PROJECT

ASSIGNMENT 2
APPLIED THERMODYNAMIC (SKMM2423)

SEMESTER 2 (2018/2019)

SECTION 5

PREPARED BY:
MUHAMAD HAIKAL BIN MOHD ALI

NO MATRIC:
A17KM0189

LECTURER:
PM. DR. NAZRI KAMSAH

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TABLES OF CONTENT
PROBLEM #2: Vapor power cycles 1 ......................................................................................... 3
Sample Calculations ................................................................................................................... 4
Result .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Reference .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 PROBLEM #2: VAPOR POWER CYCLES 1

Problem: Air enters a basic gas turbine unit at temperature of 20℃. The isentropic efficiency
of the compressor and turbine is 0.89 and 0.92, respectively.

Analysis: For a starting maximum cycle temperature of 780 K, calculate the network output
and thermal efficiency of the cycle, for various pressure ratio; 1, 5, 10,15, 20 and 25. Repeat the
same calculations with the maximum cycle temperatures of 900 K, 1100 K and 1400 K.

Results: Plot the thermal efficiency vs pressure ratio. Include similar plot for ideal cycle
efficiency in this graph. In a separate graph. In a separate graph, plot the net work output vs
the pressure ratio. Provide a legend and label the axes and the curves clearly.

Discussion: Discuss what you observe from your findings.

Conclusion: Draw a brief conclusion from the analysis.

Note:

The ideal cycle efficiency is given by

(𝛾−1)
1 𝛾
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1−( )
𝑟𝑝

Where 𝑟𝑝 pressure ratio and 𝛾 = 1.4

𝒸𝑝𝑎 = 1.005 kJ/kgK

𝒸𝑝𝑔 = 1.11 kJ/kgK

efvevvebrtbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbrbr
𝐓𝟑 = 𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱

𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑
= 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝐊

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Take Temperature maximum, 𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 300, Pressure ratio, 𝐫𝐩 = 5, as sample.

Step 1: Draw cycle (Practical cycle)

𝑝2
780 rp = =5
𝑝1

293

Step 2: Find T at all state.

State 1; T1 = 293K

State 2s;

𝑇2𝑠 (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= (rp )
𝑇1

Therefore,
(𝛾−1⁄𝛾 )
𝑇2𝑠 = 𝑇1 (rp ) = 293 × (5)(1.4−1⁄1.4) = 464.1 𝐾

State 2; 𝑇2𝑠 − T1
𝜂𝐶 = = 0.89
𝑇2 − T1
= 0.89
Therefore,

𝑇2𝑠 − T1 464.1 − 293

𝑇2 = + T1 = + 293 = 485.2 𝐾
0.89 0.89

State 3; T3 = 780K

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State 4s;

𝑇3 (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= (rp )
𝑇4𝑠

Therefore,

𝑇3 780
𝑇4𝑠 = (𝛾−1⁄𝛾)
= = 521.8 𝐾
(rp ) (5)(1.333−1⁄1.333)

State 4; 𝑇3 − T4
𝜂𝑇 =
𝑇3 − T4𝑠
= 0.92
Therefore,

𝑇4 = 𝑇3 − 0.92(𝑇3 − T4𝑠 ) = 780 − 0.92(780 − 521.8) = 542.4 𝐾

Step 3: Evaluate work input, output and heat supplied.

Compressor work input = 𝑤12 = 𝒸𝑝𝑎 (𝑇2 − T1 ) = 1.005 × (485.2 − 293) = 193.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Turbine work output = 𝑤34 = 𝒸𝑝𝑔 (𝑇3 − T4 ) = 1.11 × (780 − 542.4) = 263.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Heat supplied = 𝑞23 = 𝒸𝑝 𝑔(𝑇3 − T2 ) = 1.11 × (780 − 485.2) = 327.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Step 4: Find the network output, thermal efficiency and ideal cycle efficiency.

Net work output = 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 = 𝑤34 − 𝑤12 = 263.7 − 193.2 = 70.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Thermal efficiency;

𝑤 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑡 𝑤12 − 𝑤34 70.5

𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = = 0.2152 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟔%
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑞23 327.2

Ideal cycle efficiency;

(𝛾−1) (1.4−1)
1 𝛾 1 1.4
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1 − (𝑟 ) = 1 − (5) = 0.3686 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔%
𝑝

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RESULT
All result from varies temperature and pressure ratio are automatically calculate by using
Excel Software.

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇2𝑠 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4𝑠 𝑇4 𝑤12 𝑤34 𝑞23 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 𝜂𝑡ℎ

Pressure ratio, rp : 1
780 293.0 293.0 780 780.0 780.0 0.0 0.0 540.6 0.0 0.00
900 293.0 293.0 900 900.0 900.0 0.0 0.0 673.8 0.0 0.00
1100 293.0 293.0 1100 1100.0 1100.0 0.0 0.0 895.8 0.0 0.00
1400 293.0 293.0 1400 1400.0 1400.0 0.0 0.0 1228.8 0.0 0.00
Pressure ratio, rp : 5
780 464.1 485.2 780 521.8 542.4 193.2 263.7 327.2 70.5 21.56
900 464.1 485.2 900 602.0 625.9 193.2 304.3 460.4 111.1 24.13
1100 464.1 485.2 1100 735.8 765.0 193.2 371.9 682.4 178.7 26.19
1400 464.1 485.2 1400 936.5 973.6 193.2 473.3 1015.4 280.1 27.59
Pressure ratio, rp : 10
780 565.7 599.4 780 438.8 466.1 307.9 348.4 200.5 40.5 20.20
900 565.7 599.4 900 506.3 537.8 307.9 402.0 333.7 94.1 28.20
1100 565.7 599.4 1100 618.8 657.3 307.9 491.4 555.7 183.4 33.01
1400 565.7 599.4 1400 787.6 836.6 307.9 625.4 888.7 317.4 35.72
Pressure ratio, rp : 15
780 635.2 677.5 780 396.5 427.2 386.4 391.6 113.8 5.2 4.56
900 635.2 677.5 900 457.6 492.9 386.4 451.8 247.0 65.4 26.49
1100 635.2 677.5 1100 559.2 602.5 386.4 552.2 469.0 165.8 35.36
1400 635.2 677.5 1400 711.7 766.8 386.4 702.8 802.0 316.5 39.46
Pressure ratio, rp : 20
780 689.6 738.6 780 369.0 401.9 447.8 419.7 45.9 -28.2 -61.31
900 689.6 738.6 900 425.8 463.8 447.8 484.2 179.1 36.4 20.32
1100 689.6 738.6 1100 520.5 566.8 447.8 591.8 401.1 144.0 35.90
1400 689.6 738.6 1400 662.4 721.4 447.8 753.2 734.1 305.4 41.60
Pressure ratio, rp : 25
780 735.0 789.6 780 349.0 383.5 499.1 440.1 -10.7 -59.0 552.88
900 735.0 789.6 900 402.7 442.5 499.1 507.8 122.5 8.7 7.11
1100 735.0 789.6 1100 492.2 540.9 499.1 620.7 344.5 121.6 35.28
1400 735.0 789.6 1400 626.5 688.4 499.1 789.9 677.5 290.8 42.92

Unit: 𝜂𝑡ℎ (%) , 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 (kJ/kg)

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 Graph 1: Thermal Efficiency 𝜂_𝑡ℎ(%) vs Pressure Ratio
70

60.14
60 57.51

53.87

50 48.21

42.92
41.60
Cycle efficiency/(%)

39.46
40
36.86
35.72 35.36 35.90 35.28
33.01

30 27.59 28.20
26.19 26.49
24.13
21.56
20.20 20.32
20

10 7.11
4.56

0.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio

780 900 1100 1400 Ideal

Note: (X) => not plotted

Temperature Ideal cycle

780 900 1100 1400
(K) efficiency,
Pressure ratio Thermal efficiency, 𝜂𝑡ℎ(%) 𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 (%)
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 21.56 24.13 26.19 27.59 36.86

10 20.20 28.20 33.01 35.72 48.21

15 4.56 26.49 35.36 39.46 53.87

20 -61.31 (X) 20.32 35.90 41.60 57.51
25 552.88 (X) 7.11 35.28 42.92 60.14

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 Graph 2: Work Output (kJ/kg) vs Pressure Ratio
350

317.43 316.45
305.41
300 290.83
280.14

250
Work Output (kJ/kg)

200
183.43
178.72
165.85

144.00
150

121.56
111.11

94.09
100

70.54
65.44

50 40.49
36.40

5.20 8.71
0.00
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Pressure ratio

780 900 1100 1400

Temperature (K) 780 900 1100 1400

Pressure ratio 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑜 (kJ/kg)

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 70.54 111.11 178.72 280.14
10 40.49 94.09 183.43 317.43
15 5.20 26.49 165.85 316.45
20 -28.17 (X) 36.40 144.00 305.41
25 -59.00 (X) 8.71 121.56 290.83

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