FEE Truntaetions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8 No.2, Apel It DYNAsnS COMPENSATION OF AC TRANSMISSION LINES BY SOLID-STAIe Sas Li Yeestlughoure RONOUS VOLTAG! SOURCES Jo Cymgyi, Fellow, IEE. fectrie Ce mpreation Pinssuegh, Permgplvania 15225 selocuvtby ell these otwen’ parsmecre(voltag, imzeuane®. wnosmise ston augle) deterniaing power uarsmission. Comparisan of the syte Shronaus voltage i ro2 9ppres nal 2010 pensation “Rethod of employ’ Feuctors shows ils superior pertor nance (inc Enpabily of using 90:4 reitetien nd rex! pewe counteract dknarcic diemebaciee, vaiform. appli cal size, ast potentially lower overall cost, ising fae ented ‘anperention to S analer shane Keywards-AC transmission, FACTS, bine compensation, static var compstsitor, smithy cnous condense". sees comparator, Phase-argle requiasor, energy storage, liseist2, OTO. INTRODUCTION is aveel] established pructize e use: over systems. Th y-sstched caraciiors "efoug beca om= rae the slendyrlate aerwer trrsiisiod along the ine ind camping of the power sys Gellagee satrhe prevented, ifthe reagiee camp cA raion ines ance rapidly sujoite by eoll-cate dystonia nie control” : compensation in power scansimnior sstew Fae become inceeasingly oven, The ailiey iicuoy i foo unpsecedented srcblems reise ta energy ost ci faces aalasiothe petcard Snges nthe U.S “nensceal sr ture aad the geogtaphie sis 7 pepuluied aseas The preseut stuation may ne hrietly sum~ nianed Tolioes. ie poser demand has shown «sly but eeograkicalty wnewen gave it Sable power geveration a aie et coke the Slowing land esmter “fe tact of ow power generation sre fngenteryred sepulntonypelicion enotrarmental seceplsbity, ards cost of nibble snergy. i onder 9 meet the paves deri ithe: thse ten sontacieton sep arement te lites teresa relvom the utifatioy of existing eaeration slay sa poset at Peedenport atvangemens. Poser esvoratiop aad impor ton 93 SH 436-1 PRD A paper eseanmsndad snd approved by che [see tearsnlarion ace Diserinuttuy Connicees DE fie 1582 Power Engtnecrirg Sociecy for proseatar Gion ay the Lee6/PEE 196) Sunnet Meeting, Vaneguver, PEP Geneve, debe 18-22, 1693, Fonuseelys sub- fltehe acgues U9, L992; maze avatsebe ay pelnelne Bey 2, 299 PRINTED TW ESA ins apsroae, hen com: .conesion ai prevons indepen) power nstrs eaten ich ipapeda ste son setae ie iotaheetane omer om ee espeng Fah tnempotng ons, However tie suing tore Sh tattoos isgrd a ane se cool eqaeznars Grain sysnit edsterninee bs thew eupednave tt Be reecided tos Stes Aes tectuence power fan faces devetep an wee beso SIU Ravn acre of ae erly sage Pol = helceereked sem stoi 2a Inson rjatemtts ve se hen carat aie Hain eet af areca ne td Seen ane cae nf agitate ve said tees Sew ines Fe test esvation demands ths evfow rcv poser rammsignieon gr pee, md iieeifonol ew stirs Uinta ie ot siffendgao' ecg posts gesecstisn ed rs ticesenttdecresuientom ae i swsnes thre Dome Regenen festhare (EPRt) barieed he csvelnspent feet Tran Some (A075) oti See Ree aoramically seuioiod fy Surnoe pow Jevisea “The Iwo mam chgetives of BACTS are fo ee eine ae cetrel power fw sn sated separ dessbes anew! aproich in wih ea since nates sefenge onc ave way sloved fa ration an retin sono ost i ee red to oe tons eerpecmon ‘employing (byrister-seriched capretiers nnd “ayristar-cantconled reik+ rete goin lr Ie pleilyforttanse esac, nsedance. one iris otfete the unique potental to dircery eehange rea! pone” Hilt hecne ean ff aften to tae tncopercentesastatne Fe Riiigmetion a: coun datcrsarces POWER FLOW CONTROL BY SOLID-STATE SYNCIRONCLS VOLTAGE SOURCES quitesie nag phy no 6uter pe Conventional Thyvisier-Cantrolied Power Flaw Conteollers Mostofthe presently used, or sropose:t power Monvevntralicns fils 7m is usec if this paper te make a coriman reterarce to state sar comporsiatens"® (SCs, contalate seer eampensateas phat id eequivalen! Gevioes app ied in the transi sso 3)S10m “or tipnantie -exelive contpeasntion Aitd poser Hlow contre!’ emplay gow absorbed by tradiionalespac:torer reactor hanks, and the Sethe arc used ong for ine eontsal of he conined enctve mpc pee there bunks poet fo the sytem during sucessve pnces hearphelatis Pineal tinct nt cme Fonmnets have no eas generation or absoraion eaptodit:) Conte {uenty,conventiena stor co Srtbeseneieesdnrarccttie ithe chnventanal agntar-cascllvlpenees flow controters9ce notdeserined m tslspaper but arewed scbenstnanstoersic the opernang and pefonadace rsterGtes of he oroposed sa site eh ‘oiled compensators presents fan ision nator aul he ADs eampenss tors, 0885-2977/94/504.00 © 1993 IEEE inionad iiysistss (i, hose having ee iteinsic wien Of Mbulte) yeu rrargomente «ist a7e sinvlar to breaker switched capaci. and esoterseand mec sanically operated tap-changina ranslorres, bu: have roach foster response and nee aperaied by sep hisviewod contfols, Al ofthese [urea comanon churaeterste in hot Uie nee Sony renelive power cequired ‘er the eompeasilioa i66 ig. 3a Outpar vokage end current woeaform of 3 AS-pale verter generating receive (casei) power, inyertes, The key 1 tiv explanation resis in the phisicat we the pescess ofeste-gy tuusteseyoug ve iver (eonairg of nolhnigontacravs ofasincatates» tenes Sabsoiatoe direct, ane Sbavitis Ghoront tres the nel sstnrrateous power nha ac sutpat termine must always 5s equal to He net istanianeoks power at thee Inpu ermicle (ogling tes) “Assume dn sie inverter operated to sippy nly reactive pt solver. In dhiease, the Yealinpau power proved by the desore hawtabesera. Fanihermoce, sce revetive power tera frequetey Ivefintion iszera the de some supplies no nput power aad ihe ‘oral clearly faye no pt nthe ge rotation a the reactive outa ower In ether words tne inverter imply iatercomneess the sree Su'gilt iezminats i suck away tym Se reactive utp currents cen ow freely ween tiem “rom the feminals o er estaba power exchange among the phase: “Alihough reactive pewee internally gencrnied by the netion of the solid-state switches, ic isstill nec ssary ta have 9 reiat ely small conmecied aerass ihe iapat terminals of the ioverter. The teed for the de enpacitor s pritnncily tequited to satisfy the above.stisulsied equality of the iaianlanzous output and inp po gs, The oulput voltage wavelorm of the inverter is 0c a perfect sine-wave. (As shown in Pigure 3b. it isa staiease approxinsation ‘ofa sine-wave.) However, the multi-pulse inverter drawsa smooth, almost sinusoidal current from the se system through the te Teac vane. Asa result the net three-shase insianianzoks power (WA) at ihe output termicals of the sivarcer siightly fuetuetes, TOUS, i frder not to violste the equally of the instancaneous ouipat ed ingut powers. ‘uc inverter must draw fuctuating -rippie")current {res the de storage capacitor that provides aeons terminsl voltage et tte input ‘The presence ofthe input ripple cyt comaponenis i thus entire. Iy.dve to the ripple components of the output vole, which ace 2 fonction of the output waselorny fibricatian technique used. [0 ahigh power inverter, using a suiticientiy high palse number, the ‘ovipot voltage distort‘on and, therety,eqpsettonripote current can ieoretiealy reduced to any desicet degree. Thus, a porlect it yerter would generate sinasoidal on put voltage azd Ura pure de ypot current without harmonxs, (Evidently, for purely reactive alps, the input current ofthe peifuet averteriezeto,) In practice, Shue ta System anbafonce aad aches haperfections aswel as to eso. omic consideration, the de crniions age not abled, ht approximated satwtactory by avertors ot sufficiently high pulse hosbers Of or hight). ane Shunt Compensation by Synchronous Voltage Source easel Compensation Scizen A shunt-connected solic-tite synehroneais voltage seuice, enmpatee bf rrulti-pulee, vol:age- sourced iqverter acd n de energy #0 device, ib shows sehesiatieally in Figere 4a, As explained ip amg 1 ol wate ven | Sewe [earner ats or 9 ig 4. - Shurcecne be Sperling mode od syachronaus votige source (a) md ep {b) for ral and vasstbve power gsnertto, previous section, tt cam he considered a8 perfect sans wycluy fs slags sobtce nin a cout g eae provid by Ne ieee of te coupling tansforener. 11 Ne coerpy sar le ating, the NV ent exchange burl ceartive ad re power with the ne stem. ‘The reactive and ren! pouet, geuertel fe absorbed by the $8, zan te cortalied irdepentesty cf sath ather and eng Combination of ral puwer yeveronssonplon wih var generationaiserpron ie gowsble, as Mkstrated in Ligure & The teal pawes Cast tbe SVS exctaunges me ter runs sl ac sysiem prt, of edurse, be suppl to, or absorued from, isrniuels by the esocey storage device. ‘By cena the reac ower ewettnged i erm generated by the SV, withou he Be energy stornge device playing ny siicant part heieompared t9 the concen dana thyrivorcentelted stat vey sammpeainon while sn negate rnate por ectang ‘wih tke nesyttem, the gnitironent voltage source feel has sign igen anpliution advanlnges. Tse bidirectional real powcr evckange eapatsiny of tre SVS" that i, te ality tom Energy from the ae aysiem aad deliver to the de energy stort dbvie (large slorage expacior, battery, superconducting apne aad to reverse this process nd dutver power forthe aesystem [08 the energy storage device, nmakes complete temporary sistem sper posaiblas Spectcally, is eapabilty may beesed folaprove system Etieiency and prove ower owlayen. Als, i combination ai Fast eaclive pases contra, emai real powes exchange prove: rivextremely fective tealfor anand yaar sia iy Eprom Aoectwsy Power Compencauon Selene Ifthe SYS és used ony for sezcune shut compensation, lke a comet onal statie var eantgensator then the de energy storage doviee cin be replaced by 2 zelacively shall Se capacito' 5 shows ia Fig 5a, 1p ths case, he tency atte power oul ge Delve the and the nc sysiem can only be retetive, ns Mustraied ia Pigure Sb seo STAG ERIN, sree &, Fig. 5. Syrehronous volags sauree operated sx sais condenser.908 bances causing angular ninchine excursions ig. 9. + Functional comtel scheme {or eynebzonous vohoge soetee ‘Sputated as 2 (rence and teu power) shunt competion If the SVS is equipped with an enesgy storage device, then it can exchange reactive a1 welten ren sours with teens atom, A case, the nema inverter control tha’ Genives the gating signs for the GTO thyristors accepls a sefevence signal (6 forthe desinsd reactive ouput eurzent (represeuting the var dednand of the ae s+ tem), end an independent reference snal (Vey) for the desies tee] oulputeucrent (representing te cequived reel power exchange with the ac system) From these refereice signals the intergai conirol™ computes and sets the arspliide ana phase angle of tie (aee-phese) voltage source with respect to the ac sytem volage shat the output current of the SVS iz compoced of tine desired reactive and teal compoueats, If the SWS 1 nel equispee with an energy storage Gevice, then the reference sigual 24s kept at zevo aad the SVS ‘operated ae static cundenter Ue furotion of teskumt connected S¥Sisto minimize the magn tude sand davation ofsyslem disturbancesby regulating (supponngy Alc terminal voltige ais aipeng power extiletions Fo stconphas {his,ancxtemlcouwrolisempiored thstderwves ikenecessary rater, nee signs far the inemal oot of tie SVS to produce the desired reactive and, i the SVS ins energy s-orage capability, tea) power ‘omlipat for the ae system: to eauatere tthe disturbances, ‘The basic control loop of the extere al control is setup ta regulate te tenminal voltage by means efeontsailing thesenctine comgenons ofthe owiput current. To taiserd, as shown in figure tears ide Vrof the termmat voltnge t nessuted bye Colage his a & Freaking Geen Tie mesinesibge ampitade x compared with the reference voltage Vy, {INote that for the single function ohsltce align, Vs = Ho ) Me cilference between tenet incerta sgl istoplfied aa processed oy the Ses Proce tid Amalie 1 prvide the relerecesgaal efor ie anes ‘output eurrent Power cscilation damping (and the atiniinization of the frst rota tional swing) ena Ge accom plisied by the modulationcl sacnwen, cenrpaventot ostpiat evr ei of Dy ih modulation ef the real com, foneat of ouput enrrent, Of 8 the saodulanon of bons Consider firse poser sicilitiion di miping by the madutation of the reactive ounpat current With relarenee to Figure 5, a aen ‘atitig aggomplished hy tie Motfiession of the veliage reletence signal Ug That s,m sigial fepresentn g tne power exeltar one ie sived by Either dire frequeney measy ‘iver 4yilding Af} on bythe ese of the i Pope rte nding (Pay one summed fo Vy (Beth Af and JP. a¢2 propostonel te tee fate of change of the mhetine tele AS “avotved.) The added seones saases she ouipat current of We SVS ‘0 vary (ceed operating poitt defined hy the fed vohage teference fe Thies den forces the terminal vo:4g® {8 ine-ease wen, for extnele ihe frequency deviation (2 dill) it positive {in order tomers ne tani sea ie pies ic acter! he gone {05) and terdecrease wht 5) 8 Megat (loredeee the keene Powe and iheredy prove IRE Ue raion the gegen Tate signal teresening INE Fale‘o change of geben, exied By the Rytenny Lert oe Foner Bhoonaner ne apsto be vsed to conic) ME FEA) power exchange becweee ine SYs'ama the no system TH a be dove needa en component of the Outpt cuttent around nero (or around a fteé renl power reeronce the STATCON isset io sbacibhiom oraupsh tothe ne system real power tthe ime when the dturbance ee cucredy'a9at to force the SUS fo nb rent power shen te gensia forsare accelerating and supply real power when ihegesesatorsale Secelerating Series Compensation by Synchronous Voltage Source A solid-state synchronous volage source, coming of maki-ptse ‘roltage-tourced inverie? and # de energy storage aevice chown Iotoder ih she Cearsvustion Line ir Bete Me anh seen Operating maces are ilustrated in Figure’ 0s, In geceral ine ea ahd reactive power exchange iscontalied by the phise deplateae atthe injectesvellage will sespecto the inecutrent For scan ithe injected volinge is nphase with ihe line curren then ony ea? power is exchanged, and if st is in quadrature with the line cutrea then only recenve power i exchanged (od —_ see bom: a Noe Om ae un wear a Sot | a RE | ee eens Cs Fig 16. -Series-onanseted seoehionaus mite sOMce fa) ses potchle«perating exedas th) [or reacting amd ct paver eachange, sonata epee ntones age sgerce a nena sera cmegt et abe Saree rs Reaceyue Series Coo ‘The concept of usin series reactive comp: he solid-state synchrenoxs voltage sour for tions sec onthe fet that e mpeaee erm heqnsy comnts tis aunts copia xfactor tn content tote: apslen ons mes Sop ee Pikking tne dested fine competion “ree funeligh ef he sens apace apis ia predeee snappreprinevotise teins ral) 139 fe nsten egies ete ik nei ee Gel he vatings drop testicned ox he ncveine eee by climdbol cnn of hte eaten als ‘Gulvotage drop ofc compeneaced liye Sesomes cece Arprie atta shotertie Theteore tan eesiage ots Offundamental feauercs. which tHeekedmit aquninenne hes felsonsip tothe line cucrem and whose seids eons eae tional fo that of the lise curtent ie ncoated eee ea ee aserescempessationenanaleni othr: preucedty aati Mithe ndament! Frecusney irom neal Alnor seen okge source cin Ue uuined ms folios s