28 Naaman - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ————S EEE 1.8 EXAMPLE ‘The following example, in which reinforeed and prestressed concrete solutions are compared, illustrates some ofthe features of prestressed eonerete. Let us assure that a simply supported lab is to be built. Both reinforced and prestressed concrete are potential altematives, Consider the following dimensional and materials properties (Fig. 1.21) Slab depth h = 12 in (30.5 em; unit slab width considered inthe computations b = 12 in (30.5 ‘em); distance from extteme compressive fiber to centroid of tensile reinforcement ds = dp = 10 in {254 cm); concrete compressive strength fe = 5000 psi (34.5 MPa); maximum allowable concrete ‘compressive stess in service &., = 2000 psi (13.8 MPa}; yield strength of reinforcing stel f= 60 ksi (414 MPa); maximum allowable working stress of reinforcing steel f,=24 ksi (165.6 MPa}, effective stes in prestessng steel fe ™ 160 ksi (1104 MPa) span length L= 30 19.14 m). ‘The concrete used i a lightweight concrete with a nit weight of 106,67 Ib (16.76 kNim3) and the live load i assumed uniform with magnitude of 106.67 Hv R2 (5.1 kNin2), These values have been selected soa to lead io simple round numbers forthe computed stresses. “The maximum moment at midspan due tothe deadweight of he slab is given by: 106.67 0x12)? 2 8 Mp = 144, 00 bein ‘and the corresponding maximum siresses on the top and bottom fibers of the concrete section, assumed uncracked, are 6x14, 000 = £ 500psi 3.45 MPa) oxi? Because the live load moment M; has the same magnitude asthe dead load moment, it will also generate stresses of the sme magnitude inthe uncracked section, Several cases can be considered: 1. Non-reinforeed slab (plain conerete) ‘The magnitude of the extreme fiber stress due tothe application of combined dead and ive loads (Fig. 1.214) is 1000 psi (6.9 MPa). This stress i acceptable in compression but i higher than the tensile strength of concrete in flexure (modulus of rupture). Hence cracking in the tensile zone and subsequent collapse ofthe slab will ceur 2, Reinforced conerete slab: WSD approach Lotus determine the required amount of steel reinforcement using the Working Stress Design approach, assuming cracked section and linear elastic analysis. If we estimate the lever arm between the center of compression and the center of tension (Fig. 1.21c) at 0.875, the required area of steel reinforeement can be obianed from the moment equilibrium equation leading to Mp+M, 288000 EE 2 31 in? 0875d,F, 0875%10* 24000Chapter 1 - PRINCIPLE AND METHODS OF PRESTRESSING Case Midspan stress diagrams o & 48) G45) Pa 500 500 1000 p8 CO} he ‘wom mo’ ‘m 0 Figure 1.21 Typical schemes to increase the tensile resistance of a concrete element. (a) Example slab. (b) Plain concrete. (c) Reinforced concrete. (d) Prestressed concrete: axial prestressing, (e) Eccentric prestressing, (/) Prestressing at maximum practical eecenticity.30 Naaman - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3. Reinforced concrete slab: USD approach the Ukimate Strength Design approach, according o the ACI code procedure, is used the area ‘of sic! reinforcement can be obtained from solving the two equations of equilibrium of the section at ultimate capacity. The reinforcoment is designed to generate an internal moment resistance (or nominal moment resistance) equal to the specified strength design moment (actored moment), with due consideration o a reduction factor (see Chapter 5); using the 2002 ACT code load and resistance factors (Tables 3.9 and 3.10): M, =1.2Mp +1.6M, = 403,200 Ibsin and My~ OMe ‘where M, is the nominal moment resistance of the section, and ¢ is a reduetion faior (see Chapters 3 and 5). “The equations of force and moment equilibrium ofthe section at ultimate, assuming yielding of the stel, ae given (Fig. 1.21¢) by: AS; wi o( 4-3) “The above two equations have two unknowns a and 4s. Assuming ¢ = 0.9 (Table 3.10) and solving fords leads to: 185 fc ba = 103,200 bin 4, =0.784 ja? Note thatthe stcl area required using USD is substantially smaller than that using WSD. 4, Prestressed concrete slabs: uniform prestress Lotus assume thet no tension is allowed in the slab. If the prestrssing stee! is directed along the centroid of the section, the stress induced by the presressing force is uniform (Fig. .24d). Its ‘magnitude should be at least equal f0 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) to counteract the maximum tensile stress aon the bottom fiber due to dead and lve loads. Thus: =" 64 =(ophp = 1000 pst F = 04g de =1000%144 = 144,000 fb _E_144,000 09 in? where cand (ate the stresses atthe centroid and atthe bottom fiber of the concrete section, ‘ue tothe prestzessing force F, and 4p is the area of prestressed reinforcement, Note, from Fig, 1.2, that the effect of prestressing leads to an increase in compression on the top fiber of ceancrete. Such increase is not necessary since it adds to the compressive stresses induced by external loads. A more efficient distribution may be achieved by placing the presiresing free at an appropriate eocentrcity as described next. Prestressed concrete slab: eccentric prestress (central kern) Let us assume that the prestressing fore is placed atthe lower limit of the middle third ofthe section (Fig. -21e), Its eccentricity e, is equal to 6, Fora rectangular section, the middle third