CRIMINAL LAW DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. CRIMINAL LAW- is that branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and
provides for their punishment.

2. CRIME- crime is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it.

3. GENERAL (characteristic of criminal law) - general, in that criminal law is binding on all persons who
live or sojourn in Philippine territory.

4. TERRITORIAL (characteristic of criminal law) - in that criminal law undertakes to punish crimes
committee within Philippine territory.

5. PROSPECTIVE-(characteristic of criminal law)- in that a penal law cannot make an act punishable in a
manner in which it was not punishable when committed.

6. FRENCH RULE- such crimes are not triable in courts of that country, unless their commission affects
the peace and security of the territory or the safety of the state is endangered.

7. ENGLISH RULE-such crimes are triable in that country, unless they merely affect things within the
vessel or they refer to the internal management thereof.

8. FELONIES- felonies are acts and omissions punishable by the revised penal code.

9. ACT- any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external world.

10. OMISSION- is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
11. MISTAKE OF FACT- is a misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to
another.

12. MALA IN SE- wrongful from their nature, those so serious in their effects on society as to call for the
almost unanimous condemnation of its members and defined and penalized by the Revised Penal Code.

13. MALA PROHIBITA- wrong merely because prohibited by statute, are violations of mere rules of
convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulation of the affairs of society. The term mala
prohibita refers generally to acts made criminal by special laws.

14. INTENT- intent is the purpose to use a particular means to effect such result.

15. MOTIVE- motive is the moving power which impels one to action for a definite result.

16. CONSUMMATED FELONY- a felony is consummated when all the elements necessary for its execution
and accomplishment are present.

17. FRUSTRATED FELONY- when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the
felony as a consequence but which nevertheless, do not produce it by reason of causes independent of
the will of the perpetrator.

18. ATTEMPTED FELONY- when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt
acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some
cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.

19. OVERT ACTS- an overt act is some physical activity or deed, indicating the intention to commit a
particular crime, more than a mere planning or preparation, which if carried to its complete termination
following its natural course, without being frustrated by external obstacles nor by the voluntary
desistance of the perpetrator, will logically and necessarily ripen into a concrete offense.
20. INDETERMINATE OFFENSE- one where purpose of offender in the performing an act is not certain. Its
nature in relation to its objective is ambiguous.

21. CONSPIRACY- conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the
commission of a felony and decide to commit it.

22. PROPOSAL- there is a proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its
execution to some other person or persons.

23. IMPUTABILITY- is the quality by which an act may be ascribed to a person as its author or owner. It
implies that the act committed has been freely and consciously done and may, therefore, be put down to
the doer as his very own.

24. RESPONSIBILITY- is the obligation of suffering the consequences of crime. It is the obligation of taking
the penal and civil consequences of the crime.

25. GUILT- guilt is an element of responsibility, for a man cannot be made to answer for the
consequences of a crime unless he is guilty.

26. GRAVE FELONIES- are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in
any of their periods are afflictive.

27. LESS GRAVE FELONIES- are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum
period are correctional.

28. LIGHT FELONIES- are those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto
menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos, is provided.
29. JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES- are those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance with
law, so that such person is deemed not to have transgressed the law and is free from both criminal and
civil liability.

30. EXEMPTING CICUMSTANCES (non-imputability) - are those grounds for exemption from punishment
because there is wanting in the agent of the crime any of the conditions which make the act voluntary, or
negligent.

31. MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES- those which, if present in the commission of the crime, do not
entirely free the actor from criminal liability but only serve to reduce the penalty.

32. AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES- are those which, if attendant in the commission of the crime, serve
to increase the penalty without, however, exceeding the maximum of the penalty provided by law for
the offense.

33. GENERIC (kind of aggravating circumstances) - those that can generally apply to all crimes.

34. SPECIFIC (kind of aggravating circumstances) - those that apply only to particular crime.

35. QUALIFYING (kind of aggravating circumstances) - those that change the nature of the crime.

36. INHERENT (kind of aggravating circumstances) - those that must of necessity accompany the
commission of the crime.

37. ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES- aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effect of the
crime and other conditions attending its commission.

38. INSTIGATION- public officer or private detective induces an innocent person to commit a crime and
would arrest him upon or after the commission of the crime by him.
39. ENTRAPMENT- a person has planned or is about to commit crime and ways and means are resorted
to by a public officer to trap and catch the criminal; not a defense.

40. ACCIDENT- any happening beyond control of persons, consequences of which are not foreseeable.

41. TREACHERY- when the offender commits any of the crime against the person , employing means,
methods or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly and specially to insure its execution,
without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might make.

42. IGNOMINY- moral suffering

43. CRUELTY- deliberate intention to prolong physical suffering of the victim.

44. HABITUAL DELINQUENCY- within 10 years from last release or last conviction of the crime of
falsification, robbery, estafa, theft, serious or less serious physical injuries, the offender is found guilty of
any of said crimes a third time or oftener.

45. RECIDIVISM- when the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of the revised penal code.

46. QUASI-RECIDIVISM- commits a felony after having been convicted by final judgment, before
beginning to serve such, or while serving the same, shall be punished by maximum period of penalty
prescribed by law for new felony.

47. REITARACION or HABITUALITY- accused is on trial for an offense, he has previously serves sentence
for another offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty, or for two or more crimes to
which it attaches lighter penalty than that for the new offense and that he is convicted of the new
offense.
48. OFFENSE- is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as Republic Acts, Presidential
Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations.

49. PENALTY- penalty is the suffering that is inflicted by the State for the transgression of a law.

50. COMPLEX CRIMES- when a single act constitutes two or more grave or less, grave felonies, or when
an offense is a necessary means for committing the other, the penalty for the most serious crime shall be
imposed.

imposed.

51. CONTINUED CRIME- a continued crime is a single crime, consisting of a series of acts but all arising
from one criminal resolution.

52. ABERRATIO ICTUS- mistake in the blow

53. ERROR IN PERSONAE-mistake in the identity of the victim

54. PRAETER INTENTIONEM- the injurious result is greater than that intended.

55. RESTITUTION-in theft, the culprit is duty bound to return the property stolen.

56. REPARATION- in case of inability to return the property stolen, the culprit must pay the value of the
property stolen.

57. APPEAL- a request to a higher (appellate) court for that court to review and change the decision of a
lower court
58. ASSAULT- a threat or use of force on another that causes that person to have a reasonable
apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive contact; the act of putting another person in reasonable
fear or apprehension of an immediate battery by means of an act amounting to an attempt or threat to
commit a battery.

59. ACQUITTAL- a jury verdict that a criminal defendant is not guilty or the finding of a judge that the
evidence is insufficient to support a conviction.

60. BATTERY- the application of force to another, resulting in harmful or offensive contact.

61. BRIBERY- The corrupt payment, receipt, or solicitation of a private favor for official action.

62. COUNTERFEITING- the forging, copying, or imitating of something (usually money) without a right to
do so and with the purpose of deceiving or defrauding.

63. TREASON- is a breach of allegiance to a government committed by a person who owes allegiance to
it.

64. ALLEGIANCE- is meant the obligation of fidelity and obedience which the individuals owe to the
government under which they live or to their sovereign, in return for the protection they receive.

65. NEUTRALITY- a nation or power which takes no part in a contest of arms going on between others is
referred to as neutral.

66. CORRESPONDENCE- is communication by means of letters, or it may refer to the letters which pass
between those who have friendly or business relations.

67. DOCUMENT- is any written statement by which a right is established or an obligation extinguished. A
document is a writing or instrument by which a fact may be proven and affirned.
68. PIRACY-it is robbery or forcible depredation on the high seas, without lawful authority and done with
animo furandi and in the spirit and intention of universal hostility.

69. MUTINY- it is the unlawful resistance to a superior officer, or the raising of commotions and
disturbances on board a ship against the authority of its commander.

70. PROBABLE CAUSE- probable cause can be defined as such facts and circumstances which would lead
a reasonable discreet and prudent man to believe that an offense has been committed and that the
object sought in connection with the offense are in the place sought to searched.

71. SEARCH WARRANT- is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines signed
by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described
therein and bring it before the court.

72. MISPRISION OF TREASON- every person owing allegiance to the government of the Philippine
Islands, without being a foreigner, and having knowledge of any conspiracy against them, conceals or
does not disclose and make known the same, as soon as possible to the governor or fiscal of the
province, or the mayor or the fiscal of the city in which he resides.

73. SEDITION- in its general sense, is the raising of commotions or disturbances in the State.

74. CHARIVARI-the term charivari includes a medley of discordant voices, a mock serenade of discordant
noises made on kettles, tins horns, etc.., designed to annoy and insult.

75. . ESPIONAGE- Without authority therefor, enters a warship, fort, or naval or military establishment or
reservation to obtain any information, plans, photographs, or other data of a confidential nature relative
to the defense of the Philippine Archipelago; or (2) Being in possession, by reason of the public office he
holds, of the articles, data, or information referred to in the preceding paragraph, discloses their
contents to a representative of a foreign nation.
76. INCITING TO WAR OR GIVING MOTIVES FOR REPRISALS. - The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be
imposed upon any public officer or employee, and that of prision mayor upon any private individual,
who, by unlawful or unauthorized acts provokes or gives occasion for a war involving or liable to involve
the Philippine Islands or exposes Filipino citizens to reprisals on their persons or property.

77. VIOLATION OF NEUTRALITY - The penalty of prision correccional shall be inflicted upon anyone who,
on the occasion of a war in which the Government is not involved, violates any regulation issued by
competent authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality.

78. FLIGHT TO ENEMY'S COUNTRY. - The penalty of arresto mayor shall be inflicted upon any person who,
owing allegiance to the Government, attempts to flee or go to an enemy country when prohibited by
competent authority.

79. PIRACY IN GENERAL AND MUTINY ON THE HIGH SEAS - The penalty of reclusion temporal shall be
inflicted upon any person who, on the high seas, shall attack or seize a vessel or, not being a member of
its complement nor a passenger, shall seize the whole or part of the cargo of said vessel, its equipment,
or personal belongings of its complement or passengers

80. EXPULSION - The penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon any public officer or
employee who, not being thereunto authorized by law, shall expel any person from the Philippine Islands
or shall compel such person to change his residence.

81. VIOLATION OF DOMICILE. - The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be
imposed upon any public officer or employee who, not being authorized by judicial order, shall enter any
dwelling against the will of the owner thereof, search papers or other effects found therein without the
previous consent of such owner, or having surreptitiously entered said dwelling, and being required to
leave the premises, shall refuse to do so.

82. DWELLING- means any building or structure exclusively devoted for rest and comfort as
distinguished from places devoted to business, offices, etc..,

83. INHABITED HOUSE- is any shelter, ship or vessel constituting the dwelling of one or more persons
even though the inhabitants thereof are temporarily.
84. PUBLIC BUILDING-is every building owned by the government or belonging to a private person but
used or rented by the government, although temporarily unoccupied by the same.

85. PREMISES- premises signifies distinct and definite locality. It may mean a room, shop, building or
definite area, but in either case, locality is fixed.

86. GRAVE THREATS- any person who shall threaten another with the infliction upon the person, honor,
or property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime.

87. UNJUST VEXATION- unjust vexation includes any human conduct which, although not productive of
some physical or material harm would, however, unjustly annoy or vex an innocent person.

88. SEIZE- it means to place in the control of someone a thing or to give him the possession thereof.

89. ROBBERY- is the taking of personal property belonging to another, with intent to gain, by means of
violence against, or intimidation of any person, or using force upon things.

90. FALSE KEYS- are genuine keys stolen from the owner or any keys other than those intended by the
owner for use in the lock forcibly opened by the offender.

91. BRIGANDAGE- is a crime committed by more than three armed persons who form a band of robbers
for the purpose of committing robbery in the highway or kidnapping persons for the purpose of
extortion or to obtain ransom, or for any other purpose to be attained by means of force and violence.

92. PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY- it shall refer to any road, street, passage, highway and bridges or other parts
thereof, or railway or railroad within the Philippines used by persons, or vehicles, or locomotives or
trains for the movement or circulation of persons or transportation of goods, articles, or property or
both.
93. THEFT- theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or
intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the
latter's consent.

94. FENCING- is the act of any person who, with intent to gain for himself or for another, shall buy,
receive, possess, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or dispose of, or shall buy and sell, or in any other manner
deal in any article, item, object or anything of value which he knows, or should be known to him, to have
been derived from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft.

95. ENCUMBRANCE- the term incumbrance includes every right or interest in the land which exists in
favour of third persons.

96. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF- malicious mischief is the wilful damaging of another's property for the sake of
causing damage due to hate, revenge or other evil motive.

97. ADULTERY- adultery is committed by any married woman who shall have sexual intercourse with a
man not her husband and by the man who has carnal knowledge of her, knowing her to be married,
even if the marriage be subsequently declared void.

98. LEWD- lewd is designed as obscene, lustful, indecent, and lecherous. It signifies the form of
immorality which has relation to moral impurity; or that which is carried on a wanton manner.

99. CONCUBINAGE- any husband who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or, shall have sexual
intercourse, under scandalous circumstances, with a woman who is not his wife, or shall cohabit with her
in any other place.

100. COHABIT- the term cohabit means to dwell together, in the manner of husband and wife, for some
period of time, as distinguished from occasional, transient interviews for unlawful intercourse.

101. SEDUCTION- seduction means enticing a woman to unlawful sexual intercourse by promise of
marriage or other means of persuasion without use of force.
102. ABDUCTION- is meant the taking away of a woman from her house or the place where she may be
for the purpose of carrying her to another place with intent to marry or to corrupt her.

103. BIGAMY- any person who shall contract a second or subsequent marriage before the former
marriage has been legally dissolved, or before the former marriage has been legally dissolved, or before
the absent spouse has been declared presumptively dead by means of a judgment rendered in the
proper proceedings.

104. LIBEL- is a defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, radio, phonograph,
painting or theatrical or cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means.

105. SLANDER- slander is oral defamation, it is libel committed by oral (spoken) means, instead of in
writing. The term oral defamation or slander as now understood, has been defined as the speaking of
base and defamatory words which tend to prejudice another in his reputation, office, trade, business or
means of livelihood.

106. MISFEASANCE- is the improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done

107. MALFEASANCE- is the performance of some act which ought not to be done.

108. NONFEASANCE-is the omission of some act which ought to be performed.

109. INFANTICIDE- the killing of any child less than three days of age, whether the killer is the parent or
grandparent, any other relative of the child, or a stranger.

110. DUEL- it is a formal or regular combat previously concerted between two parties in the presence of
two or more seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the selection of arms and fix all the other
conditions of the fight.
111. MUTILATION- means the lopping or the clipping off of some part of the body.

112. DEFORMITY- is meant physical ugliness, permanent and definite abnormality. It must be
conspicuous ad visible.

113. ARREST- A restraint on person, depriving one of his own will and liberty, binding him to become
obedient to the will of the law

114. PROOF- It refers to the accumulation of evidence sufficient to persuade the trial court.

115. QUANTUM OF EVIDENCE- the totality of evidence presented for consideration

116. QUANTUM OF PROOF - refers to the degree of proof required in order to arrive at a conclusion.

117. BURDEN OF EVIDENCE - the duty of a party of going forward with evidence.
118. BURDEN OF PROOF - the duty of the affirmative to prove that which it alleges.

119. COLLATER MATTERS - matters other than the fact in issue and which are offered as a basis for
inference as to the existence or non-existence of the facts in issue.

120. PROBATIVE VALUE - It is the tendency of the evidence to establish the proposition that it is offered
to prove.

121. ANTECEDENT CIRCUMTANCES - facts existing before the commission of the crime [i.e. hatred, bad
moral character of the offender, previous plan, conspiracy, etc.]

122. CONCOMITANT CIRCUMTANCES - facts existing during the commission of the crime [i.e.
opportunity, presence of the accused at the scene of the crime, etc.]
123. SUBSEQUENT CIRCUMTANCES - facts existing after the commission of the crime [i.e. flight,
extrajudicial admission to third party, attempt to conceal effects of the crime, possession of stolen
property, etc.]

124. CONFESSION - an acknowledgement of guilt.

125. ADMISSION - an acknowledgment of facts

126. RELEVANT EVIDENCE - evidence having any value in reason as tending to prove any matter provable
in an action.

127. MATERIAL EVIDENCE - evidence is material when it is directed to prove a fact in issue as determined
by the rules of substantive law and pleadings.

128. COMPETENT EVIDENCE - not excluded by law.

129. DIRECT EVIDENCE - proves the fact in issue without aid of inference or presumptions.

130. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - the proof of fact or facts from which, taken either singly or
collectively, the existence of a particular fact in dispute may be inferred as necessary or probable
consequence.

131. POSITIVE EVIDENCE- evidence which affirms a fact in issue

132. NEGATIVE EVIDENCE- evidence which denies the existence of a fact in issue.

133. REBUTTING EVIDENCE - given to repel, counter act or disprove facts given in evidence by the other
party.

134. PRIMARY/BEST EVIDENCE - that which the law regards as affording the greatest certainty.
135. SECONDARY EVIDENCE - that which indicates the existence of a more original source of information.

136. EXPERT EVIDENCE - the testimony of one possessing knowledge not usually acquired by other
persons.

137. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE - evidence which can stand alone to support a conviction unless rebutted.

138. CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE - incontrovertible evidence

139. CUMULATIVE EVIDENCE - additional evidence of the same kind bearing on the same point.

140. CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE - additional evidence of a different kind and character tending to prove
the same point as that of previously offered evidence.
141. CHARACTER EVIDENCE - evidence of a person's moral standing or personality traits in a community
based on reputation or opinion.

142. DEMEANOR EVIDENCE - the behavior of a witness on the witness stand during trial to be considered
by the judge on the issue of credibility.

143. DEMONSTRATIVE EVIDENCE - evidence that has tangible and exemplifying purpose.

144. HEARSAY EVIDENCE - oral testimony or documentary evidence which does not derive its value solely
from the credit to be attached to the witness himself.

145. TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE - oral averments given in open court by the witness.
146. OBJECT/AUOTOPTIC PROFERRENCE/REAL EVIDENCE - those addressed to the senses of the court
(sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste).

147. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE - those consisting of writing or any material containing letters, words,
numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written expression offered as proof of its contents.

148. BURDEN OF PROOF- the duty of a party to present evidence on the facts in issue necessary to
establish his claim or defense by the amount of evidence required by law.

149. PRESUMPTION - an inference as to the existence of a fact not actually known, arising from its usual
connection with another which is known or a conjecture based on past experience as to what course
human affairs ordinarily take.

150. CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTIONS [jure et de jure] - based on rules of substantive law which cannot be
overcome by evidence to the contrary.

151. DISPUTABLE PRESUMPTIONS - based on procedural rules and may be overcome by evidence to the
contrary.
152. ESTOPPEL BY RECORD OR JUDGEMENT - the preclusion to deny the truth of matters set forth in a
record, whether judicial or legislative, and also deny the facts adjudicated by a court of competent
jurisdiction

153. ESTOPPEL BY DEED- a bar which precludes a party to a deed and his privies from asserting as against
the other and his privies any right or title in derogation of the deed or denying the truth of any material
fact asserted in it

154. ESTOPPEL IN PAIS - based upon express representation or statements or upon positive acts or
conduct.

155. ESTOPPEL AGAINST TENANT - the tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his landlord at the
time of the commencement of the relation of landlord and tenant between them.
156. DIRECT EXAMINATION- the examination in chief of a witness by the party presenting him on the
facts relevant to the issue.

157. CROSS EXAMINATION - the examination by the adverse party of the witness as to any matter stated
in the direct examination, or connected therewith, with sufficient fullness and freedom from interest or
bias, or the reverse, and to elicit all important facts bearing upon the issue.

158. RE-DIRECT EXAMINATION - second questioning by the proponent to explain or supplement answers
given in the cross examination

159. RE-CROSS EXAMINATION - second questioning by the adverse party on matters stated on the re-
direct and also on such matters as may be allowed by court.

160. LEADING QUESTION -It is one where the answer is already supplied by the examiner into the mouth
of the witness.
161. MISLEADING QUESTION - a question which cannot be answered without making an unintended
admission.

162. COMPOUND QUESTION -a question which calls for a single answer to more than one question.

163. ARGRUMENTATIVE QUESTION - a type of leading question which reflects the examiners
interpretation of the facts.

164. SPECULATIVE QUESTION - a question which assumes a disputed fact not stated by the witness as
true.

165. CONCLUSIONARY QUESTION - a question which asks for an opinion which the witness is not
qualified or permitted to answer.
166. CUMULATIVE QUESTION - a question which has already been asked and answered.

167. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - It is a generic term used to describe the network of laws and rules which
govern the procedural administration of criminal justice.

168. CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE - The authority to hear and decide a particular offense and impose
punishment for it.

169. SUBJECT MATTER - cases of the general class where the proceedings in question belong as
determined by the nature of the offense and the penalty imposed by law.

170. TERRITORY - the geographical limits of the territory over which the court presides and where the
offense was committed.
171. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION - It is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is
sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed and the
respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.

172. ARREST- The taking of a person in custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.

173. HOT PURSUIT ARREST - when an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to
believe based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person arrested has committed
it.

174. BAIL - The security given for the release of a person in custody of the law, furnished by him or a
bondsman, to guarantee his appearance before any court as required under the conditions of law.

175. ARRAIGNMENT - The initial step in a criminal prosecution whereby the defendant is brought before
the court to hear the charges and to enter a plea.

176. EVIDENCE - sanctioned by the rules, for ascertainment in a judicial proceeding, the truth, respecting
a matter of fact.
177. COMPLAINT - A complaint is a sworn written statement charging a person with an offense

178. INFORMATION - is an accusation in writing charging a person with an offense.

179. THE MIXED SYSTEM - the so-called mixed system is a good combination of the good features and
characteristic of the inquisitorial and the accusatorial system.

180. THE ACCUSATORIAL - under this system of procedure, prosecution of crimes is conducted either at
the initiative of the public prosecutor or of the offended party himself.

181. THE INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM - this system in criminal procedure is characterized by secrecy of
investigation, the employment of torture and violence to obtain confession from the accused, the denial
of right of confrontation and of the right of counsel, and of appeal in all cases.

182. JURISDICTION - as the authority to hear and determine a cause.

183. VENUE - is a geographical division in which an action is brought to trial.

184. JOHN DOE WARRANT - It is one issued to person whom the witnesses cannot identify

185. PROPERTY BOND - is an undertaking constituted as a lien on the real property given as security for
the amount of the bail

186. FACTUM PROBANDUM - is the ultimate fact sought to be established.

187. FACTUM PROBANS - is the evidentiary fact by which the ultimate fact is to be established.

188. REBUTTAL EVIDENCE - is that which is given to explain, repel, counteract or disprove facts given in
evidence by the adverse party.

189. SUR REBUTTAL - is that which is given to repel, counteract or disprove facts given in rebuttal
evidence.

190. IRRELEVANT EVIDENCE - is that which has no tendency in reason to establish the probability or
improbability of a fact issue.

191. INCOMPETENT EVIDENCE - is one who excluded by law either on grounds of its immateriality,
irrelevancy, and want of credibility or for any other reason.

192. INADMISSABLE EVIDENCE - is that which is irrelevant to the issue or which is excluded by the rules
of evidence.
193. IMMATERIAL EVIDENCE - is that which is not directed to prove a fact in issue as determined by the
rules of substantive law and of pleadings

194. JUDICIAL NOTICE - means no more than that the court will bring to its aid and consider, without
proof of the facts its knowledge of those matters of public concern which are known by all well informed
persons.

195. EXTRA JUDICIAL ADMISSION - are those made out of the court or in judicial proceeding other than
the one under consideration.

196. DYING DECLARATION. - The declaration of a dying person, made under the consciousness of an
impending death,

197. PART OF THE RES GESTAE. - Statements made by a person while a startling occurrence is taking
place or immediately prior to or subsequent thereto with respect to the circumstances thereof

198. PREJUDICIAL QUESTION - It is a question, which arises in a case the resolution of which is a logical
antecedent of the issue or issues involved in said cases, and the cognizance of which pertains to another
tribunal.

199. ERROR OF JUDGEMENT - An error of judgment is one, which the court may commit in the exercise
of its jurisdiction.

200. ERROR OF JURISDICTION - An error of jurisdiction renders an order or judgment void or void able

PARICIDE-Pag patay sa tatay o nanay ng 1 anak, o Pag patay ng lolo sa knyang apo,o Pag patayan ng mag
asawa (dapat ay kasal )
HOMICIDE- di sadyang pagptay ng 1 tao

MURDER- pag patay na pinagplanuhan, sa likuran sinaksak o binaril, niresbakan, patraydor, karumal
dumal, at walang laban ang biktima.

INFANTICIDE- pag patay sa sanggol na less than 3 days old.

Kpg lgpas na 3 araw ang bata ang kaso ng pumty na my edad na ay murder dahil s puntong yon ay
walang laban ang bata sa kanya

ABORTION-makasalanang pag papalaglag sa sinapupunaan ng bata.

PHYSICAL INJURIES-pananakit sa 1 tao na magdudulot ng pasa o pagkabali ng katawan o paltos.

UNJUST VEXATION-pang aasar,pangu2tyao pang iinis sa isang tao sa harap ng marami o ibang tao.

MALICIOUS MISCHIEF- paninira ng gamit ng iba

VANDALISM-ipinagbabawal n pagsusulat o pagbaboy o pagdudumi ng 1 pader o khit anong bwal sulatan.

VAGRANCY-bagansya, ipingbabawal n pag gala tuwing

gabi

ALARM &SCANDAL-pag wawala, pag ssigaw, pang gugulo s thimik na lugar.

( mdalas to s mga lasing na nagwawala tuwing gabi o ngsisiga-sigaan ).

FORGERY-pamemeke ng,ID, card, files o ng kahit anong dokumento.

PERJURY-nanumpa na mgssbi ng katotohanan sa harap ng judge tpos babawiin .

GRAVE THREAT- matinding pananakot s 1 tao sa pmmgitan ng pgba2nta s buhay.

USURPATION OF AUTHORITHY pag panggap na sya ay pulis,nbi, khit hindi.

ILLEGAL USE OF INSIGNIA/UNIFORM-

Pagsusuot ng uniporme ng pulis,tsapa o rango

ABDUCTION-pagtanan sa isang babae,

SEDUCTION- pang aakit n malaswa sa isang babae.

ACT OF LASCIVIOUSNESS -pang hihipo o bastos na gawain ng lalake s harap ng babae.

LIBEL-pnnrang puri o ng dangal ng 1 tao sa pammaraan ng pnaskil s bilbord,s dyaryo,tv, magazine, radio,

SLANDER- paninirang puri o ng dangal ng 1 tao sa pmmraan ng( minura s harap ng ibang tao, sinabihan
ng pokpok yang babae na yan,kabet o kirida,

SLANDER BY DEED- nasira ang dangal ng 1 tao s harap ng iba dahil cnmpal sya,sinabunutan, o dinuraan.

BIGAMY-nakasal n kinasal p ulit s iba.( kpg ptay n o di n mkita dhil nwwla ung asawa, dpat ay lumipas
muna ang 7 taon bgo mgpaksal muli s iba)

CONCUBINAGE-ang lalake ayksal ngunit may kabit at dinadala s bahay ng pmilya,

ADULTERY- ang babaeng kasal n ay nakikipagsama p s ibang lalake o nkikirelasyon.

ARBITRARY DETENTION-Pulis, baranggay o opisyal s oras ng trabaho ngkulong ng tao o may sala s loob ng
1 araw s kulungan n wala namang isinasampa o issmpang kaso.

ILLEGAL DETENTION-kahit cnong tao n magkukulong s 1 pang tao ng 1 araw o mahigit

( kht s c.r., loob ng kwarto, cabinet,o kulungan man ng aso )

KIDNAPPING-pag kuha, pagdukot o pagtago s bata o tao ng mahigit 1 araw n may hinihinging kapalit.

ROBBERY-pag kuha sa 1 bagay o gamit, pag mamay ari ng iba n gnmitan ng dahas,paninira, o pananakot

( Mga uri ng halimbawa )

Robbry snatching- Hinablot

Robbery Hold-up-Hinoldap

Robbery with d use of force-Para mpsok ang bhy cnira ang pinto o bintana.

THEFT- pagkuha s 1 bagay o pag mamay ari ng palihim, salisi , padukot, o ndampot khit alam kung cno my
ari ngunit d cinoli.

( Mga uri ng halimbawa )

Shoplift-,salisi, budol-budol

TRESPASS TO DWELLING pag pasok s bahay ng iba ng di alam o walng phintulot ng may-ari.

( trespassing lang nksnayn n slita d2 )

MUTILATION-pag putol s parte ng katawan ng buhay n tao hal. Tenga, dila, o ari

ESTAFA- may kasunduan o may kontrata s ngunit d tinapos byaran o tinaksan

SWINDLING-planadong panloloko s pmamaraan ng pera,hal. Ahente o negosyante pagkatapos byaran o

makuha ang pera o bayad ay tatakasn, may bnenta ngunit palpak

( hal.

Budol-budol at illegal recruit )

TREASON-pag ttksil s sariling bayan s oras ng pkikidigma o pakkpag away s ibang bansa

ESPIONAGE- paniniktik ng di kilalang tao o dayuhan s loob ng sskyang pndigma ng pilipinas

MUTINY- pag aklas o pag aaklas-(Hal. Sundalo di sumunod s superior officer para mag aklas..( MAGDALO
SOLDIERS )

EXPULSION- public officer o emlpeyado ang nag pa alis s tinitrhan na hindi naman autorisado magpa
layas

S-O-C-I-O-L-O-G-Y

*Where Lombroso donate his body? UNIVERSITY OF TAURINE (ITALY)

*Explain the origin or cause of the crime. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

*Oldest form of punishment? BANISHMENT

*Believe that criminal could be read to their facial feature.-J.K LAVATER

*Human behavior is product of internal and external forces. IDEA OF POSITIVIST

*Contradicted to lombroso’s theory. ALEXANDER LACASAGNE

”Penalty must be balance to crime committed”.

“ it is better to prevent crime than to punish them”.

HUMAN FREE WILL

“You can control criminal behavior because of fear of punishment”.

-CESARE BECCARIA

“Seek pleasure and avoid pain”

UTILITARIAN HEDONISM

-JEREMY BENTHAM
“Criminal should not be held liable because they are not force to commit crime”

-ENRICO FERRI

“Not only to physical but to moral defect why person commits crime”

-RAFAELLE GAROFALLO

“Study of personality development of mental and moral based on the shape of skull”

-FRANZ JOSEPH GALL

“People whose criminal mind have not allowed to have children” (criminal mind is inherited)

-CHARLES GORING

“People learn from one another through the process of imitation” (IMITATION THEORY)

-GABRIEL TARDE

“Youth faces inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles”. (IDENTITY CRISIS)

-ERIK ERIKSON

“Those who have inferiority have temp to other individual” (INFERIORITY COMPLEX)

-ALFRED ADLER

“People travel through stages of life”. (MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY)

-LAURENCE KOHLBERG

“People cannot achieve their needs will result to frustration. (STRAIN THEORY)

-ROBERT KING MERTON

“Punishment means restoring the balance between pleasure and pain”

-ARISTOTLE

“Those who are belong to lower class of society they feel embittered”. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION THEORY

“Criminal behavior is learned but not inherited”. SOCIAL LEARNING

“Partly biological but primarily sociological”. NURTURE THEORY

*SOCIAL BOND. (Commitment, Involvement,Belief, Attachment)

*Conflict theory/Father of communism. KARL MARX

*Block or thwart of his/her needs. FRUSTRATION

*Manner by which a person reacts to frustration. COPING MECHANISM

*Easy to negotiate in Hostage taking. COMMON CRIMINAL

*Theory of anomie. –EMILE DURKHEIM

*The origin of anomie. –STRAIN THEORY

*Committed by people who belong to lower class of society. INSTRUMENTAL CRIME

*Old person still commits crime. CHRONIC OFFENDER

*Female who commits crime have the same biological traits to man. MASCULITY HYPOTHESIS

*Cartographic School of Criminology. ADOLPHE QUETELET

*Female treated leniently by the police because male have gracious attitude towards woman.
CHIVALRY HYPOTHESIS

*Victim initiated for confrontation. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY (Marvin Wolfgang)

*It is not involved in victim precipitation theory. CHOICE THEORY

*Reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age. SPONTANEOUS REMISSION (Aging out)

*increase exposure to criminal ( wrong place at a wrong time). LIFE STYLE THEORY

*Place is the problem why people commits crime. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY

*Triads of crime. OPPURTUNITY, DESIRE, CAPABILITY

*Somatotype- WILLIAM SHELDON

*MESOMORPH- Muscular (mostly commit VIOLENT CRIME)

*ENDOMORPH- Heavy ( commit fraud) *ECTOMORPH-Thin

*ID- Pleasure principle *EGO-Reality principle (gateway to action) *SUPEREGO-Moral Conscience

*DELUSION- False belief *HALLUCINATION-False perception

*Best to become a negotiator in hostage situation. PSYCHOLOGIST

*First thing to do upon arrival to area. CONTROL THE AREA

*Feeling or impression of stimulus- SENSATION

*Knowledge of the stimulus- PERCEPTION

*Psychological activity based on interpretation.-AWARENESS

*Committed only by minor. STATUS OFFENSE

*The one who determine the discernment. SOCIAL WORKER

*In charge to handle the case regarding minor. WOMEN’S DESK

*Determining the responsibility and treatment of a child. DIVERSION

*Most profitable or lucrative crime. DRUG TRAFFICKING

*Lack of adequate ability to perform police duty. INCOMPETENCY

*Set of norms and standard practice by member. SOCIAL DECORUM

*Ask participant to describe in detail their recent lifetime criminal activities. SELF SURVEY REPORT

*Observing a group of people who share a like characteristics over a period of time. COHORT
RESEARCH

*Exploitation of child by parent. SEXUAL ABUSE

* Killing mass of people “ offenders who seek to escape”. SERIAL MURDER

*”Do not seek concealment or escape”.-MASS MURDER

*Also known as Hate Crime. BIAS CRIME

*Repeatedly violate the law. CAREER CRIMINAL

*Child must turn over to social worker. 8 HOURS

*Arouse the young person.-PHEDOPHILIA

*Arouse the Old person.-GERONTOPHILIA

*Fear of firearm.-HOPLOPHOBIA

*Fear of stranger.-CENOPHOBIA

*High excitement. AROUSAL THEORY

*Theory adopted by the RPC. CLASSICAL THEORY

*Principal character of justice process which links all the components of CJS. OFFENDER

*Reactions so often repeated that becomes a person’s fixed characteristics or tendency. HABITS

*Refers to the needs of the body existing primarily for the maintenance of health and protection
LEA

*friends of friends of mafia.MAFIOSI

* japanese card.OCHI CABU

*mafia Code of silence-OMERTA

*Original name of mafia.LA COSTRA NOSTRA

*Code name of bin laden during operation-GERONIMO

*team direct kill Osama bin laden-SEAL TEAM 6

*Alqaeda means. THE BASE

*Taiwan.Bamboo gang

*japan.YAKUZA

*Hongkong. 14 k Gang

*Oldest Gang - TRIAD

*China.TRIAD

*Represent MAN,HEAVEN AND EARTH- TRIAD

*Maximum tenure of provincial Director-9 years

*maximum tenure of Regional Director- 6 years

*Highest rank.DIRECTOR GENERAL

*highest Possition.CHIEF PNP

*least expensive type of patrol.BICYCLE

*the Vintage ( other term of oldest) type of patrol.FOOT

*Major course of action that an organization takes to achieve the goal? STRATEGY

*Relates to the problem of equipage, staffing and preparing the police. MANAGEMENT

*Patrol, Investigation, Traffic, Vice and Juvenile. OPERATIONAL

*Heart of Police. COMMUNITY

*Blood and Veins. COMMUNICATION

*Maximum tenure of PNP Chief. 4 YEARS

*Multiple filing of complaints against an erring police. FORUM SHOPPING

*Police Professionalization of 1998. R.A 8551

*Line Function.80-85%

*Summary dismissal power. C/PNP, Reg.Dir., NAPOLCOM

*Modern Policing started in. ENGLAND

*Waiver of age for initial appointment. NOT BELOW 20 NOR OVER 35 YRS.OLD

*Longevity pay. 5 YEARS/10% BASIC PAY

*Physical Disability.80%

*Guardia Civil established on. 1852

*National Appelate Board. CHIEF PNP

*Head of IAS. INSPECTOR GENERAL

*AHWE.AGE,HEIGHT,WEIGHT,EDUCATION

*Suspension of Mayor to Police. 16 DAYS

*Mayor and Governor. DEPUTIZED BY NAPOLCOM

*Non-Promotion. 10 YEARS

*Waiver of Age. 1.57

*SWOT Analysis. FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS

*Cultural Minority. HEIGHT WAIVER

*Compulsory Retirement. 56 YEARS OLD

*Medal of Valor. CONSPICIOUS COURAGE

*Planning- FLEXIBILITY *Intelligence-TIMELINESS

*Reports to 1 supervisor. UNITY OF COMMAND

*To determine the quality of work performance of personnel, Performance evaluation is. DONE TWICE
A YEAR

*Officers Advance Course (OAC). CHIEF INSPECTOR

*Standard method of action. PROCEDURAL PLAN

*Procedural plan as safety procedure of arrest. HANDCUFFING TECHNIQUE

*Civil Service Commission. MERIT AND FITNESS (primary consideration in promotion)

*Most important for police officer. INTEGRITY AND HONESTY

*Formal process of choosing objectives. PLANNING

*Operational- WORK PROGRAM *Tactical- UNDER SPECIFIC CRICUMSTANCES

*Mission- FORMING AN ORGANIZATION *Objectives- ACCOMPLISHED BY THE PLAN

*Authorized list of visitors in malacanang. ACCESS LIST

*White list- CLEARED *Black list- UNFRIENDLY FORCES

*Focused on the pile of items rather than the background. GLARE-PROJECTION

*Security agency (Age) - 25 YEARS OLD. * Security Guard (Age)- 18 YEARS OLD

*Industrial plant and business enterprise. INDUSTRIAL SECURITY

*To deny visual access on the exterior and interior parallel area. SOLID FENCE (7ft. exclude the top
guard)

*Additional over hang parallel area. TOP GUARD (9FT.)

*Obstructed perimeter parallel area. CLEAR ZONE (20FT.)

*Preconceived plan. SYSTEMATIC PILFERER

*If he steals primarily because of irresistible urge. CASUAL PILFERER

*Man-Made Hazard. PILFERAGE

*Most destructive. FIRE

*First sequence of action in conducting security survey? EXAMINE AND ANALYZE THE SITE AND THE
ORGANIZATION

*Last phase of security. DEBRIEFING

*National Economy- RELATIVE CRITICALITY *Suceptability/against attack-RELATIVE VULNERABILITY

*First line- PERIMETER BARRIER *Last defense- PROTECTIVE STORAGE SYSTEM/CABINET

*Physical device capable of deterring,impeding…etc. BARRIER

*Man-made Barrier. STRUCTURAL

*A natural or man-made physical measure. PHYSICAL SECURITY

*Security consultant must have. EXPERIENCE IN OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY

BUSINESS

*License to operate validity- 2 years

*Private- 200 *Company- 30 * Gov’t security force-Max. 1000

*Barbed wire- 4FT. (semi-permanent) *Chain link- Permanent *Concertina wire- Least permanent

*Vertical perimeter fence- TOP GUARD *House-like Structure- TOWER GUARD

*Basic load of security guard- 25 LOADS OF AMMUNITION

(Police-30 loads of ammunition)

*Security guard must taught. PUBLIC RELATION

*Fact finding probe to determine a plant adequacy. SECURITY SURVEY

*How many percent of high powered firearm is allowed to be possessed by private security guard.
10%

*Final phase of intelligence. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION

*intelligence Philipphines-NICA

*intelligence in Russia-KGB

*CIA-U.S *Mossad-ISRAEL (finest intelligence) *MIS-ENGLAND *MAFIA- ITALY

*Surveillance of place/suitability of an area.CASING

*Top secret- GREEN *Secret- RED *Confidential- BLUE *Restricted-BLACK

*Reconnaisance- CASING

*Coded message converted. DECODING

*Processing of raw information. COLLATION

*War on terror- GEORGE W. BUSH / Ronald regan

*Head of anti-terrorism. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

LEA

RA. 5487-known as private security agency law

CSP- Certified security professional

PADPAO- Philippine Association of Detectives & protective agency operators

SAGSD- Security agency & Guard supervisor division

Jimenez security agency - 1St formally licensed private security agency w/ the business name of
special watchmen

FACTORS THAT BRING ABOUT UNSECURED CONDITIONS

Threats- an activity that could &lead to loss

Hazard- a condition that could lead to loss

Vulnerability- a weakness that can be used to again access to assets.

Risk- a potential loss or damage to an asset.

Private detective agency

- is any person who for hire or reward or on commission conduct or carries on or holds himself out as
conducting or carrying on a detective agency or detective service

Private detective

- any person is not a member of regular personal service to watch or secure either resindential or
business establishment or both or any building compound or area for hire or composition or as an
employee thereof.

Security cabinet

- is an added protection of important, vital, papers, plans, data special correspondences cash etc.

Types of Security Hazard

Human hazard- is the act or conditions affecting the safe operation of the facilities caused by human
action, accidental or intentional like sabotage espionage, pilferage theft act.

Natural hazard - is the act or situation caused by natural phenomenon like flood etc.

Types of barriers

Human barriers- guard, chargers of quarters, office personnel, shop workers etc.

Animal barriers- usually guards dogs, extrained germa shepherds,

Structural barriers- features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to delay
the intruder, example: walls ceilings, look, safe, windows.

Energy barriers- usually electrical or electronics used to provide assistance to guard personal ,example
protective lightning, anti- entreesion devices.

Protective Lighting

-it provides a means of continuing illuminations during hours of darkness.

- it is the single must cost- effective deterrent to crime because it creates a psychological deterrent to
the intruders.

Continuous lighting

-it is other wise called as "STATIONARY LUMINARY".

-the most familiar type of outdoor security

Lighting

-this is designed to provide two specific result: glare projections or controlled lighting

-it consist of a series of fixed glare projection type, controlled lighting.

Incandescent lamp

-it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed &has the advantage of providing instant
illumination when the switch is on.

Mercury vapor lamp

-it is considered more efficient than the incandescent.

Metal halide

-it is similar physical appearance to mercury vapor.

Fluorescent

-this provide good color.

Types of lighting equipment

Flood lights

-these can be used to accommodate most outdoor. Security lighting needs, including the illuminations
of boundaries fences & building & for the emphasis of vital areas or particular building.

Street light

-these lighting equipment received the most wide spread notoriety for it's in reducing value.

Search lightning

-these is highly focused incandescent lamp & are designed to pinpoint potential trouble spots.

Fresnel lights

- these is wide beam units, primarily used to extend the illumination long, horizontal strips, to protect
the approach to the perimeter.

Hazard

-it refers to conditions that may cause damage to property, injury, or loss of life.

1.Coined in the word "Criminology" - Rafaelle de Garofalo.

2. Father of Classical criminology- Cesare Beccaria.

3. Father of Criminalistics- Hans Gross

4. Father of Behavioral genetics- Francis Galton.

5. Father of traditional/Old Criminology - Cesare Beccaria

Father of Modern Criminology- Cesare Lombroso

6. Father of Questioned Doc. Examination- Albert Osborn

7. Father of Forensic/ ModernBallistics - Col. Calvin Henry Goddard

8. Father of Probation- John Augustus

9. Father of Organized Military Espionage- Frederick the great.

10. Mother of All Criminals- Ada juke/ Margaret.

11. First probation officer in the whole world- Edward Savage

12. Coined in the word "Photography" - William Herschel

13. Father of Police Professionalization- August Vollmer

14. Father of Police Organization- Henry Vayol.

15. Father of Utilitarianism- Jeremy Bentham

16. Father of Philippine Probation- Teodulo Natividad.

17. Father of English Probation- Matthew Daven Porthill.

18. Father of Parole/Modern Penology- Alexander Macanochie

19. First prison chaplain- Rev. Jarred Curtis

20. First Probation Officer- Edward Savage

21. Father of Modern Policing- Sir Robert Peel.

22. Father of traditional polygraphy- John A. Larson.

23. Father of Modern Law Enforcement- August Vollmer.

24. Father of Psycho analysis- Sigmund Freud

25. Father of forensic Investigation- Dr. Edmond Locard

26. Father of Podoscopy- Dr. Edmon Locard

27. Father of Personal Identification- Alphonse Bertillion

28. Father of fingerprint- Sir Richard Henry

29. F. of Criminalistics in Austria- Dr. Hans Gross

30. F. of Crims in America- Dr. Paul Kirk

31. F. of American Prison- Zebulon Reed Brockway.

32. F.of Victimology- Benjamin Mendelson Von Henteg

32. "Criminology" - Edwin Sutherland "Criminologie" -Italian word by Paul Topinard"

"Criminologia"-Latin word by Rafaelle de Garofalo

33. Benjamin Robins - F of Modern Gannery/F. of Ballistics pendiulum

34. Father of eugenics- Galton

First lethal injection- Leo echagaray/RAPE

35.John Augustus-Father of Probation

36.Edward Savage-First Probation officer in the world

37.Teodulo C. Natividad-Father of Philippine Probation

38.Mathew Davenfort Hill-Father of English Probation

39.Zebulon R. Brockway-He was the first superintendent of Elmira Reformatory

40.Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise-Director of English prisons who opened the Borstal institution

41.John Howard-known as the Father of Penitentiary

42.Sir Walter Crofton-He was the director of the irish prison

43.Alexander Macanochie-Father of modern Penology and Father of Parole

✅Republic Acts - are laws made by congress,the latter referring to house of representatives and
senate of the phils.duly signed by the president

✅Presidential Decrees- are laws made and approved by then former president marcos; here are some
of them;

P.D. 1414 - created the law on indigenous person,or the katutubo

P.D. 1619 - solvent and volatile

P.D. 968 - PROBATION LAW

P.D. 603 - THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE ACT CODE..EFFECTIVE JUNE 8 1975

P.D. 1069 - PHIL EXTERNAL/EXTRADITION LAW

P.D. 532 - ANTI PIRACY AND ANTI HIGHWAY LAW OF 1974

P.D. 533 - ANTI-CATTLE RUSTLING LAW OF 1974

P.D. 1602 - ILLEGAL GAMBLING

P.D. 1866 - AS AMENDED BY R.A. 8294,ILLEGAL POSSESSION OF FIREARM AND EXPLOSIVES

P.D. 1612 -ANTI FENCING LAW

P.D. 684 - CREATED SK

P.D. 1184 - CREATED THE PPSC

P.D.229 -DECLARING BGY CHAIRMAN AS PERSON IN AUTHORITY

P.D. 557 - DECLARING ALL BARRIOS AS BARANGAY

P.D. 1508 - CREATION OF BARANGAY COURT

P.D.1829 - PENALIZING OBSTRUCTION OF APPREHENSION AND PROSECUTION OF CRIMINAL

OFFENDER

P.D. 46 - ACT PUNISHING THE RECEIVING AND GIVING OF GIFTS OF PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND EMPLOYEES

P.D 1689 - INCREASED THE PENALTY FOR CERTAIN FORMS OF ESTAFA

P.D.2018 - MAKES THE ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT A CRIME OF ECONOMIC SABOTAGE PUNISHABLE BY LIFE
IMPRISONMENT

P.D 133 - PRESCRIBED HEAVY PENALTY FOR EMPLOYEES THEFT AND LABORERS

P.D.1185 - FIRE CODE OF THE PHILS

P.D.1731 - PROVIDES FOR REWARDS AND INCENTIVES TO GOVT WITNESS AND INFORMANTS

P.D 1732 - PROVIDES IMMUNITY FOR GOVT WITNESSES

P.D., 1869 - PROHIBITION OF GOVT OFFICIALS TO ENTER IN GAMBLING HOUSE AND CASINOS

R.A 7160 - LOCAL GOVT CODE OF 1991

R.A. 4103 - INDETERMINATE SENTENCE LAW

R.A. 4200 - ANTI-WIRE TAPPING LAW

R.A. 1524 - PROVIDES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE CONDITIONS FOR PARDON

R.A. 7610 - SPECIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AGAINST CHILD ABUSED EXPLOITATION AND
DISCRIMINATION ACT AS AMENDED

R.A. 9344 - JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE SYSTEM MY 4 2006

R.A. 9231 - CHILD LABORING ACT

R.A. 6809 - LOWERING THE AGE OF MINORITY FROM 21 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE,TOTALLY EMANCIPATED

R.A 7659 - DEATH PENALTY

R.A. 8177 - ACT DESIGNATING DEATH BY LETHAL INJECTION LAW

R.A. 3019 - AS AMENDED BY ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPTION PRACTICES

R.A. 6713 - CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND EMPLOYEES

R.A. 7080 - ANTI-PLUNDER ACT

R.A. 7877 - ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT