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    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views7 pages

    Partial Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Saurabh
    PDE

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 7
    §18._ Properties of Continuous Functions 133, 17.15 Let f be a real-valued fumction whose domain is a subset of R. Show J is continuous at 2 in dom(f) if and only if, for every sequence (eq) in dom(f)\ {20} converging to 0, we have lim f(x) = (zo) 17.16 The postage-stamp function P is defined by P(z) = A for0 7. By the Bolzano- Weierstrass Theorem 11.5, (itp) has a subsequence (p,) that converges to some real number zo. The number zo also must be- long to the closed interval [a, 6], as noted in Exercise 8.9. Since f is continuous at zo, we have lime sao f(n4) = f(z0), but we also have limg-soo [J (n,)] = +00, which is a contradiction. It follows that f is bounded. Now let M = sup(f(z) : « € [a,6)}; M is finite by the preced- ing paragraph. For each n € N there exists yy € [a,6) such that M-—1 < f(n) < M. Hence we have lim f(y,) = M. By the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, there is a subsequence (¥n,) of (Yn) converging to a limit yo in [a,b]. Since f is continuous at yo, we 134 %_Co Lave f(yo) = lim soo f(Un): Since (/(Yn))nex i8 a subsequence of (£Gin))nexs Theorem 11.3 shows lim-soo f (ny) = litany soo S (Yn) = M and therefore f(yo) = M. Thus f assumes its maximum at yo. The last paragraph applies to the function —f, so —f assumes. its maximum at some zp € [a,b]. It follows easily that f assumes its minimum at zo; see Exercise 18.1. . ‘Theorem 18.1 is used all the time, at least implicitly, in solv- ing maximum-minimum problems in calculus because it is taken for granted that the problems have solutions, namely that a contimuous function on a closed interval actually takes on a maximum and a minimum, If the domain is not a closed interval, one needs to be careful; see Exercise 18.3, Theorem 18.1 is false ifthe closed interval [a,b] is eplaced by an open interval. For example, f(x) = + is continuous but unbounded on (0, 1). The ftmetion 2? is continuous and bounded on (—1, 1), but it does not have a maximum value on (1,1) 18.2 Intermediate Value Theorem. If f isa continuous real-valued function on an interval I, then f has the intermediate value property on I Maeno abe l,a y for all n. Therefore ‘we have F(xo) = lim f (tn) 2 y; this and (1) imply (zo) = y. . §18._ Properties of Continuous Functions 135 \s FIGURE 18.1 18.3 Corollary. If f is @ continuous real-valued function on an interval I, then the set {(I) = {J (2): € I} is also an interval or a single point Proof The set J = f(1) has the property your EJ and yo

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