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REACTOR
A reactor is the place where the desired reaction takes place that is, the removal of a
selected contaminant.
Containers, vessels or tanks in which chemical or biological reactions are carried out.
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Materials Balance
(mass balance )
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Materials Balance
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There may be mass generation in the control volume also.
https://www.princeton.edu/~asme/uploads/2/2/6/7/22674800/chemical_engineering
_study_guide.pdf
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/stenstro/Reactor.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-77-water-quality-
control-spring-2006/lecture-notes/chapter5lecture.pdf
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http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-77-water-quality- 8
control-spring-2006/lecture-notes/chapter5lecture.pdf
Rate of Rate of flow Rate of flow Rate of mass
accumulation of mass into of mass out generation/elimination
of mass within = the system of the system + within
the system boundary boundary the system
boundary
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Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation/Elimination
Generation/Elimination term. can be “+” or “-“
[Most of the materials of interest disappear and therefore generation term is “-“ in most cases.]
Symbolic Representation:
C A
0
t
12
REACTOR MODELS
Common reactor configurations include (a) completely mixed batch reactors,
(b) completely mixed flow reactors (CMFRs), and (3) plug flow reactors (PFRs).
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REACTOR MODELS
5 principal reactor models used in Environmental Engineering operations:
1. Batch reactor
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Types of Reactors Used in Water Treatment
Source: MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Third Edition, Ch6
John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe and George Tchobanoglous, 2012 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 15
Source: MWH’s Water Treatment: Principles and Design, Third Edition , Ch6
John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe and George Tchobanoglous, 2012 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 16
BATCH REACTORS
Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm
Applications:
Is a non-continuous and perfectly mixed closed vessel where a reaction takes place.
A common use of batch reactors in laboratories is to determine the reaction
equation and rate constant for a chemical reaction.
The kinetic information determined in a batch reactor can be used to design other types of
reactors and full-scale treatment facilities.
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Batch reactors have no inputs or outputs.
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The reaction rate equation can be substituted for r and Eq. 4-64 can be
integrated to yield an equation for C as a function of t.
For a first-order reaction, r = - kC
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For a second-order reaction, r = - kC2
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COMPLETE-MIX REACTORS
(CFSTR=Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor)
Fluid particles that enter the reactor are
instantaneously dispersed throughout the reactor
volume
dC
QCo QC rV
dt
No concentration gradient within the system.
conservative (non-reactive)
Material input may be
Q ,Co Q ,C non-conservative (reactive)
C,
NOTE
For conservative (non-reactive) material input having Co conc., eff. conc. is initially C (not Co)
due to unsteady state condition.
Some reactor analyses are conducted with conservative (or nonreactive) constituents.
It may seem that conservative chemicals would be of little interest in reactor analysis.
However, they provide a mechanism for understanding the hydraulic characteristics of a
reactor.
Since conservative constituents do not react, they flow with the water and stay in a
reactor as long as the water stays in the reactor.
Thus, a curve of effluent concentration of a conservative constituent reveals the
residence time distribution of the water in the reactor.
Conservative constituents are commonly called tracers, and tests to determine the
residence time distribution of a reactor are called tracer tests.
→ Tracers (dyes, electrolytes, radioactive isotopes) are used to characterize the degree
of mixing.
→ must be conservative
does not participate in any reaction
it is not adsorbed or absorbed by reactor or its contents
→ are assumed to be moved about in the same manner as the water molecules
their flow pattern will mimic liquid flow pattern.
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Tracer tests
When a pulse input is introduced into a CFSTR, the effluent tracer concentration
instantly reaches a maximum as the tracer is uniformly distributed throughout the
reactor.
As clean water (containing no tracer) continues to enter the reactor after time = 0, the
tracer gradually dissipates in an exponential manner as the tracer material leaves the
effluent.
The exponential shape of the tracer curve can be demonstrated using a mass balance
analysis of a CMFR.
Response of CFSTR to Pulse Tracer Input
dC
∀ -QC r∀
dt since the tracer
is non-reactive
dC
∀ -QC
Divide by V
dt
dC Q
dt
C V
V/Q is defined as the hydraulic residence time (HRT). It is the time that the influent feed
spends inside the reactor. Every molecule entering the reactor will have the exact same
amount of time in the reactor
V/Q may be denoted with the symbols , tR, tD , HRT, τ.
HRT is an important design parameter. Process efficiency is dependent on hydraulic
residence (detention) time.
HRT affects the operational and investment costs and energy requirements, and in
general, higher HRTs will lead greater investment costs.
dC Q
dt
C V
At t=0+ (time immediately after tracer is added), the tracer is uniformly dispersed
within the CFSTR. Thus, integrate for CFSTR with C0 beginning at t=0, and C at t=t
C dC Q t
dt
Co C V t 0
Q
LnC LnC 0 t
V
C Q
Ln t
Co V
C Q
Ln t
Co V 30
Response of CFSTR to Pulse Tracer Input
C Q t
e
C0
Q 1
V
C
et /
C0
31
C Q t C
e et /
C0 C0
This equation demonstrates that the effluent concentration from a CFSTR will be C = C0
at t =0, C =0 at infinite time, and decay exponentially between those extremes.
dC
∀ (QC ) - QC r∀
i since the tracer
dt is non-reactive
dC
∀ (QC ) - QC i
dt
Divide by Q
∀ dC
C -C i
Q dt
Response of CFSTR to StepTracer Input
∀ dC
C -C i
Q dt
Integrate for CFSTR with C=0 beginning at t=0, and C at t=t
C dC Q t
1 1
dt dx ln ax b
C 0 Ci C t 0 ax b a
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1 Q
Ln Ci C C
C 0 t
1
Ln Ci C Ln Ci 0
Q
t
Q
LnCi C LnCi t
Q
LnCi C LnCi t
C i C Q
Ln .t
Ci
-Q ∀t (Divide both sides by Ci)
Ci - C Cie
C
1- e - Q ∀ t
C i
C Q t C t /
1 e 1 e
Ci Ci 35
Response of CFSTR to StepTracer Input
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/IDEAL%20REACTORS.pdf
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Response of CFSTR to StepTracer Input
Q m3 / sec 1 1 C t / t
Hydraulic retention time 1 e R
m3 sec tR C0
(HRT)
3737 t / t C
R C0
0 0 t=0, C=0
0,5 1 e 0,5 =0,393
1 1 e1 =0,632
2 1 e 2 =0,865
After this time, C/C0
3 1 e 3 =0,952
does not change.
4 1 e 4 =0,982
5 1 e 5 =0,99
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Response of CFSTR to StepTracer Input
1,2
After this time, C/C0
does not change
1
C/Co 0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t/tR
C t / t
1 e R
C0
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/IDEAL%20REACTORS.pdf
39
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/IDEAL%20REACTORS.pdf 40
Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant) Input
Unsteady State
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Outlet Concentration, Co, mg/L
time
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Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant) Input
Unsteady State
Q ,Co Q ,C
C,
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Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant) Input
Unsteady State
dC
QC0 QC elimination First-order rxn r=-kC
dt ∴ elimination term =r = -kC
dC
QC0 QC k.C. (Divide both sides by )
dt
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Q 1
.C0 C k.C
dc Q
( = )
dt ∀ tR
dc C0 Ck.C.tR
dt tR
dc C0 C(1k.tR )
dt tR
dc C0 C(1k.tR )
dy
dt tR tR P(x)y Q(x)
dx
dc C0
1
- C.
k Integration factor= e P(x).dx
dt t R tR
Multiply both sides w/integration
factor
dc 1 C d[ye ∫
P( x (/dx
]
+ c ( +k) = 0 46
dt tR tR Left hand side =
Q(x)
1 dc 1 C
k e .dt e.t + c ( +k) = 0
tR dt tR tR
d C.et 1
.Co.e.t
dt tR
Ct
t
t 1
d C.e .C0 .et .dt
t
C0 t 0 R
Ct t 1 ax
C.e.t .C0 . .et
1 1 ax
e dx e
C0 tR t 0 a
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C0 t / tR
Ct (1 e )
1ktR
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Start-up of an ideal CFSTR. C0 t / tR
Ct (1 e )
Co=100 mg/L tR = 10 min 1ktR
0,60
0,50
0,40 k=0.1
k=0.2
C/Co
0,30
k=0.3
k=0.4
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (min)
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Start-up of an ideal CFSTR. C0 t / tR
Ct (1 e )
Co=100 mg/L tR = 10 min 1ktR
60
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Effluent Concentration, C, mg/L
40 k=0.1
k=0.2
30 k=0.3
k=0.4
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (min)
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Response of CFSTR to Non-Conservative (Reactant) Input
Steady State
Q ,Co Q ,C
C,
As t approaches infinity ( ) steady-state solution is approached
C0 t / tR t / tR
Ct (1 e ) e 0
1ktR
C0 CFSTR, steady-state, non-
Ct conservative (reactive) reactant
1k.tR having 1st order reaction rate.
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For steady-state condition (1st order reaction):
dc
dt
∀= QC0 - QC - kC∀ (Divide both sides by )
dc Q Q
= C0 - C - kC
dt ∀ ∀
dc
At steady-state 0
dt
1
kC = (C0 -C)
tR
kCtR + C = C0
CFSTR, steady-state, non-conservative
C0
C (reactive) reactant having 1st order
1k.tR 52
reaction rate.
CASCADE OF COMPLETE MIX REACTORS
(CFSTR in series)
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CASCADE OF COMPLETE MIX REACTORS
(CFSTR in series)
At steady-state: dc
∀1 = QC0 - QC1 + r∀1
1st reactor dt
dc Q Q
= C0 - C1 + r
dt ∀1 ∀1
. . . .
1 1
0= C0 - C1 + r
1 2 n tR1 tR1
C0
1 1+ktR1 C1
0= C0 - C1
tR1
1ktR1
tR1
dc
2nd reactor ∀2 = QC1 - QC2 + r∀2
dt
dc Q Q
= C1 - C2 + r
dt ∀2 ∀2
. . . . 1 1
0= C1 - C2 + r
tR2 tR2
1 2 n
1 1+ktR2
C2
C1 C0 C0
0= C1 - C2 C1 = C2
tR2 tR2 1ktR2 1+ktR1 1ktR1 . 1ktR2
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dc
3rd reactor ∀3 = QC2 - QC3 + r∀3
dt
dc Q Q
= C2 - C 3 + r
dt ∀3 ∀3
. . . . 1 1
0= C2 - C 3 + r
tR3 tR3
1 2 n
1 1 C0
0= C2 - C3( + k) C2 =
tR3 tR3 (1+ktR1 )(1+ktR2 )
1 1+ktR3 C2
0= C2 - C 3 C3 C0
tR3 tR3 1ktR3 C3
1ktR1 1ktR2 1ktR3
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C0
C1
1ktR1
C0
C2
1ktR1 . 1ktR2
C0
C3
1ktR1 1ktR2 1ktR3
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CASCADE of COMPLETE MIX REACTORS
(Complete Mix Reactor in Series)
n-1 n n+1
is used to model the flow regime that exists between the hydraulic flow patterns
corresponding to the complete and plug flow reactors.
V2=25.9x 10 ^5 m3
V3=17.28 x 10 ^5 m3
v4=8.64 x 10 ^5 m3
V5=25.92x 10 ^5 m3
The river reach shown has been divided into 5 segments based on measured velocities and
depths. An industrial facility is planned just upstream of the 1st segment and it is necessary
to estimate effect of ww discharge. A series of dye experiments have been run and each of
the segments was found to behave as an approximate CFSTR. The pollutant is expected to
disappear according to 1st order reaction. For the data given determine the steady-state
pollutant conentration in each segment.
Q ri ver 5m3 / sec
k 0,2day 1
C 0 30g / m3 59
PLUG FLOW REACTOR-(PFR)
No mixing in the axial direction.
An effluent tracer (conservative) signal is exactly the same as the input , except
that is transposed in time by tR.
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PLUG FLOW REACTORS (PFR)
63
→ PF conditions are achieved by designing long and narrow reactors or placing
baffles in a reactor.
64
→ In a PF situation the mass balance must be taken over an incremental volume because a
longitudinal concentration gradient exists (since there is no longitudinal mixing.
Materials Balance:
Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation
∂
∀ QC0 x - QCx x r∀
c
∂t
∂
c Q
= (Cx -Cx + Δx )+ r
∂t Δ∀
Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
∂
c Q
= (Cx -Cx + Δx )+ r
∂t AΔx 65
c Q C x C x x
r
t A x
PFR
c Q c c Qc
r r Unsteady-state
t A x t conditions
66
c Qc
r
t
c
@ steady-state conditions 0
t
c r
Qc c
PFR
0
t t R steady-state conditions
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EXAMPLE 2:
A B
68
Solution for Example 2 (Derivation of Effluent Cocnentration Equation)
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/IDEAL%20PLUG%20FLOW%20REACTOR.pdf
69
http://ceae.colorado.edu/~silverst/cven5534/IDEAL%20PLUG%20FLOW%20REACTOR.pdf
70
EXAMPLE 3:
Determine the volume of a CFSTR required to give a treatment efficiency of 95% for a
substance that decay according to half – order kinetics with a rate constant of
0.05 (mg/L)1/2 .
The flow rate is steady at 300L/hr and the influent concentration is 150mg/L.
EXAMPLE 4:
Determine the volumes of two identical CFSTR reactors in series to provide the same
degree of treatment for the conditions given in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 5:
Determine the volume of a PFR to provide the same degree of treatment for the conditions
given Example 1. 71
Volume Comparison For Examples 3-5
When the same reaction model (except for zero-order rxns) applies, regardless of the
mixing regime a PF system is always the most efficient (less volume requirement)
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PACKED BED REACTORS
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PACKED BED REACTORS (continue)
Application:
FLUIDIZED-BED reactors
→ Packed bed reactors in which the packing medium is expanded by the
upward movement of fluid (air or water) through the bed.
74
Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm