Policy

Change and Policy-Oriented Learning in R.A. 9700: A

Discourse on How Policy Beliefs of Advocacy CoaliCons and
External Events shaped the Philippine Congress’s Decision
to Extend and Reform CARP

JV Pimentel
MAPE-IRD 5th Year
Background of the Study

•  AR as correc:ve mechanism
 Background of the Study
•  R.A 6657: CARL of 1988
–  coverage:
•  10.3 million à 8.2 million has.
•  About 5 million ARBs
•  DAR: 4.42 million; DENR: 3.72 million
–  Reten:on limit: 3 to 5 has.
–  Exemp:ons: aquaculture farms
–  Timeline: 10 years in 4 phases
–  Payment: (just compensa:on)
•  Landowners: 25 to 35% cash downpayment + government bonds
•  Beneficiaries: 25 to 35% cash downpayment + 30 amor:za:ons
–  Modes of distribu:on:
•  Compulsory Acquisi:on (private agri. Lands)
•  Non-distribu:ve modes: VOS, VLT, Stock Distribu:on, & leaseback
 Background of the Study

•  Philippine CARP (and AR,

in general) is problema:c
–  Colonial heritage (Almeda-
Mar:n, 1999)
–  Weak postcolonial state
(Cornista, 1990; Putzel,
1992; Wurfel, 1991)
–  Disabled market (Elvinia,
2011; Fabella, 2013)
Background of the Study

•  Colonial dual policy on property

rights to farmer beneficiaries &
due process for landowners
= smoother transi:on
Background of the Study

•  Postcolonial state weak

= Policy ambivalence
= social jus:ce + alterna:ves for land
redistribu:on(e.g. SDO, leasehold, etc.)
 Background of the Study

•  Disabled market; prevented private

investment in agriculture
–  Pervasive poverty & lack of social
security among landless peasants
while ave. household of ARBs who
received lands were notably way
above the poverty threshold
(Tecson, 2009)
 Background of the Study

•  Despite failures,
–  2 extension laws
•  RA 8532 (1998 under FVR)
•  RA 9700 (CARPER of 2009 under PGMA)
–  Current extension bills
•  SB 2278 passed in the Senate while HB
4572 on 3rd reading
•  Cer:fied urgent by President B. Aquino on
June 11, 2014
 Problem Statement
These merit a renewed scholas:c discussion of the LR legisla:on process as
reflected in the case of R.A. 9700 delibera:ons, if a more nuanced
understanding of the issues on Philippine LR is to be pursued. That is, given
CARP’s importance in developing a viable rural economy and in reducing rural
poverty, it is therefore impera:ve to re-evaluate, through a perspec:ve based
on coali:on dynamics and policy-oriented learning, how the Philippine
government, as embodied by the Congress, was able to arrive at a synergy
between two historically conflic>ng classes that enabled the extension of
CARP through CARPER.
 Research Ques>ons:
General
How did factors within and outside CARP (policy
subsystem) lead to the decision to extend and reform
CARP through R.A. 9700 (policy change)?
 Research Ques>ons:
Specific
•  How did the compe:ng policy beliefs of advocacy coali:ons shape the
Philippine House of Representa:ve’s decision to extend CARP through R.A.
9700?

•  Given the conten:ous nature of CARP debates, were there policy brokers
that mediated agreements or working compromises between compe:ng
advocacy coali:ons, which enabled the decision to extend CARP through
R.A. 9700? Who were these and how did they help in arriving at those
workable compromises?

 Research Ques>ons:
Specific

•  Was the decision to extend CARP a result of policy-oriented learning in light of new
informa:on from past CARP implementa:on? If so, how did policy-oriented
learning alter, strengthen, or weaken the policy beliefs of advocacy coali:on
members on the issue of deciding to extend CARP through R.A. 9700?

•  Were there external shocks/events/perturbaCons to the Agrarian Reform sector
that became relevant considera:ons in the Philippine House of Representa:ves’
decision to extend CARP through R.A. 9700? If so, which one/s provided the
greatest s:mulus for the CARP extension (changes in socioeconomic and poliCcal
condiCons, changes in public opinion, changes in systemaCc governing coaliCon,
other policy decisions outside the land reform policy subsystem)?
 Defini>on of Terms (pp. 12-15)
•  Policy subsystem
•  Advocacy coaliCons
•  Policy Brokers
•  Policy beliefs
•  Policy Change
•  Policy-oriented learning
•  External shocks/ perturbaCons
 Theore>cal Framework
Fundamental Argument

EXTERNAL EVENTS

ADVOCACY
COALITION w/ POLICY CHANGE
POLICY BELIEFS

POLICY-ORIENTED
LEARNING
 Theore>cal Framework
RELATIVELY STABLE POLICY SUBSYSTEM
PARAMETERS
1.  Basic attributes of a problem area or
Coalition A: Coalition B:
good Policy Brokers a.  Beliefs
a.  Beliefs
2.  Basic attributes of distribution of b.  Resources b.  Resources
natural resources
3.  Fundamental sociocultural values
and social structure
4.  Basic constitutional structure
SHORT-TERM
CONSTRAINTS Strategy Strategy

(POLICY-ORIENTED LEARNING)
re. guidance re. guidance
AND instruments instruments

RESOURCES OF

Feedback
SUBSYSTEM
ACTORS
EXTERNAL (SYSTEM) EVENTS
1.  Changes in socioeconomic and Decisions by Sovereigns

political conditions
2.  Changes in public opinion
3.  Changes in systemic governing
coalition Governmental Programs
4.  Policy decisions and impacts from
other subsystems

Policy Output

Policy Impacts
 Theore>cal Framework
POLICY SUBSYSTEM

Coalition A: Coalition B:
Policy Brokers a.  Beliefs
a.  Beliefs
b.  Resources b.  Resources

SHORT-TERM
CONSTRAINTS Strategy Strategy

(POLICY-ORIENTED LEARNING)
re. guidance re. guidance
AND instruments instruments

RESOURCES OF

Feedback
SUBSYSTEM
ACTORS
EXTERNAL (SYSTEM) EVENTS
1.  Changes in socioeconomic and Decisions by Sovereigns

political conditions
2.  Changes in public opinion
3.  Changes in systemic governing
coalition Governmental Programs
4.  Policy decisions and impacts from
other subsystems

Policy Output

Policy Impacts
 Opera>onal Framework
POLICY SUBSYSTEM EXTERNAL (SYSTEM) EVENTS POLICY SUBSYSTEM Timeline
(Old) a. Changes in socio-economic (New) 2007
conditions: poverty incidence, low
income & productivity among
Policy Impacts:
ARBs (Pro-Extension) Coalition: (Anti-Extension) Coalition:
Implementation Reform CARP Movement
b. Changes in public opinion: public Landowners & allies
Problems of RA 8532/ 1.  Beliefs: Policy Brokers:
support reflected in publicized 1.  Beliefs:
RA 6657
protests and similar news a.  Deep Normative Core 1.  Agrarian Reform
a.  Deep Normative Core
b.  Near Policy Core Committee Chair
c. Changes in systemic governing b.  Near Policy Core
c.  Secondary Aspects 2.  DAR Secretary
coalitions: GMA orders fast- c.  Secondary Aspects
2.  Resources: 3.  Others
tracking of CARP 2.  Resources:
d. Policy decisions of other policy Financial, information, Financial, information,
authority, leadership, etc. authority, leadership, etc.

subsystems: priority/landmark

laws competing w/ CARP over
national budget & other state
resources, e.g. AES Law, Climate
Change Act, Cheaper Medicines
Strategy Strategy
Act, etc. Lobbying w/ Congress, Media Highlighting CARP failure,
Harnessing, Public Protests, Unjust Compensation, Lower
etc. Prod. post-CARP etc.


POLICY-ORIENTED LEARNING
•  DAR-GTZ study as feedback output
from implementation of R.A. 8532 and
6657 that triggered conflict that force

opposing coalitions to form and engage Government Decision: Extending and Reforming CARP
in an contested yet productive exchange
of scientific information

•  Congressional committee meetings and
plenary sessions as forum where

Government Program: CARP Extension w/ Reforms (CARPER)
professionals participate and
congressional debates and the
compromises reached reflecting
learning

Policy Output: Specific Amendments to R.A. 6657/8532 through R.A. 9700



2009
Research Methodology
 Method of Analysis:
Content Analysis
•  Template for Content Analysis Coding (Elo &
Kyngäs, 2008; Saba:er & Jenkins-Smith, 1994;
Wodak, 2005)
 Method of Analysis:
Deduc>ve Content Analysis
•  Thema:c Codes for External Events
 Method of Analysis:
Induc>ve Content Analysis
•  Thema:c Codes for Policy Beliefs & Policy Change
 Method of Analysis:
Content Analysis Summary
•  Frequency of observa:ons tally
 Objec>ves
•  Renewed understanding of the agrarian reform issues in the
Philippines

•  How conten:ous interac:on of policy actors shape a decision on
CARP

•  Extent both external factors and new, scien>fic informa>on and
internal feedback from past implementa:on affect decision to
con:nue CARP

•  Advocacy Coali:on Framework (ACF) as an appropriate guide in
organizing the dialec:cs/debates on the decision to extend CARP
 Significance
•  Academicians: beOer understanding of role of scien:fic
informa:on, belief systems, and coali:on forma:on in effec:ng
policy change in a highly poli:cally contested important policy
subsystem

•  Poli>cal Economy: guide on orderly presenta:on of poli:cal
contesta:ons through ACF, CDA and Content Analysis

•  Policymakers (Congress)/Policy implementers (DAR et. al): useful
insights into agrarian issue, which may assist and guide efforts to
improve CARP implementa:on, evalua:on, and strategies for
future legisla:on
 Scope and Limita>ons
•  Timeline: Congressional delibera:ons from 2007 to
2009

•  Fairly stable parameters not tested

•  Not policy impacts of R.A. 9700 but ra:onale/
impetus/mo:va:ons
 History of CARP
American Colonial Period Postwar Independence
•  Public Land Act of 1902 •  Agricultural Tenancy Act of
•  Friar Lands Act of 1903 1954
•  Rice Share Tenancy Act of •  Agricultural Land Reform
1933 Code of 1963
•  Presiden:al Decree 27
 C. Aquino
Joseph Estrada
(1998-2001)
History of CARP
(1987 to - DAR: 222,907
1992) has.
- DAR: - Less
848,518 has conten:ous
(>19%) of modes
4.42 M has.
- most difficult
private estates

Fidel Ramos
(1992-1998) Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo (2001-2010)
- DAR: 1,900,035 has.
(43%) - Incomplete info.
- less conten:ous - Dec. 2006: 3.8 million
has. overall (86%)
lands
- Structural changes:
- Structural Changes:
•  KARZONEs
* ARCs
•  EOs 364 & 456
- * RA 8532
•  RA 9700
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Subsystem
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Subsystem

Advocacy Coali:ons
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C
The Reform CARP Landowners and Allies The Bayan Muna
Movement (RCM) Coali:on
 Data Presenta:on
Advocacy Coali:ons
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C
The Reform CARP Landowners and The Bayan Muna
Movement (RCM) Allies Coali>on

Composi:on More than 30 pro- Landowners and Pro-AR but an:-
AR, pro-CARP NGOs allies CARP NGOs
Champions/ Rep. Risa Rep. Pablo Garcia Rep. Teddy Casiño
Advocates Hon:veros- Rep. Henry Pryde Rep. Satur Ocampo
Baraquel Teves* Rep. Lisa Maza
Rep. Edcel Lagman* Rep. Jesus Crispin
Remulla
Sponsored Bill/ HB 1257 à N/A; outright HB 3059 (new AR
Policy Stances HB 4077 (Template opposi:on/ law)
Bill) condi:onal
agreement to
extension
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Beliefs – Norma:ve Core
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Beliefs – Norma:ve Core
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C

Social Jus:ce CARP’s LAD Just compensa:on Proper LAD
Public Welfare Non-improving quality Welfare improvement Non-improving
of life as jus:fica:on = CARP ra:onale; w/ quality of life as
for CARP extension shortcomings ≠ CARP jus:fica:on to
extension discon:nue CARP
Economic Jus:ce LAD + produc:vity Soundness of LAD to Emphasizes
through support ensure produc:vity produc:vity through
services support services
Exercise of Police State must enforce Ques:ons state State must enforce
Power CARP capacity in CARP CARP, free of cost
Equality Gender equality Contest bias against Ques:ons
landowners inconsistent
applica:on of CARP
Human Rights Landowners’ abuses; not landowner’s fault Landowners’ abuses;
extra-judicial killing but faulty CARP extra-judicial killing
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Beliefs – Policy Core
Table 6.4. Frequency of References to Policy Core Beliefs
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Beliefs- Policy Core
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C

Time Urgent passage of extension; More :me to study and Not an issue but proper AR
longer CARP extension reconsider extension law structure and
implementa:on
Funds Cri:cal importance: non- Bexer allocated to just Laments wasteful
con:nua:on = Cons:tu:onal compensa:on and support disbursement of CARP
viola:on services than to acquiring funds
new lands
Technical Support Increase will address Insufficiency as main cause Insufficiency as clear cause
Service produc:vity and financial of failure of failure
security
Produc:vity “enterprising land” = con:nue Insufficient support Ideological resistance to
funds + support services services = cause of decline e.g. globaliza:on
Rural Development clustering support services = Not explicit but alludes to Ques:ons feasibility of
Agrarian Reform Communi:es success of ARCs ARCs
(ARCs)
Poverty Reduc:on Aware of failures but highlights Focus on rural poor is Lands distribu:on
success stories excessive correlated with poverty
incidence
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Beliefs- Policy Core
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C

Coverage Retain original scope; Scope must consider Universal coverage
finish LAD produc:vity and social
jus:ce for both
Phasing/Priority Focus on remaining Focus n public lands, i.e. Ques:on priori:es of
private agri. lands “easier” CARP; focus on private
Mode of Distribu:on Physical LAD defines true True AR = physical + non- Physical LAD defines true
AR distribu:ve alterna:ves AR
Security of Installa:on security lies in security lies in non- Secure transfer of land
Irrevocability of awards physical modes :tles + just compensa:on
Role of DAR DAR et. al culpable for Ques:on means of DAR, Like A, DAR et. al culpable
failures, w/c produce e.g. compulsory LAD = for failures, w/c produce
crea:ve solu:ons Cons:. viola:on crea:ve solu:ons
Agrarian Jus:ce Complain about delays in Delays beneficial except on Slow pace due to case
resolving disputes cases re just conges:on caused by
compensa:on, a source of complicated just
insecurity compensa:on scheme and
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Brokers
 Data Presenta:on
Policy Brokers
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C

of Albay 1st District Negros Oriental Third District Mostly;
Representa:ve Edcel Lagman Representa:ve Pryde Henry
Teves
Anakbayan Partylist Most engaged: Bayan Muna
Representa:ve Risa Partylist Representa:ve
Hon:veros Teodoro Casiño
 Data Presenta:on
Policy-Oriented Learning
 Data Presenta:on
Policy-Oriented Learning
 Data Presenta:on
Policy-Oriented Learning
 Data Presenta:on
External Shocks
Table. 6.9. Frequency of Observed Cita>on of External Shocks to Total Number of
Relevant Statements
 Data Presenta:on
External Shocks
Table. 6.10. Frequency of Observed Cita>on of External Shocks to Total Number of
Relevant Statements
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning

“According to the data gathered by various groups, it is clear that

CARP is not fully completed and the con7nua7on of the program will
a:ain its unfinished goals in accordance with the Cons7tu7on, it is
our responsibility to promote Comprehensive Rural Development and
Agrarian Reform. This is the very reason why the Commi:ee on
Agrarian Reform have considered the CARP extension bills as our
priority agenda in the 14th Congress. Considered as a social jusCce
and poverty alleviaCon program, CARP was hailed as a centerpiece
agenda for development and sCll conCnuous to be a potent instrument
towards rural growth. Hence it is vital and significant to study and
assess its impact, with that we can examine and formulate
recommendaCons if the program needs to be extended for a year
more”
[emphasis added](House Agrarian Reform Commixee Chair and Apayao Lone District
Rep. Elias C. Bulut, Jr., Public Hearing 07-Mar-2008).
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning
COALITION A COALITION B COALITION C

Well, there is no perfect law, ...The bills filed are for the Anyway, we, the authors of House
Madam Speaker, dis:nguished extension of the funding because Bill 3059, agree that the country
Gentleman. It is a truism that we CARP will always be with us for as needs land reform. Everyone
do not pass here in Congress long as the Cons>tu>on is with us. agrees to that. We need land
perfect laws. That is why no law is It is mandated in Sec:on 4 of Ar:cle reform but we think the current
irrepealable because it is subject XIII of the Cons:tu:on, the state law is insufficient. In fact, the
to amendments, modifica>ons, or shall by law undertake an agrarian current law is defec>ve and many
even scrapping. But the mere fact reform program founded on the say it is an inauthen>c law on
that its implementa>on is not right of the farmers and regular agrarian reform and it needs to be
perfect, does not detract from the farm workers who are landless to revised or replaced totally.
cons>tu>onal mandate that we own directly or indirectly or Transla:on by author](Bayan Muna
will have to undertake an agrarian collec:vely the lands they :ll, and Partylist Representa:ve Teodoro A
reform program and we will have so, the other farm workers to Casiño, Public Hearing 07-
to distribute jus>fy all agricultural receive a just share of the fruits of Mar-2008).
lands. That is the mandate of the the land [emphasis added](Cebu
Cons:tu:on and we will have to Third District Representa:ve Pablo
bow to that mandate [emphasis Garcia, Plenary Delibera:ons 23-
added](Albay 1st District Apr- 2008).
Representa:ve Edcel Lagman,
Plenary Delibera:ons 14-
May-2008).
 Data Analysis
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 Data Analysis
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Coali>on C

“We think, what Congressman Cua said earlier that the problem lies not with the
farmers is true. We think the problem is not with the farmers, but with the law... the
current [CARP] law. Land coverage is limited. Agricultural land means different types
of land but with the current law, swine livestock, poultry, fish pond, prawn pond, all
lands classified as residenCal, commercial, industrial, are exempted; even those lands
already planted with crops, even if we know that a banana shrub and a mango tree are
planted in it but because of the municipality, the land will no longer be covered by
Agrarian Reform, so the coverage becomes limited. In addiCon, there is an op7on to
convert or re- classify lands. That’s why there are many lands supposedly covered by
the program that are already exempted because of this provision. Alas, the original
target of 10.3 million in 1988 was reduced to 7.8 million hectares because of many
exempCons. Hence, a study stated that only 43 percent of agricultural lands qualified
for CARP. The other 60...er 70...50...seven percent exempted because of these
exempCons. To add to the problem of exempCons, reten7on limit is high, so that the
original landowner has five hectares and his heirs have three hectares each.”
(Bayan Muna Partylist Representa:ve Teodoro A Casiño, Public Hearing 07-Mar-2008)

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
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Coali>on A

“we are ready to list down all the details about this and employing armed
goons and other violent means against peasant claimants all throughout the
country, killing corps of peasants. Yong pong sa (With) Kilos-AR (alone) aabot
ng (reaches) 42 ang patay (casualCes). Hundreds (were) an na-detained at
nasugatan (and wounded), and whole communites, Quezon, Nueva Ecija,
Negros Occidental, Davao, Iloilo, Tarlac and other parts of the country, Bicol as
well where there are mass movements's movements or dislocaCons of women,
children, and the elderly as a result of harassments by landowners. Ngayon
sasabihin nila eh (Now they say it’s failure), eh bakit hindi nga magiging (why
wouldn’t it become a failure, (when there are) may exempCons, merong
pagbabara ng (there are obstrucCons to) implementaCon, 'no, at merong mga
(there are) detenCon at pagpatay (and killings), pagkatapos sasabihin dito sa
harapan namin (then they will tell us it’s a), failure."

(Ricardo Reyes, Representa:ve, Kilusan Para sa Pagsusulong ng Reformang Agrario, Kilos-AR, )
 Data Analysis
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Coali>on A vs. Coali>on C

•  Rep. Maza: Madam Speaker, Your Honor, it is not only the public lands but also the commercial livestock or
lands used for commercial livestock, for poultry, for swine raising, also lands devoted to aquaculture like
fishponds and prawn farms which are excluded from CARP. Does the Sponsor know how many farmers would
have benefited if these lands that are exempted or excluded would be covered by CARP?
•  Rep. Lagman: Dis:nguished Lady, you would recall that under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, the
program covered these lands devoted to poultry, swine raising and the allied produc:on which are not from
the growth of the land. That is precisely covered. However, the Supreme Court, in Luz Farms vs. Secretary of
DAR, 192 SCRA 51, one of the first cases which challenged the program, brought before the Supreme Court,
said that these lands devoted to livestock and poultry industry is not within the legi:mate coverage of agrarian
reform. So, we will have to bow to that Supreme Court decision and the Supreme Court quoted-- no less than
the Supreme Court in the--was quoted by the Supreme Court with respect to its defini:on of agricultural lands.
•  Rep. Maza: But that was the recent decision, but before that, there were execu:ve orders and other laws
enacted that provided for exemp:on and exclusion and
•  Rep. Lagman: Well...
•  Rep. Maza: ...that precisely defeated the very purpose of the distribu:on of wealth if there were too many
exemp:ons and exclusions and therefore, concentra:ng resources and ownership of resources to a few.
•  Rep. Lagman: Yeah. The previous exemp:ons which antedated the CARL were precisely being corrected by the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program by covering livestock and poultry industry, among others, which will
have to be covered immediately a~er the ten-year period. But, unfortunately, the Supreme Court struck down
as uncons:tu:onal that par:cular provision of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. But...
•  Rep. Maza: Are you saying...
•  Rep. Lagman: I agree with the dis:nguished Lady that we will have to revisit these exempted lands because
some of them can now be covered by program. That is why, a~er we have extended the LAD, we are going to
immediately work on reforms which would include the inclusion of hitherto exempted lands [emphasis added]
(Plenary Delibera:ons 27-May-2008).
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
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Coali>on A vs. Coali>on B

•  Sorsogon 1st Rep. Salvador Escudero III: Let’s have a consistent defini:on I asked the TWG to do it, they did
not, I'll define it for them...Because the problem of Philippine Agriculture, we define agriculture as if it's only
rice and corn, ang kiCd ng (our) defini:on naCn (is too narrow). Kung gusto naCng sumikat, 'yung tunay na
definiCon ng agriculture (if we want to progress, [use] the true defini:on of agriculture). It should be as broad
as possible, that's why I said the defini:on of rural women is much broader than the defini:on of farmer. There
should be consistency and the TWG can do it... Because the correct defini:on, Mr. Chairman, Agriculture is
producCon, processing and markeCng. It is the whole gamut. [emphasis added](Bicameral Conference
Commixee, 09-Jun-2009).
•  Rep. Garcia: In that connec:on, may I inform our colleagues and Senators that in the case of Luz Farms versus
DAR, certain sec:ons of the CARP Law were declared uncons:tu:onal? Livestock is not included in the law
because the... in the case of livestock, poultry, the land is not a very substan:al component, so...I don't have
the copy of the decision but certain sec:ons of the...of Republic Act 6657 were declared uncons:tu:onal and
so Luz Farms was (inaudible) from...
•  Rep. Lagman: I don't think we are abroga:ng or abandoning the decision of the Supreme Court in the Luz
Farms, which is limited to saying that agricultural lands devoted to livestock and poultry are not covered by the
Agrarian Reform Program, but that does not prevent us from making a defini:on of a farmer...which should
include ac:vi:es involving livestock, poultry, fisheries, etcetera. We are just defining a farmer. We are not, in
anyway, changing the coverage of the program, as constructed by the Supreme Court in Luz Farms.
•  Rep. Garcia: I have no objec:on to that because, anyway, the Supreme Court was basing its decision on Sec:on
4 of Ar:cle 13, that the Agrarian Reform Program is founded on the right of the farmers and regular farm
worker who are landless to own the lands they :ll, so it refers to crops.
•  Rep. Lagman: We are just defining the coverage of the program. And moreover, with respect to fisheries, under
the original law, there is a... this is a special concern because the fisher folk is more impoverished generally
compared to the farmer. And that is a special concern. Just like rural women, is... are included in the special
conerns under the original law.
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COALITION A vs. COALITION B
•  Rep. Garcia: For the record, I'd like to point out that there is a decision of the Supreme Court on the
power of the local government to reclassify lands and which is now found in Sec:on 20 of the Local
Government Code. In that case of Provicne of Camarines sur vs. the Court of Appeals, the supreme
Court said that... it nullifies the... Wherefore, the pe::no is granted... because the Province of
Camarines Sur wanted to expropriate certain parcels of land, agricultural lands, and it was opposed
by the DAR. And the decision of the Supreme Court was to affirm the decision of... was to nullify
the decision of the court, of the lower court, and sustained the decision of the lower court
authorizing the Province of Camarines Sure to take possession of private respondents' property,
orders the trial court suspend the expropriate proceedings and requires the Province of Camarines
Sur to obtain the approval of the Department of Agrarian Reform to convert or reclassify private
respondents' property from agricultural to non-agricultural. This ruling of the Supreme Court was
re- affirmed in that case of For:ch vs. Coronoa in that Sumilao case becuase the Municipality of
SUmilao reclassified certain agricultural lands to non-agricultural purposes, and it was affirmed by
the Supreme Court.
•  Rep. Hon:veros: Just a brief addi:on to what my colleague in the House Con:ngent said. Yes,
indeed, there are safeguards in this very Sec:on 20. And also, just to make It of record, Mr.
Chairman, what many here know bexer than me, Sec:on 20 itself provides that the right of the
LGUs to classify or reclassify is not allowed for lands already covered under CARP. And if there
should be any amendments to that, those would more properly be amendments to the Local
Government Code and not to our bill strengthening the CARP.
•  Rep. Garcia: Mr. Chairman, under Sec:on 20 of the Local Government Code, it provides at the end
that this "Sec:on does not in any way amend, modify or repeal the Republic Act Number 6657". It
is there in Sec:on 20 of the Local Government Code (Bicameral Conference Commixee 09-Jun-
2009).
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali>on A + Coali>on C
•  Rep. Maza: Now to my next point, Madam Speaker, Your Honor, do you agree with
me that public lands that are being :lled by farmers for over a long :me should
finally be given to them?
•  Rep. Lagman: Yes, I fully agree with that proposi:on, dis:nguished Lady.
•  Rep. Maza: Madam Speaker, Your Honor, because there are public lands which are
not being used by government but which are exempted under CARP. Like for
example, parks, some areas that are declared forest areas, but as a maxer of fact,
farmers have been :lling these lands and they are agricultural lands. And based on
the principle of land to the :ller, as one of the main features of CARP, these
farmers :lling these lands should be awarded. But this law, the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law, allows for too many exemp:ons and exclusion.
•  Rep. Maza: Let me just cite several…
•  Rep. Lagman: I agree with the dis:nguished Lady that there are certain exempted
lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program which we should revisit
and possibly cover under the program. That is precisely the reason why we are
extending the the program on land acquisi:on and distribu:on so that we could
cover these hitherto exempted lands, otherwise, if we don't extend the program,
how can we cover these lands which the dis:nguished Lady Has enumerated? But
we do not live by farmlands alone. If the land is forestal, if the land is a sanctuary,
if the land is a park, then there is good reason for these lands to be exempted

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali:on B vs. Coali:on A

Rep. P. Garcia: And another thing, under the Cons:tu:on, the right to own land is not
compulsory. It is a right that can be waived. You are a farmer, you have cold rela:ons
with your landowner; or you are a farm worker, you do not want to own the land, can
you waive your right to own the land? Yes. And the will protect you. In fact, and I
think Mr. Tadeo here can also bear this out, that in the debates in the Cons:tu:onal
Commission, Commissioner Ople wanted this right to be compulsory just like the right
to receive a minimum wage. But according to the Commixee, we are not giving the
land. The farmer has s:ll an obliga:on to pay; therefore, you cannot force him to
accept the land if he does not want to own the land.

Rep. Lagman: Many of the issues raised by the dis:nguished Gentleman from Cebu
would be a resurrec:on of the debates we had more than... almost twenty (20) years
ago... The qualified beneficiary is not limited to the >ller of the land subject to
acquis:on. Because in the absence or refusal of the >ller of the land, there are other
qualified beneficiaries enumerated by the law. And let us now go to Sec:on 22, who
are the qualified beneficiaries? And the qualified beneficiaries are not limited to the
actual :llers of the land. So, in this point again, Mr. Chairman, I think, we should be
able to clarify this point. There are other parts I would like to clarify but most
probably, that will have to come later

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali:on B vs. Coali:on A
•  Rep. Garcia: So, if [sic] if you are not a >ller, and even >llers, they
must be permanent, if it is farm worker, permanent farm worker.
That's why Commissioner Rodrigo during that proceedings in that
exchange or interchange of comments, and reac:ons between
Commissioner Tadeo and Commissioner Rodrigo, pointed out what
about those who will only gather the coconuts, pick the coconuts
from the tree. They are not engtled to own lands, according to
Commissioner Tadeo, because they are not >llers.
•  Rep. Lagman: I take issue with the dis:nguished Gentleman from
Cebu with respect to his statement that others who are not the
actual :llers of the land are placed as beneficiaries. But I agree that
all beneficiaries should be >llers of the land, but they do not need
to be necessarily the actual >llers of the land subject to
acquisi>on. Because Sec:on 22 men:oned other qualified
beneficiaries… in the absence of the actual >llers of the land
subject to acquisi>on, there are other beneficiaries who whould
be granted the right to >ll the land.
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali:on B vs. Coali:on A
•  Rep. Lagman: So that we don’t have to delve into this
conten>ous issue on waiver and the consequence of
waiver is complete forfeiture, most probably we will
just eliminate or delete from lines 12 to 18 from the
word unless to beneficiaries and go direct to the point
a~er what we have already approved...The subsequent
sentence would read, “Only when these beneficiaries
have all received three hectares each shall the
remaining pro>on of the landholding, if any, be
redistributed to the other beneficiaries under Sec>on
22, subpar. (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g). Period. Wala nang
iba. Wala nang iba. Is that amenable to you, Pabling?
•  Rep. Garcia: Yes.
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali>on A + Coali>on C
Rep. Hon:veros: Fourth, categorical declara:on, the CLOAs, and other
:tles issued under any Agrarian Reform Program shall be indefeasible one
year form registra:on to avoid the delaying tac:cs by landowners. So ung
pong mga malalaking panginoong maylupa na pinakahumaharang sa
pagpapatupdad ng CARP sa paggamit ng mga legal technicaliCes at sila
and pangunahing gumagawa ng karahasang agraryo laban sa mga farmer
beneficiaries nais tugunan nitong pagtaguyod ng mga CLOA, mga Ctulo
indefeasible a~er a certain period, reasonable period

Tino Jerus (OIC Chairman, Barangay Agrarian Reform Council, Bicol
Region): In Sorsogon, CARP beneficiaries are raided in Hacienda
Berenguer. The regional director of DAR had a drama>c entrance, but
when the director lei, the beneficiaries were aOacked by armed security
guards of the hacienda. Un:l now, the CARP beneficiaries remain landless.
Some were sued, 37 of them have cases while two were incarcerated. That
is the situa:on in the Bicol Region. That is why we support con:nuing the
agrarian reform but not CARP. We support House Bill 3059.
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Table 7.9. CARP Provisional Amendment: Indefeasibility of CLOAs and Rights of CARP Beneficiaries
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
Coali>on B vs. Coali>on A

Rep. Garcia: In this country, one of the rights, human rights of a person is... under
the Bill of Rights, no person shall be deprived of his... life, liberty or property without
due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protec:on of the law.
The law protects the landowner but that is disregarded by DAR and LRA. At one
:me, Secretary Garilao issued a Memorandum to all RDs, Provincial Officers not
anymore to issue a CLOA because of the decision fo the Supreme Court in
Associa:on of Small Land Owners versus secretary of DAR. Do not issue CLOAs un>l
there is proof that the owners have fully paid. But this has also been disregarded

Rep. Hon:veros: on P.D. 1125 what the good gentleman from Cebu was referring to
should be deal to cover regular transac:ons involving lands for the landowners's
copy of the cer:ficate of :tle. It must be surrendered before it can be cancelled but
CARP is not an ordinary transac:on but an exercise of the police power of the State.
If we follow the procedure explained by the good gentleman from Cebu then it
would be very easy to defeat our very own program by the mere existence of
refusal by the landowners to surrender their copy of the cer>ficate of >tle

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Security of Installa:on of ARBs/Land Transfer
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services
Coali:on A vs. Coali:on B

Rep. Lagman: “Because it is support services that we are able, that we should be able
to sustain the program a~er land acquisi:on and distribu:on is effected” (Commixee
Hearing 21-Nov-2007)

Rep. Teves: let's just say that one-half of this went to roads and bridges and the
other half would go to farm inputs. P20 billion divided by the present--as of now, out
of the 6.8 million farmers that have already been given lands, 30% have had their
share of farm inputs given by our Agrarian Reform Department, the rest of the 70%
have not yet received any and have to receive, so that we will be out of 40 billion
hectares--plus the current two million hectares, that is six million hectares that we
have to take care of it. If we have a P20 billion budget for farm inputs, for six million
hectares, that will be P3,000 per hectare that we will put as farm inputs.
In the success stories, the produc:on cost for one hectare in sugarcane or pineapple
should be P35,000. But, I am sure I can lower it down to P15,000 with modern organic
agriculture. But if you will only give P3,000, for sure this will fail, because if it will be
individual and not partnership with businesses, then we will have to take care of the
farm inputs that the farmers will put in. What will they do with P3,000? One bag of
corn seeds is even P4,500
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services
Coali>on A vs. Coali>on B

Rep. Lagman: Your Honor, the support services will not be limited to farm inputs. There are other components of
the support services, wich, in the mathema:cs of the dis:nguished Gentleman, is not inpuxed. You have the farm-
to-market roads. How many thousand kilometers of farm-to-markets roads have already been put in place because
of support services which would benefit the agrarian reform beneficiaries? How many post-harvest facili>es had
been conveyed to farm, to agrarian reform beneficiaries to benefit them? And, rural credit is being intensified.

Rep. Teves: let's just say that one-half of this went to roads and bridges and the other half would go to farm
inputs. P20 billion divided by the present--as of now, out of the 6.8 million farmers that have already been given
lands, 30% have had their share of farm inputs given by our Agrarian Reform Department, the rest of the 70% have
not yet received any and have to receive, so that we will be out of 40 billion hectares--plus the current two million
hectares, that is six million hectares that we have to take care of it. If we have a P20 billion budget for farm
inputs, for six million hectares, that will be P3,000 per hectare that we will put as farm inputs.
In the success stories, the produc:on cost for one hectare in sugarcane or pineapple should be P35,000. But, I am
sure I can lower it down to P15,000 with modern organic agriculture. But if you will only give P3,000, for sure this
will fail, because if it will be individual and not partnership with businesses, then we will have to take care of the
farm inputs that the farmers will put in. What will they do with P3,000? One bag of corn seeds is even P4,500

Rep. Lagman: Because, you do not give everything to the agrarian reform beneficiaries because that will not be
encouraging self-reliance. But, government would have to ini>ate, government would have to start the support
services. But, the agrarian reform beneficiaries would have to augment whatever the government would be able
to grant them.

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services
Coali:on A vs. Coali:on B

Rep. Teves: That is the reason, Madam Speaker, that we have
to fund them the right amount. I was proposing P15,000 per
hectare. That is good for one season. While giving them the
P15,000 for one season, let us enroll them in our crop insurance
program so that if in that season they fail, they s>ll have a
chance to make it one more >me. But if they fail again, that is
a problem. But for sure, for two tries, with real farmers who
know how to :ll their lands, they can do it P15,000 per hectare,
enrolled in the PCIC, so that they can have one more chance,
but not P3,000 per hectare. Not P3,000 per hectare. They will
never make it.
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Support Services
Coali>on A + Coali>on B


Rep. Cua: Chairman, I agree completely with the statement that the extension of this program is

a maxer of immediacy, a maxer of urgency. And so, I seek the support of all of our Members for
the extension of this program. This bill seeks not only to extend the life of the program but
seeks as well to provide the necessary funding for an extension without support is not going to
work. And this humble representa:on feels very strongly that there is a need to improve the
viability of farmer beneficiaries, especially in the area of access to credit

Jaime Tadeo (farmer rep., PARC): Under CARP, no agency is willing to grant us loans. Land Bank
knows that through coopera>ve, but when coopera>ves fail, where do we borrow money?
We go to usurers that plunge us to even greater poverty, which should be rec>fied.

Eduardo Hernandez (landowner rep, PARC): As far as land distribu>on is concerned, no
ques>on about success. But if we are to determine on whether or not they... this distribu>on
alleviated poverty, has increased the produc>vity, has encouraged landowners to invest in the
rural areas, it has not succeeded. It is a failure. But we cannot completely blame the farmer-
beneficiaries for the following reasons: Number one, there has been a lack of support services.
Number two, there is no direct loan, there is no credit that is given to the farmer-
beneficiaries. He is on his own. How can he produce a crop? He has to go to a [sic] five-six
lenders

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning: Support Services
Table 7.22. CARP Provisional Amendments: Increase in Fund Alloca>on for Agricultural
Credit

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Role of DAR and Implemen:ng Agencies


 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Role of DAR and Implemen:ng Agencies
Coali>on A + Coali>on B + Coali>on C


Rep. Singson: As for the DAR, it has concentrated mainly on the land redistribu>on

without considering the viability and the provision of support services to farmer
beneficiaries. Despite the shortage, the implementa:on of CARP has been
characterized by misplaced priori:es, misalloca:on of resources. For instance, 60% of
DAR's total fund disbursements goes [sic] to salaries of department's employees. A
very bloated bureaucracy, DAR has over... has 15,000 officials and employees.

Rep. Garcia: In this country, one of the rights, human rights of a person is… under the
Bill of Rights, no person shall be deprived of his… life, liberty or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protec:on of the law. The
law protects the landowner but that is disregarded by DAR and LRA.

Rep. Lagman: The Comprehensive Agrarian Law authorizes compulsory acquisi:on
under Sec:on 16, but then there are two (2) modes, Mr. Chairman, of acquisi:on.
One, is compulsory under Sec:on 16; and voluntary Land Transfer under Sec:on 20”


 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Role of DAR and Implemen:ng Agencies
Coali>on A + Coali>on B + Coali>on C



Rep. Maza: Again, the DAR itself, from the informa:on
that they handed to us during the commixee mee:ngs, in
the DAR briefing on CARP and the accomplishments of
CARP, it says there that of the 4,359 applica:ons for land-
use conversion, the majority, the overwhelming
majority, 3,990, covering 49,079 hectares were approved
and only 300, a measly 369 applica>ons were denied.
And this is according to the DAR data, which I would
even ques>on, because there seems to be a variance
with the data of the Na>onal Sta>s>cs Office and
PhilRice
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Role of DAR and Implemen:ng Agencies


 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through Policy-Oriented Learning:
Presence of a Professional Forums (Policy Brokers)
Indicators:

-  Congress as a democra:c ins:tu:on:
-  “…go to all the places that will be affected like Sumilao,
Negros Occidental, Bukidnon, Batangas… and let us listen to
everyone concerned to enact a good, strong law so that our
people will benefit” (Negros Occidental Sixth District
Representa:ve Ignacio “Iggy” Arroyo) j
-  ins:tu:onal procedures
-  3-minute rule
-  Submission of posi:on papers
-  Respec:ng opinion
-  no-cuss word rule or policy of using mild, non-offensive
language
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Cons:tu:onal Mandate

“In accordance with the ConsCtuCon, it is our
responsibility to promote comprehensive rural
development and agrarian reform. This is the very
reason why we have considered the CARP Extension
Bills as our priority agenda for the 14th Congress”

House Agrarian Reform Commixee Chair Elias Bulut,
Plenary Delibera:ons 23-Apr-2008
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Systemic Governing Coali:on

“I learned that there is an independent study on
the implementa7on of the Agrarian Reform
Communi7es and may be [sic] would be very
helpful for the Members of this Commi:ee
because it also expresses some success factors in
the implementa7on of agrarian
reform” [emphasis added]

COOP-NATCO Partylist Representa:ve Guillermo Cua
Commixee Hearing, 21-Nov-2007
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Systemic Governing Coali:on

“…The extension of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
which is considered as a priority measure of the House of
Representa7ves and the LEDAC. Also included in our discussion is
the Genuine Agrarian Reform Bill”
Rep. Elias C. Bulut, Jr. “
House Agrarian Reform Commixee Chair,
Plenary Delibera:on, 23-Apr-2008

“What we are disappointed, Madam Speaker, is the lack of poli:cal will to
push this bill forward. We have heard yesterday that Malacañang will
cer:fy this bill urgent, but this step is s:ll not enough to expedite the
passage of this bill before the LAD expires on June 10” [emphasis added]

Rep. Ana Theresa Hon:verso-Baraquel,
Anakbayan Partylist Representa:ve
Plenary Delibera:on, 02-Jun-2008).
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Other Policy Decisions
“Sa aming pag-aaralan (Based on our analysis) ang CARP, as it is, undermines

our agriculture and small farmers and reinforce the destruc:ve impact of
globaliza:on and liberaliza:on. CARP has caused the further fragmenta:on of

our farm units na… which makes our small farmers... small farmers even
smaller and more economically vulnerable to the onslaught of foreign
agricultural products wrought by full liberaliza:on”
Representa:ve Satur S. Ocampo,
Bayan Muna Partylist,
Public Hearing 06-Mar-2008).

“Number three, we have the free trade, the WTO. There is a great issue, a
major issue on whether or not a family size farm--one hectare, two hectare--
can compete with the foreign-funded developed farms in the world which are
even subsidized. We cannot compete” [emphasis added]
Eduardo Hernandez,
PARC Landowner Representa:ve,
Commixee Hearing, 5-Dec-2007
 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Socioeconomic Condi:ons
“Second, some claim that CARP is a total failure, not worthy of extension. Those who oppose agrarian reform either
call for the junking of CARP altogether, or the delay in its further implementaCon pending a review of the program,

Mr. Speaker and my dear colleagues, this is far from unqualified fact. Various comprehensive studies have
established empirical data that CARP, where it was properly and successfully implemented, has contributed to
alleviaCng poverty, establishing peace in the countryside, and the improved quality of life for agrarian reform

beneficiaries. This is a fact, Mr. Speaker, that our farmer-friends in the Reform CARP Movement, a broad coaliCon of
more than 30 naConal and local farmer's organizaCon and the NGO's, some of whom are in the gallery today, are
more than willing to anest to”

Rep. Ana Theresia "Risa" Hon:veros-Baraquel,
Akbayan Partylist
Plenary Delibera:on 30-Apr-2008).

“And all of the studies would show, disCnguished Gentleman that the quality of life of the beneficiaries had
increased. Even on the non-monetary aspect, with respect to the non-monetary indicators of welfare, like strong
house materials, and bener educaConal anainment of family members, households of agrarian reform beneficiaries
showed bener performance than non-agrarian reform beneficiaries. So, this is the beneficial effect of the program
which cannot be debunked by general statements, because these are empirical studies supported by documentaCon
and researches”
Rep. Edcel Lagman,
Albay First District Represena:ve
Plenary Delibera:on, 4-Jun-2008).

 Data Analysis
Policy Change Through External Shocks:
Socioeconomic Condi:ons
“So in the twenty years, Madam Speaker, that the

CARP has been implemented by the government, how

would you grade it? As a success, a failure? On a scale
of one to ten, how has been the performance of the
department regarding the distribuCon, the support
service, the producCvity and the improvement of the
lives of our Filipino farmer?”
Rep. Jesus Crispin Remulla
Cavite Third District Representa:ve
Plenary Delibera:on, 14-May-2008

 Conclusions
•  Both policy-oriented learning and the considera:on of select
external factors.
–  House delibera:ons shows a substan:al degree of learning from past
implementa:on (i.e. policy-oriented learning) among compe:ng
coali:ons.
–  reflected in
•  (a) amended provisions of the original CARP included in the final CARPER law
and
•  (b) altered behavior and modifica:ons of policy beliefs of compe:ng coali:ons
–  Indicated by
•  (a) cita:on of a point of conflict or disagreement usually phrased in a ques:on
form which starts a discussion that leads to a clarifica:on or some form of
enlightenment,
•  (b) recogni:on of a flaw/defects/imperfec:ons that raise issue as to the
necessity of reforming the law,
•  which raise (c) the need for scien:fic informa:on/ empirical (reliable) studies to
•  (d) evaluate the performance (i.e. success/failure) of a law
•  in order to (e) improve the law or manifesta:on of intent to improve the law.

 Conclusions
•  Both policy-oriented learning and the considera:on of
select external factors.

–  Locus/case studies:
•  (1) security of land transfer process,
•  (2) support services, and
•  (3) the role of DAR and implemen:ng agencies.
–  Mul:-level, tri-par:te structure of policy beliefs
–  Congress as professional forum
•  (1) Congress as a democra:c ins:tu:on, open to and inclusive of
divergent views
•  (2) ins:tu:onal procedures for democra:c dialogue
•  (3) prohibi:ons for mutual respect of diverging opinion
•  *policy brokers:
–  Elias Bulut
–  Edcel Lagman
 Conclusions
•  Both policy-oriented learning and the considera:on
of select external factors.
–  External factors = impetus for con:nued demand for
CARPER
•  Cons:tu:onal Mandate
•  Systemic Governing Coali:on/conducive leadership
•  Other policy decisions (Free Trade, previous AR laws, LGU
code, etc.)

 Recommenda:ons
•  Examine actual implementa:on of RA 9700

 Ques:ons to consider
•  Agribusiness Venture Arrangements=AVA
(Lapanday Foods, Inc.)
•  Threshold of Income/success of CARP
•  To where do you axribute increased income
•  Print Reyes (2002) increase from 1991 to 2000
•  Was that the increase aimed for?
•  Part of recommenda:on and not part of
•  Show how data of matrix of comparisons
•  Ready authors of content analysis (Schuefel, Wodak)

•  One-page double-spaced explana:on on TF and OF

•  Note: RA 8532 merely extends the implementa:on and augments the funding of RA 6657 while RA
9700, based on preliminary data gathering, have substan:al differences (hence the term CARP
Extension with Reforms or CARPER)
•  ----- Mee:ng Notes (12/10/14 01:12) -----
•  it may be prudent to consider this fact
•  ----- Mee:ng Notes (12/11/14 13:50) -----
•  cite the DAR-GTZ study commissioned in 2007

•  lobby with Congress

•  their ac:ons were most instrumental in igni:ng the dialogue between the civil society and the state
as formalized by commixee/public hearings