Comparison

S eismic of Methods used for

nalysisA
Seismic Analysis and Performance
Evaluation
of owers T
of Structures

Tuesday 12/3/2019
Faculty of Engineering at Mataria
From 11 am to 3 pm

Dr.
Dr. Ayman AbdElhamed
Ayman Abd Elhamed
Faculty
Faculty ofofEngineering
Engineeringat
atMataria,
Mataria, Helwan
Helwan University
University
Faculty
Faculty ofofEngineering,
Engineering,Egyptian
Egyptian Chinese
Chinese University
University
 OVERVIEW
▪ Why do Earthquakes happen?
▪ Measuring of Earthquakes
▪ Seismic Analysis Methods
• Equivalent Static Analysis (single mode method)
• Response Spectrum Analysis (multimode method)
• Non-Linear Time History Analysis
▪ Seismic Risk
• Seismic hazard
• Vulnerability
▪ Protection of Building from Earthquakes
2
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
 Why do Earthquakes happen?

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 ‫‪Earth's geological layers‬‬
‫‪Core‬‬ ‫‪Mantel‬‬ ‫‪Crust‬‬
‫ليس بنفس حرارة اللب‬ ‫يشكل الغالف العلوى ‪ upper mantel‬و‬
‫الخارجى و ليس بمثل سيولتة‬ ‫القشرة ‪ crust‬طبقة باردة قوية تعرف‬
‫‪Inner‬‬ ‫‪Outer‬‬ ‫بالقشرة الصلبة و التى تتكون من الواح‬
‫‪Core‬‬ ‫‪Core‬‬ ‫تتحرك حركة بطيئة جدا فى إتجاهات مختلفة‬
‫تسمى هذه االلواح بالصفائح التكتونية‬
‫يتكون من مواد صخرية و هو حار يتكون من الحديد‬ ‫‪tectonic plates‬‬
‫جدا و تحت ضغط عالى يحولة الى الصلب و حار جدا‬
‫الحالة السائلة‬
‫القشرة المحيطية‬ ‫القشرة القارية‬

‫• سمكها من ‪ 5‬الى ‪ 7‬كم‬ ‫• سمكها من ‪ 30‬الى ‪ 40‬كم‬

‫• تمثل قيعان المحيطات‬ ‫• تمثل القارات السبع‬
‫• كبيرة الكثافة ‪ 3‬جم ‪/‬سم‪3‬‬ ‫• قليلة الكثافة ‪ 2.7‬جم ‪/‬سم‪3‬‬

‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬ ‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬

 ‫‪Tectonic Plates Boundaries‬‬
‫تباعد الصفائح‬
‫• معظم الصفائح المتباعدة تقع تحت سطح‬
‫المحيطات‪.‬‬
‫• يؤدى الى تكوين قشرة محيطية جديدة‪.‬‬
‫تقارب محيطى محيطى‬
‫ينتج عنه إنزالق اللوح ذو الوزن النوعى‬
‫االكبر تحت اللوح ذو الوزن النوعى‬
‫االصغر و ينتج عن ذلك الصدوع‪.‬‬
‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬
‫تقارب الصفائح‬
‫تقارب قارى محيطى‬
‫ينتج عنه إندساس الصفيحة‬
‫المحيطية تحت الصفيحة القارية و‬
‫تكوين سالسل جبلية عالية‪.‬‬
‫إنزالق الصفائح‬
‫تنشأ الزالزل نتيجة إلنزالق صفيحتين‬
‫بموازاه بعضهما و حدوث كسر فى‬
‫الصخور على حدود تلك الصفائح‪.‬‬
‫تقارب قارى قارى‬
‫ينتج عنه تكوين سالسل جبلية‪.‬‬
‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬
 Seismic
Waves

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 ‫‪Seismic Waves‬‬
‫‪Body Waves‬‬
‫– موجات سريعة تسير في باطن االرض‪.‬‬
‫– ال تسبب اي دمار ولها قيمة علمية كبيرة حيث نستمد منها معظم‬
‫معلوماتنا حول باطن االرض ‪.‬‬
‫– تستخدم فى تحديد مصدر الزلزال و كذلك المركز السطحى له‪.‬‬
‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬
‫‪Surface Waves‬‬
‫– موجات بطيئة نسبيا‬
‫– تسير على سطح االرض فقط (ال تخترق الصخور االعمق)‪.‬‬
‫– تسبب الحركة على سطح االرض ومن ثم الدمار المعروف‪.‬‬
‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬
 ‫‪Body Waves‬‬
‫‪ -1‬الموجات االولية (‪)Primary (P) waves‬‬
‫أكثر الموجات الزلزالية سرعة ‪ -‬تسير في المواد الصلبة والسائلة والغازية‬

‫‪ -2‬الموجات الثانوية (‪)Secondary (S) waves‬‬

‫أبطا من الموجات االولية ‪ -‬تسير في المواد الصلبة فقط (ال تسير في السوائل)‬

‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬ ‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬

 ‫‪Surface Waves‬‬
‫‪ -1‬الموجات المسببة للحركة االفقية وتسمى موجات لوف (‪)Love waves‬‬

‫‪-2‬الموجات المسببة للحركة الراسية وتسمى موجات رايلي (‪)Rayleigh waves‬‬

‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬ ‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬

 Measuring of
Earthquakes

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 Measuring of Earthquakes
The most widely accepted indicators of the size of an earthquake are its
magnitude and intensity.

The magnitude is a measure of an

earthquake in terms of the released
energy. At the present time, the most
popular scale is the Richter scale
developed by a U.S. seismologist
Charles Richter in 1935.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
Intensity of an earthquake depends on the distance from
epicenter, and also on the local soil conditions, geology and
topography.
Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale is used to evaluate the
effects of earthquakes

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 ‫الوصف‬

‫كلما زاد تأثير الزلزال على األشخاص و‬

‫املنشأت تزداد درجة الشدة الزلزالية‪.‬‬

‫‪Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed‬‬ ‫‪Seismic Analysis of Towers‬‬

 Seismic Analysis

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 Excitation Structures Responses

Elastic Inelastic Linear Nonlinear

▪ The force on the ▪ The force on the Linear

FORCE
component do not component exceeds
Static exceeds the first yield. the yield force.
▪ When a force is ▪ when the force Nonlinear
The external loads on
applied to the is removed, only a
the structure are
component it stores part of the energy
resisted entirely by the
strain energy, and when is recovered.
static forces in the Dynamic the force is removed this
structural components.
energy is recovered. DISPLACEMENT
When a load causes significant change in stiffness, the response
The external loads can also be resisted by:- become nonlinear.

Inertia forces Viscous forces Nonlinearity

▪ Associated with the mass ▪ When a structure is Material Geometric
of the structure. loaded dynamically, there
▪ Acceleration dependent. is a loss of energy (energy ▪ Yielding, cracking, ▪ Caused by change in
dissipation), even if the creeping, crushing, sliding, shape of structure.
etc. ▪ Includes P-Δ and large
structure is elastic. ▪ Usually caused by
mu + cu + ku = − mu g ▪ Energy dissipation is inelastic behavior
displacement effects.
▪ structural pounding
caused by a viscous
damping mechanism
▪ Velocity dependent.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 Methods for Earthquake Analysis

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 -3 f loor disp. without SSI
x 10
f loor disp. with SSI

Time History
4 0.02

Displacement (m)

Displacement (m)
2
0
0

Method
-0.02
-2
Imperial Valley Northridge
-4 -0.04
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
time (sec) time (sec)
f loor v el. without SSI
0.1 f loor v el. with SSI
0.4

Velocity (m/sec)

Velocity (m/sec)
0.05 0.2

0 0

-0.05 -0.2

-0.1 -0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
time (sec) time (sec)
f loor acc. without SSI
2 10
Acceleration (m/sec 2)

Acceleration (m/sec 2)
f loor acc. with SSI

1 5

Time history 0

-1
0

-5

-2 -10
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Building
time (sec) time (sec)

Response
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
 mu + cu + ku = f ( t )
v

Inertia Damping Restoring

force force force Exciting
force

mu + cu + ku = − mu g /m
u + 2 nu +  u = −u g 2
n

k n 2
n = rad / sec & f = cps & T = sec
m 2 n
c
c = 2  m n   =
2 m n
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
 Response Spectrum Method
Important parameters required for performing RSA:
1. Ground Motion and representation of RS
2. Modal Analysis
3. Method for combining Modal Maximum Responses
4. Scaling of Elastic Response Parameters
5. Directional Effects

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 1. Ground Motion and representation of RS

Acc. (in/sec2.)
Vel. (in/sec.)
Disp. (in.)

0.5 1 Tn sec 2 Tn sec Tn sec

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 Acc. (in/sec2.)
Vel. (in/sec.)
Disp. (in.)

Spectral Acceleration Response Spectrum

ζ=2%
Spectral Acceleration

Period (sec)
Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers
 Effect of damping on the design response spectrum

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers

 Soil effect :
The response spectrum shape differs for different type of soil profile at the site.

Dr. Ayman Abd Elhamed Seismic Analysis of Towers