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IntRoductIon

Football refereeing requires various skills Injuries / 1,000 hours of exposure

and abilities, including endurance, agility,
speed, and a technical and tactical un- 10
derstanding of the game. All of these as-
pects will be taught and improved during 8
specific training sessions, but officiating
also entails a certain risk of injury (trau-
6
matic injury and moreover of an overuse
nature). thus, an optimal training session
should also include exercises to reduce 4
the injury risk.
2
the “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs” injury pre-
vention programme has been developed
0
by an international group of experts
based on the specific injury profile of training match
referees and on the “FIFA 11+” injury -37% -29%
prevention programme. It is a complete
usual warm up
warm-up package and should replace
the usual warm-up prior to training. FIFA 11+

In a scientific study, it was shown with football referees, the implementa-

that youth football teams using the
a significantly lower risk of injury than
teams that warmed up as usual. teams
that performed the “FIFA 11+” regularly
at least twice a week had 37% fewer
training injuries and 29% fewer match
injuries. severe injuries were reduced by
almost 50%. this study was published
in the renowned british Medical journal
in 2008.
tion of a basic injury prevention pro-
gramme showed a reduced incidence
of non-contact match injuries sustained
by the male and female FIFA referees
selected for the most recent world cups
(2010 and 2011) when compared to the
previous world cups (2006 and 2007).

5
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KEY ElEMEnts oF InjuRY pREvEntIon
the key elements of effective injury pre-
vention programmes for football referees
and assistant referees are core stability,
neuromuscular control and balance,
eccentric training of the hamstrings,
plyometrics and agility.
Core training: the “core” represents a
functional unit, which not only includes
muscles of the trunk (abdominals, back
extensors), but also of the pelvic-hip
region. the preservation of core stability
is one of the keys for optimal functioning
of the lower extremities (especially the
knee). Football referees must possess
sufficient strength and neuromuscular
control in their hip and trunk muscles to
provide core stability. there is growing
scientific evidence that core stability has
an important role in injury prevention.
Neuromuscular control and balance:
neuromuscular control does not repre-
sent a single entity, but complex interact-
ing systems integrating different aspects
of muscle actions (static, dynamic, reac-
tive), muscle activations (eccentric more
than concentric), coordination (multi-joint
muscles), stabilisation, body posture,
balance and anticipation ability. there is
strong empirical and growing scientific
evidence that sport-specific neuromuscu-
lar training programmes can effectively
prevent knee and ankle injuries.
Plyometrics and agility: plyometrics
are defined as exercises that enable a
muscle to reach maximum strength in
as short a time as possible. Eccentric
muscle contractions are rapidly followed
by concentric contractions in many sport
skills. consequently, specific function-
al exercises that emphasise this rapid
change in muscle action must be used to
prepare athletes for their sport-specific
activities. the aim of plyometric train-
ing is to decrease the amount of time
required between the yielding eccentric
muscle contraction and the initiation of
the impending concentric contraction.
plyometrics provide the ability to train
specific movement patterns in a bio-
mechanically correct manner, thereby
strengthening the muscle, tendon and
ligament more functionally. plyometrics
and agility drills were the important com-
ponents of the programme which were
shown to be effective in the prevention
of knee and ankle injuries, and in particu-
lar Acl injuries.
8
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G
how to tEAch thE “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs”
Start with highlighting the im-
portance of injury prevention: all
referees should clearly understand
this message. only then should the
explanation and instruction of the
exercises begin.
the key for efficient teaching is to start
at level 1 and to focus on the correct
performance of the exercises. carefully
correct all mistakes. good body posi-
tioning is crucial. this allows for better
neuromuscular work and more efficient
training. when the referees are able to
perform the exercises correctly, the du-
ration and the number of repetitions can
be raised to the proposed intensity.
the following steps are helpful in teach-
ing an exercise:
- explain briefly and demonstrate one
exercise
- instruct the referees to practise the
exercise and give general feedback/
corrections
- discuss some of the problems with all
of the referees, and re-demonstrate
the exercise (maybe with one referee
who performs it well)
- instruct the referees to perform the
exercise again, and give individual
feedback/corrections
this method is particularly recommended
for the exercises in part 2. the running
exercises in parts 1 and 3 may need
shorter explanations and consequently
less learning time. usually, it may take
a minimum of two or three training
sessions until the referees are able to
perform all exercises of the “FIFA 11+
FoR REFEREEs” (level 1) correctly.
10
pRogREssIon to thE nExt lEvEl

Referees should begin with level 1. only

when an exercise can be performed
without difficulty for the specified du-
ration and number of repetitions should
the referee/assistant referee progress to
the next level of this exercise.

Ideally, progression to the next level is

individually determined for each referee.
If training in a group, for simplicity, all
referees can progress to the next level of
all exercises after three or four weeks.

Important: for all exercises, correct

performance is of great importance.
therefore, the coach should supervise
the programme and correct the referees
if necessary.

11
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WPNT-]\-O]YRMd-a]c-PQ]Yc-UKR-NYMN^R-]\-UKR-O]YRM-PY^-
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>6
REFEREncEs
bizzini M, junge A, bahr R, helsen w,
dvorak j.
Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints
in referees and assistant referees selected
for the 2006 FIFA world cup: retrospec-
tive and prospective survey.
br j sports Med. 2009 jul;43(7):490-7.
Epub 2008 jul 4.
bizzini M, junge A, bahr R, dvorak j.
Female soccer referees selected for the
FIFA women’s world cup 2007: survey
of injuries and musculoskeletal problems.
br j sports Med. 2009 dec;43(12):936-42.
Epub 2008 oct 16.
soligard t, Myklebust g, steffen K,
holme I, silvers h, bizzini M, junge A,
dvorak j, bahr R, Andersen tE.
comprehensive warm-up programme to
prevent injuries in young female footbal-
lers: cluster randomised controlled trial.
bMj. 2008 dec 9;337:a2469.
doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2469.
13
soligard t, nilstad A, steffen K, Mykle-
bust g, holme I, dvorak j, et al.
compliance with a comprehensive warm-
up programme to prevent injuries in
youth football.
br j sports Med 2010;44(11):787-793.
castagna c, Abt g, d’ottavio s.
physiological aspects of soccer refereeing
performance and training.
sports Med. 2007;37(7):625-46. Review.
weston M, castagna c, Impellizzeri FM,
bizzini M, williams AM, gregson w.
science and Medicine Applied to soccer
Refereeing: An update.
sports Med. 2012 jul 1;42(7):615-31.
doi: 10.2165/11632360-000000000-
00000. Review.
bizzini M, junge A, dvorak.
the FIFA 11+ Manual. FIFA, Zürich, 2011
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suMMARY

the “FIFA 11+ FoR REFEREEs” is a

complete warm-up programme aimed at
reducing injuries among male and female
referees and assistant referees.

the programme has been developed by

an international group of experts based
on the specific injury profile of referees
and on the “FIFA 11+” injury preven-
tion programme. teams that perform
the “FIFA 11+” at least twice a week
have 30 – 50% fewer injured players (as
demonstrated in research studies).

the programme should be performed,

as a standard warm-up, at the start of
each training session at least twice a
week and it takes around 20 minutes
to complete. prior to matches, only the
running exercises (parts 1 and 3) should
be performed.

For all exercises, correct performance

is of great importance. therefore, the
coach should supervise the programme
and correct the referees if necessary.

56
notEs

57
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