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Antennas TX/RX: Impedance Matching and The Smith Chart - The Fundamentals
Antennas TX/RX: Impedance Matching and The Smith Chart - The Fundamentals
Figure 2. Impedance at the load. and, Figure 3. The points situated on a circle are all
the impedances characterized by a same real
The amount of reflected signal from impedance part value. For example, the circle, R
= 1, is centered at the coordinates (0.5, 0) and has
the load is dependent on the degree of 1 − Γr 2 − Γi 2
mismatch between the source imped- r= a radius of 0.5. It includes the point (0, 0) which is
1 + Γr 2 − 2Γr + Γi2 the reflection zero point (the load is matched with
ance and the load impedance. Its (2.5) the characteristic impedance). A short-circuit, as
expression has been defined as follows: a load, presents a circle centered at the coordi-
By setting the real parts and the nate (0, 0) and has a radius of 1. For an open-cir-
cuit load, the circle degenerates to a single point
Vrefl ZL − ZO imaginary parts of (equation 2.5)
Γ= = = Γr + j ΓI equal, we obtain two independent new
(centered at 1, 0 and has a radius of 0). This cor-
Vinc ZL + ZO responds to a maximum reflection coefficient of
(2.1) relationships: 1, at which all of the incident wave is totally
reflected.
y
rotating an angle 180° g + jb =
−Γi around the center point (1 + Γr + jΓi )(1 − Γr + j
Constance (see Figure 7). 1 − Γr − Γi − j 2Γi
2 2
susceptance Of course, while Z and =
b circle 1/Z do represent the 1 + Γr 2 + 2Γr + Γ 2 i (3.3)
same component, the
Figure 7. Results of the 180° rotation. new point appears as a Next, by setting the real and the
different impedance imaginary parts of Equation 3.3 equal,
S). And, since Z is complex, Y must (the new value has a different point in we obtain two new, independent rela-
also be complex. the Smith chart and a different reflec- tionships:
Therefore, Y = G + jB, (2.20) where tion value, etc.). This occurs because
G is called “conductance” and B the the plot is an impedance plot. But the 1 − Γr 2 − Γi 2
“susceptance” of the element. One new point is, in fact, an admittance. g=
must exercise caution, though. By fol- Therefore, the value read on the chart 1 + Γr 2 + 2Γr − Γi2 (3.4)
lowing the logical assumption, one has to be read as mhos. −2Γi
may conclude that G = 1/R and B = While this method is sufficient for b=
1 + Γr + 2Γr + Γi2
2
(3.5)
2g 1− g
Γr 2 + Γr + Γi 2 =
g +1 1+ g (3.9)
Figure 8. A multi-element circuit.
g + 1 1 +g
2
g 1
+ 2
= 2
(1 + g ) (1 + g )
(3.11)
A 2
g 1
B Γr + + Γi =
2
g +1 (1 + g )
2
C (3.12)
D Which again is a parametric equa-
Z tion of the type (x-a) 2 + (y-b) 2 = R 2
(Equation 3.12), in the complex plane
Figure 9. The network of Figure 8 with its elements broken out for analysis.
(Γ r, Γ i), of a circle with its coordi-
nates centered at (-g/g+1 , 0) and hav-
ing a radius of 1/(1+g). Furthermore,
By developing (Equation 3.5), we show
that :
b b b (3.16)
2
2 1 1
(Γr + 1) + Γi + = 2
b b
(3.17)
Figure 12. The network of Figure 11 with its points plotted on the Smith chart.