SECTION 17 Fluid Flow and Piping Foe le problems canbe solved with ap acceptable de of asracy when using equations designed tof idealized op plications, Flow regimes and associated pressare drops ate Complex phenomena and equire complex cqustins to predict ther relationship, For eogincei purposes several Sool eemahs hers teclaptioet is Reaoue ‘cumstances in predicting flow capacity snd pressure dp. FG. 174 Nomenclature A = pipe cross sectional area, (A =1D'4) (© = sum of allowances for corcsion, erosion, ete, in. abscissa of Eaton correlation, Fig. 17-20 liquid velocity number, fom lq 17-53 Fig. 1728 gas velocity number, from Bq 17-54 = design parameter used in Hazen and Williams pipe diameter number, from Eq 17-55 formula, Bq. 17-88 liquid viscosity number, rom Eq 17-56 discharge factor from Fig. 17-8 fae factor from Fig. 17-0 internal diameter of pipe. ia presse, psia inlet pressure, pio outlet pressure, psi aismeter, in rerage proabure, psa, from Eq 17-16 internal diameter of pipe, fect base absolute pressure, psia (ANSI 2590 specifi pipeline ficiency factor (fraction) cation: Py = 1475 psia) longitudinal weld joint factor from ANSE BSL3, internal design pressure, psig Pig 1728 pressure drop, psi/100 f equivalent pipe length BY = longitudinal jint factor from ANSI BOL8, clevation component of pressure érep, Fst Fig. 17-24 frictional component of pressure drop, pst 4 = Fanning friction factor fq = Moody friction facto (fq = 4.0 1) total pressure drop, psi = flow rate, gal min = single phase friction factor for Duller caleulation, = low rate of gas, eubie Foot per day at base cond from Eq 17-44 tions fye = ftetion factor ratio for Duklerealeulstion, ligdvolumetrie low rate at owing condition, Fig. 117 FY = construction type design factor used in sg volumetric Now rate at owing eanditions, ANSI BS18, Fig. 17-24 Rises pe = Yolume correction fora non-ideal uid due to Reynolds number acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 sect sravitational constant, 922 (fs Tbmy(b + sec?) Joas of static pressure head dus to uid flow, feet of laid total energy of afuid ata point aborea datum, from Eq 171 liquid holdup frotion (Dukler, Fig. 17-18 liquid betdup faction (Baton), Fig. 17-20 liquid holdup frction (Flanigan), Fig 1719 Aiguid inventory in pipe, from Bq 17-57 length of line feet length of fine, miles aolecular weight Fig. 17-16 horizntal emrdinate, Race Ny = Fig. 17-16 vrtical oerdinate, Ase sixture Reynolds aamber for Dukler calculation, from Eq 17-15 specie gravity of owing gas (a allowable etre, psi Fig. 17:23 specified minimum yield strength, ps, Fig. 17-24 thickness, in. Figs. 17-29, 17-24 ‘minimum required wal thickness, in, Fig. 17-21 absolute temperature of flowing gos, "R temperature devating factor ed in ANSI ESL.8, Fig 1724 average temperature °R, [Tyg = V2 (Tus + Toll base absolute temperature, "R (ANSI 2530 oped fication: = 520°R) single phase fluid veloity see superficial gas velocity, fuses, for Eq 17-26 superficial liquid veloeity,fsec rom Ba 17-35 sixture velocity, fUseg, from Bq 17-46 »Fla. 17-1 (Cont) ‘Nomenclature W ~ mass low, vhr Xa = Auiz uid property correction factor (horizontal ais, Fig. 17-16) Yq = Anz taj correction factor (vertical axis, Fig. 17-10) Y= coefficient found in Table 304.1.1, ANSTRS1 3, Rg. 1724 average compressibility Factor pipeline vertical elevation rise, absolute fe roughness, lowing liquid volume faction single phase Mid viscosity, Ib see) liquid viscosity ep mixture viscosity for Dukler calelation, ep ingle phase fuid density, h/t? average density, Ist mj ~ 1/209 s+ Pou) sir density at OOF and 1.7 psa, 0.0764 Ty ‘water density at 60°F and 14.7 psia, 624 Ibi” ga density, Ib? liquid density, yi? {oro phase miature density for Duklerealeulation, wi! interfacial tension at lowing conditions, dynefem. single phase uid viscasity, ep ‘eq = interfacial tension of air and water at 60°F and 8 viscosity ep 14,7 psa, 724 dynelem ‘Bernoulli's Theorem The tert here matt em oe tina ener aa sbaatgrariagcinye.tiairratnr pine i cttcanTseny epoca Sordnay intact ae arts Ifthere are no friction losses and no energy is added too ‘token from the system, His constant for any peint inthe fluid. In reality, whenever fluid is moving there is fiction las (hy). ‘This loss deseribes the difference in taal energy at two pints {in the system. Expressing the energy levels ct Point 1 versus ‘Point 2 then becomes! MAP VE MEPs VE pea Tp a all formulas for Auid flow are derived from the sbover Modifications to Eq 17-2 have been proposed by man ‘Rosigatre fo acrunt the don oes Fluid Physical Properties ‘The physical properties ofa lowing uid must be known to ‘predict proseure drop in piping The two properties entering. {nto the sclution of most uid flow probleme are viscosity and deneity, Viscosity expresses the readiness with whieh a uid fows when tis acted uponby an external force. Two types viseos ity measurements are used, absolute and Kinematic. Absolute viscosity isa measure ofa fluid’ internal resistance to defor- ‘mation or shear Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute iscosity to mass density. The absolute visssity wil he used {or all caleulations in this section. ‘Visoueity ia temperature dependent. ho vissoety of most liquide detreases ath an incteaze in temperature, whereas ‘thet of gates increases. Procrune has lmost no afec onthe Zao Eqize ‘iscoty of liquide or near pst ‘On the other haa, the scanty Hf saturated or slightly superheated rapore 12 ‘aaged apprecably by pessuse changes, he vce of “team is readily available, bat the vasonsity of oer vapors say not bs known, “ie wolumo isthe verse density Specific ra a id the roi ato densi ft lige a pe th tothe density of water at G0" ity of gu i defined ae the ratio of the molecular weight of {Uh gas tothe moloeular mass of ae. a g - MWg) Mwai Flow in Pipes and Reynolds Number At low velocities, laid molecules or particles carried by the fluid move in a reasonably straight line. Velocity of the fluid is maximum at the center ofthe pipe and zero at the pipe wall. This flow pattern is referred to as laminar: I'the Yelocityis increased twill reach a critical point where fu particles begin to show a random motion transverse to the Sirection of flow. This is Uhe critical velocity. This random ‘motion is typical of what is referred to as turbulent flow. “bore the critical velocity the flow is considered te be comm pletely turbulent even though there is always a boundary ayer atthe pipe wall where fow is laminar-In the turbulent zone the Velocity proflle Is more nearly straight across the face ofthe pipe. Reynolds developed a dimensionless number that may be considered as the ratio ofthe dynamie forees of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. The Reynolds number is Eqit3 Dv. Re = wa He “a Ushe number is ess thon 2000, flow cred lami fis sheve 1000 the Bow in Carpe ta the zonobetircen 2000 and 1000 the lor could be either turbalent cr laminas; but cannot be predicted by the Reynolds number. a non-circular conduit isencountered, the Reynolds num ber can be approximated by using an equivalent diameter for . The equivalent diameter would equal four (4 times the hydraulic radius. The hydraulic radius is defined as: a Area of Flowing Fld Hydrate Radius = AP Ba 175 ‘Thia conversion would not apply to extremely narrow shapes where the wadth is small relative tothe length In tuch eazee an appresimation may be uood wherein one-half the width ofthe passage ts equal tothe bydraulic radius. wePressure Loss Due to Friction Flow is always accompanied by fiction. This friction results| in a lens of energy available for work. A general equation for [pressure drop duc to friction is the Darey-Weishad? (often ‘elerved to as simply the Darcy) equation. This equatioa cant ‘berationally derived by dimensional analysis, with the exsep ton of the friction factor, fim, which must be determined ex- pperimentally: Expressed in fect of fid this equation i=: Eq ite Conertng to pounds per aquare inch, the equation be ana = Ef wa (4) D2) 4 It should heneted that the Mcody friction factor fm, ie used in the equations above: Some equations are shown in terms of| tthe Fanning friction factor, f, which is one fourth of fm fm 400). A graph of both Fanning and Moody friction factors a= a function of Reynolds number appears in Fig. 17-2 Ts Dang Wetbach equation ie valid far oth lanar and ‘of any liquid, and may alse be used for gases futh certain restrictions’ When ung this equation, changes in elevation, velocity, or density must be accounted for by ap- plying Hemnoall's theorem. The Darey-Weishach equation Ist be applied to line segments sufficiently short such that ‘uid density fs essentially constant over that segment. The overall pressure drop is the sum ofthe A Pf values calculated for the individual segments. For gas applications the segmer- tal length may be relatively short, as compared te liquid ap ications, since many os jos invelve ible ases where gas dennites vary with prestte Friction Factor and Effect of Pipe Roughness ‘When the fluid flow is laminar (Re<2000), the fiction factor hhas a direct relationship to the Reynolds number, uch that: = 64/Re or f= 16 /Re Eqits ‘Pipe raghnets has no effet on the friction factor in laminar Substitution ofthe formula for Reynolds number, Bq 17-4, mmEG rs itn he teal (22 ay” {tr ueeton Lee ibe rth tin tor in Eq 17-7, resulting in the following formula for pressure Joss in pounds per square inch: fn Eq 179 Fa [Eq 17-10 is commonly known as Poisewille's aw for laminar flow ‘When the flow is turbulent, the fiction factor depends on the Reynolds namber and the relative roughness of the pipe, FiG.17.2 Friction Factors® ats a cum) 00 TNH 173