ARTICLE? 2007 SECTION ARTICLE 7 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION 1-710 ‘When specified by the referencing Code Section, the ‘magnetic particle examination techniques desciibed in this Amicle shall be used In general, this Article is in confor- ‘mance with SE-708, Standard Guide for Magnetic Patticle Examination This document provides details to be consid- cred in the procedures used ‘When this Article is specified by a referencing Code Section, the magnetic paiticle method described i Auticle shall be used together with Article 1, G Requirements. Definition of terms used in this Asticle are in Mandatory Appendix 1 SCOPE, 1-20 GENERAL. The magnetic particle examination method may be applied to detect eracks and other discontinuities on or near the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. The sensitivity is ‘greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly creasing depth of subsurface discontinuities below the surface Typical types of discontinuities that ean be elected by this method are cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, sand laminations In principle, this method involves magnetizing an area to be examined, and applying ferromagnetic particles (the cekamnination’s medium) to the surface The particles will form patteras on the surface where cracks and other discon- tinuities cause distortions in the normal magnetic field These pattems are usually characteristic of the type of discontinuity that is detected Whichever technique is used to produce the magnetic flux in the part, maximum sensitivity will be to lineat siscontinities oriented perpendicular to the lines of ux. For optimum effectiveness in detecting all types of discon- tinnities, each area isto bo examined at last twice, with the lines of ux during one examination approximately Petpendicular to the lines of flax during the other Tm. 1-721.1 Requirements, Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in accordance witha witten procedure, ‘which shall, asa minimum, contain the requirements listed Written Procedure Requitements Nomprohetion may heme ofthis mater wit writen conan of A in Table 1-721 The written provediare shall establish a single value, ot range of values, foreach requirement 1-721.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure {qualification is specified by the referencing Code Section, 2 change of a requitement in Table T-721 identified as an essential variable shall requize qualification ofthe written procedure by demonstration. A change of a requitement {dentitied as anonessential variable does notreguire equal itleaion ofthe writen procedure Atl changes of essential ‘or nonessential vaiables from those specified within the ‘written procedure shall require revision of, ran addendum to, the written proved 1-730 EQUIPMENT A suitable and appropriate means for producing the nec- jessary magnetic flux in the past shall be employed, using ‘one ot more of the techniques listed in and described in 1-750 T-7M ‘Examination Medium The finely divided ferromagnetic pastcles used for the examination shall meet the following requirements (a) Particle Types The particles shall be treated to impast color (Ruorescent pigments, nonfluorescent pi ‘ments, or both) in order to make them highly visible (con- tuasting) against the background of the surface bein examined (b) Particles Dry and wet patticles and suspension vehicles should be in accordance with SE-709 (c) Temperature Limitations. Particles shall be used within the temperature range limitations set by the manu! facturer of the particles Alternatively, particles may be used outside the particle manufacturer's recommendations providing the procedure is qualified in accordance with Article 1, T-150 at the proposed temperature o2007 SECTION Y ARTICLE? TABLE T-721 REQUIREMENTS OF A MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION PROCEDURE Roqulremert agoeting eoique ‘agetzng eurent type or amprege outside range specified by this ‘Alle oF 35 provicuty qualia Surface preparation ‘soetie pats (Fuorscevvsbl, clo, partic sie, wey athe of particle apication awed of excess parte remot Minar igh testy Existing coats, greater an the wicknes deersvated Nonmannee sua cnvast entancement, when ulzed Penermance demonstration, when resired Franinavon part surface tenpeatae ose of the ‘ampere range ecormendd by the manufativer of the aries or 2s previously qualifies Shape or sige ofthe examination object, auipment ofthe sae toe Temperature (wehie tos specified by manufactur or a8 previousy auf erating ecaigue Pestevamisatin clearing tecique Pavzonat qulfeation eqaromonts Nowesental Variable Een Variole 1-740 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS 1-741 Surface Conditioning T-T4L.1 Preparation (a) Satisfactory results are usually obtnined when the surfaces are in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as- {orged conditions However, surface preparation by grind ing or machining may be necessary where surface iregular- ities could mask indications due to discontinuities {(b) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within atleast | in (25 mm shall be dry and free of all dit, grease int, seale, ‘welding ux and spater, oil, or other extraneous matter that could imerfere with the examination (c) Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, ‘organi solvents, descaling solutions, paint removers, ‘vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting, of ultrasonic clean- sng methods d) If nonmagnetic coatings are left on the part in the area being examined, it shall be demonstzated that indica- tions can be detected through the existing maximum eost- ing thickness applied. When AC yoke technique is used, tho demonstration shall be in accordance with Mandatory Appendix [of this Anticle I-741.2 Nonmagnetic Surface Contrast Enhance- ‘ment. Nonmagnetic surface contrasts may be applied by the examiner to uncoated surfaces, only in amounts suft- ‘cient to enhance particle contrast, When nonmagnetic sur- fave contrast enhancement is used, it shall be demonstrated that indications can be detected through the enancement ‘Copyright © 007 by he Arscean Soy a {No prediction maybe ade of is mete wil ‘Thickness measurement of this nonmagnetic surface con- tuast enhancement is not required NOE: Refer to 1-150) fr guidance forts demaeteton rogied in 7841) an 7412 1-750 TECHNIQUE T7581 Techniques (One or more of the following five magnetization tech niques shall be used (a) prod technique () longitudinal magnetization technique {) eircular magnetization technique {d) yoke technique (e) multidirectional magnetization tcl ique ‘1-752 Prod Technique ‘1-7821 Magnetzing Procedure. For the prod tech- nique, magnetization is accomplished by portable prod type electvcal contacts pressed agsinst the srface inthe area to be examined. To avoid srcing, a remote contol switch, ‘hic may’ be built nt the prod anaes, hal be provided to permit the erent to be applied afer the prods have teen propery postioned 1-7522 Magnetizing Current Director ects mag- nizing curent shall be used The curet shall be 160 (vinimurm) amp/in @ amp/mm) to 128 (maximum) amp/in (3 amp) of rod spacing for sections % in ccknial gins ite consent of ASME owuud uayn poyoRuoduN payed 3 UeuNaESIp 0 woHONporeL Joy ON HO HED Ay EOOE-20-F0 Ue PaRROKINOD HOS o.1499y NANA URES YORE AARIICLET (19 mm) thick ot grater For accion Less than % in (19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90 amp/in. 3.6 amp/mm)t0 110 ampfin (44 amp/ mm) of pro® spacing 1-182. Prod Spacing, Prod spacing shall not exceed 8 in (200 mm) Shoste spacing may be used to accommo ate the geometric limitations of the area being examined fort increase the sensitivity, but prod spacings of less than. 3 in. (73 mm) are usually not practical due to banding of the particles around the prods “The prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed. Ifthe open circuit voliage of the mag netizing current source is greater than 25 V, lead, steel, 0: aluminum (rather than copper) tipped prods are-recom: mended to avoid copper deposits on the past being examined ‘7-753 Longitudinal Magnetization Technique T-753.1 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique ‘magnetization is accomplished by passing current through 1 malt-tom fixed coil (or eables) that is wrapped around the part or section ofthe part to be examined This produces longitudinal magnetic field parallel tothe axis ofthe coil axed, prewound coil is used, the part shall be placed neat the side ofthe coil during inspection Thisis of special ‘importance when the coil opening is more than 1D times the cross-sectional area of the patt 1-753.2 Magnetic Field Strength. Direct or rectified ‘current shall be used to magnetize pats examined by this technique The requited field strength shall be calculated based on the length 1 and tho diameter D of tho pact in accordance with T-753 2a) and (b) or as established in (@)and @), below Long parts shall be examined in sections not to exceed 18 in. (450 mun), and 18 in (450 mm) shall be used for the part 1. in calculating the required Held strength For noncylindrical pars, D shall be the maximum, cross-soctional diagonal (a) Parts With L/D Ratios Equal to or Greater Than 4 The magnetizing curt shall be within 10% of the ampete-turas* value determined as follows: 35.000 Amperetums = ate For example, a part 10 in (250 mm) long X 2 in (50 mm) diameter has an L/D ratio ot 5. Therefore, 35,000 RE = 5000 amperes (b) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Dhan 4 but Not Less Than 2 The magnetizing ampere-turns shall be within +£10% of the ampere-turns" value determined as follows 0 Amperetums = $5.00 2007 SECHION v (6) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 2 Coil magnetiza- tion technique cannot be used {d) Ifthe area to be magnetized extends beyond 9 in (225 mm) on ees side ofthe coll’s center, feld adequacy shall be demonstrated using a magnetic fleld indicator ot aatificial law shims per 1-764 (e) For large parts due tosizeand shape, the magnetizing ‘curent shal] be [200 ampere-turns to 4500 ampere-turns The field adequacy shall be demonstrated using artificial flaw shims or a pie-shaped magnetic Held indicator in accordance with 1-764 A Hall-ifect probe gaussmeter shall not be used with encircling coil magnetization tech- niques 7.7533 Magnetizing Current. The current required to obtain the necessary magnetizing fled sicength shall be sletermined by dividing the ampere-tums obtained in stops T-153 2€@) or (6) by the number of turns in the coil as follows: smere tum Amperes (meter reading ee For example, if x Suin col is used and the ampere-turns required are 5000, use = 1000 amperes (210%) T-7S4 Circular Magnetization Technique T-74.1 Dizect Contact Technique (a) Magnetiing Procedure For this technique, magne tization is accomplished by passing cutrent throvgh the part to be examined, This produces a circular magnetic fleld that is approximately perpendicular to the direction ‘of eurreat ow In the part (b) Magnerizing Current Disect or sectiied (half-wave rectified or fullewave rectified) magnetizing cutrent stall be used (1) Ve current shall be 300 amplin (12 A/mm) to ‘800 amp/in (31 A/mm) of enter diameter (2) Pants with geometric shapes other than round with the greatest cross-sectional diagonal in a plane at right angles tothe current flow shall determine the inches to be used in 1-754 1(b)(1) above (3) It the current levels required for (b1) cannot be ‘obuained, the maximum current obtainable shall be used ‘and the fleld adequacy shall be demonstrated in accordance with T-764 1.7842. Central Conductor Technique (a) Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, a central conductor is used to examine the internal surfaces of eylin- Grically or ring-shaped parts The central conductor tech- nique may also be used for exemining the outside surfaces fof these shapes Where large diameter cylinders are to be i z ‘ i g 4 a i i 8 3 3 i : i g $ i eyoau0aun ud voy