RICHARD R. GOLDBERG The University of lowa YSIS SECOND EDITION JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.Copyright © 1976, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright 1964, Ginn and Company (Xerox Corporation) A\ll rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, nor transmitted, nor translated into a machine language with- out the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Goldberg, Richard R. Methods of real analysis. Includes index. 1, Functions of real variables. 2. Mathemati- cal analysis. I. Title. QA331.5.G58 1976 515'.8 75-30615 ISBN 0-471-31065-4 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321PREFACE This book is intended as a one-year course for students who have completed an ordinary sequence of courses in elementary calculus. It presents in rigorous fashion basic material on the fundamental concepts and tools of analysis—functions, limits, continu- ity, derivatives and integrals, sequences, and series. Most of the difficult points usually glossed over in elementary courses are dealt with in detail, as well as many more advanced topics designed to give a good background for (and, hopefully, a taste of) modern analysis and topology. In particular, there are treatments of metric spaces and Lebesgue integration, topics that are often reserved for more advanced courses. Also included are many smaller but interesting topics not usually presented in courses at this level; these topics include Baire category and discontinuous functions, summability of series, the Weierstrass theorem on approximation of continuous functions by poly- nomials, and a proof of the standard existence theorem for differential equations from the point of view of fixed-point theory. The book is written at the same level as texts for traditional “advanced calculus” courses, but does not consider topics in “several variables.” Material on differentials and vector calculus, in our opinion, can be understood best from the point of view of modern differential geometry and belong in a separate course. REMARKS ON THE SECOND EDITION Many changes in, additions to, and some deletions from the first edition have been made in accordance with thoughtful criticism from many colleagues at large and small _ institutions. A major feature of this new edition is the addition of sections called “Notes and Additional Exercises,” which include a variety of material. There are famous theorems related to the material in the body of the text—for example, the Schréder-Bernstein theorem from set theory, the Tietze extension theorem from topology, and Stone’s generalization of the Weierstrass approximation theorem. The proofs are given in outline only, with a great deal left to the student as exercises. In these new sections there are also