of
the circle and we will have an approximation of the velocity of at which our
thermometer spins (in feet per minute or meter per seconds). Our anemometer used
doesn’t need to be pointed in the wind for use.

of the wind. This result was apparently confirmed by some early independent
experiments, but it is very far from the truth. It was later discovered that the actual
relationship between the speed of the wind and (arms) that of the cups, called the
anemometer factor, depended on the dimensions of the cups and arms, and may
have a value between two and a little over three. This had the result that wind
speeds published in many officials 19th century publication where often in error.
The three cup anemometer developed by the Canadian john Patterson in 1926
and subsequent cup improvement by Brevoort and joiner of the USA in 1935 led to
a cupwheel design which was linear and had an error of less than 3% up

Meter. The resulting liquid change in the U-tube is an indication the wind speed.
Small departures from the true direction of the wind causes large variations in the
magnitude.
 The highly successful metal pressure tube anemometer of William Henry
Dines in 1892 utilized the same pressure difference between the open mouth of a
straight tube facing the wind and a ring of small holes in a vertical tube which is
closed of the upper end. Both are mounted at same height. The pressure difference
on which the action depends are very small and special means are required to
register them. The recorder consists of a float in a sealed chamber partially filled
with water. The pipe from the straight tube is connected to the top of the

 EFFECT OF DENSITY ON MEASUREMENT

In the tube anemometer the pressure is measured, although the scale is usually
graduated as a velocity scale. In case where the density of the air is significally
difference from the calibration value (as on high mountain, or with an
exceptionally low barometer) an allowance must be made. Approximately 1 1/2
% should be added to the velocity recorded by a tube anemometer for each
1000ft (5% for each kilometer) above sea-level.

depends on the pressure or suction effect alone, and this pressure or suction is
measured against the air pressure in aordinary room, in which the doors and
windows are carefully closed and newspaper is then burnt up the chimney, an
effect may be produced equal to a wind of 10mi/h (16 km/h); and the opening
of the window in rough weather, or the opening of the door, may entirely alter
the registration.
 While the Dines anemometer had an error of only 1% at 10mph it did not
respond very well to low winds due to the poor response of the flat plate vane
required to turn the head into the wind. In 1918 an aerodynamics vane with
eight times the torque of the flat plate overcome this problem

wire exposed to the wind which is heated by passing electrical current through
it, as the wire becomes hotter its resistance increases and by measuring the
temperature of the wind. The current flowing into the wire and the wire’s
resistance (and thus indirectly its temperature) the wind speed can be
calculated.

Wind speed is important to air navigation. In an aircraft, wind speed relative

to the ground can be calculated by using on-board instruments to the aircraft,
and the plane speed relative to the ground such reports can be used to confirm
wind speed forecast. The development of accurate electronic navigation system,
including inertial navigation and GPS enable this calculation to be done
automatically

sealed chamber and the pipe from the small tubes is directed in to the bottom
inside the float. Since the pressure difference determines the vertical position of
the float this is a measure of the wind speed.

The great advantage of the tube anemometer lies in the fact that the exposed
part can be mounted on a high pole, and requires no oiling or attention for
years; and the registering part can be placed in any convenient position. Two
connecting tubes are required. It might appear at first sight as though one
connection would serve, but the difference in pressure on which these
 instruments depends are so minute, that the pressure of the air in the room
where the recording part is placed has to be considered. Thus if the instrument

METER) and CTA (CONSTANT - TEMPERATURE ANEMOMETER) The

voltage output from these anemometers is thus the result of some sort of circuit
within the device trying to maintain the specific variable (current, voltage or
temperature) constant.

Additionally, PWM (pulse – width modulation) anemometer are also used,

wherein the velocity is inferred by the time length of a repeating pulse of current
that brings the wire up to a specified resistance and then stops until a threshold
floor is reached, at which time the pulse is sent again.
 Hot – wire anemometers, while extremely delicate, have extremely high
frequency – response and fine special resolution compared to other measurement
methods, and as such

DISCUSSIONS:

ANEMOMETER
An anemometer is advice for measuring wind speed, and is one instrument used in
a weather station. The term is derived from the Greek word, “anemos” meaning
wind. The first anemometer was invented by Leon Baltista Alberti.

Anemometer can be divided into two classes:

 Those that measure the velocity of the wind.
 Those that measure the pressure of the wind.
but as there is a close connection between the pressure and the

WIND VELOCITY / SPEED

WIND VELOCITY is the speed of wind, the movement of air or other gases
in an atmosphere. It is a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the vector of motion.

WIND VELOCITY has always meant the movement of air an outside

environment, but the speed of air movement inside is important in many areas,
including weather forecasting, aircraft and maritime operations, building and civil
engineering high wind speed can cause unpleasant side effects and strong wind
often have special names, including goles, hurricanes, and typhoons.
 SONIC ANEMOMETER

Sonic anemometers, first developed in the 1970’s, use ultrasonic sound waves
to measure wind speed and direction. They measure wind velocity based on the
time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs of transducers. Measurement from
pairs of transducers can be combined to yield a measurement of 1-, 2-, or 3-
dimension flow. The spartial resolution is given by the path length between
transducers, which is typically 10 to 20cm. Sonic anemometers can take
measurements with very fine temporal resolution, 20Hz or better, which take them
well suited for use in automated weather stations. Their main disadvantage is the
distortion of the flow itself by the structure supporting the transducers, which
 are almost universally employed for the detained study of turbulent flows or
any flow in which rapid velocity fluctuations are interest.

 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER

Laser Doppler anemometers are a beam of light from a laser that is split into
two beams with one propagated cut of the anemometer. Particulates (or
deliberately introduced speed material) flowing along with air molecules near
where the beam exist reflect or backscatter, the light back into a detector where it
is measured relative to the original laser beam. When the particles are in great
motion they produce a Doppler shift for measuring wind speed in the laser light
which is used to calculate the speed of the particles and therefore the air around the
anemometer.
over a set time period produced the average wind speed for a wide range of speeds.
On an anemometer with four cups it is easy to see that since the cups it is easy to
see that since the cups are arranged symmetrically on the end of the arms, the wind
always has the hallow of one cup presented to it and is blowing on the back of the
cup on the opposite end of the cross. Studies of the force involved shows that the
force is greater on the cup side of the device and the net force causes the cups spin
but in this case the balance of forces is not obvious.

Unfortunately, when Robinson first designed his anemometer, he stated that

no matter what the size of the cups or the length of the arms the linear speed of the
cups always moved with one-third of the speed
 WINDMILL ANEMOMETER

The other forms of mechanical velocity anemometer may be described as

belonging the windmill type or propeller anemometer in the Robinson
anemometer the axis of rotation is vertical but with and therefore horizontal.
Furthermore, since the wind varies in direction and the axis has to follow in
charges, a wind vane or some other contrivance to fulfill the same purpose must
be employed. An “aerovane” combines a propeller and a tail on the same axis to
obtain accurate and precise wind speed and direction measurements from the
same instrument. In cases where the direction of the air motion is always the
same as in the ventilating shafts of mine and buildings for instance, wind vanes
 requires a correction based upon wind tunnel measurements to minimize the
effect. An international standard or this process. ISO 16622 “Meteorology
Acceptance test methods for mean wind measurements” is in general
circulation.

Two dimensional (wind speed and wind direction) sonic anemometers are
used in applications such as small weather stations, ship navigation, wind turbines
and aviation.

PRESSURE ANEMOMETER

The first designs of anemometers which measures the pressure were divided
into plate and tube classes.
on a global scale and move from West to East (hence being known as Westerlies)
The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed to what we experience in
the lower troposphere.

LOCAL WEATHER CONDITIONS plays the key role in influencing wind

speed, as the formation of hurricanes, monsoons, or cyclones as freek weather
conditions can drastically affect the velocity of the wind.
 PLATE ANEMOMETERS

These are the earliest anemometers and are simply a flat plate suspended from
the top so that the wind deflects the plate. In 1450, the Italian art architect Leon
Battista Alberti invented the first mechanical anemometer in 1664, it was invented
by Robert Hooke (who is often mistakenly considered the inventor of the first
anemometer) Later versions of this form consisted of a flat plate, either square or
circular, which is kept normal to the wind by a wind vane. The pressure of the
wind on its face is balanced by a spring. The compression of the spring determines
the actual force which the wind is exerting on the plate, and this is either read off
on a suitable gauge or on a recorder. Instruments of this kind do not respond to
light winds, are
 Known as air meters are employed and give more satisfactory results.

 HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS
Hot- wire anemometers use a very fine wire (on the order of several
micrometers) heated up to some temperature above the ambient. Air flowing
post the wire has a cooling effect on the wire. As the electrical resistance of
most metals is dependent upon the temperature of the metal (tungsten is a
popular choice for hot wires) a relationship can be obtained between the
resistance of the wire and the flow velocity.

Several ways of implementing this exist, and hot- wire devices can be
further classified as CCA (Constant-Current Anemometer), CVA ( Constant-
Voltage Anemometer
MEASUREMENT

The simplest way to estimate wind speed is from observed phenomena.

This is the basis of the Beaufort scale, where zero can be recognized by
vertically rising smoke. As this method is only approximately, each value on
the scale represents a range of speed; for example three on the scale
represents wind speed between seven and ten knots.
For hundreds of years, the anemometer was the most accurate method of
measuring wind speeds close to the ground. The simplest anemometers are
based on a rotating vane, but most professional measurements are now made
with a heated wire anemometer. The heated wire anemometer consists of a
bare metal
To 60mph. Patterson found that each cup produced maximum torque when it
was at 45 degrees to the wind flow. The three cup anemometer was further
modified by the Australian Derek Weston in 1991 to measure both wind
direction and wind speed. Weston added a tag to one cup, which causes the
cup wheel speed to increase and decrease as the tag moves alternately with
and against the wind. Wind direction is calculated from these cyclical
changes in cup wheel speed, while wind speed is as usual determined from
the overage cup wheel speed.

Modern GPS and inertial system often include a direct readout of the current
wind speed and direction.
 Wind speed can also be estimated using reader to measure the Doppler
shift due to velocity of air. This method is now used very often by
meteorologist.

SPEED AND VELOCITY

Technically, wind speed is given by

/v/ =

Where U, V, and W are zonal, meridional and vertical components of wind

velocity except in unusual circumstances (e.g. in cumulus updrafts) the
vertical component of the velocity is much smaller than the horizontal
components.

USE IN AVIATION
 In aviation wind speed is used to convert between ground speed and true
airspeed.

This relationship means that wind speed can be calculated by comparing

airspeed (from pitot-based instruments) with ground speed (from a GPS, INS, or
similar) When the GPS is operating some aircraft will display the wind speed
symbols on their navigating displays. The development of this relationship was
discovered in 1989 by professors G. Allen and N. Gibbens.

FACTORS AFFECTING WIND SPEED

Wind speed is affected by a number of factors, situations, operating on

varying scales (from micro to macro

Expanded Tertiary Education Equivalency and Accreditation Program

 (ETEEAP)

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Lab. 1 & 2

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 3

ANEMOMETER

Submitted by:

MARLON B. REGIDOR

BSME / E18-3532

Submitted to:

MR. NOEL C. ROSALES

Instructor

April 28, 2019

APPARATUS / INSTRUMENTS:
 Anemometer
 Sources of wind flow
o Exhaust fan
o Aircon (Window Type)
o Electric Fan (Stand Fan)

PROCEDURE:

 Prepare an anemometer to be use (Note: Make sure that you will always bring
the cover of the anemometer to prevent the damage of the apparatus)
 Find any source of wind flow such as aircon (window type) electric fan or a
exhaust fan.
 Observe the pointer it to your data sheet.

Name: Regidor, Marlon B.

Date Performed: April 06, 2019
Date Submitted: April 28, 2019

Experiment No. 3
WIND VELOCITY MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES:

1) To be able to know the measurement of the speed of the wind or wind

velocity, and its uses.

2) To learn all about anemometer; its parts and functions, and as well as the
uses of this apparatus to us as a future mechanical engineers.

3) To be able to adopt the relationship of anemometer to wind velocity.

inaccurate for high wind reading, and are slow at responding to variable winds.
Plate anemometers have been used to trigger high wind alarm on bridges.

 TUBE ANEMOMETER
JAMES LIND’S anemometer of 1775 consisted simply of a glass. U
tube containing liquid, a monometer, with one end bent in a horizontal
direction to face the wind and the other vertical and remains parallel to the
wind flow. Through the Lind was not the first it was the most practical and best
known anemometer of this type. If the wind blows into the mouth of a tube it
causes an increase of pressure of one side of the monometer. The wind over the
open end of a vertical tube causes little change in pressure on the other side of
the monometer