Final B.E. Examination: MAY - JUNE 2019 BETL/ELL-803 /8443EL : TV AND RADAR ENGINEERING Max. Marks: 70 and Min. Marks: 22 Time : Three Hours Note: Attemptall the questions. Assume suitable data if any missing. Answer must be to the point. = 'SNo. 5 Marks: Course (a) | What is flicker? zara (b)_| Explain the term “image continuity and scanning” fescdsatosOOL (c)_| How many horizontal lines get traced during each vertical retrace? cel eae {\(@)_| justify the need of equalizing pulses. ere OR (@) | Describe Vestigial sideband transmission with the help of neat con sketches. 2{a)/{ What is negative modulation? 2 [coz Explain the purpose of the aluminum coating used on the inside of| 2 | COZ cathode ray tubes for television. (@_| Draw only the diagram of plumbicon camera tube. 3 | coz (@)_| Describe with a block diagram the operation of a TV transmitter. 2002: OR | (© | With the help of a neat diagram explain the function of an image coz corthicon. i bags What is D.C. restoration? TafencOD (b)_| Explain the term saturation used in colour television. z {coz (©)_| Explain the term hue used in colour television. Be: |= .002: (d) | Draw the circuit diagram, and explain the operation of the horizontal | 7 | CO2 output stage of a television receiver. OR (© | Explain different types of transmitting and receiving antennas used in co2 TV system. { aoa z 4{a) | Write the applications of Radar. 2 | _cos (b)_| Draw only the diagram of a line pulser. 2 | cos. (©)_| What is radar cross-section? 3 | cos. (@)_| Derive the basic radar range equation. 7_[_cos OR (©) | Discuss the principle of operation of a RADAR system by giving a cos suitable block diagram. On what factors the maximum radar range depends? 5{a) | What is blind speed? 2_| cos (b)_| What is delay line canceller? 2 | 3608 ()_| What is Doppler effect? 3_|_cos (4) | Explain the principle of MT! radar fortarget detection with the help of] 7 | C06 block diagram that uses power amplifier as transmitter, ~~~ ar OR (©) | Give a block diagram of a CW Doppler radar with non zero IF receiver 606 and explain the function of each blocksSolution of BETL/ELL-803/8443EL : TV and Radar Engineering (a) licker Although the rate of 24 pictures per second in motion pictures and that of scanning 25 frames per second in television pictures is enough to cause an illusion of continuity, they are not rapid enough to allow the birghtness of one picture or frame to blend smoothly into the next through the time when the screen is blanked between successive frames. This results in a definite flicker of light that is very annoying to the observer when the screen is made alternately bright and dark b IMAGE CONTINUITY While televising picture elements of the frame by means of the scanning process, itis necessary to present the picture to the eye in such a way that an illusion of continuity is created and any motion in the scene ‘appears on the picture tube screen as a smooth and continuous change. Fg 4 ofall over ates The scene is scanned rapidly both in the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously to provide sufficient number of complete pictures or frames per second to give the illusion of continuous motion. © During each vertical retrace 20 Horizontal lines will be lost. Therefore, in a frame, 40 Horizontal lines will be lost during 2 vertical retrace To fectfy the drawback which occurs on account of half-line discrepancy five narrow pulses are added on either side of the vertical sync pulse. These are called pre-equalizing and post-equalizing pulses e «Inthe video signal very low frequency modulating components exist along with the rest of the signal. These components give rise to sidebands very close to the carrier frequency which are difficult to remove by physically realizable filters. ‘© The low video frequencies contain the most important information of the picture and any effort to completely suppress the lower sideband would result in objectionable phase distortion at these frequencies. + This distortion will be seen by the eye as ‘smear’ in the reproduced picture. Therefore, as a compromise, only a part of the lower sideband, is suppressed, and the radiated signal then consists of a full upper sideband together with the carrier, and the vestige (remaining part) of the partially suppressed lower sideband. ‘© This pattern of transmission of the modulated signal is known as vestigial sideband. In the 625 line system, frequencies up to 0.75 MHz in the lower sideband are fully radiated+ The picture signal is seen to occupy a bandwidth of 6.75 MHz instead to 11 MHz, 4.258 Saving in band Total channel wicthy = 7 Miz ’ P § t a 8.5 MHz “4 0.25 MHz } 0.5 Miz a Guard e: Part of LSB removed 078 Fue by liter Miz ‘ ‘+ Though the total power that is developed and radiated at the transmitter. This can be demonstrated by considering the power relations in the modulated wave. The total power Pt, in the modulated wave is the sum of the carrier power Pc, and the power in the two sidebands, This can be expressed as: where, Ec is the rm.s. value of the sinusoidal carrier wave, and Ris the resistance in which the power is dissipated. Note from the above expression that Pc remains constant but Pt depends on the value of the modulation index m 2(a) The type of modulation in which the modulated video signal amplitude decreases with the increase in brightness of the picture is called Negative modulation. b Its estimated that about 50 per cent of the light emitted at the screen, when the electron beam strikes it, travels back into the tube. Another 20 percent or so is lost in the glass of the tube because of internal reflections and only about 20 percent of it reaches the viewer. Image contrast is also impaired because of interference caused by the light which is returned to the screen after reflection from some other points. Also any ions is the beam, which do exist despite best precautions while degassing, damage the phosphor material on hitting it and thus cause a dark brownish patch on the screen, This area usually centers around ‘the middle of the screen because the greater mass of the ions prevents any appreciable deflection during their transit, with the result, that they arrive almost at the centre of the screen. To overcome these serious drawbacks practically all modern picture tubes employ a very thin coating of aluminium on the back surface ofthe screen phosphor. The aluminized coating is very thin and with a final anode voltages of 10 kV or more, the electrons of the beam have enough velocity to penetrate this coating and excite the phosphor.