How are crops modified?

Protoplast fusion
- Fusion of cells or cell components to transfer traits between species
 Male sterility is transferred from radishes to red cabbage by fusing their cells
- Genome editing
 Use of an enzyme system to modify DNA directly within the cell
* used to develop resistant canola to help farmers control weeds
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Gene therapy
- Genes as drugs in the treatment of genetic disorders
Somatic:

Other kind:

Which genetic disorder can be treated for gene therapy?

- Single-gene change mutations

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Gene delivery methods
Ex vivo
Pros: immune system not in contact with vector
Cons: transplantation, time consuming & expensive
In vivo