“eo nbs Soe 16) 114 @- ii —— j A review on soil-structure interaction analysis of laterally loaded piles , Kavitha -K. §, Beena™-K. P, Narayanan? ecine 31 Mac 2016/Accep 7 Jane 015d enn: 28 Jane 2016 £6 Swinger nema Paitng Stn! 2076 Abstract Soi-strocre interaction plays an important role inthe behavior of smote under atic o dynamic Ioaaing 1 mueaces te Pebavior of sl, 5 Wel as te response of pile under loading. The analysis is highly csseaial for profiting a more accurate stuctural behavior so a to improve the safety of structures under creme londing condone. Te soi-ple sytem behavior 's predominantly and tis makes the problem complicated. Ina ately loaded pile the load is esisted bythe soi-pile interaction effect, which in tur depends on sol properties, ple material, ple dame, landing type and bed slope of ground. The aifieuty in the accountability of the infueacng fac necesiates a fare study on soi-sructure interaction problem, The alysis became easier with the debut of powerful com puters and simulation tools suchas ft elemeat analysis foftware A detiled Insure review on soi-stnetue intercon analysis of laterally loaded ples is preseated in his paper. Pe havibaybecom Deprmet fSipTecloy, Cochin Univer of ‘Steno an Tet, Kalama. Real 2, te *Dagrmet of Cl Engineering, Cochin Universi of ‘Sconces Tet, Ralamey. Rel 6022, te ‘Keywords Soi-siucture intercon «Lately faded ple Fite lament analysis Introduction ‘The pile foundations ar adoptd to transfer the load from the stucture 1 soll when the suuctre i embeded i 2 ‘weak sol strum. In an ally loaded pile, te load is ‘wansfewed to the sil ough he side frition athe soi pile interface and base resists offered ty the sil be. Pe foundations ae subjetec wo signicaat amount of Intel foes in adi tothe vertical forces. The Iter forces ar duet the win, wave, earthquake, dredging, and lnmpact loads (2, 35,60, 63,66) When th pe saab ected oltrl loads, the load caring mechanism chan 5. The lateral load is essed by the soll interaction effet (87). which in tur depends on pile material, pile dams, sll properties and bo slope of ground. Studies showed when the vera load plist simuliancously with he lateral load [53]. The carrot design practices consider the infaece of hese two Toalings independently and beac ple designs sre carried out separately for vera and eal loads. The effects of vertical loads on the pics ae well esublished though these years, whereas sti on vere ples under lateral loads are Limited and are continuing to extablsh wel defined method of analysis comiering the eet of al the inuncing paranctes [27]. Tee preset stuly focuses on the significant factors affecing the sil-suuctue itre ‘ion of laterally Tosde pe fomduion (LLP). For beter understanding the Ierstures have been grouped into di erent eategones based oa: tps of investigations, charac testis of si characteristics of ple, and ype of loading, D spingM Page Bot 1S ‘Types of investigations Reviewing te avalible iterate it was observed tat he suies on LLP are generally cared ot by conducting the theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigation of soi pile sytem. For boter uncerstnding of the ert, they re grouped hated on he typeof investigation cared fut sty the behavior of LLP ‘Theoretical investigation These avesigains se the bass of mame! fr {or tbe advanced modieados inte sume! fom ‘ons ater developmen in he hea omultons fe aio disused here, Later lads on ples cue Aeberdon and oo of ple as. To clea he ple ap defecson an oan the pie has ben eal ss ¢ eames sowain Fg 1 (18,20, LLP anal a been conduted by cosa catlver acta wih pad Fer the sll-srutar inracton can e ncrpoctod ty considering the effect of so parameters. Sich an tempt was dooe by Muzueako ct ato alee he Senator of «LLP (7) Jn s LLP te pint of BREE ch pit of ‘smuticagmons sconce beep SH ef Bespin aA anc Imethod fo else te prof seo eeton and the point of maximum tending moment was sugcted by Mironov (0. To develop is pence te facts considered ae, feral pity of te pile, mae of ‘ran often of ol mse with phen the ao between te deflectons an wl recon. Bete ede. Sanding on behavior of LPs canbe one fom he (Sseeterpledeteciondy ce! 1 Roe etal [1] have developed no dimecsonal curves rom the Fig 1 Gen sam aan ‘Senet (3 D spring oy nt et 64 ‘numerical slution ofthe ferential equstion describing the pile behavior a showa in Fig. 2 and i an be wed 0 fescimute the pry carves. He had further sugpested p 1 method of analy for LLPs by taking into acount, he ‘onlnearand inelastic characteris of sl (82, Lace, py analysis method was modified by Duncan tal: andi fered the characte lod method [25 [His simpler tan p-y analyses initaly developed by Reese tal The method used densinal analyse to characterize the nonlinear behavior of LLPs ad dled shafts by este of teationships among dimensionless variables The ‘haracteritic lod method has been found to bein good More advancement inthis was suggested by Brown eta ‘nd bis analytial met proves rigorous and reliable rmatod of interpreting lateral oud tests on pes or diled shafts using inclinometer data 15], The mebod vlizes 2 least square regression technique tat wil couverge © # solntion for analyte py carves which produce minimum error between the predicted and measured deflection versus {ph pole over a ange of losin, artes, the sain woe (SW) mode! as shown in Fig. 3 was suggested and was found to have advanages over ‘py curve method [3,45]. SW model analysis pects the respon of LLPs and ba shown very good agreement with actual eld tests in sind, clay and layered sis, The vantage ofthe SW model is tha iis eapabe of taking i account the effect of ehangesin si and pile roperies ‘on the reukingp-y curves. "Th suis on trl loaded single le were extended to pile groups also. Rese et sl who have already Leni Maeve ie. 2 Beano oie add pil 81Jasons Sala (2018) g.3 Bae ania wae pet developed p-y method for ately loaded single pile ave preseted the analysis of « cluster of piles ($3). The Imporance of various parameters involved in he slution 1s studied using diferent analytical approaches. A med cation ofthis has ben suggested by Poulos-Focht-Koch in which the ple group bas been considered as a large ameter pile Later, Chre et al ave extended he work of Reese and derived ite element formulation forthe non linear analysis of pile groups subjected to lateral loads sing py carves (20, 2, 91) In the study, ple yas ide tae ae one dimension beam element, pile capt ‘dimensional plate element and soil as nonlinear clastic Springs using modified p-y curves (]- It was observed in the study hat the nolzerity of the soil i found 19 increase the top displacement of the pile group and ‘decrease the fted moments and positive moments. Kim ‘tal have conducted studies on piles system subjected to lmeral loads in clay sol by improved wedge fare model and hyperbolic p-y erie 15). Te proposed p-y ‘carves with an improved wedge model ae more appro: Priate and realistic fr representing a pile-solineraton for LLP in ely han the exising p-yretod "The behave of si becomes complex when the change ‘in its propery along he verteal profile x considered. nx ‘implied analysis the vereal si profile war considered uniform sggesed by Resser as shown in Fig 4. was rode by Horvath [27] with addtional ease of Young's ‘modal varying with dep for layer of finite thickness. ‘The respons of single pile subjected to lateral load ia layered ttl was ferher studied by Rongging et al. and developed an oalycal method whichases fundamental bass ‘fsa mechanics obtain the overing equation ofthe sol-ilesysem [54]. Both fe ead and ined head metods ar considered er. The ple deflescn, bending moment and ‘ol eacion canbe calelsed using this metho. "The modal of sl resistance was futher ended a ‘a exponential faneton with depth and derived @ ew Page Sf SM R i i. Reena ye simple comin ppd aly ane pi | i cf ‘parameter o predict the pile response [13 “The existing methods were later ‘modified considering the noalnerelstic properties and ‘modulus degradation characterises of soil [105]. The sess stain bebavior of most goo-materals is highly ‘nonlinear atl phases of loading ands shaped degradation ‘curve as shown in Fi, commonly fond, Futkenore, cain studies suggest two-dimensional mapped infinite ‘ements and nonlinear sres-sin Bebvior ofthe sil song byperbbie 6 (1, ater, dete invesigation by Banerjee etal. incor porated layering effet of soll in finite element method (FEM) and boundary clement method (BEM). Stes reset inelastic ple-soil-sractre interaction unr stati Toading with piles moveled using near beam colon finite slements and sil wat modeled sing nonlinear springs UO} Researchers have developed inte element formula ‘ions and ts MATLAB coding by considering modulus of ubpade rection approach to analy ied ead and re jz : ES } . ig 5 Degen cave of sh moa of [21 Dring