INDOOR PROPAGATION PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENTS WITHIN

MULTISTORY BUILDING FOR WIRELESS LAN APPLICATIONS

ABDUSAMEA I.A OMER

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

 PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS‹
JUDUL: INDOOR PROPAGATION PREDICTION AND
MEASUREMENTS WITHIN MULTISTORY BUILDING
FOR WIRELESS LAN APPLICATIONS

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006 / 2007

Saya ABDUSAMEA I.A OMER

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/ Sarjana/ Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (3)

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

SULIT kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan

TERHAD oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

3 TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap:
408 – S47 – KTC – UTM PROF. DR. THAREK BIN ABD. RAHMAN
SKUDAI JOHOR MALAYSIA
81310 Nama Penyelia

Tarikh: 11 MAY 2007 Tarikh: 11 MAY 2007

CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/ organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh
tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
‹ Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana
secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan
penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
“I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this project
report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical-Electronics & Telecommunication)”

Signature :…………………..
Supervisor : PROF DR.THAREK BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
Date : 11 May 2007
INDOOR PROPAGATION PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENTS WITHIN
MULTISTOY BUILDING FOR WIRELESS LAN APPLICATIONS

ABDUSAMEA I.A OMER

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Electrical-Electronics & Telecommunication)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

MAY 2007
 ii

I declare that this project report entitled “Indoor propagation prediction and
measurements within multistory building for wireless LAN applications “is the result
of my own research except as cited in the references. The project report has not been
accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other
degree.

Signature : ………………………………
Name : ABDUSAMEA I.A OMER
Date : 11 MAY 2007
 iii

To
My Beloved Parents , Brothers and Sisters
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, and Most Merciful

Praise be to Almighty Allah (Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala) who gave me the

courage and patience to carry out this work. Pease and blessing of Allah be upon his
last prophet Mohammed (Sallulaho-Alaihe Wassalam) and all his companions
(Sahaba), (Razi-Allaho-Anhum) who devoted their lives towards the prosperity and
spread of Islam.

My deep appreciation and heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor,

PROF.DR THAREK BIN ABDUL RAHMAN for his kindness, constant endeavor,
and guidance and the numerous moments of attention he devoted through out this
work.

I extend my deepest gratitude to my close friend, Eng. Ibrahim Abuharba for

his encouragement and motivation. Also I would like to thank friends and stuff in
wireless communication center (WCC) for their help facilities and for providing
conductive working environment

Family support plays a vital role in the success of any individual. I would like
to convey a heartfelt thanks to my parents, brothers, and other family members
including all my uncles, ants and their families; their prayers and encouragement
always helped me take the right step in life.

A heartfelt gratitude and acknowledgement are due to the Libyan community

in UTM, Skudai for their kindness, care, valuable advices and cooperation, which
generates a similar environment as what I left.
 v

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the possibility of using radio for data and voice
communications inside the buildings has become an attractive proposition. A
prerequisite to the design of indoor radio communication systems is knowledge of
indoor propagation characteristics. These characteristics can be used to determine the
optimum location of the base station antenna for a desired coverage within a
building. Propagation prediction within buildings is made difficult by the occurrence
of various propagation phenomena which depend on specific building structures. In
this project the investigation for WLAN system is done for three different buildings
inside University of Technology Malaysia. The Site Ware Technology's site specific
propagation prediction tool is a three-dimensional (3-D) ray tracing code employing
modified shoot and bounce ray(SBR) method know as the Vertical Plane Launch
(VPL) will be used to predict indoor propagation effects with different building
structures to show the prediction of the path loss and the time delay spread for
WLAN system inside these buildings, also a comparison between the real time
measurements using AirMagnet software and the prediction using VPL software
has been done for verification and the AutoCAD tool with the help of Ms Excel, was
used to measure all the building's dimensions for highly accurate building database.
The results from both prediction and measurement are in form of numbers, so Matlab
has been used to present these outputs in 2D display. Finally, based on the evaluation
results, we provide a set of recommendations that might help to improve this work
and fulfill the indoor user requirements.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Syak kebelakangan ini , penggunaan radio untuk komunikasi data dan suara
dalam bangunan telah menjadi suatu proposisi yang menarik . factor yang diperlukan
dalam rekaan sistem komunikasi radio dalaman adalah pengetahuan tentang karakter-
karakter perambatan dalaman . karakter- karakter ini boleh digunakan dalam
penentuan lokasi optima antena stesen asas bagi sesuatu , rangkuman dalam
bangunan yang diinginkan ramalan perambatan dalam bangunan menjadi sukar
dengan kejadian pelhagi fenomena perambatan yang bergantung kepda struktu
struktu spesifik bangunuan . dalam projek ini ,siasatan sistem WLAN dilaksanakan
untuk tiga bangunan yang berbeza dalam Universiti Teknologi Malaysia . alat
ramalan perambatan lokasi spesifik oleh site ware technology ialah tiga dimensi
(3D)”ray tracing “ kod yang menggunakam modifikasi “shoot” dan “bounce ray
“(SBR) cara yang juga dikenali sebagai “ Vertical Plane Launch” (VPL). la akan
digunakan dalam meramal efek-efek perambatan dalaman dengan pelbagai Stnrkuer
beugunan berbeza whtuk menunjukkan ramalan ″path loss″ dan ″time delay opread″
bagi sistem WLAN dalam bengunan serta perbandingan antara pengukuran sebener
menggunalcan software dilaksanakan untuk tujuan verifikasi. Dengan bantuan Ms
Excel, alat antocad digunakam untuk mengukur samua dimensi bengunan untuk
memperoleh dadbase bangunan yang dalam bentuk numbor-nombor. Oleh itu,
Matlab digunakan untuk menunjuklcan output-output ini dalam pameran secara 2D.
Akhir sekali dengan berpandutcan hasil-hasil evausasi, satu set cadangan membina
dalam meningkatkan kerja ini dan mencapai kehendak-kehendak pengguna dalaman
akan dibekalkan.
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF APPENDENCES xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective of the Project 2

1.4 Scope of the Project 2
1.5 Methodology of the Project 3
1.5.1 Site Survey 3
1.5.2 Data Collection of Multistory building
3
using AutoCAD
1.5.3 Excel Files 3
1.5.4 VPL Simulation 3
1.5.5 Real time measurement 4
1.6 Organization of the Thesis 6
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
 viii

2.1 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 7

2.1.1 Introduction 7
2.1.2 Benefits of Wireless LANs 7
2.1.3 Architecture of a Wireless LAN 8
2.1.3.1 Stations 8
2.1.3.2 Access Points (AP’s) 8
2.1.3.3 Wireless Clients 9
2.1.3.4 Basic Service Set 9
2.1.3.5 Independent Basic Service
Set 9

2.1.3.6 Infrastructure Basic Service

9
Set
2.1.3.7 Extended Service Set 10
2.1.3.8 Distribution System 10

2.2 IEEE 802.11 Standards 10

2.3 Indoor Radio Wave Propagation 12
2.3.1 Reflection: 13
2.3.2 Diffraction: 14

2.3.3 Refraction 15

2.3.4 Scattering 15
2.3.5 Indoor Path Loss 16

2.3.6 Free Space Los 16

2.3.7 Line of Site Path Loss 18
2.3.8 Obstructed Path Loss 19
2.3.9 Doppler frequency shift 20

2.3.10 Multipath and Fading Effects 22

2.3.11 Delay Spread 24
2.3.12 Raleigh Fading 25
2.3.13 Rician Fading 25
2.3.14 Related work 26
3 RAY TRACING SOFTWARE AND 30
 ix

SIMULATION
3.1 Propagation Models 30
3.1.1 Two-Ray tracing Model 30
3.1.2 Vertical-Plane-Launch Method 32
3.1.3 Algorithm of Simulation Software 33
3.2 Databases for Simulation 35
3.2.1 Building database 35
3.2.2 Receiver Database 37
3.2.3 Building Interior Database Format 38
3.3 Simulation Command Input 39
3.4 Output of the Prediction Tool 40

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42

4.1 Over view 42
4.2 Output Result from VPL Software 42
4.2.1 Power and Delay Spread Output 43
4.2.2 Impulse Response Output 43
4.2.3 Ray Path Information Output
43

4.3 Measurements result using AirMagnet 47

4.4 Result Visualization 48
4.4.1 Path Loss and Time delay spread
48
Visualization for WCC
4.4.2 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread
50
For KOLEJ PERDANA
4.4.3 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread
59
For KOLEJ 11 MA7 building
4.5 Result Analysis 60
4.5.1 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread 60
4.5.2 Comparison between Prediction and
61
Measurement Result

5 CONCLUSION 63
 x

5.1 Conclusion 63
5.2 Future Work
64

REFERENCES 65
Appendices A - F 67-167
 xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 WLAN standards 12
2.2 2.4 GHz Signal Attenuation 20
2.3 Diffierent Between two types of ray tracing models 29
3.1 Part of WCC building database 36
3.2 Example of the receivers database 37
3.3 Interior building database 39
3.4 Simulation Command input 40
 xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 AirMagnet Software with Laptop 4
1.2 Flow chart of the methodology 5
2.1 Access Point infrastructure 8
2.2 Wireless Local Area Network Architecture using an
10
Infrastructure BSS
2.3a Reflected Signal on partial reflective surface 13
2.3b Reflected Signal on perfect reflective surface 13
2.4 Diffraction of a Signal 14
2.5 Refracted wave 15
2.6 Scattered Wave front on an I-beam 16
2.7 Free Space Radiating Point Source 17
2.8 2.4GHz Typical Path Loss 18
2.9 Multiple Floors Indoor Path Loss 19
2.10 Doppler frequency shift effect 22
2.11 Multipath signal in indoor environment 22
2.12 Small Scale Fading 24
2.13 Impulse response and frequency transfer function of a
24
multipath channel.
2.14 Measurement system by “Symbol” 26
2.15 Signal level without pepole 27
2.16 Signal level with present pepole 27
2.17 Effect opening and closing the door 28
3.1 Two-Ray Model 31
3.2 Ray generation in horizontal plane (Liang and Bertoni
33
1998)
3.3 Flow chart of ray-tracing simulation based on the VPL 34
 xiii

method (Liang and Bertoni 1998)

3.4 Sample of the AUTOCAD Building map of WCC 36
3.5 AutoCAD Receiver location map 37
3.6 Command input simulation 41
4.1 Example of power and delay spread output 44
4.2 Example of impulse response output 45
4.3 Example of ray path information output 46
4.4 Example of AirMagnet measurement (Kolej Perdana) 47
4.5 Simulation Path Loss for Mobile Lab room (WCC) 48
4.6 Time delay spread for Mobile Lab room (WCC) 49
4.7 Simulation Propagation predictions Path Loss for
(WCC) 49
4.8 Time delay spread for WCC 50
4.9 Kolej Perdana First floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 50
4.10 Kolej Perdana Second floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 51
4.11 Kolej Perdana Third floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 51
4.12 Kolej Perdana Forth floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 52
4.13 Kolej Perdana Fifth floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 52
4.14 Kolej Perdana Sixth Floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 53
4.15 Kolej Perdana Seventh Floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 53
4.16 Kolej Perdana All the seven Floors Path loss
propagation predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 54
4.17 Kolej Perdana-One Floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency (Based on
assumption that the building is only one floor) 54
4.18 Kolej Perdana One Floor Path losses Comparison 55
 xiv

between 1 ray (blue) model and 2 ray model (red)

propagation predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency
4.19 Time delay spread for the First Floor Kolej Perdana 55
4.20 Time delay spread for the Second Floor Kolej Perdana 56
4.21 Time delay spread for the Third Floor Kolej Perdana 56
4.22 Time delay spread for the Fourth Floor Kolej Perdana 57
4.23 Time delay spread for the Fifth Floor Kolej Perdana 57
4.24 Time delay spread for the Sixth Floor Kolej Perdana 58
4.25 Time delay spread for the Seventh Floor Kolej Perdana 58
4.26 Time delay spread for All the Seven Floors Kolej
Perdana 59
4.27 Kolej 11 All the four Floors Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency 59
4.28 Time delay spread for all the four Floors Kolej 11 MA7 60
4.29 comparison between real-time measurements and
simulation for Kolej Perdana 61
 xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

WLAN - wireless local area networks

WCC - Wireless Communications Center
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
VPL - Vertical Plane Launch
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
LOS - Line of sight
OFDM - Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
DSSS - Direct sequence spread spectrum
Pt - Transmitting power
Pr - Receiving power

Gt - Transmitter antenna gain

Gr - Receiver antenna gain

Ar - Effective aperture of antenna

λ - Wavelength
C - Velocity of light
dB - Decibels
θ - Incidence angle
f - Frequency
ht - High of receiver antenna

hr - High of transmitter antenna

A - Attenuation factor
ρ - Ground reflection coefficient
r1, r2 - Phase path distance along
h - Fresnel zone radius to the knife edge

λo - Free space wavelength

 xvi

Δd - Distance difference

d1 - Distance from transmitter to obstacle

d2 - Distance from transmitter to obstacle

τ - Delay spread

v - Speed of portable
fc - Carrier frequency

L - Path loss

L0 - Reference loss

Li - Floor loss factor

D - Distance

h(t) - Impulse response

An - Amplitude of signal

τn - Arrival time

ϑn - Arrival phase

Ei - Received field amplitude

Eo - Transmitting field strength

 xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION CENTER
67
SIMULATION DATABASES
B KOLEJ PERDANA SIMULATION DATABASES 76
C KOLEJ 11 MA7 BUILDING SIMULATION
DATABASES 91
D RAY TRACING PROPAGATION PREDICTION 104
E AIR MAGNET SOFTWARE
F AUTOCAD IMPLEMINTATION 130
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal growth in wireless

communication. Indoor wireless communication - such as is associated with personal
communication (PCS) and wireless local- area networks (LANs) - is exploding
rapidly. The need for an efficient way to evaluate radio propagation in buildings is
increasing. It is also critical to optimize the locations of the base stations required to
ensure satisfactory system performance. Consequently, radio-propagation prediction
for indoor environments, which forms the basis for optimizing the location of the
base stations, has become an important research topic.

Indoor radio propagation is not influenced by weather conditions, such as

rain, snow, or clouds, as is outdoor propagation, but it can be affected by the layout
in a building, and especially by the use of different building materials. Owing to the
reflection, refraction, and diffraction of radio waves by objects such as walls,
windows, doors, and furniture inside the building, the transmitted signal often
reaches the receiver through more than one path, resulting in a phenomenon known
as multipath fading [1].
 2

1.2 Problem Statement

Wireless LAN have become widely spread over the last few years, it has been
one of the most significant research topics to investigate how radio wave’s propagate
inside office environments, since local objects like pillars, walls, doors and windows
may reduce the link performance of such low power systems.

The existing for indoor environments is that the signal propagated from the
transmitter antenna will experience many different signal transformations and paths
with a small portion reaching the receiver antenna. Awareness of this process will
assist the user to better understand radio performance limitations.

1.3 Objective

This project is aiming to predict and measure the signal strength of wireless
LAN in a multi storey building (Kolej Perdana) in the University Of Technology
Malaysia in order to Obtain best efficiency and coverage of indoor propagation for
wireless LAN systems.

1.4 Scope of project

To provide proper study of wireless LAN propagation signal in multi storey

building, in which the signals are traced , and to build the database of a multi storey
building by using AUTOCAD and MS EXCEL Software; the simulation results will
be Presented by using MATLAB software for visualizing; The prediction will be
done at a carrier frequency 2.4GHz (based on IEEE 802.11 b/g standards) the
simulated result will be compared with the real time measurements that obtained
using Air magnet software In order to Analyze the simulated result.
 3

1.5 Project Methodology

1.5.1 Site Survey

Site survey involved in locating the place to be measured. As initial stage of

this project Wireless Communication Center (WCC) in Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia was the first place to be tested.

In the second stage of this project (kolej perdana) will be our target in the
following sections the procedures that have been taken in order provide a good
evaluation of coverage are introduced.

1.5.2 Data Collection of Multistory building

Building data base was provided by WCC as DWG file (DraWinG) witch
will be imported to CAD so all the measurements of the building dimensions can be
obtained easily.

1.5.3 Excel Files

Upon having the dimensions of the multistory building with the help of
AUTOCAD the dimensions are entered into an excel file , after words a file.txt can
be generated to be imported to VPL .

1.5.4 VPL Simulation

Firstly selecting up the parameters for VPL such as increment angel between
successive rays, operating frequency (in our case 2.4 GHZ), fresnel zone width first
 4

and second zone, antenna type (in our case monopole) Secondly, simulation is
carried out and the outcome of the simulation is tested If no errors, the results can be
plotted by using MATLAB two of the most graphs that will be plotted are path loss
and time delay spread .

If error occurs, then simulation must be repeated by changing either the

parameters of the VPL or the TXT file that was generated by Excel.

1.5.5 Real time measurement

Figure1.1 AirMagnet Software with Laptop

With the use of Air Magnet software, real time measurements can be conducted to
measure the actual strength and path loss of the signal.

Once the real time test has finished a comparison will be done with the predicted
result, the comparison will be in terms of path loss and time spread delay Upon this
comparison, an analysis can be done to evaluate the tested positions for Access
Points and Receivers to be located for best coverage Final recommendations can be
made to improve the performance of the network.
 5

Site Survey

Data Collection
Using AutoCAD

Generate Excel files

• Building database
• Receiver point database
• Interior building data base

Collecting
parameters

NO Simulation YES
Using VPL
Success

Illustrate simulation
result using "MATLAB"
UPDATING
DATABASE

Measurements using
Air magnet software

Compare between
measured &
simulated results

Done
Result Analysis

Figure1.2 Flow chart of the methodology

 For
Simulat
ion
6

1.6 Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 1 contains some brief overview of WLAN systems In addition to this, the
problem statement , objective and the scope of the research have been described.
Finally, the flow chart of how the work of this project has been carried out was also
illustrated.

The literature review is performed in chapter 2. Some introduction about the

WLAN architecture and propagation paths and WLAN propagation mechanism are
introduced such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, delay spread and multipath
fading, the last part shows a summary of some related works.

Chapter 3 contains the some Propagation Models and brief explanation about
vertical plane launch method , the types of databases needed for the simulation are
described and some examples are provided also the outputs of the simulation
software are briefly described and the command input for the simulation software
have been provided.

Chapter 4 contains the results from VPL, result from AirMagnet software,
Visualization result in 2D by Matlab, in this chapter also include some analysis that
is done based on the wireless communication principles and fundamentals.

Finally, Chapter 5 contains the summary of the thesis and also includes some
suggestions for future work.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

2.1.1 Introduction

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network, which is the

linking of two or more computers without using wires. It uses radio communication
to accomplish the same functionality that a wired LAN has. WLAN utilizes spread-
spectrum technology based on radio waves to enable communication between
devices in a limited area, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the
mobility to move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the
network this technology is becoming more and more popular, especially with the
rapid emergence of small portable devices such as PDA (Personal Digital
Assistants)[4].

2.1.2 Benefits of Wireless LANs

Wireless LANs offer users an array of benefits ranging from cost efficiency
to seamless integration with other networks.
 8

The benefits of Wireless LANs include:

1. CAMP: Convenience, Affordability, Mobility, Productivity
2. Deployment advantages: Installation flexibility, speed and scalability
3. Regions without or with limited wired infrastructure can easily establish
wireless communication
4. Wireless networks have a better chance of surviving disasters
5. 802.11wireless LANs, WiMAX and 3G+ cellular networks promise high
bandwidths, global mobility, quality of service and seamless integration with
one another.

2.1.3 Architecture of a Wireless LAN

2.1.3.1 Stations

All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are
referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface cards
(WNICs). Stations fall into one of two categories: Wireless Clients and Access
Points.

2.1.3.2 Access Points (AP’s)

Access Points are base stations for the wireless network. They transmit and
receive radio frequencies for wireless enabled devices to communicate with.

Figure 2.1: Access Point infrastructure

 9

2.1.3.3 Wireless Clients

Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital

assistants (PDAs), IP phones or fixed devices such as desktops and workstations that
are equipped with a wireless network interface card.

2.1.3.4 Basic Service Set

The Basic Service Set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with
each other. There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS and Infrastructure BSS.
Every BSS has an id called the BSSID, it is the MAC address of the access point
servicing the BSS.

2.1.3.5 Independent Basic Service Set

Independent BSS are an ad-hoc network that contains no Access Points.

Since they do not use Access Points they can not connect to any other basic service
set

2.1.3.6 Infrastructure Basic Service Set

An Infrastructure BSS can communicate with other stations not in the same
basic service set by communicating to each other through Access Points.

2.1.3.7 Extended Service Set

An Extended Service Set (ESS) is a set of connected BSS. Access Points in

an extended service set are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID
 10

called the SSID which is a 32 byte (maximum) character string. Example: linksys
(the default SSID for Linksys routers).

2.1.3.8 Distribution System

A distribution system connects Access Points in an extended service set. A

distribution system is usually a wired LAN but can be a wireless LAN.

Figure 2.2: Wireless Local Area Network Architecture using an Infrastructure BSS

2.2 IEEE 802.11 Standards

IEEE 802.11 is a family of specifications for WLANs developed by the

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The 802.11 standard specifies the
 11

Parameters for both the physical and medium access control (MAC) layers of a
WLAN [3]. The physical layer handles the transmission of data between nodes. The
MAC layer consists of protocols responsible for maintaining the use of the shared
medium. Work on 802.11 began in 1987 within the IEEE 802.4 group.

There are three physical layers for WLANs: two radio frequency
specifications (RF -direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum) and one
infrared. Most WLANs operate in the 2.4 GHz license-free frequency band and have
throughput rates up to 2 Mbps. There are various versions of the 802.11 standard. A
brief description of the more popular revisions is given below.

A. 802.11a: 802.11a operates at radio frequencies between 5 GHz and 6 GHz

[6]. The modulation scheme used is orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM, also called multicarrier modulation, uses multiple carrier signals at
different frequencies, sending some of the bits on each channel. This is similar to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). The only difference between FDM and
OFDM is that in OFDM all the sub-channels are dedicated to a single data source.
The data rates vary based on the noise level, distance from the transmitting antenna,
and the propagation environment. Possible data rates for 802.11a are 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
36, 48, and 54 Mbps. Maximum range for this standard is 200 feet.

B 802.11b: 802.11b often called Wi-Fi, being the most popular of all the
standards, operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency [7]. It is an extension of the 802.11
standard. Typical data rates for 802.11b are 5.5 and 11 Mbps. The modulation
scheme used is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The chipping rate is 11 MHz, the
same as in 802.11, providing the same occupied bandwidth. Although the data rates
are slower than 802.11a, the range is higher, up to 300 feet. The frequency band used
(2.4 GHz) can have significant interference problems from such devices as
microwave, cordless phones, and Bluetooth devices.

C 802.11g: 802.11g is the newest member of the 802.11 family. This standard
combines the best of 802.11a and 802.11b. Like 802.11b, 802.11g operates in the 2.4
GHz frequency and can achieve ranges up to 300 feet, but like 802.11a, it reaches
 12

speeds up to 54 Mbps. 802.11g uses a hybrid complementary code keying OFDM

modulation [8].

D 802.11i: 802.11b uses Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol to address

security concerns. WEP itself is more or less an implementation of encryption with
built-in message authentication and data integrity systems. The sheer number and
variety of vulnerabilities discovered within WEP shows what could arise when
security is not designed from the ground up. The future of wireless LAN security is
currently being entrusted to 802.11i [9] [10]. IEEE is developing this wireless LAN
standard, which focuses strictly on security and improving upon the protocols offered
by the previous 802.11 standards. There are three main areas that the IEEE 802.11i
wants to improve on over 802.11b: 1) authentication, 2) key management and 3) data
transfer. All of these areas were severely lacking in WEP.

Table 2.1: WLAN Standards

Protocol Release Date Frequency Bandwidth
IEEE 802.11 1997 2.4 GHz 1, 2 Mbps
6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
IEEE 802.11a 1999 5 GHz
36, 48, 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11b 1999 2.4 GHz 5.5, 11 Mbps
6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
IEEE 802.11g 2003 2.4 GHz
36, 48, 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11n expected mid-2007 2.4 GHz 540 Mbps

2.3 Indoor Radio Wave Propagation

The propagated electromagnetic signal in the indoor environment can

undergo three primary physical modes. These are reflection, diffraction, and
scattering [3]. The following definitions assume small signal wavelength, large
distances (relative to wavelength) and sharp edges for a Typical indoor scenario. the
free space wavelength at 2.4 GHz is 4.92 inches. This wavelength relative to flat
 13

surfaces is sufficiently small for wave propagation mechanisms to hold true.

Typically, the distances between walls, floors and ceilings are on the order of 10 feet
or greater, and the office environment contains many vertical and horizontal edges
and surfaces.

2.3.1 Reflection:

The propagated signal striking a surface will either be absorbed, reflected, or

be a combination of both. This reaction depends on the physical and signal
properties. Physical properties are the surfaces’ geometry, texture and material
composition. Signal properties are the arriving incident angle, orientation, and
wavelength.

Figure 2.3a. Reflected Signal on partial reflective surface

Object surface

Figure 2.3b Reflected Signal on perfect reflective surface

Perfect conductors will reflect the entire signal. Other materials will reflect
part of the incident energy and transmit the rest. The exact amount of transmission
 14

and reflection is also dependent on the angle of incidence, material thickness and
dielectric properties. Major contributors to reflection are walls, floors, ceilings and
furniture.

2.3.2 Diffraction:

As shown in Figure. 2.4. A diffracted wave front is formed when the

impinging

Figure 2.4: Diffraction of a Signal

Transmitted signal is obstructed by sharp edges within the path. Diffraction

occurs when obstacles are impenetrable by the radio waves. Based on Huygens's
principle, secondary waves are formed Behind the obstructing body even though
there is no line of site [3]. Indoor environments contain many types of these edges
and openings, both orientated in the vertical and horizontal planes. Thus the resultant
diffracted signal is dependent on the geometry of the edge, the spatial orientation, as
well as dependent on the impinging signal properties. Such as amplitude, phase and
polarization. The result of diffraction of a wave at an obstacle edge is that the wave
front bends around and behind the obstacle edge. Diffraction is best demonstrated by
the radio signal being detected close to the inside walls around corners and hallways.
This phenomenon can also be attributed to the waveguide effect of signals
propagating down hallways.
 15

2.3.3 Refraction

The Figure 2.5 below shows Another phenomenon common to most radio
waves is the bending of the waves as they move from one medium into another in
which the velocity of propagation is different. This bending of the waves is called
refraction.

Figure 2.5: refracted wave

2.3.4 Scattering:

If there are many objects in the signal path, and the objects are small relative
to the signal wavelength, then the propagated wave front will break apart into many
directions. The resultant signal will scatter in all directions adding to the constructive
and destructive interference of the signal that is illustrated in Figure. 2.6 Most
modern office construction contains pressed steel I-beams throughout the wall
supports. Furthermore, construction materials such as conduit for electrical and
plumbing service can add to the scattering effect.
 16

Figure 2.6: Scattered Wave front on an I-beam

2.3.5 Indoor Path Loss

Path loss is difficult to calculate for an indoor environment. Again, because

of the variety of physical barriers and materials within the indoor structure, the signal
does not predictably lose energy. The path between receiver and transmitter is
usually blocked by walls, ceilings and other obstacles. Depending on the building
construction and layout, the signal usually propagates along corridors and into other
open areas. In some cases, transmitted signals may have a direct path (Line-of-Site,
LOS) to the receiver. LOS examples of indoor spaces are; warehouses, factory floors,
auditoriums, and enclosed stadiums. In most cases the signal path is obstructed.

2.3.6 Free Space Loss

Fundamental to indoor path loss analysis is the free space loss. If the
transmitting antenna were ideally a radiating point source in space, the propagated
surface wave front will exit the point source in a spherical pattern as shown in
Figure. 2.7. The spherical signal energy reduces as the square of the distance. Free
Space Path Loss (FSPL) is defined as: Spherical radiating wave front
 17

Fig. 2.7- Free Space Radiating Point Source

4Π d
FSPL = ( )2 (1)
λ
Where d is distance in meters between the transmitter and receiver, and λ
(lambda) is the wavelength in meters. This equation also implies that as the
frequency increases the loss will be proportionally higher. Relating frequency to
wavelength:

c
λ= (2)
f

Where c is the speed of light, c = 3× 10 8 m/s, and frequency, f = cycles per

second.
The wavelength of the 2.4 GHz sinusoid is:
λ =0.125 meters, λ =12.5 centimeters or λ =4.92 inches.
Free space loss defined in decibels is :
Free Space Loss = 10 × log (FSPL) (3)
Where FSPL is from equation 1.
Free Space Loss (FSL) = 40 dB @ 1 meter

Accordingly, the Free Space Loss (FSL) = 60 dB @ 10 meter Therefore, the

free space loss 1 meter away from the transmitter is 40 dB! Thereafter, the signal
attenuates at a rate of 20 dB per decade.
 18

2.3.7 Line of Site Path Loss

For a LOS office scenario, the path loss is given

Figure 2.8 - 2.4GHz Typical Path Loss

(4)

Where FSLref is the free space loss in dB determined in the far field of the
antenna. Usually for indoor environments, this is calculated to be 1 or 10 meters as
shown in equation (3). “dtr” is the distance between the receiver and transmitter. The
symbol “n1” is a scaling correction factor which is dependent on the attenuation of
the propagation environment. In this case, equation (4) is for large indoor spaces.
The n1 factor has been determined from empirical data collected and can be found in
the excellent reference by; [2] T. Rappaport. For line of site application in hallways
the n1 factor has been determined to be less than 2. This is due to the waveguide
effect provided by properties of hallways or corridors. Figure 2.8 shows the free
space attenuation in dB for a typical indoor application. The curve represents various
LOS path losses. The first segment represents the path loss due to free space. The
second and last segments represent a more lossy path. The instantaneous drop
demonstrates the loss due to obstruction of the LOS path.
 19

2.3.8 Obstructed Path Loss

Obstructed path loss is much more difficult to predict, especially for the
myriad of different indoor scenarios and materials. Therefore, different path loss
models exist to describe unique dominant indoor characteristics. Based on free space
loss and the three propagation phenomenon, the path loss models also account for the
effects of different building types. Examples are multi-level buildings with windows,
or single level buildings without windows.

Figure 2.9: Multiple Floors Indoor Path Loss

It has been shown (See Figure. 2.9) that the propagation loss between floors
begin to diminish with increasing separation of floors non-linearly. The attenuation
becomes less per floor as the number of floors increases. This phenomenon is
thought to be caused by diffraction of the radio waves along side of a building as the
radio waves penetrate the building’s windows. Also, a variety of different indoor
configurations can be categorized for buildings with enclosed offices, or office
spaces consisting of a mix of cubicles and enclosed rooms. Examples of attenuation
through obstacles for various materials are shown in the table below.

Indoor path loss has been shown to be exponential as shown in Fig. 2.8. In
specific cases the models can show deterministic limits. However, in majority of the
cases the obstructed path loss is determined through empirical means followed by
corresponding refinements to the mathematical model.
 20

Table 2.2: 2.4 GHz Signal Attenuation

Window Brick Wall 2 dB
Metal Frame Glass Wall into Building 6 dB
Office Wall 6 dB
Metal Door in Office Wall 6 dB
Cinder Block Wall 4 dB
Metal Door in Brick Wall 12.4 dB
Brick Wall next to Metal Door 3 dB

2.3.9 Doppler frequency shift

When a signal source producing waves at a frequency f and an observer

move relative to one another, the frequency measured by the observer (f ’) depends
on the details of the relative motion; this change in frequency is known as the
Doppler Shift.

The Doppler shift equations shown below work for any wave moving in a
medium, when the motions of the source and observer are along the line joining
them. In the equations below, v, vo , and vs ,are the speeds of mobile unit, observer
and source relative to the medium; if the medium (e.g. air) is moving, vo and vs
should be measured with respect to the medium.

If the observer is moving and the source is stationary, the measured frequency
is:

(v ± vO )
f′ = f (1)
v

where the upper sign corresponds to an approaching observer and the lower
sign corresponds to a receding observer.

If the source is moving and the observer is stationary, the measured frequency
is:
v
f′= f (2)
(v m vS )
 21

where the upper sign corresponds to the source approaching and the lower
sign corresponds to the source receding from the observer.

More generally, where both the source and observer are moving:

(v ± vO )
f′ = f (3)
(v m v S )

Note that the signs in the numerator and denominator are independent of each
other. Use the following general rules for the signs: in the numerator, the upper sign
is used if the observer is moving towards the source and the lower sign if moving
away from the source; in the denominator, the upper sign is used if the source is
moving towards the observer and the lower sign if moving away.

An easy way to remember the signs is simply to remind oneself whether or

not the the observed frequency is going to want to increase or decrease and use
whichever signs do that. For example, when an observer is moving away from a
source, the waves are going to move across it at a slower rate than if it was sitting
still, which means the observed frequency is going to decrease. In order for that to
happen mathematically, the numerator in Eq. (3) needs to decrease, so clearly we
want to use the (-).

Similarly, if a source is moving toward an observer, it’s going to “smoosh”

the waves together as it emits them, which means an increase in observed frequency.
This will be accomplished by making the denominator in Eq. (3) smaller, which
requires using the (-) again.
 22

Figure 2.10: Doppler frequency shift effect

2.3.10 Multipath and Fading Effects

Figure 2.11: Multipath signal in indoor environment

 23

As a transmitted radio wave undergoes the transformation process presented

in the indoor Environment it reaches the receiving antenna in more than one path,
thus giving rise to Multipath. Relating Multipath to propagation models and path loss
employs stochastic theory and probability distribution functions (PDF). A somewhat
understated view of the Multipath effect is; signal variations within a building, where
there are no clear line of site signal paths between the receiver and transmitter,
approximate a Rayleigh distribution. For receivers and transmitters that have line of
site signal paths, the distribution is Rician[3].

A Rayleigh distribution function describes a process where a large number of

incident rays (as seen at the receiver antenna) add randomly with respect to
amplitude and time. A Rician distribution is similar to a Raleigh PDF except that a
Rician PDF contains a strong dominant component. Usually the dominant component
is the direct line of sight or ground reflection ray [5].

Multipath introduces random variations in the received signal amplitude over

a frequency bandwidth. Multipath effects also vary depending on the location of the
antenna as well as the type of antenna used. The observed result of random signal
distributions, as seen by the WLAN radio receiver, will be the “in and out” variation
(fading) of the signal (See Figure 2.12). Variations as much as 40 dB can occur.
Fading can be very rapid or slow. This depends on the moving source and the
propagation effects manifested at the receiver antenna. Rapid variations over short
distances are defined as small-scale fading. With respect to indoor testing, fading
effects are caused by human activities and usually exhibit both slow and fast
variations. Sometimes oscillating metal bladed fans can cause rapid fading effects.
Applications of the WLAN radio indoors can either be fixed or mobile. Thus, small-
scale fading effects can be further described using Multipath time delay spreading.
Since the signal can take many paths before reaching the receiver antenna, the
signals will experience different arrival times. Thus, a spreading in time (as well as
frequency) can occur. Typical values for indoor spreading are less than 100
nanoseconds. Different arrival times ultimately create further degeneration of the
signal. Finally, those who are involved in the wireless discipline whether as a
designer or a user must be aware of construction materials, interiors and exteriors,
 24

and locations of a building to best position WLAN radio equipment. For optimal
performance the user should also consider work activities ultimately.

Figure 2.12 - Small Scale Fading

The WLAN user needs to understand the relationship between indoor propagation
effects and how WLAN performance is affected.

2.3.11 Delay Spread

Because of multipath reflections, the channel impulse response of a wireless

channel looks likes a series of pulses. In practice the number of pulses that can be
distinguished is very large, and depends on the time resolution of the communication
or measurement system.

Figure 2.13 Impulse response and frequency transfer function of a multipath

channel.

In system evaluations, we typically prefer to address a class of channels with

properties that are likely to be encountered, rather than one specific impulse
 25

response. Therefor we define the (local-mean) average power which is received with
an excess delay that falls within the interval (T, T + dt). Such characterization for all
T gives the "delay profile" of the channel.

The delay profile determines the frequency dispersion, that is, the extent to
which the channel fading at two different frequencies f1 and f2 is correlated.

2.3.12 Raleigh Fading

Rayleigh fading , also called fast fading , is commonly used to describe

multipath fading in a two way radio communication system that occurs when there id
not a clear path between the transmitter and the receiver . Rayleigh fading describes
the statistical distribution of the radio signal’s power as received by a radio receiver.
Rayleigh fading occurs when two or ore waves from the transmitter are reflected and
form standing wave pairs in space, when the standing pairs occur, the signals are
summed in amplitude, which causes irregular signal strength variations, which then
usually results in a reduction in signal strength.

Rayleigh fading occurs when the receiving antenna moves through

constructive wave fronts. The receiver’s susceptibility to fading is a function of
frequency of oration and the receiver bandwidth. the higher the frequency , the
shorter the distance id between wave crests, the wider the bandwidth, the susceptible
the receiver is to fading . a value of 5dB is typically used in accounting for Rayleigh
fading in the link budget.

2.3.13 Rician Fading

Rician fading describes the statistical energy distribution of direct wave path
from a transmitter to a receiver. This is also referred to as the light of sight path, and
it represents the variation in signal strength that occurs when the path from a
transmitter to a receiver is not obstructed . Rician fading describes a condition that
occurs when one dominant signal arrives at the receiver with several other weaker
 26

multipath signals. Rician fading is not that common in two way communication
because building or other objects usually obstruct a line of sight to the source.

2.3.14 Related works

A lot of works has been done on the radio propagation prediction. Although
the concept is the same, a lot of techniques has been proposed by a lot of reseachers.
In this section, some of the previous work is introduced to illustrate these diiferent
techniques for prediction. This will eventually lead to fully understanding the
propagation prediction measurements.

Martin , Stanislav and Pavel (Technical University ,Ireland) ,They srarted on

a site survey based on empirical measurements or planning using a software tool
with build-in signal propagation models.

Measurement Equipment
1- RF-Site Survey Software Tool
2- Measurement system by “Symbol”

Figure 2.14 Measurement system by “Symbol

They investigated two models of propagation redictions These Methods are:

1- 1-Manual Deployment using A Site Survey based on Empirical

Measurements (Network is Up and running )
2- 2-Using Software Tool with built-in Signal propagation models
 27

The first method is based on the empirical and semi-empiricalmodels which

are primarily based on statistically processed representative measurements. As the
most popular examples, One-Slope and Multi-Wall models .

In the second one, it is more based on software planning (using a propagation

model) which is much more convenient and cost-effective way to deploy a wireless
network than a site survey with lots of measurements and empirical decisions. Using
simulations many different configurations of the network can be tested with no
expenses to find an optimal solution.

The Measurements that were conducted during the test are RSSI, Coverage ,
Data Rate , Signal quality. The fillowing graphs illustrated some of these
measurements.

Figure 2.15 :signal level without pepole

Figure 2.16 :signal level with present pepole

At first, the measurements were performed without the presence of people.

The doors were opened and closed and the orientation of the notebook was changed
in order to nvestigate how it would distort received signal strength. In the Figure .
2.16 and 2.17 the 5 dB variations due to the "door state" can be clearly seen. Few
high attenuation peeks were caused by a sporadic movement of people at the corridor
which was difficult to prevent even in such a limited area.
 28

Figure 2.17: effect opening and closing the door

It is understood from the graph that the effect opening and closing the door
can be even more distinct when hand-held device is used. The influence on how it is
held, i.e. shadowed by a user, is tremendous. This will give us a real picture of how
accurate our measurements can be.

Eventaully, they have came with these conclusions; Empiriacal measurements

are more precise since they include real environment e.g. people movement , doors
open and closed

However, it is very time consuming (expensive) and usually it is feasible to

perform measurements in limited number of location .

They have recommended for reliable network, both of these methods might
be used in order to fully get an optimised network. In the next table, a summary of
some papers survey is illustrated.

Two main options are available for the implementation of a ray tracing
model known as ray launching , and point to point ray tracing .
 29

Table 2.3 diffierent Between two types of ray tracing models

Method tracing p to p Ray Ray launching
Simple computational
Advantage More accurate
time
Extremely high Less accurate
Disadvantage
computational time

For the measurements of the ray tracing, it is a commonly used computational

method for site specific prediction of the radio channel characteristics of wireless
communication system. this provides time delay and path loss of the arrival
information for multi path reception condition.
 CHAPTER 3

RAY TRACING SOFTWARE AND SIMULATION

3.1 Propagation Models

3.1.1 Two-Ray tracing Model

Site specific propagation models are based on electromagnetic-wave

propagation theory to characterize indoor radio propagation. Unlike statistical
models, site specific propagation models do not rely on extensive measurement, but a
greater detail of the indoor environment is required to obtain an accurate prediction
of signal propagation inside a building. In theory, electromagnetic-wave propagation
characteristics could be exactly computed by solving Maxwell’s equations with the
building geometry as boundary conditions. Unfortunately, this approach requires
very complex mathematical operations and requires considerable computing power,
beyond that of current microcomputers. Hence it is not economical for the
characterization of indoor radio wave propagation. Therefore, approximate numerical
methods are of interest. Ray tracing is an intuitively appealing method for calculating
radio signal strength, time-invariant impulse response, root mean square (RMS)
delay spread and related parameters in an indoor environment [12].
The concept of ray-tracing modeling is based on the fact that high-frequency
radio waves behave in a ray-like fashion. Therefore, signal propagation can be
modeled as ray propagation. By using the concept of ray-tracing, rays may be
 31

launched from a transmitter location and the interaction of the rays with partitions
within a building modeled using well-known reflection and transmission theory.
Ray tracing can be much less demanding of computation than methods based on
Maxwell’s equations. With the computing powers currently available on personal
computers and workstations,

The ray-tracing approach provides a challenging but feasible method of

propagation modeling. Reliable site specific ray-tracing propagation prediction
models, for each building that is based on its detailed geometry and construction, can
be very effective tools in designing indoor communication systems.

The ray-tracing approach approximates the scattering of electromagnetic

waves by simple reflection and refraction [13]. The degree of transmission and
reflection of a signal through and of an obstacle is related to the complex permittivity
of the obstacle. One of the propagation models based on ray-optic theory is a Two-
Ray model. Two-Ray model is used in all the scenarios considered in this study have
one reflecting surface, i.e. we have a direct path and reflected path. It is used for
modeling of Line of Sight radio channel as shown in Figure 3.1. The transmitting
antenna of height h1 and the receiving antenna of

Figure 3.1: Two-Ray Model.

Height h2 are placed at distance d from each other. The received signal Pr for
isotropic antennas, obtained by summing the contribution from each ray, can be
expressed as
 32

(3.1)

Where Pt is the transmitted power, r1 is the direct distance from the transmitter to the
Receiver, r2 is the distance through reflection on the ground, and Γ(α ) is the
reflection coefficient depending on the angle of incidence α and the polarization.
The reflection coefficient is given by

(3.2)

Where θ = 90- α and a = 1/ ε or 1 for vertical or horizontal polarization,

respectively. εr Is a relative dielectric constant of the reflected surface the signal
strengths from theoretical and empirical models.

3.1.2 Vertical-Plane-Launch Method

Vertical-Plane-Launch (VPL) method provides a full three dimensional (3-D)

solution with computationally fast way to determine contributing rays and yields an
accurate propagation prediction. The VPL method considers specular reflections
from vertical surfaces and diffraction at vertical edges. It also allows approximation
of diffraction at horizontal edges along the plane of incidence.

The advantage of the VPL over full 3-D shoot and bounce ray (SBR) method
is that it can handle many multiple forward diffraction at horizontal edges. Besides
this, the VPL method provides many other advantages. The VPL method is
applicable for rooftop antenna and areas with mixed building heights that can not be
properly handled by vertical-plane/slant-plane (VP/SP) approximation[14].

The VPL method applies standard shoot and bounce method only at the
horizontal plane and use deterministic approach to determine the vertical
 33

displacement of ray paths. This method is based on assumption that building walls
are approximately almost vertical.
Figure 3.2 indicates that 2-D rays are generated in horizontal directions from the
source. This method generates a binary tree at intersection point of vertical plane and
exterior surface of building at intersection point, two planes are generated where one
follows the incidence direction and the other one follows the direction of specular
direction.

The vertical path direction can be found based on buildings’ profile and use
deterministic equation to calculate the vertical displacement and received signal
strength.

Figure 3.2: Ray generation in horizontal plane (Liang and Bertoni 1998)

3.1.3 Algorithm of Simulation Software

The ray architecture is described by the flow chart shown in the Figure 3.3,
the program architecture is divided into three modules that are found intersections
with walls module, find receiver module, and find diffracting corner module.
 34

The find intersection with walls module consists of functionality that

determine the occurrence of interception of vertical plane with walls. The find
receiver module performs associated path loss calculation when a receiver is
illuminated by vertical plane. The find diffracting corners module enable the
searching of vertical building corners that cause diffraction to the vertical plane

Figure 3.3: Flow chart of ray-tracing simulation based on the VPL method (Liang
and Bertoni 1998)

In this ray-tracing program, each of the vertical plane generated from a source
goes through all of the above three modules. Several assumptions are made in this
program. The VPL method neglects diffuse scattering from the walls, rays that
travel under a structure and also reflections from the rooftop that travel upward and
 35

hence away from the building and receivers. These simplifications are made because
it is believed that the rays do not contribute to the total received power in a micro
cellular environment, or they occur very infrequently, and their inclusion would
substantially increase the model complexity and computation time.

3.2 Databases for Simulation

There are four types of databases needed to run this simulation completely:
building database, receiver database Interior building database and antenna radiation
pattern database. The building database gives relative location of the building within
the predication area, whereas the receiver database contains the coordinates of the
receiver points. Interior building database is used to model the effect of the building
details on the ray path. Antenna radiation pattern database gives the radiation pattern
of the antenna at every one degree. Since we use monopole antenna and transmitter
and receivers inside a building, terrain elevation database and antenna radiation
pattern database will be ignored, while building interior database will be used [15].

3.2.1 Building database

The building database is comprised of a single American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) file which contains six columns of integer and
floating point numbers that represent the building. The first column is a unique
building identity number that must be different from the building number before and
after. The second and third columns are the X and Y coordinates are entered as a
relative position from some arbitrary fixed reference position of the database
coordinate system.. The fourth column is the Z coordinates which representing the
height of the top of the building above the reference plane and the fifth column is ∆Z
which representing the vertical distance that the corner of the building extends
downward from Z, are assigned to each (X; Y) point, while final column in the
 36

database is representing the relative dielectric constants. The recommended

dielectric constant is 6 because it provides the least error compared to value [15].

Figure 3.4: sample of the AUTOCAD Building map of WCC

Table 3.1: part of WCC building database

Building ID X Y Z ΔZ PL
1 24.961 2.5 3 3 6
1 38.887 2.5 3 3 6
1 38.887 12.937 3 3 6
1 38.072 12.937 3 3 6
1 38.072 14.637 3 3 6
1 38.887 15.062 3 3 6
1 38.887 26.844 3 3 6
1 24.961 26.844 3 3 6
1 24.961 2.5 3 3 6
2 30.352 20.672 3 3 6
 37

3.2.2 Receiver Database

The receiver file is also in multi-column format, with each line containing
the coordinates of a single receiver point. The first column represents the receiver
number and the following three columns represent the location of the receiver in x,y
and z coordinates, with respect to the building database coordinate system. The z
value of the receiver point is the height of the ground at the point and not absolute
height of the receiver. The height of the receiver above the ground, which is
specified by the user, is added to the z value to get the height of the receiver [15].

Receiver point

Figure 3.5: AutoCAD Receiver location map

Table 3.2: Example of the receivers database

RX ID X Y Z
1 30.87 19.492 0.79
2 30.87 17.972 0.79
3 31.57 20.172 0.79
4 33.57 20.172 0.79
 38

5 35.57 20.172 0.79

6 37.57 20.172 0.79
7 38.405 19.472 0.79
8 38.405 18.472 0.79
9 38.405 17.472 0.79
10 30.87 13.242 0.79
11 30.87 12.242 0.79
12 30.87 11.243 0.79
13 32.567 10.572 0.79
14 34.567 10.572 0.79
15 31.57 21.172 0.79

3.2.3 Building Interior Database Format

When the floor plan of building is not known but propagation into the
interior of a building is desired it is possible to assume some assume some average
characteristics of the building. The loss associated with this general description of
the building is due mostly to the penetration through the exterior face and the interior
walls of the building. The first number represents the building and must be a integer
number. The number should correspond with the same building number as the one
being described in the building database file.

The next three numbers represent the average height of each floor, the
height of the first (or ground floor), the average width of the rooms. The following
three numbers represent the type of interior wall, type of floor and the type of
exterior walls and must be integers. Currently, the numbers that represent the wall
and floor types are use directly to determine the penetration loss. In words a wall or
floor with a number 8 means that there is -8dB of loss associated with propagation
through this material [15].
 39

Table 3.3: Interior building database

Number of Average height of Type of wall due Number of

. Building floor and average to penetration loss elevator
width of rooms

1 3 3 25 4 8 10 10 0
2 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
3 3 3 8 4 8 10 0.4 0
4 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
5 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
6 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
7 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
8 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
9 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
10 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
11 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
12 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
13 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0

3.3 Simulation Command Input

The ray tracing program is run in DOS mode where it performs command
line execution. Three arguments are required to initialize the program with a fourth
argument being optional as shown in the first command input in Table 3.4. The first
argument is building database file name, the second argument is receiver location file
name and the third argument is output file name. The optional input is the
preprocessed data file name. The associated directory of each file name must be
defined correctly. After the program has been initialized correctly, two lines of
information are displayed as second command input in Table 3.4. If the
preprocessed input file name is not given at the initialization stage, a question will
prompt user to decide whether to have a preprocess run again [15].
 40

Then, the program starts requesting a series of input parameters as listed in

Table 3.4

3.4 Output of the Prediction Tool

There are 3 type of output that can be generated by the prediction program.
They are power and delay spread output, impulse response output, and ray paths
information output. Either power or delay spread output or impulse response output
files. On the other hand, ray path information outputs that contain the individual ray
paths for the receivers can be obtained together with any of the two output files. The
details of the output files are presented in the next chapter.

Table 3.4 simulation Command input

NO Command Input
1 C:\...\runvpl <building database file> <receiver location file > <outputfile>
[<preprocessed input>
2 Site Ware Technologies, Inc.
Site Specific Propagation Prediction Tool, ver 1.0 28SEP99
No preprocessed file was specified.
Do you want to do a preprocess run? [y/n] n
3 Enter the angle that the ray trace will increment by: 1
4 Enter the maximum number of reflections to calculate: 10
5 Enter the number of diffractions at vertical edges that will be computed: 2
6 Enter the number of operating frequencies: 1
7 Enter the value of frequency 1 [MHz]: 2450
8 Enter the Fresnel zone width used to test screens: 1
9 Consider terrain using digital elevation database? [y/n]: n
10 Compute with 2 ray model? [y/n]: n
11 Impulse Response or Power & Delay Spread Output? [i/p]: p
 41

12 Is a directional antenna used? [y/n]: n

13 Output individual ray path data? [y/n]: y
14 The ray paths for each receiver is in file `ray_paths_<tx#>_<rx#>_<freq>'
15 Enter the x coordinate of the transmitter: 33.38
16 Enter the y coordinate of the transmitter: 20.47
17 Enter the z coordinate of the transmitter: 2.5
18 Number of different transmitter heights at (20,30,50): 1
19 Enter height 1 of the transmitter: 0.3
20 Enter the height of the receivers: 0.1

Figure 3.6: Command input simulation

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Overview

This chapter will discuss the simulation results and the comparison between
the simulation and the real time measurements of the propagation prediction for the
WALN system in the main campus of universiti tekonologi Malaysia . The study of
the indoor propagation environmentis done in order to obtain the good accuracy,
efficiency and coverage of signal strength, a simulation firstly is done within a
mobile lab, corridor and area around inside WCC in the second stage our target was
a multistory building (kolej perdana) and in the third stage the propagation
prediction was done for (kolej 11 building MA7).

4.2 Output Result from VPL Software

There are 3 types of outputs generated by VPL software. They are power
and delay spread output, impulse response output, and ray paths information.
Output. The type of result can be choose during software run, if user request the ray
path information to be saved, that will be 2 types output file. The results from power
and delay spread or impulse response out put with ray path information for every
receiver. The result of each type of output will be described in the following
sections for each type of results.
 43

4.2.1 Power and Delay Spread Output

This output file contains the predicted path loss for receivers, a section that
contains the different components that add together to get the total power received,
rms delay spread and mean excess delay. The results for each receiver are listed in a
multicolumn format on a single line with brief heading describing the program
execution parameters. Below the headers, the first column represents receiver
numbers while second to fourth columns list the x, y, and z coordinates for those
receivers. The fifth column is the predicted path loss value in dB. The column after
in between vertical line (|) Separators is breakdown of the total power received into
its separate components. The first two columns indicate value in watt and number of
LOS rays, the second two columns show value in watt and number of reflected rays
that arrived at receiver. The third and forth two columns indicate value in watt and
number of rays that undergo 1 and 2 vertical edge diffraction beside on top of
reflection. The final two columns of data represent the rms delay spread and the
mean excess delay in seconds.

4.2.2 Impulse Response Output

In this result, the header is same with the one used for the power and delay
spread. Below the header is the individual path information according to the
receiver. The first line is the receiver number and the x, y, and z coordinates of the
receiver. Listed below the receiver are the individual rays contributed at the receiver.
The columns represent the angle at which the ray left the transmitter and path length
of the ray in meters, the propagation time in seconds and the predicted path loss in
dB. The fifth and final column is numerical representation of the type or class of
ray.

4.2.3 Ray Path Information Output

The ray path information is stored in separate file for each receiver in every
 44

Simulation these outputs generate details of each ray path that arrive at a particular
receiving point. Each group of information starts with a # sign heading representing
a single ray path. The heading with a # sign shows the total path length and total
path loss associated with the ray. Information below the heading is a list of x, y, and
z coordinates for all ray segments that combine together to form a complete path
from source to receiving point. The number of ray paths that arrives at a particular
receiving point is depending on the simulation output.
Header

Example of the power and delay spread output

Receiver Receiver Power received for Delay Mean

number coordinate Path
different components Spread excess
Loss
delay

Figure 4.1: Example of power and delay spread output

 45

Receiver
number and
coordinate

Angle Path Propagation Path loss

Class
Length Time dB
(meter) Of ray
(seconds)

Figure 4.2: Example of impulse response output

 46

Length and
path loss of
Each ray

Coordinate
For all ray
Segments

Figure 4.3: Example of ray path information output

 47

4.3 Measurements result using AirMagnet

AirMagnet Software compute many type of data, IP address for access point,
signal strength, level of noise, speed, packet loss and packet retried as shown in
Figure 4.4. This data will generate to every receiver with number of output depend
to the time that use to catcher data , after that take the average of data and compare
them with result that obtain from VPL software.

Measurement Loss
for location RX-59

Figure 4.4 Example of AirMagnet measurement (Kolej Perdana)

The figure 4.4 shows the measurement in one location which is in this case location
RX-59 this receiver point have a predicted path loss -80.96 dB and real time
measurement using AirMagnet software about -80 dB , a comparison between the
predicted path loss and real time path loss will be shown later for 19 receiver point
 48

4.4 Result Visualization

Matlab is a high level technical computing language and interactive

environment for algorithm development, data visualization, data analysis, and
numerical computation. It includes a set of low-level file input output (I/O)
functions that are based on the I/O function of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) Standard C Library.

Matlab was used to extract data from the numerical input and output file
from the VPL ray tracing software. The data are then presented in a 2D graphic
display.

4.4.1 Path Loss and Time delay spread Visualization for WCC

Figure 4.5 Simulation Path Loss for Mobile Lab room (WCC)
 49

Figure 4.6 Time delay spread for Mobile Lab room (WCC)

Figure 4.7 Simulation Propagation predictions Path Loss for (WCC)

 50

Figure 4.8 Time delay spread for WCC

4.4.2 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread For KOLEJ PERDANA

Figure 4.9 Kolej Perdana First floor Path loss propagation predication at 2400MHz
Carrier Frequency
 51

Figure 4.10 Kolej Perdana Second floor Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency

Figure 4.11 Kolej Perdana Third floor Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency
 52

Figure 4.12 Kolej Perdana Forth floor Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency

Figure 4.13 Kolej Perdana Fifth floor Path loss propagation predication at 2400MHz
Carrier Frequency
 53

Figure 4.14 Kolej Perdana Sixth Floor Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency

Figure 4.15 Kolej Perdana Seventh Floor Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency
 54

Figure 4.16 Kolej Perdana All the seven Floors Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency

Figure 4.17 Kolej Perdana-One Floor Path loss propagation predication at

2400MHz Carrier Frequency
(Based on assumption that the building is only one floor)
 55

Figure 4.18 Kolej Perdana One Floor Path losses Comparison between 1 ray (blue)
model and 2 ray model (red) propagation predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency

Figure 4.19 Time delay spread for the First Floor Kolej Perdana
 56

Figure 4.20 Time delay spread for the Second Floor Kolej Perdana

Figure 4.21 Time delay spread for the Third Floor Kolej Perdana
 57

Figure 4.22 Time delay spread for the Fourth Floor Kolej Perdana

Figure 4.23 Time delay spread for the Fifth Floor Kolej Perdana
 58

Figure 4.24 Time delay spread for the Sixth Floor Kolej Perdana

Figure 4.25 Time delay spread for the Seventh Floor Kolej Perdana
 59

Figure 4.26 Time delay spread for All the Seven Floors Kolej Perdana

4.4.3 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread For KOLEJ 11 MA7 building

Figure 4.27 Kolej 11 All the four Floors Path loss propagation predication at
2400MHz Carrier Frequency
 60

4 Floors Time delay spread

-40

-60

-80

-100
Path Loss (-dB)

-120

-140

-160

-180
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Time in (n sec)

Figure 4.28 Time delay spread for all the four Floors Kolej 11 MA7

4.5 Result Analysis

4.5.1 Path Loss and Time Delay Spread

The effects of the fading due to Multipath reception condition in the indoor
environment is the main problem , firstly the propagation prediction was done in one
floor building (WCC) the results of the Path Loss and Time delay spread are
presented The Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 , Figure 4.7 , Figure 4.8 shows that the
maximum path loss was about (-76 dB ) which is very acceptable for good coverage
, the time delay spread output as in the graphs usually the first arrival signals must
have less error due to less number of paths that the signal must go through before it
reaches the receiver point.

Secondly the Figures from number 4.9 to 4.15 shows the predicted path loss
for Kolej Perdana building its clear form this graphs that the effect of the multifloor
 61

factor (penetration from ceiling) was from 1 dB loss to 25 dB loss depends on the
transmitter location and the material of the ceiling used . a comparison between the 7
floors are presented in Figure 4.16, the figure 4.17 One Floor Path loss propagation
predication at 2400MHz Carrier Frequency (based on assumption that the building is
only one floor) and the figure 4.18 shows one floor Path loss comparison between 1
ray model (blue) and 2 ray model (red) propagation predication at 2400MHz carrier
frequency, figures from number 4.19 to 4.25 shows the different of arriving time for
the signal in every single floor and the Figure number 4.26 shows the time delay
spread for are the 7 floors together , also figure 4.27 shows Kolej 11 building MA7
all the four floors path loss propagation predication at 2400MHz carrier frequency
From this figure we see that the effect of the multifloor factor is almost the same due
to the similarity of the ceiling material and the complexity of the building
architecture, figure 4.28 shows the time delay spread for the MA7 building.

4.5.2 Comparison between Prediction and Measurement Result

Figure 4.29 comparison between real-time measurements and simulation for

Kolej Perdana
 62

From Figure 4.29 for This comparison have carried out for 18 receiver point
in Kolej Perdana among the corridor the comparison between prediction and
measurement result, we find that loss from both in good agreement except some
receiver point due to Multipath fading effect phenomena, when signals arrive to
receives there are usually a combination of direct and indirect path, if
electromagnetic phase of signal same will make signal strength because it is sum of
this phase and if the electromagnetic phase for signals shift of inverse will drop
signal strength.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

This chapter concludes all the work that has been carried out in this project. It
summarizes the targets achieved and shows how well this work can contribute to give
full understanding of how the propagation prediction can be done using software
based on ray tracing model for WLAN system. Also, it provides some suggestions for
future work that can help to improve this project.

The study on the indoor environmental effect, which affect the radio wave
propagation and visualization of the radio wave propagation with 2 dimensional
introduces effect of reflection, diffraction, multipath fading, also the time delay spread
and Path loss of the propagation mechanism are presented, the main issue that effects
the signal coverage in multistory building was the multifloor factor which was clear
from the obtained results.

Indoor wireless LAN coverage can be done based on the said study and the
experiments, in our days WLAN is important technology to provide higher data rate
to the indoor user.

The Indoor propagation prediction is crucial to optimize coverage prediction

and characterize indoor channel parameters.

Field measurements have been carried out to verify the simulation results.
 64

In the first stage of this project one floor building (WCC) was simulated for
the propagation prediction to see how the signal will be affected in such complex
office. After that in the second stage our target was multi-storey building with
complex indoor architecture (Kolej Perdana) to see how the multifloor factor can
effect the signal and also we have simulated another multi-storey building which is
near in complexity to the Kolej Perdana building which was Kolej 11 MA7 building
to see weather the effects of multifloor factor is the same or not.

5.2 Future Work

A lot of ideas can be suggested in order to improve the present work. Some of
these useful suggestions are the signal propagation prediction can be extend to bigger
area with number of single and multiple storey buildings and simulate for outdoor
transmitters to indoor receivers and vise versa .

Further investigations are needed to produce similar results for different types
of indoor environment such as office, factory or any other indoor structure also
another important issue can be considered, in order to get more accuracy which is the
effect of presence of people inside the building and the effect of the doors status
(closed or opened).

Comparison between different indoor propagation models that are currently

proposed can be done. And from the study a new channel model can be developed
which could be used for wireless networks, to provide optimal performance in a local
indoor environment.
 REFRENCES

[1] Zhong Ji, Bin-Hong Li, Hao-Xing Wang,"A New Indoor Ray-Tracing
Propagation Prediction Model" Computational Electromagnetics and Its
Applications, (ICCEA '99) 1999 International Conference on, Vol., Iss., 1999

[2] Theodore, S R, "Wireless Communications Principles and Practice",

Press/Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1996.

[3] John C. Stein, Part I and II. “Indoor Radio WLAN Performance”, “Range
performance in a dense office environment”, Intersil, 1997.

[4] www.technologyconference.org

[5] Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, Wireless Communications , 1993- 1995.

[6] IEEE. Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)
specifications Amendment 1: High-speed physical layer in the 5 GHz band.
IEEE Standard 802.11a, 1999.

[7] IEEE. Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY)
specifications Amendment 2: Higher speed physical layer (PHY) extension in
the 2.4 GHz band. IEEE Standard 802.11b, 1999.

[8] IEEE. Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Further higher-speed physical layer
extension in the 2.4 GHz band. IEEE Standard 802.11g, 2003.
 66

[9] IEEE. Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specifications Amendment 6: Medium Access Control (MAC) security
enhancements. IEEE Standard 802.11i, 2004.

[10] J. C. Chen, M. C. Jiang, and Y. W. Liu; "Wireless LAN security and IEEE
802.11i Wireless Communications", IEEE, 12:27–36, February 2005.

[11] Jorgen Bach Andersen, Theodore s Rappaport, and Susumu Yoshida,

"Propagation Measurements and Models for Wireless Communications"
Channel IEEE Communications Magazine January 1995

[12] J. W. McKown and R. L. Hamilton. "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio
networks" IEEE Network, 6:27–30, November 1991.

[13] W.K. Tam and V.N. Tran Propagation modeling for Indoor wireless
communication ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JOURNAL OCTOBER 1995

[14] George Liang and Henry L. Bertoni "A New Approach to 3-D Ray Tracing
for Propagation Prediction in Cities" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 46, NO. 6, JUNE 1998

[15] George liang user's manual for site specific outdoor indoor propagation
prediction Software , site ware technologies inc 1999.
 Appendix A

Wireless Communication Center Simulation Databases

Ref P

Figure (a1) Wireless Communication Center Building Map University technology

Malaysia
 68

Investigated area

Ref P

Figure (a2) the simulated area inside the Wireless Communication Center Building
University technology Malaysia

Figure (a3) receivers location for simulation area of WCC

 69

A.1 Database for simulation and simulation result

A.1.1 building Database for Lab Room (bd1.txt)

1 28.42 18.27 3 3 6
1 28.42 13.78 3 3 6
1 28.62 13.78 3 3 6
1 28.62 12.18 3 3 6
1 28.42 12.18 3 3 6
1 28.42 7.6 3 3 6
1 37.149 7.6 3 3 6
1 37.149 10.67 3 3 6
1 36.39 10.67 3 3 6
1 36.39 12.359 3 3 6
1 37.149 13.189 3 3 6
1 37.149 18.27 3 3 6
2 31.82 12.28 3 3 6
2 31.82 12.07 3 3 6
2 32.15 12.07 3 3 6
2 32.15 12.28 3 3 6
3 28.42 18.27 0.79 0.79 6
3 28.42 13.15 0.79 0.79 6
3 29.36 13.15 0.79 0.79 6
3 29.36 17.07 0.79 0.79 6
3 29.62 17.33 0.79 0.79 6
3 35.949 17.33 0.79 0.79 6
3 36.209 17.07 0.79 0.79 6
3 36.209 12.671 0.79 0.79 6
3 37.149 12.671 0.79 0.79 6
3 37.149 18.27 0.79 0.79 6
4 28.42 11.08 0.79 0.79 6
4 28.42 7.6 0.79 0.79 6
4 34.56 7.6 0.79 0.79 6
4 34.56 8.54 0.79 0.79 6
4 29.62 8.54 0.79 0.79 6
4 29.36 8.8 0.79 0.79 6
4 29.36 11.08 0.79 0.79 6
4 28.42 11.08 0.79 0.79 6
 70

A 1.2 Receiver Database for Lab Room (rx1.txt)

1 28.92 17.07 0.79

2 28.92 16.57 0.79
3 28.92 16.07 0.79
4 28.92 15.57 0.79
5 28.92 15.07 0.79
6 29.62 17.77 0.79
7 30.62 17.77 0.79
8 31.62 17.77 0.79
9 32.62 17.77 0.79
10 33.62 17.77 0.79
11 34.62 17.77 0.79
12 35.62 17.77 0.79
13 36.649 17.07 0.79
14 36.649 16.57 0.79
15 36.649 16.07 0.79
16 36.649 15.57 0.79
17 36.649 15.07 0.79
18 36.649 14.57 0.79
19 36.649 14.07 0.79
20 28.92 10.58 0.79
21 28.92 10.08 0.79
22 28.92 9.58 0.79
23 28.65 9.08 0.79
24 28.92 8.58 0.79
25 29.92 8.1 0.79
26 30.92 8.1 0.79
27 31.92 8.1 0.79
28 32.92 8.1 0.79
29 33.92 8.1 0.79
30 34.42 8.1 0.79
 71

A.1.3 Output Prediction File for Lab Room (out1.txt)

#End Time: Mon Jul 31 03:14:38 2006

#****************************************
#*** INPUT FILES
#*** Buildings: bd1.txt
#*** Receivers: rx1.txt
#*** Terrain: none
#*** Indoor Features: bid.txt
#*** Preprocessed Data: none
#****************************************
#*** INPUT PARAMETERS
#*** Incremental angle 1.000
#*** Number of Reflections 10
#*** Number of Diffractions 2
#*** Prediction Frequency 2400.0MHz
#*** Fresnel Width Used n=1.00
#*** Single Ray Model Was Used
#*** Transmitter Located at x=33.5 y=18.1 z=2.5
#*** Height of Transmitter 0.3
#*** Height of Receivers 0.3
#****************************************

1 28.9 17.1 1.1 -54.04 | 3.94e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.00e-012 1.67e-008
2 28.9 16.6 1.1 -54.25 | 3.76e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.07e-012 1.71e-008
3 28.9 16.1 1.1 -54.53 | 3.52e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.17e-012 1.77e-008
4 28.9 15.6 1.1 -54.87 | 3.26e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.30e-012 1.84e-008
5 28.9 15.1 1.1 -55.24 | 2.99e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.44e-012 1.92e-008
6 29.6 17.8 1.1 -52.65 | 5.43e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.56e-012 1.42e-008
7 30.6 17.8 1.1 -50.56 | 8.66e-006 1 1.32e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.41e-009 1.17e-008
8 31.6 17.8 1.1 -48.26 | 1.49e-005 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.54e-012 8.58e-009
9 32.6 17.8 1.1 -45.87 | 2.59e-005 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.17e-012 6.52e-009
10 33.6 17.8 1.1 -44.85 | 3.27e-005 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.04e-012 5.80e-009
11 34.6 17.8 1.1 -46.30 | 2.34e-005 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.23e-012 6.85e-009
12 35.6 17.8 1.1 -48.75 | 1.33e-005 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.63e-012 9.08e-009
13 36.6 17.1 1.1 -51.42 | 7.21e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.22e-012 1.23e-008
14 36.6 16.6 1.1 -51.80 | 6.61e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.32e-012 1.29e-008
15 36.6 16.1 1.1 -52.28 | 5.92e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.45e-012 1.36e-008
16 36.6 15.6 1.1 -52.83 | 5.22e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.61e-012 1.45e-008
17 36.6 15.1 1.1 -53.41 | 4.56e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.79e-012 1.55e-008
18 36.6 14.6 1.1 -54.02 | 3.96e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.99e-012 1.67e-008
19 36.6 14.1 1.1 -54.63 | 3.45e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.21e-012 1.79e-008
20 28.9 10.6 1.1 -59.09 | 1.23e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.36e-012 2.98e-008
21 28.9 10.1 1.1 -59.49 | 1.13e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.61e-012 3.13e-008
22 28.9 9.6 1.1 -59.88 | 1.03e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.87e-012 3.27e-008
23 28.6 9.1 1.1 -60.36 | 9.21e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 6.21e-012 3.46e-008
24 28.9 8.6 1.1 -60.57 | 8.67e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 1.01e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 6.68e-011 3.56e-008
25 29.9 8.1 1.1 -60.41 | 8.58e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 5.24e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.08e-011 3.58e-008
26 30.9 8.1 1.1 -68.70 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.35e-007 2 0.00e+000 0 | 6.29e-012 3.48e-008
27 31.9 8.1 1.1 -59.91 | 9.43e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 7.76e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.98e-011 3.41e-008
28 32.9 8.1 1.1 -59.34 | 9.64e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 2.00e-007 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.62e-010 3.39e-008
29 33.9 8.1 1.1 -60.02 | 9.65e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 2.93e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.84e-010 3.38e-008
30 34.4 8.1 1.1 -70.12 | 9.59e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 1.30e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.63e-010 3.39e-008
 72

A.2.1 building Database for lab room and area around (bd2.txt)

1 24.961 2.5 3 3 6
1 38.887 2.5 3 3 6
1 38.887 12.937 3 3 6
1 38.072 12.937 3 3 6
1 38.072 14.637 3 3 6
1 38.887 15.062 3 3 6
1 38.887 26.844 3 3 6
1 24.961 26.844 3 3 6
1 24.961 2.5 3 3 6
2 30.352 20.672 3 3 6
2 30.352 16.172 3 3 6
2 30.552 16.172 3 3 6
2 30.552 14.732 3 3 6
2 30.352 14.732 3 3 6
2 30.352 10.072 3 3 6
2 38.887 10.072 3 3 6
2 38.887 12.937 3 3 6
2 38.072 12.937 3 3 6
2 38.072 14.637 3 3 6
2 38.887 15.062 3 3 6
2 38.887 20.672 3 3 6
3 33.802 14.852 3 3 6
3 33.802 14.642 3 3 6
3 34.132 14.642 3 3 6
3 34.132 14.852 3 3 6
4 30.352 20.672 0.79 0.79 6
4 30.352 17.232 0.79 0.79 6
4 31.262 17.232 0.79 0.79 6
4 31.262 19.472 0.79 0.79 6
4 31.552 19.762 0.79 0.79 6
4 37.687 19.762 0.79 0.79 6
4 37.977 19.472 0.79 0.79 6
4 37.977 15.072 0.79 0.79 6
4 38.887 15.072 0.79 0.79 6
4 38.887 20.672 0.79 0.79 6
5 30.352 13.742 0.79 0.79 6
5 30.352 10.072 0.79 0.79 6
5 36.737 10.072 0.79 0.79 6
5 36.737 10.982 0.79 0.79 6
5 31.552 10.982 0.79 0.79 6
5 31.263 11.272 0.79 0.79 6
5 31.263 13.742 0.79 0.79 6
5 30.352 13.742 0.79 0.79 6
6 30.552 26.844 3 3 6
6 30.552 25.404 3 3 6
6 30.352 25.404 3 3 6
6 30.352 20.672 3 3 6
6 38.889 20.672 3 3 6
6 38.889 26.844 3 3 6
6 30.352 26.844 3 3 6
7 30.352 20.672 0.79 0.79 6
7 38.889 20.672 0.79 0.79 6
7 38.889 26.844 0.79 0.79 6
7 32.345 26.844 0.79 0.79 6
7 32.345 25.934 0.79 0.79 6
7 37.689 25.934 0.79 0.79 6
 73

7 37.979 25.644 0.79 0.79 6

7 37.979 21.872 0.79 0.79 6
7 37.689 21.528 0.79 0.79 6
7 30.352 21.528 0.79 0.79 6
8 27.889 16.432 3 3 6
8 27.889 20.672 3 3 6
8 24.961 20.672 3 3 6
8 24.961 16.432 3 3 6
8 26.461 16.432 3 3 6
8 26.461 16.632 3 3 6
8 27.661 16.632 3 3 6
8 27.661 16.432 3 3 6
8 27.889 16.432 3 3 6
9 27.889 20.672 3 3 6
9 27.889 25.644 3 3 6
9 24.961 25.644 3 3 6
9 24.961 22.072 3 3 6
9 25.161 22.072 3 3 6
9 25.161 20.872 3 3 6
9 24.961 20.872 3 3 6
9 24.961 20.672 3 3 6
10 25.52 8.938 3 3 6
10 27.889 8.938 3 3 6
10 27.889 14.732 3 3 6
10 25.12 14.732 3 3 6
10 25.12 13.635 3 3 6
10 26.823 13.635 3 3 6
10 26.823 10.035 3 3 6
10 25.52 10.035 3 3 6
11 27.889 14.732 3 3 6
11 27.889 8.998 3 3 6
11 30.352 8.998 3 3 6
11 30.352 14.732 3 3 6
12 26.714 2.5 3 3 6
12 32.663 2.5 3 3 6
12 32.663 6.462 3 3 6
12 29.654 6.462 3 3 6
12 29.654 6.262 3 3 6
12 28.214 6.262 3 3 6
12 28.214 6.462 3 3 6
12 26.714 6.462 3 3 6
13 32.663 10.072 3 3 6
13 32.663 8.856 3 3 6
13 32.863 8.856 3 3 6
13 32.863 7.416 3 3 6
13 32.663 7.416 3 3 6
13 32.663 2.5 3 3 6
13 38.887 2.5 3 3 6
13 38.887 10.072 3 3 6
 74

A.2.2 Receiver Database for Lab Room and Area Around (rx2.txt)

1 30.87 19.492 0.79

2 30.87 17.972 0.79
3 31.57 20.172 0.79
4 33.57 20.172 0.79
5 35.57 20.172 0.79
6 37.57 20.172 0.79
7 38.405 19.472 0.79
8 38.405 18.472 0.79
9 38.405 17.472 0.79
10 30.87 13.242 0.79
11 30.87 12.242 0.79
12 30.87 11.243 0.79
13 32.567 10.572 0.79
14 34.567 10.572 0.79
15 31.57 21.172 0.79
16 33.57 21.172 0.79
17 35.57 21.172 0.79
18 38.404 21.672 0.79
19 38.404 23.672 0.79
20 38.404 25.672 0.79
21 36.57 26.344 0.79
22 35.57 26.344 0.79
23 34.57 26.344 0.79
24 29.37 17.692 0.79
25 29.37 18.692 0.79
26 29.37 20.692 0.79
27 29.37 22.692 0.79
28 29.37 24.692 0.79
29 29.37 25.692 0.79
30 29.37 26.692 0.79

A.2.3 building interior Database for Lab Room and Area around (bid2.txt)

1 3 3 25 4 8 10 10 0
2 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
3 3 3 8 4 8 10 0.4 0
4 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
5 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
6 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
7 3 3 8 4 8 10 1 0
8 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
9 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
10 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
11 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
12 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
13 3 3 8 4 8 10 10 0
 75

A.2.4 Output Prediction File for Lab Room and Area around (out2.txt)

#Start Time: Sun Oct 25 00:55:30 2006

#End Time: Sun Oct 25 00:55:59 2006
#****************************************
#*** INPUT FILES
#*** Buildings: bd.txt
#*** Receivers: rx.txt
#*** Terrain: none
#*** Indoor Features: bid.txt
#*** Preprocessed Data: none
#****************************************
#*** INPUT PARAMETERS
#*** Incremental angle 1.000
#*** Number of Reflections 10
#*** Number of Diffractions 2
#*** Prediction Frequency 2400.0MHz
#*** Fresnel Width Used n=1.00
#*** Single Ray Model Was Used
#*** Transmitter Located at x=32.4 y=20.5 z=2.5
#*** Height of Transmitter 0.3
#*** Height of Receivers 0.1
#****************************************

1 30.9 19.5 0.9 -48.25 | 1.44e-005 1 5.87e-007
2 30.9 18.0 0.9 -50.61 | 8.13e-006 1 5.62e-007
3 31.6 20.2 0.9 -46.43 | 2.25e-005 1 2.48e-007
4 33.6 20.2 0.9 -47.17 | 1.92e-005 1 0.00e+000
5 35.6 20.2 0.9 -51.29 | 7.11e-006 1 3.18e-007
6 37.6 20.2 0.9 -54.72 | 3.23e-006 1 8.54e-008
7 38.4 19.5 0.9 -56.00 | 2.42e-006 1 9.52e-008
8 38.4 18.5 0.9 -56.20 | 2.25e-006 1 1.46e-007
9 38.4 17.5 0.9 -56.63 | 2.02e-006 1 1.51e-007
10 30.9 13.2 0.9 -54.56 | 3.45e-006 1 4.98e-008
11 30.9 12.2 0.9 -56.68 | 1.34e-006 1 8.05e-007
12 30.9 11.2 0.9 -57.47 | 1.09e-006 1 7.05e-007
13 32.6 10.6 0.9 -57.37 | 1.56e-006 1 6.19e-008
14 34.6 10.6 0.9 -57.23 | 1.46e-006 1 2.57e-007
15 31.6 21.2 0.9 -46.80 | 2.06e-005 1 2.48e-007
16 33.6 21.2 0.9 -47.49 | 1.78e-005 1 0.00e+000
17 35.6 21.2 0.9 -51.43 | 6.91e-006 1 2.76e-007
18 38.4 21.7 0.9 -56.05 | 2.39e-006 1 9.23e-008
19 38.4 23.7 0.9 -53.66 | 4.26e-006 1 0.00e+000
20 38.4 25.7 0.9 -55.48 | 2.83e-006 1 0.00e+000
21 36.6 26.3 0.9 -54.40 | 3.63e-006 1 0.00e+000
22 35.6 26.3 0.9 -56.84 | 2.05e-006 1 2.47e-008
23 34.6 26.3 0.9 -56.33 | 2.30e-006 1 2.48e-008
24 29.4 17.7 0.9 -52.78 | 4.84e-006 1 4.33e-007
25 29.4 18.7 0.9 -51.75 | 6.24e-006 1 4.42e-007
26 29.4 20.7 0.9 -50.81 | 7.76e-006 1 4.44e-007
27 29.4 22.7 0.9 -62.67 | 0.00e+000 0 5.40e-007
28 29.4 24.7 0.9 -74.47 | 0.00e+000 0 2.34e-008
29 29.4 25.7 0.9 -75.72 | 0.00e+000 0 1.68e-008
30 29.4 26.7 0.9 -67.00 | 1.92e-007 1 7.28e-009
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.33e-009 9.42e-009
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.78e-009 1.26e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.18e-009 7.22e-009
0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.36e-012 7.57e-009
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.47e-009 1.36e-008
1 5.87e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 8.16e-009 2.01e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.58e-009 2.24e-008
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.34e-009 2.42e-008
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.42e-009 2.56e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.25e-009 2.61e-008
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.68e-009 2.98e-008
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.18e-009 3.30e-008
2 1.93e-007 3 2.19e-008 1 | 5.62e-009 3.50e-008
1 1.77e-007 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.13e-009 3.48e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.25e-009 7.55e-009
0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.41e-012 7.86e-009
2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.55e-009 1.37e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 5.51e-009 2.25e-008
0 4.30e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 5.88e-009 2.42e-008
0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 4.90e-012 2.73e-008
0 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 4.47e-012 2.49e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.22e-009 2.40e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 6.94e-009 2.26e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.14e-009 1.57e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.10e-009 1.38e-008
1 9.78e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.23e-009 1.25e-008
5 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.63e-009 2.35e-008
3 1.04e-008 6 1.90e-009 6 | 3.36e-008 4.92e-008
4 8.00e-009 6 1.96e-009 7 | 3.72e-008 5.83e-008
1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.49e-011 2.39e-008
 Appendix B

Kolej Perdana Simulation Databases

AP

Ref P

Figure (b1) Kolej Perdana Building Map University technology Malaysia

 77

Figure (b2) receivers location for simulation area of Kolej Perdana

 78

B.1 Database for simulation and simulation result

B.1.1 Part of the building Database for Kolej Perdana (bdb .txt)

1 1.2 16.662 3 3 6
1 5.2 16.662 3 3 6
1 5.2 20.112 3 3 6
1 1.2 20.112 3 3 6
2 0 20.112 3 3 6
2 4.45 20.112 3 3 6
2 4.45 23.462 3 3 6
2 0 23.462 3 3 6
3 2.55 23.462 3 3 6
3 4.45 23.462 3 3 6
3 4.45 22.812 3 3 6
3 7.31 22.812 3 3 6
3 7.31 25.112 3 3 6
3 2.55 25.112 3 3 6
4 4.45 20.112 3 3 6
4 5.2 20.112 3 3 6
4 5.2 17.262 3 3 6
4 8.7 17.262 3 3 6
4 8.7 25.112 3 3 6
4 7.31 25.112 3 3 6
4 7.31 22.812 3 3 6
4 4.45 22.812 3 3 6
5 8.7 17.262 3 3 6
5 12.2 17.262 3 3 6
5 12.2 20.112 3 3 6
5 12.95 20.112 3 3 6
5 12.95 22.812 3 3 6
5 10.09 22.812 3 3 6
5 10.09 25.112 3 3 6
5 8.7 25.112 3 3 6
6 12.2 16.662 3 3 6
6 15.517 16.662 3 3 6
6 16.2 18.469 3 3 6
6 16.2 20.112 3 3 6
6 12.2 20.112 3 3 6
7 12.95 20.112 3 3 6
7 17.4 20.112 3 3 6
7 17.4 23.462 3 3 6
7 12.95 23.462 3 3 6
8 10.09 22.812 3 3 6
8 12.95 22.812 3 3 6
8 12.95 23.462 3 3 6
8 14.85 23.462 3 3 6
8 14.85 25.112 3 3 6
 79

8 10.09 25.112 3 3 6
9 0 25.112 3 3 6
9 19.988 25.112 3 3 6
9 27.983 20.496 3 3 6
9 37.977 3.186 3 3 6
9 39.709 4.186 3 3 6
9 29.556 21.772 3 3 6
9 29.556 30.452 3 3 6
9 39.709 48.038 3 3 6
9 37.977 49.038 3 3 6
9 27.994 31.746 3 3 6
9 19.974 27.112 3 3 6
9 0 27.112 3 3 6
10 2.55 27.112 3 3 6
10 7.31 27.112 3 3 6
10 7.31 29.412 3 3 6
10 4.45 29.412 3 3 6
10 4.45 28.762 3 3 6
10 2.55 28.762 3 3 6
11 0 28.762 3 3 6
11 4.45 28.762 3 3 6
11 4.45 32.112 3 3 6
11 0 32.112 3 3 6
12 1.2 32.112 3 3 6
12 5.2 32.112 3 3 6
12 5.2 35.562 3 3 6
12 1.2 35.562 3 3 6
13 4.45 29.412 3 3 6
13 7.31 29.412 3 3 6
13 7.31 27.112 3 3 6
13 8.7 27.112 3 3 6
13 8.7 34.962 3 3 6
13 5.2 34.962 3 3 6
13 5.2 32.112 3 3 6
13 4.45 32.112 3 3 6
14 8.7 27.112 3 3 6
14 10.09 27.112 3 3 6
14 10.09 29.412 3 3 6
14 12.95 29.412 3 3 6
14 12.95 32.112 3 3 6
14 12.2 32.112 3 3 6
14 12.2 34.962 3 3 6
14 8.7 34.962 3 3 6
15 10.09 27.112 3 3 6
15 14.85 27.112 3 3 6
15 14.85 28.762 3 3 6
15 12.95 28.762 3 3 6
15 12.95 29.412 3 3 6
15 10.09 29.412 3 3 6
16 12.95 28.762 3 3 6
 80

16 17.4 28.762 3 3 6
16 17.4 32.112 3 3 6
16 12.95 32.112 3 3 6
17 12.2 32.112 3 3 6
17 16.2 32.112 3 3 6
17 16.2 33.755 3 3 6
17 15.157 35.562 3 3 6
17 12.2 35.562 3 3 6
18 30.059 0 3 3 6
18 33.059 1.725 3 3 6
18 31.047 5.189 3 3 6
18 28.059 3.464 3 3 6
19 28.579 3.764 3 3 6
19 31.047 5.189 3 3 6
19 31.422 4.54 3 3 6
19 33.76 5.89 3 3 6
19 32.33 8.366 3 3 6
19 34.322 9.516 3 3 6
19 33.627 10.72 3 3 6
19 26.829 6.795 3 3 6
20 26.829 6.795 3 3 6
20 33.627 10.72 3 3 6
20 32.932 11.924 3 3 6
20 30.94 10.774 3 3 6
20 29.51 13.251 3 3 6
20 27.172 11.901 3 3 6
20 27.547 11.251 3 3 6
20 25.079 9.826 3 3 6
21 24.559 9.526 3 3 6
21 27.547 11.251 3 3 6
21 25.547 14.715 3 3 6
21 24.124 13.894 3 3 6
21 23.081 12.087 3 3 6
22 33.647 0.686 3 3 6
22 36.548 2.361 3 3 6
22 34.323 6.215 3 3 6
22 31.422 4.54 3 3 6
23 27.172 11.901 3 3 6
23 30.073 13.576 3 3 6
23 27.848 17.43 3 3 6
23 24.947 15.755 3 3 6
24 35.273 4.569 3 3 6
24 36.702 5.394 3 3 6
24 34.322 9.516 3 3 6
24 32.33 8.366 3 3 6
24 33.76 5.89 3 3 6
24 34.323 6.215 3 3 6
25 30.94 10.774 3 3 6
25 32.932 11.924 3 3 6
25 30.552 16.046 3 3 6
 81

25 27.123 15.156 3 3 6
25 30.073 13.576 3 3 6
25 29.51 13.251 3 3 6
26 38.434 6.394 3 3 6
26 39.863 7.219 3 3 6
26 38.913 8.865 3 3 6
26 39.476 9.19 3 3 6
26 38.046 11.666 3 3 6
26 36.054 10.516 3 3 6
27 36.054 10.516 3 3 6
27 38.046 11.666 3 3 6
27 39.476 9.19 3 3 6
27 41.814 10.54 3 3 6
27 41.439 11.189 3 3 6
27 43.907 12.614 3 3 6
27 42.157 15.645 3 3 6
27 35.359 11.72 3 3 6
28 35.359 11.72 3 3 6
28 42.157 15.645 3 3 6
28 40.407 18.676 3 3 6
28 37.939 17.251 3 3 6
28 37.564 17.901 3 3 6
28 35.226 16.551 3 3 6
28 36.656 14.074 3 3 6
28 34.664 12.924 3 3 6
29 34.664 12.924 3 3 6
29 36.656 14.074 3 3 6
29 35.226 16.551 3 3 6
29 34.663 16.226 3 3 6
29 33.713 17.871 3 3 6
29 32.284 17.046 3 3 6
30 41.094 5.011 3 3 6
30 44.039 6.686 3 3 6
30 41.814 10.54 3 3 6
30 38.913 8.865 3 3 6
31 34.663 16.226 3 3 6
31 37.564 17.901 3 3 6
31 35.339 21.755 3 3 6
31 32.438 20.08 3 3 6
32 43.439 7.725 3 3 6
32 46.227 9.45 3 3 6
32 44.427 12.914 3 3 6
32 41.439 11.189 3 3 6
33 37.939 17.251 3 3 6
33 40.927 18.976 3 3 6
33 39.449 21.537 3 3 6
33 37.362 21.537 3 3 6
33 35.939 20.715 3 3 6
34 35.939 31.508 3 3 6
34 37.362 30.687 3 3 6
 82

34 39.449 30.687 3 3 6
34 40.89 33.182 3 3 6
34 37.939 34.972 3 3 6
35 35.226 35.673 3 3 6
35 37.564 34.323 3 3 6
35 37.939 34.972 3 3 6
35 40.407 33.547 3 3 6
35 42.157 36.579 3 3 6
35 35.359 40.504 3 3 6
35 34.664 39.3 3 3 6
35 36.656 38.15 3 3 6
36 42.157 36.579 3 3 6
36 43.907 39.61 3 3 6
36 41.439 41.035 3 3 6
36 41.814 41.684 3 3 6
36 39.476 43.034 3 3 6
36 38.046 40.557 3 3 6
36 36.054 41.707 3 3 6
36 35.359 40.504 3 3 6
37 41.439 41.035 3 3 6
37 44.427 39.31 3 3 6
37 46.427 42.774 3 3 6
37 43.439 44.49 3 3 6
38 32.438 32.144 3 3 6
38 35.339 30.469 3 3 6
38 37.564 34.323 3 3 6
38 34.663 35.998 3 3 6
39 38.913 43.359 3 3 6
39 41.814 41.684 3 3 6
39 40.039 45.538 3 3 6
39 41.138 47.213 3 3 6
40 32.284 35.177 3 3 6
40 33.713 34.352 3 3 6
40 34.626 35.998 3 3 6
40 25.226 35.673 3 3 6
40 36.656 38.15 3 3 6
40 34.664 39.3 3 3 6
41 36.054 41.707 3 3 6
41 38.046 40.557 3 3 6
41 39.476 43.034 3 3 6
41 38.913 43.359 3 3 6
41 39.863 45.005 3 3 6
41 38.434 35.83 3 3 6
42 29.123 37.002 3 3 6
42 30.552 36.177 3 3 6
42 32.932 40.3 3 3 6
42 30.94 41.45 3 3 6
42 29.51 38.973 3 3 6
42 30.073 38.648 3 3 6
43 32.33 43.857 3 3 6
 83

43 34.322 42.707 3 3 6
43 36.702 46.83 3 3 6
43 35.273 47.655 3 3 6
43 34.323 46.009 3 3 6
43 33.76 46.334 3 3 6
44 24.947 36.469 3 3 6
44 27.848 34.794 3 3 6
44 30.073 38.648 3 3 6
44 27.172 40.323 3 3 6
45 25.079 42.397 3 3 6
45 27.547 40.972 3 3 6
45 27.172 40.323 3 3 6
45 29.51 38.973 3 3 6
45 30.94 41.45 3 3 6
45 32.932 40.3 3 3 6
45 33.627 41.504 3 3 6
45 26.829 45.429 3 3 6
46 26.829 45.429 3 3 6
46 33.627 41.504 3 3 6
46 34.322 42.707 3 3 6
46 32.33 43.857 3 3 6
46 33.76 46.334 3 3 6
46 31.422 47.684 3 3 6
46 31.047 47.035 3 3 6
46 28.541 48.46 3 3 6
47 31.422 47.684 3 3 6
47 34.323 46.009 3 3 6
47 36.548 49.863 3 3 6
47 33.647 51.538 3 3 6
48 23.081 40.137 3 3 6
48 24.124 38.33 3 3 6
48 25.547 37.508 3 3 6
48 27.547 40.972 3 3 6
48 24.559 42.697 3 3 6
49 28.059 48.76 3 3 6
49 31.047 47.035 3 3 6
49 33.047 50.499 3 3 6
49 30.059 52.224 3 3 6
50 29.556 22.537 3 3 6
50 32.416 22.537 3 3 6
50 32.416 29.687 3 3 6
50 29.556 29.687 3 3 6
 84

B 1.2 Part of Receiver Database for Kolej Perdana (rx11.txt)

1 3.262 18.387 0.8

2 2.23 21.787 0.8
3 4.467 24.151 0.8
4 6.521 20.064 0.8
5 10.951 20.085 0.8
6 13.9 18.128 0.8
7 15.206 21.849 0.8
8 12.871 24.191 0.8
9 25.895 26.112 0.8
10 4.538 28.073 0.8
11 2.23 30.437 0.8
12 3.262 33.837 0.8
13 6.521 32.16 0.8
14 10.951 32.139 0.8
15 12.871 28.033 0.8
16 15.206 30.37 0.8
17 13.9 34.096 0.8
18 30.553 2.595 0.8
19 30.387 6.33 0.8
20 28.224 10.155 0.8
21 24.979 11.732 0.8
22 33.985 3.45 0.8
23 27.513 14.689 0.8
24 34.876 6.636 0.8
25 30.714 13.844 0.8
26 38.272 8.596 0.8
27 40.781 12.331 0.8
28 38.55 16.117 0.8
29 34.11 15.805 0.8
30 41.476 7.775 0.8
31 34.979 18.999 0.8
32 43.933 10.32 0.8
33 38.807 19.715 0.8
34 38.807 32.508 0.8
35 38.55 36.107 0.8
36 40.812 39.933 0.8
37 43.933 41.904 0.8
38 35.001 33.234 0.8
39 41.476 44.449 0.8
40 34.127 36.431 0.8
41 38.272 43.627 0.8
42 30.716 38.4 0.8
43 34.876 45.588 0.8
44 27.51 37.559 0.8
45 28.224 42.068 0.8
46 30.407 45.941 0.8
47 33.985 48.774 0.8
48 24.979 40.492 0.8
 85

49 30.553 49.629 0.8

50 30.986 26.112 0.8
51 3 26.112 0.8
52 6 26.112 0.8
53 9 26.112 0.8
54 12 26.112 0.8
55 15 26.112 0.8
56 18 26.112 0.8
57 29.843 32.949 0.8
58 31.343 35.548 0.8
59 32.843 38.146 0.8
60 34.343 40.744 0.8
61 35.843 43.342 0.8
62 37.343 45.94 0.8
63 29.843 19.274 0.8
64 31.343 16.676 0.8
65 32.843 14.078 0.8
66 34.343 11.48 0.8
67 35.843 8.882 0.8
68 37.343 6.284 0.8

B.2.3 part of building interior Database for Kolej Perdana (ibd.txt)

1 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
2 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
3 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
4 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
5 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
6 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
7 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
8 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
9 3 3 9.582 6 8 6 0
10 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
11 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
12 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
13 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
14 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
15 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
16 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
17 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
18 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
19 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
20 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
21 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
22 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
23 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
24 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
25 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
 86

26 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
27 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
28 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
29 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
30 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
31 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
32 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
33 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
34 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
35 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
36 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
37 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
38 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
39 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
40 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
41 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
42 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
43 3 3 3.53 6 8 6 0
44 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
45 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
46 3 3 6.05 6 8 6 0
47 3 3 3.9 6 8 6 0
48 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
49 3 3 3.725 6 8 6 0
50 3 3 5.005 6 8 6 0
 87

B.2.4 Output Prediction File for Kolej Perdana (output.txt)

#Start Time: Sat Mar 03 17:26:07 2007

#End Time: Sat Mar 03 17:51:17 2007
#****************************************
#*** INPUT FILES
#*** Buildings: bdb.txt
#*** Receivers: rxt.txt
#*** Terrain: none
#*** Indoor Features: ibd.txt
#*** Preprocessed Data: none
#****************************************
#*** INPUT PARAMETERS
#*** Incremental angle 1.000
#*** Number of Reflections 10
#*** Number of Diffractions 1
#*** Prediction Frequency 2400.0MHz
#*** Fresnel Width Used n=1.00
#*** Single Ray Model Was Used
#*** Transmitter Located at x=25.9 y=26.1 z=20.0
#*** Height of Transmitter 0.5
#*** Height of Receivers 0.1
#****************************************

1 3.3 18.4 0.8 -160.75 | 0.00e+000 0 2.58e-017 3 5.83e-017 22 0.00e+000 0 | 4.47e-008 2.26e-007
2 2.2 21.8 0.8 -142.53 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.59e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.02e-009 1.42e-007
3 4.5 24.2 0.8 -117.91 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.62e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 9.48e-010 1.35e-007
4 6.5 20.1 0.8 -140.62 | 0.00e+000 0 2.52e-016 1 8.43e-015 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.76e-010 1.29e-007
5 11.0 20.1 0.8 -112.62 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.47e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.05e-011 1.14e-007
6 13.9 18.1 0.8 -117.42 | 0.00e+000 0 2.54e-013 1 1.56e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.86e-008 1.23e-007
7 15.2 21.8 0.8 -103.83 | 0.00e+000 0 4.14e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.26e-009 1.01e-007
8 12.9 24.2 0.8 -105.90 | 0.00e+000 0 2.37e-011 2 1.98e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.14e-009 1.06e-007
9 25.9 26.1 0.8 -65.94 | 0.00e+000 0 2.55e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.18e-011 6.57e-008
10 4.5 28.1 0.8 -131.77 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 6.65e-014 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.28e-008 1.34e-007
11 2.2 30.4 0.8 -150.21 | 0.00e+000 0 5.15e-017 1 9.01e-016 9 0.00e+000 0 | 4.74e-008 2.52e-007
12 3.3 33.8 0.8 -159.00 | 0.00e+000 0 1.37e-017 2 1.12e-016 30 0.00e+000 0 | 6.27e-008 2.59e-007
13 6.5 32.2 0.8 -144.97 | 0.00e+000 0 2.52e-016 1 2.93e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.58e-008 1.31e-007
14 11.0 32.1 0.8 -115.95 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 2.54e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.05e-011 1.14e-007
15 12.9 28.0 0.8 -106.09 | 0.00e+000 0 2.37e-011 2 8.80e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 6.59e-009 1.07e-007
16 15.2 30.4 0.8 -104.06 | 0.00e+000 0 3.92e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.69e-009 9.97e-008
17 13.9 34.1 0.8 -114.90 | 0.00e+000 0 2.89e-012 2 3.46e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.31e-008 1.39e-007
18 30.6 2.6 0.8 -141.48 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.11e-015 13 0.00e+000 0 | 2.76e-008 1.64e-007
19 30.4 6.3 0.8 -139.81 | 0.00e+000 0 2.50e-016 1 1.02e-014 8 0.00e+000 0 | 3.07e-008 1.41e-007
20 28.2 10.2 0.8 -147.52 | 0.00e+000 0 4.98e-017 1 1.72e-015 24 0.00e+000 0 | 3.48e-008 1.68e-007
21 25.0 11.7 0.8 -114.82 | 0.00e+000 0 2.89e-012 2 4.10e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.17e-008 1.38e-007
22 34.0 3.5 0.8 -145.09 | 0.00e+000 0 2.07e-017 1 3.08e-015 19 0.00e+000 0 | 3.43e-008 1.87e-007
23 27.5 14.7 0.8 -114.86 | 0.00e+000 0 3.27e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.37e-011 1.32e-007
24 34.9 6.6 0.8 -127.01 | 0.00e+000 0 1.83e-014 3 1.81e-013 13 0.00e+000 0 | 1.03e-008 1.39e-007
25 30.7 13.8 0.8 -111.07 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.82e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.10e-010 1.12e-007
26 38.3 8.6 0.8 -111.22 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.55e-012 6 0.00e+000 0 | 3.48e-009 1.37e-007
27 40.8 12.3 0.8 -131.79 | 0.00e+000 0 3.94e-014 2 2.69e-014 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.25e-008 1.35e-007
28 38.5 16.1 0.8 -131.79 | 0.00e+000 0 6.54e-014 2 8.04e-016 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.23e-008 1.17e-007
29 34.1 15.8 0.8 -110.00 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.00e-011 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.28e-008 1.19e-007
30 41.5 7.8 0.8 -129.61 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.09e-013 4 0.00e+000 0 | 9.59e-009 1.42e-007
31 35.0 19.0 0.8 -112.38 | 0.00e+000 0 5.78e-012 4 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.10e-008 1.02e-007
32 43.9 10.3 0.8 -135.56 | 0.00e+000 0 2.46e-014 1 3.17e-015 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.92e-008 1.51e-007
33 38.8 19.7 0.8 -113.37 | 0.00e+000 0 3.98e-012 3 6.22e-013 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.78e-008 1.16e-007
34 38.8 32.5 0.8 -113.44 | 0.00e+000 0 3.79e-012 2 7.41e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 7.47e-009 1.10e-007
35 38.5 36.1 0.8 -113.15 | 0.00e+000 0 4.84e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.16e-011 1.21e-007
36 40.8 39.9 0.8 -118.77 | 0.00e+000 0 1.33e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.30e-011 1.28e-007
 88

37 43.9 41.9 0.8 -135.65 | 0.00e+000 0 2.45e-014 1 2.76e-015 1 0.00e+000 0 | 9.74e-009 1.44e-007
38 35.0 33.2 0.8 -112.62 | 0.00e+000 0 5.48e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.56e-009 1.00e-007
39 41.5 44.4 0.8 -144.26 | 0.00e+000 0 2.52e-016 1 3.50e-015 9 0.00e+000 0 | 3.39e-008 2.16e-007
40 34.1 36.4 0.8 -109.88 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.03e-011 5 0.00e+000 0 | 7.40e-009 1.16e-007
41 38.3 43.6 0.8 -125.94 | 0.00e+000 0 1.17e-013 1 1.38e-013 11 0.00e+000 0 | 2.01e-008 1.62e-007
42 30.7 38.4 0.8 -122.60 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.49e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.68e-011 1.49e-007
43 34.9 45.6 0.8 -137.13 | 0.00e+000 0 1.58e-014 2 3.60e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.44e-008 1.68e-007
44 27.5 37.6 0.8 -110.48 | 0.00e+000 0 8.95e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.23e-010 1.33e-007
45 28.2 42.1 0.8 -146.31 | 0.00e+000 0 4.97e-017 1 2.29e-015 11 0.00e+000 0 | 5.05e-008 1.81e-007
46 30.4 45.9 0.8 -135.00 | 0.00e+000 0 9.22e-015 1 2.24e-014 14 0.00e+000 0 | 4.27e-008 1.64e-007
47 34.0 48.8 0.8 -146.43 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 2.28e-015 14 0.00e+000 0 | 3.68e-008 1.79e-007
48 25.0 40.5 0.8 -114.73 | 0.00e+000 0 3.14e-012 3 2.21e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.28e-008 1.42e-007
49 30.6 49.6 0.8 -142.64 | 0.00e+000 0 5.05e-015 1 3.99e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.18e-008 1.72e-007
50 31.0 26.1 0.8 -110.52 | 0.00e+000 0 5.83e-012 1 3.04e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.59e-008 1.04e-007
51 3.0 26.1 0.8 -81.65 | 0.00e+000 0 6.85e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.81e-011 1.01e-007
52 6.0 26.1 0.8 -80.99 | 0.00e+000 0 7.97e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.68e-011 9.33e-008
53 9.0 26.1 0.8 -80.33 | 0.00e+000 0 9.27e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.55e-011 8.65e-008
54 12.0 26.1 0.8 -73.69 | 0.00e+000 0 4.28e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.44e-011 8.03e-008
55 15.0 26.1 0.8 -73.09 | 0.00e+000 0 4.91e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.35e-011 7.50e-008
56 18.0 26.1 0.8 -72.58 | 0.00e+000 0 5.52e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.27e-011 7.07e-008
57 29.8 32.9 0.8 -72.58 | 0.00e+000 0 5.52e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.27e-011 7.07e-008
58 31.3 35.5 0.8 -73.10 | 0.00e+000 0 4.90e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.35e-011 7.50e-008
59 32.8 38.1 0.8 -109.55 | 0.00e+000 0 1.11e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.98e-011 1.10e-007
60 34.3 40.7 0.8 -111.00 | 0.00e+000 0 7.93e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.00e-011 1.11e-007
61 35.8 43.3 0.8 -110.87 | 0.00e+000 0 7.57e-012 3 6.27e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 7.05e-009 1.17e-007
62 37.3 45.9 0.8 -112.36 | 0.00e+000 0 5.54e-012 2 2.71e-013 3 0.00e+000 0 | 2.05e-008 1.26e-007
63 29.8 19.3 0.8 -101.44 | 0.00e+000 0 7.11e-011 2 6.78e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.33e-008 8.71e-008
64 31.3 16.7 0.8 -99.49 | 0.00e+000 0 1.13e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.24e-008 8.83e-008
65 32.8 14.1 0.8 -98.80 | 0.00e+000 0 1.32e-010 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.60e-011 8.89e-008
66 34.3 11.5 0.8 -98.28 | 0.00e+000 0 1.49e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.05e-008 9.50e-008
67 35.8 8.9 0.8 -98.06 | 0.00e+000 0 1.54e-010 1 2.63e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 5.93e-009 9.99e-008
68 37.3 6.3 0.8 -97.95 | 0.00e+000 0 1.58e-010 1 2.21e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 5.64e-009 1.06e-007
69 3.3 18.4 3.8 -158.87 | 0.00e+000 0 3.98e-017 3 8.99e-017 22 0.00e+000 0 | 4.50e-008 2.15e-007
70 2.2 21.8 3.8 -140.11 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 9.75e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 2.67e-009 1.33e-007
71 4.5 24.2 3.8 -118.07 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.56e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 9.11e-010 1.25e-007
72 6.5 20.1 3.8 -140.99 | 0.00e+000 0 3.94e-016 1 7.57e-015 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.82e-010 1.19e-007
73 11.0 20.1 3.8 -112.93 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.10e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.87e-011 1.04e-007
74 13.9 18.1 3.8 -117.33 | 0.00e+000 0 3.19e-013 2 1.53e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 2.15e-008 1.16e-007
75 15.2 21.8 3.8 -102.87 | 0.00e+000 0 5.16e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.15e-009 9.11e-008
76 12.9 24.2 3.8 -104.99 | 0.00e+000 0 2.96e-011 2 2.12e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.99e-009 9.61e-008
77 25.9 26.1 3.8 -64.50 | 0.00e+000 0 3.55e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.00e-011 5.57e-008
78 4.5 28.1 3.8 -132.17 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 6.07e-014 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.59e-008 1.25e-007
79 2.2 30.4 3.8 -149.37 | 0.00e+000 0 6.12e-017 1 1.10e-015 10 0.00e+000 0 | 4.83e-008 2.41e-007
80 3.3 33.8 3.8 -157.16 | 0.00e+000 0 2.15e-017 2 1.71e-016 29 0.00e+000 0 | 6.15e-008 2.48e-007
81 6.5 32.2 3.8 -144.24 | 0.00e+000 0 3.94e-016 1 3.37e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.78e-008 1.22e-007
82 11.0 32.1 3.8 -116.25 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 2.37e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.87e-011 1.04e-007
83 12.9 28.0 3.8 -105.16 | 0.00e+000 0 2.96e-011 2 9.31e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 6.09e-009 9.66e-008
84 15.2 30.4 3.8 -103.10 | 0.00e+000 0 4.90e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.56e-009 8.97e-008
85 13.9 34.1 3.8 -114.03 | 0.00e+000 0 3.52e-012 2 4.32e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.31e-008 1.29e-007
86 30.6 2.6 3.8 -141.34 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.34e-015 14 0.00e+000 0 | 3.26e-008 1.60e-007
87 30.4 6.3 3.8 -139.66 | 0.00e+000 0 3.91e-016 1 1.04e-014 11 0.00e+000 0 | 3.59e-008 1.38e-007
88 28.2 10.2 3.8 -146.46 | 0.00e+000 0 8.60e-017 2 2.17e-015 24 0.00e+000 0 | 3.66e-008 1.61e-007
89 25.0 11.7 3.8 -113.95 | 0.00e+000 0 3.51e-012 2 5.15e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.17e-008 1.28e-007
90 34.0 3.5 3.8 -143.21 | 0.00e+000 0 2.47e-017 1 4.75e-015 19 0.00e+000 0 | 3.41e-008 1.76e-007
91 27.5 14.7 3.8 -114.02 | 0.00e+000 0 3.96e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.19e-011 1.22e-007
92 34.9 6.6 3.8 -126.48 | 0.00e+000 0 2.64e-014 3 1.98e-013 15 0.00e+000 0 | 1.29e-008 1.30e-007
93 30.7 13.8 3.8 -109.81 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.04e-011 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.97e-010 1.02e-007
94 38.3 8.6 3.8 -111.21 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.58e-012 7 0.00e+000 0 | 3.31e-009 1.27e-007
95 40.8 12.3 3.8 -130.76 | 0.00e+000 0 6.14e-014 2 2.24e-014 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.36e-008 1.24e-007
96 38.5 16.1 3.8 -129.79 | 0.00e+000 0 1.04e-013 2 1.04e-015 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.22e-008 1.07e-007
97 34.1 15.8 3.8 -108.96 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.27e-011 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.17e-008 1.08e-007
98 41.5 7.8 3.8 -130.03 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 9.93e-014 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.23e-008 1.33e-007
99 35.0 19.0 3.8 -111.42 | 0.00e+000 0 7.21e-012 4 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.08e-008 9.19e-008
 89

100 43.9 10.3 3.8 -133.69 | 0.00e+000 0 3.86e-014 1 4.22e-015 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.62e-008 1.39e-007
101 38.8 19.7 3.8 -112.59 | 0.00e+000 0 4.92e-012 3 5.90e-013 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.68e-008 1.05e-007
102 38.8 32.5 3.8 -112.67 | 0.00e+000 0 4.68e-012 2 7.25e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 7.43e-009 9.98e-008
103 38.5 36.1 3.8 -112.10 | 0.00e+000 0 6.17e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.99e-011 1.11e-007
104 40.8 39.9 3.8 -117.91 | 0.00e+000 0 1.62e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.12e-011 1.18e-007
105 43.9 41.9 3.8 -133.78 | 0.00e+000 0 3.84e-014 1 3.50e-015 1 0.00e+000 0 | 8.93e-009 1.33e-007
106 35.0 33.2 3.8 -111.65 | 0.00e+000 0 6.84e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.46e-009 9.03e-008
107 41.5 44.4 3.8 -142.29 | 0.00e+000 0 4.10e-016 1 5.50e-015 9 0.00e+000 0 | 3.45e-008 2.04e-007
108 34.1 36.4 3.8 -109.72 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.07e-011 5 0.00e+000 0 | 5.72e-009 1.05e-007
109 38.3 43.6 3.8 -125.08 | 0.00e+000 0 1.39e-013 1 1.71e-013 11 0.00e+000 0 | 2.03e-008 1.52e-007
110 30.7 38.4 3.8 -122.33 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.85e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.50e-011 1.39e-007
111 34.9 45.6 3.8 -135.13 | 0.00e+000 0 2.49e-014 2 5.82e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.45e-008 1.58e-007
112 27.5 37.6 3.8 -110.29 | 0.00e+000 0 9.35e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.33e-010 1.23e-007
113 28.2 42.1 3.8 -145.34 | 0.00e+000 0 7.91e-017 1 2.84e-015 11 0.00e+000 0 | 5.01e-008 1.70e-007
114 30.4 45.9 3.8 -134.09 | 0.00e+000 0 1.13e-014 1 2.77e-014 13 0.00e+000 0 | 4.16e-008 1.53e-007
115 34.0 48.8 3.8 -144.56 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 3.50e-015 14 0.00e+000 0 | 3.66e-008 1.68e-007
116 25.0 40.5 3.8 -113.87 | 0.00e+000 0 3.83e-012 3 2.75e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.28e-008 1.32e-007
117 30.6 49.6 3.8 -140.72 | 0.00e+000 0 7.86e-015 1 6.08e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.15e-008 1.62e-007
118 31.0 26.1 3.8 -108.88 | 0.00e+000 0 1.01e-011 1 2.82e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.12e-008 8.45e-008
119 3.0 26.1 3.8 -81.09 | 0.00e+000 0 7.78e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.70e-011 9.44e-008
120 6.0 26.1 3.8 -80.34 | 0.00e+000 0 9.26e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.55e-011 8.66e-008
121 9.0 26.1 3.8 -79.56 | 0.00e+000 0 1.11e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.42e-011 7.92e-008
122 12.0 26.1 3.8 -72.78 | 0.00e+000 0 5.27e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.30e-011 7.24e-008
123 15.0 26.1 3.8 -72.04 | 0.00e+000 0 6.25e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.19e-011 6.65e-008
124 18.0 26.1 3.8 -71.38 | 0.00e+000 0 7.29e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.11e-011 6.16e-008
125 29.8 32.9 3.8 -71.38 | 0.00e+000 0 7.28e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.11e-011 6.16e-008
126 31.3 35.5 3.8 -72.04 | 0.00e+000 0 6.25e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.19e-011 6.65e-008
127 32.8 38.1 3.8 -108.55 | 0.00e+000 0 1.40e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.80e-011 1.00e-007
128 34.3 40.7 3.8 -110.17 | 0.00e+000 0 9.61e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.83e-011 1.02e-007
129 35.8 43.3 3.8 -109.91 | 0.00e+000 0 9.28e-012 3 9.26e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 6.89e-009 1.08e-007
130 37.3 45.9 3.8 -111.57 | 0.00e+000 0 6.55e-012 2 4.16e-013 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.02e-008 1.17e-007
131 29.8 19.3 3.8 -99.75 | 0.00e+000 0 1.06e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.22e-008 7.65e-008
132 31.3 16.7 3.8 -97.85 | 0.00e+000 0 1.64e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.14e-008 7.83e-008
133 32.8 14.1 3.8 -97.24 | 0.00e+000 0 1.89e-010 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.44e-011 7.99e-008
134 34.3 11.5 3.8 -96.81 | 0.00e+000 0 2.08e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.42e-009 8.64e-008
135 35.8 8.9 3.8 -96.65 | 0.00e+000 0 2.13e-010 1 3.06e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 5.38e-009 9.20e-008
136 37.3 6.3 3.8 -96.06 | 0.00e+000 0 2.18e-010 1 3.00e-011 3 0.00e+000 0 | 6.33e-009 1.00e-007
137 3.3 18.4 6.8 -156.57 | 0.00e+000 0 6.49e-017 3 1.56e-016 23 0.00e+000 0 | 4.74e-008 2.01e-007
138 2.2 21.8 6.8 -140.60 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 8.71e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 2.64e-009 1.23e-007
139 4.5 24.2 6.8 -118.43 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.44e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 8.71e-010 1.15e-007
140 6.5 20.1 6.8 -141.45 | 0.00e+000 0 6.51e-016 1 6.50e-015 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.14e-008 1.11e-007
141 11.0 20.1 6.8 -113.48 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 4.49e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.70e-011 9.44e-008
142 13.9 18.1 6.8 -117.29 | 0.00e+000 0 4.06e-013 3 1.46e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 2.33e-008 1.07e-007
143 15.2 21.8 6.8 -101.80 | 0.00e+000 0 6.61e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.03e-009 8.11e-008
144 12.9 24.2 6.8 -103.99 | 0.00e+000 0 3.79e-011 2 1.98e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.54e-009 8.60e-008
145 25.9 26.1 6.8 -62.78 | 0.00e+000 0 5.27e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.20e-012 4.57e-008
146 4.5 28.1 6.8 -132.70 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.37e-014 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.02e-008 1.18e-007
147 2.2 30.4 6.8 -148.40 | 0.00e+000 0 7.42e-017 1 1.37e-015 11 0.00e+000 0 | 5.03e-008 2.29e-007
148 3.3 33.8 6.8 -154.94 | 0.00e+000 0 3.57e-017 2 2.85e-016 30 0.00e+000 0 | 6.39e-008 2.34e-007
149 6.5 32.2 6.8 -144.13 | 0.00e+000 0 6.51e-016 1 3.21e-015 9 0.00e+000 0 | 2.61e-008 1.15e-007
150 11.0 32.1 6.8 -116.80 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 2.09e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.70e-011 9.45e-008
151 12.9 28.0 6.8 -104.11 | 0.00e+000 0 3.79e-011 2 9.64e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 5.50e-009 8.65e-008
152 15.2 30.4 6.8 -102.02 | 0.00e+000 0 6.28e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.40e-009 7.98e-008
153 13.9 34.1 6.8 -113.05 | 0.00e+000 0 4.40e-012 2 5.56e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.31e-008 1.19e-007
154 30.6 2.6 6.8 -140.89 | 0.00e+000 0 3.52e-017 1 8.11e-015 19 0.00e+000 0 | 3.67e-008 1.59e-007
155 30.4 6.3 6.8 -139.31 | 0.00e+000 0 6.46e-016 1 1.11e-014 12 0.00e+000 0 | 4.08e-008 1.38e-007
156 28.2 10.2 6.8 -145.19 | 0.00e+000 0 1.45e-016 2 2.88e-015 23 0.00e+000 0 | 3.84e-008 1.54e-007
157 25.0 11.7 6.8 -112.97 | 0.00e+000 0 4.38e-012 2 6.67e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.18e-008 1.18e-007
158 34.0 3.5 6.8 -141.12 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.72e-015 19 0.00e+000 0 | 3.40e-008 1.66e-007
159 27.5 14.7 6.8 -113.09 | 0.00e+000 0 4.91e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 2.02e-011 1.12e-007
160 34.9 6.6 6.8 -125.83 | 0.00e+000 0 4.07e-014 3 2.21e-013 16 0.00e+000 0 | 1.52e-008 1.22e-007
161 30.7 13.8 6.8 -109.59 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.10e-011 4 0.00e+000 0 | 3.15e-010 9.25e-008
162 38.3 8.6 6.8 -111.32 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.38e-012 6 0.00e+000 0 | 3.11e-009 1.17e-007
 90

163 40.8 12.3 6.8 -129.21 | 0.00e+000 0 1.01e-013 2 1.86e-014 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.42e-008 1.14e-007
164 38.5 16.1 6.8 -127.56 | 0.00e+000 0 1.76e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.18e-008 9.69e-008
165 34.1 15.8 6.8 -108.81 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.31e-011 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.14e-008 9.75e-008
166 41.5 7.8 6.8 -130.54 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 8.83e-014 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.74e-008 1.25e-007
167 35.0 19.0 6.8 -110.33 | 0.00e+000 0 9.27e-012 4 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.06e-008 8.19e-008
168 43.9 10.3 6.8 -131.59 | 0.00e+000 0 6.40e-014 1 5.39e-015 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.31e-008 1.27e-007
169 38.8 19.7 6.8 -111.69 | 0.00e+000 0 6.23e-012 3 5.55e-013 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.57e-008 9.36e-008
170 38.8 32.5 6.8 -111.78 | 0.00e+000 0 5.93e-012 2 7.01e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 7.36e-009 8.97e-008
171 38.5 36.1 6.8 -110.88 | 0.00e+000 0 8.16e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.81e-011 1.01e-007
172 40.8 39.9 6.8 -116.93 | 0.00e+000 0 2.03e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.94e-011 1.08e-007
173 43.9 41.9 6.8 -131.66 | 0.00e+000 0 6.37e-014 1 4.58e-015 1 0.00e+000 0 | 8.07e-009 1.23e-007
174 35.0 33.2 6.8 -110.55 | 0.00e+000 0 8.81e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.35e-009 8.03e-008
175 41.5 44.4 6.8 -140.02 | 0.00e+000 0 7.21e-016 1 9.23e-015 10 0.00e+000 0 | 3.52e-008 1.93e-007
176 34.1 36.4 6.8 -109.66 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.08e-011 5 0.00e+000 0 | 4.09e-009 9.44e-008
177 38.3 43.6 6.8 -124.12 | 0.00e+000 0 1.68e-013 1 2.19e-013 11 0.00e+000 0 | 2.04e-008 1.41e-007
178 30.7 38.4 6.8 -122.13 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 6.12e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.32e-011 1.29e-007
179 34.9 45.6 6.8 -132.85 | 0.00e+000 0 4.18e-014 2 1.01e-014 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.46e-008 1.48e-007
180 27.5 37.6 6.8 -110.11 | 0.00e+000 0 9.70e-012 2 5.14e-014 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.00e-009 1.13e-007
181 28.2 42.1 6.8 -144.22 | 0.00e+000 0 1.34e-016 1 3.65e-015 12 0.00e+000 0 | 4.95e-008 1.57e-007
182 30.4 45.9 6.8 -133.04 | 0.00e+000 0 1.41e-014 1 3.55e-014 13 0.00e+000 0 | 4.07e-008 1.43e-007
183 34.0 48.8 6.8 -142.48 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.65e-015 14 0.00e+000 0 | 3.63e-008 1.58e-007
184 25.0 40.5 6.8 -112.91 | 0.00e+000 0 4.77e-012 3 3.52e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.28e-008 1.22e-007
185 30.6 49.6 6.8 -138.56 | 0.00e+000 0 1.29e-014 1 9.76e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.12e-008 1.52e-007
186 31.0 26.1 6.8 -106.64 | 0.00e+000 0 1.92e-011 1 2.49e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.41e-008 6.68e-008
187 3.0 26.1 6.8 -80.57 | 0.00e+000 0 8.77e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.60e-011 8.89e-008
188 6.0 26.1 6.8 -79.70 | 0.00e+000 0 1.07e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.45e-011 8.05e-008
189 9.0 26.1 6.8 -78.79 | 0.00e+000 0 1.32e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.30e-011 7.25e-008
190 12.0 26.1 6.8 -71.85 | 0.00e+000 0 6.53e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.17e-011 6.50e-008
191 15.0 26.1 6.8 -70.91 | 0.00e+000 0 8.11e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.05e-011 5.83e-008
192 18.0 26.1 6.8 -70.02 | 0.00e+000 0 9.94e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.46e-012 5.27e-008
193 29.8 32.9 6.8 -70.03 | 0.00e+000 0 9.94e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 9.47e-012 5.27e-008
194 31.3 35.5 6.8 -70.91 | 0.00e+000 0 8.11e-008 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.05e-011 5.84e-008
195 32.8 38.1 6.8 -107.41 | 0.00e+000 0 1.82e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.62e-011 9.02e-008
196 34.3 40.7 6.8 -109.24 | 0.00e+000 0 1.19e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.65e-011 9.20e-008
197 35.8 43.3 6.8 -108.81 | 0.00e+000 0 1.17e-011 3 1.42e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 6.64e-009 9.94e-008
198 37.3 45.9 6.8 -110.72 | 0.00e+000 0 7.95e-012 2 5.32e-013 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.98e-008 1.08e-007
199 29.8 19.3 6.8 -97.71 | 0.00e+000 0 1.69e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.08e-008 6.60e-008
200 31.3 16.7 6.8 -95.96 | 0.00e+000 0 2.54e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.02e-008 6.85e-008
201 32.8 14.1 6.8 -95.46 | 0.00e+000 0 2.85e-010 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 1.28e-011 7.13e-008
202 34.3 11.5 6.8 -95.12 | 0.00e+000 0 3.07e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.30e-009 7.82e-008
203 35.8 8.9 6.8 -95.00 | 0.00e+000 0 3.12e-010 1 3.63e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 4.78e-009 8.47e-008
204 37.3 6.3 6.8 -94.58 | 0.00e+000 0 3.17e-010 1 3.14e-011 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.22e-009 9.29e-008
205 3.3 18.4 9.8 -154.10 | 0.00e+000 0 1.14e-016 3 2.76e-016 24 0.00e+000 0 | 4.80e-008 1.90e-007
206 2.2 21.8 9.8 -141.48 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 7.11e-015 7 0.00e+000 0 | 2.74e-009 1.14e-007
207 4.5 24.2 9.8 -119.21 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.20e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 8.36e-010 1.05e-007
208 6.5 20.1 9.8 -141.92 | 0.00e+000 0 1.21e-015 2 5.21e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.03e-008 1.04e-007
209 11.0 20.1 9.8 -114.39 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 3.64e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.52e-011 8.46e-008
210 13.9 18.1 9.8 -117.22 | 0.00e+000 0 5.12e-013 3 1.38e-012 4 0.00e+000 0 | 2.56e-008 1.00e-007
211 15.2 21.8 9.8 -100.56 | 0.00e+000 0 8.78e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.87e-009 7.12e-008
212 12.9 24.2 9.8 -102.82 | 0.00e+000 0 5.03e-011 2 1.95e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.34e-009 7.61e-008
213 25.9 26.1 9.8 -60.63 | 0.00e+000 0 8.64e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 6.41e-012 3.57e-008
214 4.5 28.1 9.8 -133.47 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 4.50e-014 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.64e-008 1.11e-007
215 2.2 30.4 9.8 -147.28 | 0.00e+000 0 1.07e-016 2 1.77e-015 11 0.00e+000 0 | 5.25e-008 2.17e-007
216 3.3 33.8 9.8 -152.52 | 0.00e+000 0 6.39e-017 2 4.96e-016 29 0.00e+000 0 | 6.43e-008 2.23e-007
217 6.5 32.2 9.8 -143.91 | 0.00e+000 0 1.15e-015 1 2.91e-015 12 0.00e+000 0 | 3.36e-008 1.10e-007
218 11.0 32.1 9.8 -117.72 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.69e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.52e-011 8.47e-008
219 12.9 28.0 9.8 -102.90 | 0.00e+000 0 5.03e-011 2 9.56e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 4.76e-009 7.64e-008
220 15.2 30.4 9.8 -100.78 | 0.00e+000 0 8.36e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 7.23e-009 6.99e-008
221 13.9 34.1 9.8 -111.94 | 0.00e+000 0 5.66e-012 2 7.41e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.32e-008 1.09e-007
222 30.6 2.6 9.8 -140.00 | 0.00e+000 0 6.29e-017 1 9.94e-015 19 0.00e+000 0 | 3.85e-008 1.60e-007
223 30.4 6.3 9.8 -138.57 | 0.00e+000 0 1.15e-015 1 1.28e-014 13 0.00e+000 0 | 4.32e-008 1.39e-007
224 28.2 10.2 9.8 -143.56 | 0.00e+000 0 2.72e-016 3 4.14e-015 24 0.00e+000 0 | 4.03e-008 1.47e-007
225 25.0 11.7 9.8 -111.85 | 0.00e+000 0 5.64e-012 2 9.01e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 1.18e-008 1.08e-007
 Appendix C

Kolej 11 MA7 building Simulation Databases

Figure (c1) Kolej 11 MA7 Building Map and the indoor receivers location University
technology Malaysia
 92

C.1 Database for simulation and simulation result

C.1.1 Part of building Database for Kolej 11 MA7 (bdb.txt)

1  5  49.9936  3  3  6 
1  5  46.5936  3  3  6 
1  12.8  46.5936  3  3  6 
1  12.8  49.9936  3  3  6 
2  0  46.5936  3  3  6 
2  0  43.0936  3  3  6 
2  7.8  43.0936  3  3  6 
2  7.8  46.5936  3  3  6 
3  4.4  43.0936  3  3  6 
3  4.4  40.0936  3  3  6 
3  7.8  40.0936  3  3  6 
3  7.8  43.0936  3  3  6 
4  0  36.5936  3  3  6 
4  0  33.0936  3  3  6 
4  7.8  33.0936  3  3  6 
4  7.8  36.5936  3  3  6 
5  0  33.0936  3  3  6 
5  0  29.5936  3  3  6 
5  7.8  29.5936  3  3  6 
5  7.8  33.0936  3  3  6 
6  0  29.5936  3  3  6 
6  0  26.0936  3  3  6 
6  7.8  26.0936  3  3  6 
6  7.8  29.5936  3  3  6 
7  4  26.0936  3  3  6 
7  4  23.0882  3  3  6 
7  7.8  23.0882  3  3  6 
7  7.8  26.0936  3  3  6 
8  0  23.0882  3  3  6 
8  0  19.5882  3  3  6 
8  7.8  19.5882  3  3  6 
8  7.8  23.0882  3  3  6 
9  0  19.5882  3  3  6 
9  0  16.0882  3  3  6 
9  7.8  16.0882  3  3  6 
9  7.8  19.5882  3  3  6 
10  5.5091  16.0882  3  3  6 
10  5.5091  11.4067  3  3  6 
10  7.3972  9.5186  3  3  6 
10  11.6308  13.7521  3  3  6 
10  9.2946  16.0882  3  3  6 
 93

11  5.5091  16.0882  3  3  6 

11  5.5091  12.2882  3  3  6 
11  7.838  9.9593  3  3  6 
11  11.8308  13.7521  3  3  6 
11  9.2946  16.0882  3  3  6 
12  3.8091  16.0882  3  3  6 
12  3.8091  13.3882  3  3  6 
12  5.5091  13.3882  3  3  6 
12  5.5091  16.0882  3  3  6 
13  7.838  9.9593  3  3  6 
13  9.9593  7.838  3  3  6 
13  13.7521  11.6308  3  3  6 
13  11.6308  13.7521  3  3  6 
14  9.9593  7.838  3  3  6 
14  12.2882  5.5091  3  3  6 
14  16.0882  5.5091  3  3  6 
14  16.0882  9.3  3  3  6 
14  13.7521  11.6308  3  3  6 
15  13.3882  5.5091  3  3  6 
15  13.3882  3.8091  3  3  6 
15  16.0882  3.8091  3  3  6 
15  16.0882  5.5091  3  3  6 
16  16.0882  7.8  3  3  6 
16  16.0882  0  3  3  6 
16  19.5882  0  3  3  6 
16  19.5882  7.8  3  3  6 
17  19.5882  7.8  3  3  6 
17  19.5882  0  3  3  6 
17  23.0882  0  3  3  6 
17  23.0882  7.8  3  3  6 
18  23.0882  7.8  3  3  6 
18  23.0882  1.8  3  3  6 
18  26.036  1.8  3  3  6 
18  26.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
19  26.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
19  26.0936  0  3  3  6 
19  29.0936  0  3  3  6 
19  29.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
20  29.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
20  29.5936  0  3  3  6 
20  33.0936  0  3  3  6 
20  33.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
21  33.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
21  33.0936  0  3  3  6 
21  36.5936  0  3  3  6 
21  36.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
 94

22  36.5936  6.1  3  3  6 

22  36.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
22  40.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
22  40.5936  6.1  3  3  6 
23  36.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
23  36.5936  6.1  3  3  6 
23  40.5936  6.1  3  3  6 
23  40.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
23  43.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
23  43.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
24  43.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
24  43.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
24  46.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
24  46.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
25  46.5936  7.8  3  3  6 
25  46.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
25  50.0936  4.4  3  3  6 
25  50.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
26  50.0936  12.2  3  3  6 
26  50.0936  4.4  3  3  6 
26  53.5936  4.4  3  3  6 
26  53.5936  12.2  3  3  6 
27  46.5936  17.1  3  3  6 
27  46.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
27  50.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
27  50.0936  17.1  3  3  6 
28  43.5936  15.3  3  3  6 
28  43.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
28  46.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
28  46.5936  15.3  3  3  6 
29  40.0936  17.1  3  3  6 
29  40.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
29  43.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
29  43.5936  17.1  3  3  6 
30  36.5936  17.1  3  3  6 
30  36.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
30  40.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
30  40.0936  17.1  3  3  6 
31  33.0936  17.1  3  3  6 
31  33.0936  12.8  3  3  6 
31  33.9936  12.8  3  3  6 
31  33.9936  11.0909  3  3  6 
31  36.5936  11.0909  3  3  6 
31  36.5936  17.1  3  3  6 
32  28.9936  12.8  3  3  6 
32  28.9936  11.0903  3  3  6 
 95

32  33.9936  11.0903  3  3  6 

32  33.9936  12.8  3  3  6 
33  26.0936  12.8  3  3  6 
33  26.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
33  33.9936  9.3  3  3  6 
33  33.9936  11.0901  3  3  6 
33  28.9936  11.0909  3  3  6 
33  28.9936  12.8  3  3  6 
34  23.0936  12.8  3  3  6 
34  23.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
34  26.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
34  26.0936  12.8  3  3  6 
35  17.8382  11.05  3  3  6 
35  19.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
35  23.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
35  23.0936  12.8  3  3  6 
35  19.5936  12.8  3  3  6 
36  16.0882  9.3  3  3  6 
36  16.0882  7.8  3  3  6 
36  50.0936  7.8  3  3  6 
36  50.0936  9.3  3  3  6 
36  36.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
36  36.5936  11.0909  3  3  6 
36  33.9936  11.0909  3  3  6 
36  33.9936  9.3  3  3  6 
36  19.5936  9.3  3  3  6 
36  17.8382  11.05  3  3  6 
37  9.2946  16.0882  3  3  6 
37  16.0882  9.3  3  3  6 
37  17.8382  11.05  3  3  6 
37  11.0487  17.8396  3  3  6 
38  9.3  23.0882  3  3  6 
38  9.3  19.5882  3  3  6 
38  11.0487  17.8392  3  3  6 
38  12.8  19.5882  3  3  6 
38  12.8  23.0882  3  3  6 
39  9.3  29.5936  3  3  6 
39  9.3  23.0882  3  3  6 
39  12.8  23.0882  3  3  6 
39  12.8  25.5936  3  3  6 
39  11.05  25.5936  3  3  6 
39  11.05  29.5936  3  3  6 
40  11.05  29.5936  3  3  6 
40  11.05  25.5936  3  3  6 
40  12.8  25.5936  3  3  6 
40  12.8  29.5936  3  3  6 
 96

41  10.1  36.5936  3  3  6 

41  10.1  29.5936  3  3  6 
41  12.8  29.5936  3  3  6 
41  12.8  36.5936  3  3  6 
42  11.05  40.5936  3  3  6 
42  11.05  36.5936  3  3  6 
42  12.8  36.5936  3  3  6 
42  12.8  40.5936  3  3  6 
43  9.3  43.0936  3  3  6 
43  9.3  36.5936  3  3  6 
43  11.05  36.5936  3  3  6 
43  11.05  40.5936  3  3  6 
43  12.8  40.5936  3  3  6 
43  12.8  43.0936  3  3  6 
44  9.3  46.5936  3  3  6 
44  9.3  43.0936  3  3  6 
44  12.8  43.0936  3  3  6 
44  12.8  46.5936  3  3  6 
45  7.8  46.5936  3  3  6 
45  7.8  16.0882  3  3  6 
45  9.2946  16.0882  3  3  6 
45  11.0487  17.8396  3  3  6 
45  9.3  19.5882  3  3  6 
45  9.3  29.5936  3  3  6 
45  10.1  29.5936  3  3  6 
45  10.1  36.5936  3  3  6 
45  9.3  36.5936  3  3  6 
45  9.3  46.5936  3  3  6 
46  5  49.9936  6  3  6 
46  5  46.5936  6  3  6 
46  12.8  46.5936  6  3  6 
46  12.8  49.9936  6  3  6 
47  0  46.5936  6  3  6 
47  0  43.0936  6  3  6 
47  7.8  43.0936  6  3  6 
47  7.8  46.5936  6  3  6 
48  4.4  43.0936  6  3  6 
48  4.4  40.0936  6  3  6 
48  7.8  40.0936  6  3  6 
48  7.8  43.0936  6  3  6 
49  0  36.5936  6  3  6 
49  0  33.0936  6  3  6 
49  7.8  33.0936  6  3  6 
49  7.8  36.5936  6  3  6 
50  0  33.0936  6  3  6 
50  0  29.5936  6  3  6 
 97

C 1.2 Part of Receivers Database for Kolej 11 MA7 (rxt.txt)

1  8.9 48.2936  0.8

2  3.9018 44.842  0.8
3  6.1002 41.5959  0.8
4  3.9303 38.33  0.8
5  3.9602 34.8436  0.8
6  3.9303 31.33  0.8
7  3.9602 27.8436  0.8
8  6.1 24.5909  0.8
9  3.9 21.3382  0.8
10  3.9 17.8382  0.8
11  8.5652 13.019  0.8
12  4.6591 14.7382  0.8
13  10.795 10.795  0.8
14  13.0197 8.568  0.8
15  14.7382 4.6591  0.8
16  17.8382 3.9  0.8
17  21.3382 3.9  0.8
18  24.5909 4.8  0.8
19  27.8572 3.9303  0.8
20  31.3436 3.9602  0.8
21  34.8436 3.9602  0.8
22  38.8041 4.8589  0.8
23  42.1779 5.0194  0.8
24  45.0936 6.1  0.8
25  48.3436 6.1  0.8
26  51.8436 8.3  0.8
27  48.3436 13.2  0.8
28  45.0936 12.3  0.8
29  41.8436 13.2  0.8
30  38.3436 13.2  0.8
31  34.8436 14.0955  0.8
32  31.6605 11.5844  0.8
33  30.0436 10.175  0.8
34  24.5936 10.8475  0.8
35  21.3422 11.0487  0.8
36  33.0909 8.55  0.8
37  13.5701 13.5669  0.8
38  11.05 21.3409  0.8
39  10.175 26.3436  0.8
40  11.925 27.5936  0.8
41  11.4501 33.0929  0.8
42  11.925 38.5936  0.8
43  10.1741 39.8489  0.8
 98

44  11.05 44.8436  0.8

45  8.5496 31.3142  0.8
46  8.9 48.2936  3.8
47  3.9018 44.842  3.8
48  6.1002 41.5959  3.8
49  3.9303 38.33  3.8
50  3.9602 34.8436  3.8
51  3.9303 31.33  3.8
52  3.9602 27.8436  3.8
53  6.1 24.5909  3.8
54  3.9 21.3382  3.8
55  3.9 17.8382  3.8
56  8.5652 13.019  3.8
57  4.6591 14.7382  3.8
58  10.795 10.795  3.8
59  13.0197 8.568  3.8
60  14.7382 4.6591  3.8
61  17.8382 3.9  3.8
62  21.3382 3.9  3.8
63  24.5909 4.8  3.8
64  27.8572 3.9303  3.8
65  31.3436 3.9602  3.8
66  34.8436 3.9602  3.8
67  38.8041 4.8589  3.8
68  42.1779 5.0194  3.8
69  45.0936 6.1  3.8
70  48.3436 6.1  3.8
71  51.8436 8.3  3.8
72  48.3436 13.2  3.8
73  45.0936 12.3  3.8
74  41.8436 13.2  3.8
75  38.3436 13.2  3.8
76  34.8436 14.0955  3.8
77  31.6605 11.5844  3.8
78  30.0436 10.175  3.8
79  24.5936 10.8475  3.8
80  21.3422 11.0487  3.8
81  33.0909 8.55  3.8
82  13.5701 13.5669  3.8
83  11.05 21.3409  3.8
84  10.175 26.3436  3.8
85  11.925 27.5936  3.8
86  11.4501 33.0929  3.8
87  11.925 38.5936  3.8
88  10.1741 39.8489  3.8
89  11.05 44.8436  3.8
 99

90  8.5496 31.3142  3.8

91  8.9 48.2936  6.8
92  3.9018 44.842  6.8
93  6.1002 41.5959  6.8
94  3.9303 38.33  6.8
95  3.9602 34.8436  6.8
96  3.9303 31.33  6.8
97  3.9602 27.8436  6.8
98  6.1 24.5909  6.8
99  3.9 21.3382  6.8
100  3.9 17.8382  6.8

C.2.3 Part of building interior Database for Kolej 11 MA7 (ibd .txt)

1  3  3  5.6  6  8  6  0 
2  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
3  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
4  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
5  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
6  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
7  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
8  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
9  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
10  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
11  3  3  5.05  6  8  6  0 
12  3  3  2.2  6  8  6  0 
13  3  3  4.1819  6  8  6  0 
14  3  3  5.005  6  8  6  0 
15  3  3  2.2  6  8  6  0 
16  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
17  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
18  3  3  4.5  6  8  6  0 
19  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
20  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
21  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
22  3  3  2.85  6  8  6  0 
23  3  3  5.2  6  8  6  0 
24  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
25  3  3  3.45  6  8  6  0 
26  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
27  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
28  3  3  4.5  6  8  6  0 
 100

29  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
30  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
31  3  3  4.75  6  8  6  0 
32  3  3  6.7  6  8  6  0 
33  3  3  5.132  6  8  6  0 
34  3  3  3.25  6  8  6  0 
35  3  3  3.8334  6  8  6  0 
36  3  3  17.754  6  8  6  0 
37  3  3  6.0408  6  8  6  0 
38  3  3  3.889  6  8  6  0 
39  3  3  4.456  6  8  6  0 
40  3  3  2.875  6  8  6  0 
41  3  3  4.85  6  8  6  0 
42  3  3  2.875  6  8  6  0 
43  3  3  4.456  6  8  6  0 
44  3  3  3.5  6  8  6  0 
45  3  3  31.2554  6  8  6  0 
46  3  3  5.6  6  8  6  0 
47  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
48  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
49  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
50  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
51  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
52  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
53  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
54  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
55  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
56  3  3  5.05  6  8  6  0 
57  3  3  2.2  6  8  6  0 
58  3  3  4.1819  6  8  6  0 
59  3  3  5.005  6  8  6  0 
60  3  3  2.2  6  8  6  0 
61  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
62  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
63  3  3  4.5  6  8  6  0 
64  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
65  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
66  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
67  3  3  2.85  6  8  6  0 
68  3  3  5.2  6  8  6  0 
69  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
70  3  3  3.45  6  8  6  0 
71  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
72  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
73  3  3  4.5  6  8  6  0 
74  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
 101

75  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
76  3  3  4.75  6  8  6  0 
77  3  3  6.7  6  8  6  0 
78  3  3  5.132  6  8  6  0 
79  3  3  3.25  6  8  6  0 
80  3  3  3.8334  6  8  6  0 
81  3  3  17.754  6  8  6  0 
82  3  3  6.0408  6  8  6  0 
83  3  3  3.889  6  8  6  0 
84  3  3  4.456  6  8  6  0 
85  3  3  2.875  6  8  6  0 
86  3  3  4.85  6  8  6  0 
87  3  3  2.875  6  8  6  0 
88  3  3  4.456  6  8  6  0 
89  3  3  3.5  6  8  6  0 
90  3  3  31.2554  6  8  6  0 
91  3  3  5.6  6  8  6  0 
92  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
93  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
94  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
95  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
96  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
97  3  3  4.65  6  8  6  0 
98  3  3  3.2  6  8  6  0 
99  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
100  3  3  5.65  6  8  6  0 
101  3  3  5.05  6  8  6  0 
102  3  3  2.2  6  8  6  0 
103  3  3  4.1819  6  8  6  0 
 102

A.2.4 Output Prediction File for Kolej 11 MA7 (output.txt)

#Start Time: Wed Mar 28 22:36:25 2007

#End Time: Wed Mar 28 22:39:58 2007
#****************************************
#*** INPUT FILES
#*** Buildings: bdb.txt
#*** Receivers: rxt.txt
#*** Terrain: none
#*** Indoor Features: ibd.txt
#*** Preprocessed Data: none
#****************************************
#*** INPUT PARAMETERS
#*** Incremental angle 1.000
#*** Number of Reflections 10
#*** Number of Diffractions 1
#*** Prediction Frequency 2400.0MHz
#*** Fresnel Width Used n=1.00
#*** Single Ray Model Was Used
#*** Transmitter Located at x=10.8 y=10.8 z=11.0
#*** Height of Transmitter 0.5
#*** Height of Receivers 0.1
#****************************************

1 8.9 48.3 0.9 -154.82 | 0.00e+000 0 3.19e-016 1 1.00e-017 1 0.00e+000 0 | 8.95e-011 1.57e-007
2 3.9 44.8 0.9 -149.73 | 0.00e+000 0 1.95e-017 1 1.05e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.06e-010 1.48e-007
3 6.1 41.6 0.9 -144.17 | 0.00e+000 0 5.70e-016 2 3.26e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 3.86e-009 1.37e-007
4 3.9 38.3 0.9 -133.77 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 4.20e-014 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.22e-011 1.23e-007
5 4.0 34.8 0.9 -157.61 | 0.00e+000 0 1.36e-016 2 3.70e-017 5 0.00e+000 0 | 1.68e-008 1.30e-007
6 3.9 31.3 0.9 -158.58 | 0.00e+000 0 9.31e-017 1 4.55e-017 6 0.00e+000 0 | 5.72e-009 1.04e-007
7 4.0 27.8 0.9 -154.24 | 0.00e+000 0 3.09e-016 4 6.77e-017 8 0.00e+000 0 | 3.01e-008 1.20e-007
8 6.1 24.6 0.9 -115.03 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 3.14e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.42e-011 7.93e-008
9 3.9 21.3 0.9 -99.16 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.21e-010 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.66e-009 7.31e-008
10 3.9 17.8 0.9 -81.62 | 0.00e+000 0 3.89e-009 1 2.99e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 | 3.48e-011 6.25e-008
11 8.6 13.0 0.9 -96.40 | 0.00e+000 0 2.26e-010 2 3.06e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 4.51e-009 4.42e-008
12 4.7 14.7 0.9 -96.01 | 0.00e+000 0 2.24e-010 1 2.68e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 | 7.59e-011 5.82e-008
13 10.8 10.8 0.9 -60.55 | 0.00e+000 0 8.81e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 6.35e-012 3.53e-008
14 13.0 8.6 0.9 -66.92 | 0.00e+000 0 2.03e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 6.62e-012 3.69e-008
15 14.7 4.7 0.9 -95.07 | 0.00e+000 0 2.47e-010 2 6.36e-011 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.57e-009 5.81e-008
16 17.8 3.9 0.9 -96.81 | 0.00e+000 0 4.84e-011 1 1.60e-010 3 0.00e+000 0 | 7.71e-010 6.22e-008
17 21.3 3.9 0.9 -103.59 | 0.00e+000 0 3.86e-011 4 5.12e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.13e-009 7.40e-008
18 24.6 4.8 0.9 -140.49 | 0.00e+000 0 1.86e-015 4 7.07e-015 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.23e-009 8.83e-008
19 27.9 3.9 0.9 -148.34 | 0.00e+000 0 1.16e-015 4 3.06e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.40e-008 9.87e-008
20 31.3 4.0 0.9 -149.22 | 0.00e+000 0 9.91e-016 4 2.07e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 9.98e-009 1.06e-007
21 34.8 4.0 0.9 -149.97 | 0.00e+000 0 8.37e-016 2 1.71e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.42e-010 1.15e-007
22 38.8 4.9 0.9 -160.78 | 0.00e+000 0 2.56e-018 3 8.10e-017 12 0.00e+000 0 | 1.60e-008 1.30e-007
23 42.2 5.0 0.9 -159.47 | 0.00e+000 0 4.51e-017 1 6.78e-017 12 0.00e+000 0 | 1.85e-008 1.43e-007
24 45.1 6.1 0.9 -159.73 | 0.00e+000 0 3.91e-017 1 6.74e-017 13 0.00e+000 0 | 8.80e-009 1.51e-007
25 48.3 6.1 0.9 -160.12 | 0.00e+000 0 3.17e-017 1 6.57e-017 15 0.00e+000 0 | 9.97e-009 1.63e-007
26 51.8 8.3 0.9 -119.99 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.00e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.04e-011 1.69e-007
27 48.3 13.2 0.9 -175.85 | 0.00e+000 0 1.32e-018 2 1.27e-018 16 0.00e+000 0 | 6.90e-009 1.60e-007
28 45.1 12.3 0.9 -175.04 | 0.00e+000 0 1.58e-018 3 1.55e-018 19 0.00e+000 0 | 2.64e-008 1.58e-007
29 41.8 13.2 0.9 -174.43 | 0.00e+000 0 2.02e-018 2 1.58e-018 10 0.00e+000 0 | 5.55e-009 1.38e-007
30 38.3 13.2 0.9 -172.86 | 0.00e+000 0 2.60e-018 3 2.57e-018 10 0.00e+000 0 | 9.96e-009 1.28e-007
31 34.8 14.1 0.9 -158.42 | 0.00e+000 0 7.45e-017 1 6.95e-017 8 0.00e+000 0 | 7.06e-009 1.15e-007
32 31.7 11.6 0.9 -162.38 | 0.00e+000 0 3.24e-017 2 2.54e-017 13 0.00e+000 0 | 1.90e-008 1.15e-007
33 30.0 10.2 0.9 -118.87 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 1.30e-012 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.23e-009 9.62e-008
34 24.6 10.8 0.9 -103.11 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 4.88e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.41e-011 7.84e-008
 103

35 21.3 11.0 0.9 -103.91 | 0.00e+000 0 4.02e-011 1 4.81e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.22e-009 5.46e-008
36 33.1 8.6 0.9 -90.66 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 8.59e-010 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.50e-011 8.37e-008
37 13.6 13.6 0.9 -105.36 | 0.00e+000 0 1.30e-011 1 1.61e-011 7 0.00e+000 0 | 1.74e-008 6.31e-008
38 11.1 21.3 0.9 -125.37 | 0.00e+000 0 2.91e-013 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.29e-011 1.83e-007
39 10.2 26.3 0.9 -146.73 | 0.00e+000 0 1.90e-015 1 2.22e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.92e-009 8.06e-008
40 11.9 27.6 0.9 -147.86 | 0.00e+000 0 1.49e-015 1 1.44e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.23e-009 8.75e-008
41 11.5 33.1 0.9 -150.91 | 0.00e+000 0 7.84e-016 1 2.59e-017 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.36e-010 1.02e-007
42 11.9 38.6 0.9 -151.64 | 0.00e+000 0 5.38e-016 1 1.47e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 1.08e-009 1.24e-007
43 10.2 39.8 0.9 -153.15 | 0.00e+000 0 4.60e-016 1 2.41e-017 3 0.00e+000 0 | 2.21e-009 1.25e-007
44 11.1 44.8 0.9 -153.10 | 0.00e+000 0 3.75e-016 1 1.15e-016 6 0.00e+000 0 | 7.69e-010 1.46e-007
45 8.5 31.3 0.9 -92.55 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 5.57e-010 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.33e-009 7.99e-008
46 8.9 48.3 3.9 -153.43 | 0.00e+000 0 4.22e-016 1 3.15e-017 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.10e-010 1.47e-007
47 3.9 44.8 3.9 -148.35 | 0.00e+000 0 3.88e-017 1 1.42e-015 6 0.00e+000 0 | 1.06e-010 1.38e-007
48 6.1 41.6 3.9 -142.75 | 0.00e+000 0 7.66e-016 2 4.54e-015 4 0.00e+000 0 | 3.78e-009 1.27e-007
49 3.9 38.3 3.9 -134.99 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 3.17e-014 1 0.00e+000 0 | 2.06e-011 1.15e-007
50 4.0 34.8 3.9 -155.19 | 0.00e+000 0 2.25e-016 2 7.78e-017 5 0.00e+000 0 | 1.59e-008 1.16e-007
51 3.9 31.3 3.9 -155.44 | 0.00e+000 0 1.89e-016 1 9.65e-017 6 0.00e+000 0 | 5.61e-009 9.46e-008
52 4.0 27.8 3.9 -151.44 | 0.00e+000 0 5.83e-016 4 1.34e-016 8 0.00e+000 0 | 2.83e-008 1.07e-007
53 6.1 24.6 3.9 -115.26 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 2.98e-012 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.25e-011 6.96e-008
54 3.9 21.3 3.9 -100.62 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 8.68e-011 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.65e-009 6.33e-008
55 3.9 17.8 3.9 -83.28 | 0.00e+000 0 2.63e-009 1 2.07e-009 1 0.00e+000 0 | 3.13e-011 5.29e-008
56 8.6 13.0 3.9 -93.15 | 0.00e+000 0 4.85e-010 2 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 3.93e-009 3.31e-008
57 4.7 14.7 3.9 -94.16 | 0.00e+000 0 3.42e-010 1 4.17e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 | 7.52e-011 4.83e-008
58 10.8 10.8 3.9 -57.66 | 0.00e+000 0 1.71e-006 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 4.55e-012 2.53e-008
59 13.0 8.6 3.9 -64.35 | 0.00e+000 0 3.67e-007 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 4.92e-012 2.74e-008
60 14.7 4.7 3.9 -93.21 | 0.00e+000 0 3.85e-010 2 9.22e-011 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.55e-009 4.79e-008
61 17.8 3.9 3.9 -95.37 | 0.00e+000 0 7.07e-011 1 2.20e-010 3 0.00e+000 0 | 7.68e-010 5.25e-008
62 21.3 3.9 3.9 -102.15 | 0.00e+000 0 5.37e-011 4 7.21e-012 3 0.00e+000 0 | 3.15e-009 6.42e-008
63 24.6 4.8 3.9 -138.91 | 0.00e+000 0 2.62e-015 4 1.02e-014 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.21e-009 7.85e-008
64 27.9 3.9 3.9 -146.96 | 0.00e+000 0 1.60e-015 4 4.17e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.38e-008 8.88e-008
65 31.3 4.0 3.9 -147.87 | 0.00e+000 0 1.35e-015 4 2.82e-016 4 0.00e+000 0 | 9.84e-009 9.59e-008
66 34.8 4.0 3.9 -148.65 | 0.00e+000 0 1.13e-015 2 2.34e-016 3 0.00e+000 0 | 1.42e-010 1.05e-007
67 38.8 4.9 3.9 -159.52 | 0.00e+000 0 3.35e-018 3 1.08e-016 12 0.00e+000 0 | 1.57e-008 1.21e-007
68 42.2 5.0 3.9 -158.19 | 0.00e+000 0 6.03e-017 1 9.15e-017 12 0.00e+000 0 | 1.82e-008 1.33e-007
69 45.1 6.1 3.9 -158.43 | 0.00e+000 0 5.23e-017 1 9.13e-017 13 0.00e+000 0 | 8.82e-009 1.41e-007
70 48.3 6.1 3.9 -158.85 | 0.00e+000 0 4.18e-017 1 8.84e-017 15 0.00e+000 0 | 1.01e-008 1.53e-007
71 51.8 8.3 3.9 -121.97 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 6.36e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 2.86e-011 1.59e-007
72 48.3 13.2 3.9 -172.81 | 0.00e+000 0 2.66e-018 2 2.58e-018 16 0.00e+000 0 | 6.93e-009 1.50e-007
73 45.1 12.3 3.9 -171.81 | 0.00e+000 0 3.30e-018 3 3.30e-018 19 0.00e+000 0 | 2.62e-008 1.48e-007
74 41.8 13.2 3.9 -171.33 | 0.00e+000 0 4.09e-018 2 3.27e-018 10 0.00e+000 0 | 5.70e-009 1.28e-007
75 38.3 13.2 3.9 -169.76 | 0.00e+000 0 5.30e-018 3 5.26e-018 10 0.00e+000 0 | 9.99e-009 1.18e-007
76 34.8 14.1 3.9 -157.07 | 0.00e+000 0 1.01e-016 1 9.55e-017 8 0.00e+000 0 | 7.04e-009 1.05e-007
77 31.7 11.6 3.9 -158.90 | 0.00e+000 0 7.36e-017 3 5.52e-017 14 0.00e+000 0 | 1.64e-008 1.06e-007
78 30.0 10.2 3.9 -120.09 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 9.79e-013 2 0.00e+000 0 | 3.13e-009 8.66e-008
79 24.6 10.8 3.9 -104.35 | 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 3.68e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 | 1.23e-011 6.85e-008
80 21.3 11.0 3.9 -102.62 | 0.00e+000 0 5.48e-011 1 0.00e+000 0 0.00e+000 0 | 8.35e-012 4.65e-008
 Appendix D

Ray Tracing Propagation Prediction

D.1 Simulation Command Input

Site Specific Code is available for different type of simulation .The runtime
Parameter will be determined from the command line input during the simulation and
the output results are different depending on the input parameters. An example of
running the prediction program is shown in Figure A.1. First, we begin the execution of
the prediction program by typing the following.

runvpl < building file ><receiver point file><output file >

For example
Runvpl bdb.txt rxt.txt output.txt

The command inputs are as follow:

• No preprocessed file was specified.

• Do you want to do a preprocess run?[y/n]

If the answer is “y’ then the program will conduct a ray trace from the di_racting vertical
edges only and the store the results in a file. Otherwise if the answer is a ”n” the
program will perform a regular simulation .
 105

• Enter the angle that the ray trace will increment by:

The question prompts for the incremental angle between successive rays when launched
from a source. An integer fraction of 360° should be entered.

For maximum number of rays the answer for this question is 1º

• Enter the maximum number of reflections to calculate:

This parameter set the total reflection calculated during the program execution. There is
no upper limitation for the calculated reflections and the input should be an integer.

Form the experiments it was found that the minimum number for good prediction
must be 6 or higher in our case we choose 10 reflection

• Enter the number of diffraction at vertical edges that will be computed :

It represents the number of levels of vertical edge diffractions that program will perform.
Only 0 or 1 or 2 are valid inputs for this parameter.

• Enter the number of operating frequencies :

This question prompts the user for the number of frequencies that program will predict
for simultaneously. Since the geometrical ray trace is identical at all frequencies it is
possible to perform one ray trace while producing results at a number of frequencies.
The responds to this question should be an integer number.

• Enter the value of frequency 1 [MHz]:

• Enter the value of frequency 2 [MHz]:
:
:
• Enter the value of frequency n [MHz]:
 106

This question will be asked n number of times for each frequency(ies) in MHz
depending on the number of frequencies entered in the previous question .
In our case was the number of frequencies is 1 and the frequency is 2400 MHz

• Enter the Fresnel zone width used to test screens:

The answer to this question sets the width of the Fresnel zone use within the program.
The program uses this criterion to test which screens are taken into accounted when
calculating diffraction over buildings. The input represents the Fresnel width with input
of 1 representing the first Fresnel zone. Any positive real number may be entered.
While entering 0 represents zero width.

• Consider terrain using digital elevation database?[y\n]

The parameter requires an alpha input with a case insensitive y or Y representing yes and
n or N representing no.
Answer will be n for indoor wireless
.

• Compute with 2 ray model? [y/n]:

If yes is answered for this question the program will calculate the ground reflected ray
associated with each direct ray. The program will automatically determine the location
and refection coefficient for each direct ray based on a localize at ground model.

• Impulse Response or Power & Delay Spread Output? [i/p]:

This question prompts the user for one of two possible alpha responses which
determines the type of output that is produce by the program. A lowercase “i” response
 107

will direct the program to produce a impulse response output while a lowercase “p” will
give an output that states the total power received at each receiver point.

• Output individual ray path data? [y/n]

This question asks the user whether individual ray paths for each receiver point should
be output to a file so that a visual picture can be constructed .the ray paths for each
receiver points are outputted into separate files labeled “ray paths rx#” where # is the
receiver number. Refer to the chapter on the output file format for details and
information contain in the ray paths file.

• Enter the x coordinate of the transmitter:

• Enter the y coordinate of the transmitter :
• Enter the z coordinate of the transmitter :

These question prompt for a numerical input to set the location of the transmitter when
the transmitter location is represented by the x and y coordinate while coordinate z
representing the height of transmitter from the ground level. If the transmitter is on a
rooftop location the z value should be the z of the position at the top of the roof(i.e. the
height of the roof) above some fix reference.

• Number of different transmitter heights at (x,y,z):

•
This question asks for the number of transmitter heights that the program will
simultaneously simulate.

• Enter height 1of the transmitter :

 108

:
:
• Enter height 2 of the transmitter:
This question prompts for the heights of the transmitter above the ground at transmitter
location (x,y,z) which wan entered previously. This value is added to the z location
value to obtain the absolute location of the transmitter in a 3 dimensional Cartesian
coordinates system.

• Enter the height of the receiver :

It is referring to the height of the receiver above the ground and this value is added to the
z value of each receiver points in the receiver database.

• There is an indoor transmitter or receiver.

• Specify the filename of indoor features database

The user must enter the string of the file that contains the interior features. If file can
not be opened to be read or does not exist the program will display an error message
and terminate.
There is more questions in the command line that described above but its mainly for out
door propagation prediction so the answer for all there questions will be NO (N) .
 109

Figure D.1 Display of program

 Appendix E

Air Magnet software

E.1 Manual AirMagnet software

Figure E.1: Opening the AirMegnet software and starting open file
 111

Figure E.2: To create a new AirMagnet profile, Click File>Configure.... The

AirMagnet Config screen appears.

Figure E.3 : Select New, and overwrite My Profile with a unique a name for the profile.
 112

, after that click Export. And after that select the file that you already export save
and click Import

From the AirMagnet Config screen, select the 802.11 tab. The AirMagnet
Config>802.11 screen appears. Choose SSID to associate. When AirMagnet active tools
such as Ping or DHCP try to associate within a given SSID or with a given AP, all the
configured parameters in this dialog box will be applied to the WLAN card.

Form the Navigation Bar, click. The Air Magnet Tools>Survey screen appears and
choose Ap as SSSD after that change ANY to get your access point as ktrwcc
 113

Figure E.4 Click to display the Survey Log Option screen. Specify a path for
exporting the survey file and when click OK
The sample time in our case was 5 seconds and the total time for every location was 2
minutes
 114

Figure E.5:

• Click RF signal and noise data start to appear on graph

Screen in real time as they are captured.

• Click to display the survey log.

• Click to stop the survey.

• write new name for example Location 2, and click. The Location 2 will
appear in
• the Location filed.

• Click.
• Follow the same procedures to collect data at the other locations.
 115

E.2 Parts of the Output Result from AirMagnet Software

Example part of LEVEL 2 measurements

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:4:43
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5c 201 07,11:04:43,,0,0,0,0,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:6:18
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:06:18,,65535,0,65535,0,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:7:7
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:07:07,,65535,0,65535,0,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:8:30
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:08:30,,65535,0,65535,0,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:08:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:08:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:08:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:08:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:08:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 116

,,Log by Time,11:09:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,5,-77,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:09:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:11:8
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+12m,11:11:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,56,5,-67,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,52,5,-69,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,33,5,-79,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,10,-75,-90,2.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,100,1,-29,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,10,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:11:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,56,5,-67,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,10,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,54,5,-68,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:12:30
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:12:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,26,1,-82,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:12:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,19,1,-86,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,14,-85,-89,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 117

,,Log by Time,11:13:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,1,-85,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:13:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:15:9
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5a 201 07,11:15:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,19,12,-86,-90,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:16:8
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:16:08,,65535,12,65535,-90,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:16:48
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:16:48,,65535,12,65535,-90,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:16:55,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,15,1,-88,-92,11.0,6,66%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:05,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,1,-85,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:10,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:20,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-91,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,5,-81,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:35,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:40,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,19,1,-86,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:45,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,15,1,-88,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:17:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:18:13
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

 118

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:18:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,50,1,-70,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,25%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:18:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,54,1,-68,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:19:36
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+12m,11:19:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:44,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:49,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:54,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:19:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:14,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:19,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:29,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:34,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:20:39,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:20:59
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:20:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,150%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 119

,,Log by Time,11:21:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:21:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:22:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:23:24
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5b 2 st,11:23:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,25,5,-83,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,12,5,-90,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,50,5,-70,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:23:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,66%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,66%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,25,14,-83,-89,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,50,5,-70,-90,11.0,8,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,25,10,-83,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:24:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,50%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:25:12
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:25:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,50%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:19,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:29,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:34,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,1,-85,-92,1.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:39,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 120

,,Log by Time,11:25:44,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:49,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,19,5,-86,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:25:54,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,100,10,-12,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,100,1,-34,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:14,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,12,1,-90,-92,1.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:26:30
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:26:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:26:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,100,5,-12,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:27:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:28:8
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:28:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,54,1,-68,-91,11.0,6,0%,33%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:20,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:35,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:40,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:45,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:28:55,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:05,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:10,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 121

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:29:32
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,Log by Time,11:29:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,125%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:29:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,33%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,75%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-91,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:30:51
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:30:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:30:58,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:28,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,75%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:38,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:43,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:48,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:31:53,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 122

Example part of LEVEL 3 measurements

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:33:33
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5c 301 07,11:33:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,52,1,-69,-92,11.0,6,0%,150%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:33:40,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,5,1,-90,-92,11.0,6,0%,400%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:33:45,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:33:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,1,-108,-92,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:33:55,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,25%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:05,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:10,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:20,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,5,1,-90,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,100%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,15,1,-88,-92,1.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:34:35,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,12,1,-90,-92,1.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:34:50
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:34:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:35:29
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:35:29,,65535,0,65535,-100,,,%,%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:35:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:35:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:35:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:35:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,15,1,-88,-91,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:35:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,15,1,-88,-91,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 123

,,Log by Time,11:36:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,19,1,-86,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,12,-83,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,12,-77,-90,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:36:50
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:36:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:36:58,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:28,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-91,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:38,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,250%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:43,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,11.0,6,0%,400%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:48,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:37:53,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:38:3
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+12m,11:38:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:38:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 124

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:39:15
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:39:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,5,-79,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:39:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-91,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:40:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:40:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,75%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:40:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:40:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,275%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:41:4
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5b 301 07,11:41:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,350%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,37,5,-77,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:28,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,10,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:38,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:43,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:48,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:53,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,37,12,-77,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:41:58,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,56,10,-67,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,37,10,-77,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:42:21
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

 125

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:42:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,10,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:28,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,28,5,-81,-90,11.0,8,0%,225%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,47,10,-72,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:38,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,37,10,-77,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:43,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,2.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:48,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,37,5,-77,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:53,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:42:58,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,166%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,47,5,-72,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:43:32
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:43:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,43,5,-74,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:40,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:45,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,23,10,-84,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,28,5,-81,-90,5.5,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:43:55,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,21,10,-85,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,28,5,-81,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:05,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,47,10,-72,-90,5.5,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:10,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,33,10,-79,-90,5.5,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:20,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,33,5,-79,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,33,10,-79,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,33,5,-79,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:35,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,50,10,-70,-90,11.0,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:44:52
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:44:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9E,40,5,-75,-90,5.5,8,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:44:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:14,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 126

,,Log by Time,11:45:19,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,54,1,-68,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:29,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,56,1,-67,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:34,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:39,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:44,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:49,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:54,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:45:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,60,1,-65,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:46:12
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+12m,11:46:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,58,1,-66,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:19,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:29,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:34,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:39,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:44,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:49,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:54,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:46:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:14,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:47:25
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:47:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:32,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,12,1,-90,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:37,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,1,1,-107,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:42,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,1,-85,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:47,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:52,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:47:57,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:48:02,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:48:07,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:48:12,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:48:17,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 127

,,Log by Time,11:48:22,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:48:27,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:49:13
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,u5a 301 07,11:49:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:20,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:25,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,10,-77,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:30,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:35,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:40,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:45,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:49:55,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,26,1,-82,-92,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:00,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:05,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:10,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:15,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:50:23
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+3m,11:50:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,23,17,-84,-87,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,0,0,-100,-100,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,50,12,-70,-90,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,28,1,-81,-91,5.5,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:50:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,30,1,-80,-91,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,26,1,-82,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,21,5,-85,-90,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:51:36
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F
 128

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+6m,11:51:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,25,1,-83,-92,2.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:43,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:48,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,150%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:53,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:51:58,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:03,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,100%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:08,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:13,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,75%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:23,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:28,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:33,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,33,1,-79,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:38,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:52:50
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+9m,11:52:50,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:52:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,54,1,-68,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,52,1,-69,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,54,1,-68,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,52,1,-69,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,50,1,-70,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:53:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,52,1,-69,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:54:1
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+12m,11:54:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,52,1,-69,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:14,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,66,1,-62,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:19,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,70,1,-60,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 129

,,Log by Time,11:54:24,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,47,1,-72,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:29,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,68,1,-61,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:34,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,68,1,-61,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:39,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,68,1,-61,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:44,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:49,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,68,1,-61,-91,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:54,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,66,1,-62,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:54:59,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:04,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-91,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:09,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,62,1,-64,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000

AirMagnet for Windows PC Version 3.2

2007/2/28 - 11:55:18
AirMagnet Analyzer MAC address:00:0D:BC:CE:CC:1F

AirMagnet Survey Log

,,Loc./Event,Time,AP,Signal(%),Noise(%),Signal(dBm),Noise(dBm),Speed,Channel,Packet
retried(%),Latitude,Longitude,Altitude
,,+15m,11:55:18,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,50,1,-70,-92,11.0,6,0%,25%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:26,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:31,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:36,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:41,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:46,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:51,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,50%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:55:56,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:56:01,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:56:06,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:56:11,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,37,1,-77,-92,11.0,6,0%,0%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:56:16,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,40,1,-75,-92,11.0,6,0%,175%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
,,Log by Time,11:56:21,00:02:6F:3C:36:9F,43,1,-74,-92,11.0,6,0%,125%,0.0000,0.0000,0.0000
 Appendix F

AUTOCAD IMPLEMINTATION

Introduction

In this tutorial you will show how to start AutoCAD, save

a drawing, and a range of common drawing commands.

Starting AutoCAD

. Start AutoCAD by clicking on the Windows Start button

(bottom left), then move the mouse to Programs then CAD

and Modelling then "AutoCAD Architectural Desktop 2"
and click on AutoCAD Architectural Desktop 2. A dialog
giving various startup options will be displayed. Select the
second option: "Start from Scratch" and click OK.

Once AutoCAD has loaded, move the mouse around until you see a crosshair cursor.
The AutoCAD window has a number of important features:

1. The standard Windows drop-down menus.

2. The standard Windows toolbar below the menus, it includes: File-New, File-
Open, File-Save, Print and "Find and Replace.
3. In addition to the standard toolbar there will be a number of AutoCAD specific
toolbars: Object Properties, Draw and Modify (there may be others...?).
...
4. The graphics area - that's the area where you draw - note the scroll bars and the
 131

axis label.
5. View Tabs - these 'tabs' give access to different view of the current drawing. The
"model" tab should be selected at present.
6. The command area - this small window (by default) has space for three lines of
text - this is where you type commands.
7. The status area, at the bottom of the AutoCAD window, this includes the current
cursor position.

Figure 1 AutoCAD R14 screen.

 132

Command Entry

Typically there are three ways of giving a command!

1. Type the command using the keyboard - the

command is displayed in the command area.
Not all commands are on the Menus
and/or toolbars!
2. Select the command from a menu.
3. Select the command's icon from a toolbar.

When I want you to type a command in the command area

This means : type the text (qsave)
the AutoCAD command will be written like:
and then press the Enter key (or the
space-bar). type: QSAVE

When I want you to select a command from a menu, it will

This means : click on the 'File' menu
look like:
and then 'Save' (which should be
one of the items on the 'File' menu). select File - Save

AutoCAD also supports common When I want you to pick a command from a toolbar, I'll
shortcuts like Ctrl-S for Save!! write:

select Save

Here I'm trying to cover all the

bases by giving you the command to
type, the menu options and showing
you what the toolbar icon looks
Despite all of the above, I'll probably use a combination of
like! the above like:

select File - Save (or type QSAVE )

Draw a Rectangle
 133

Select Rectangle (or type rectang ), then type:

The text typed is displayed in the

15,15
command area at the bottom of
415,315 these are absolute cartesian coordinates
AutoCAD's window.

Hopefully AutoCAD drew a rectangle, which fits

comfortably in the AutoCAD graphics area!? If you can't see
the rectanlge, type z [space] a [space] (zoom all) - this
instructs AutoCAD to redraw the view, "zooming out" to
show all the graphics on the drawing.

Saving a Drawing

Select the Save icon from the standard toolbar. The drawing
Note that if you type SAVE , you has not been saved before, so AutoCAD will display the
actually get "Save As"!!
SAVE AS dialog box, select the appropriate Drive and
Directory (for example: S:\arch\u1234567), type the
The quickest way to save is to press
Ctrl-S - this is the same as "qsave". drawing name (for example TUT1), and then select "OK".

Draw some Lines

Instead of LINE, you can also type: We will now draw some more graphics and then save and

L this is an "alias" - which is a exit AutoCAD.

short-cut.
Type LINE

Move the crosshair to near the bottom-left of the rectangle

The exact positions of these lines is
and click the left mouse button, then move the crosshair to
not important.
the top-right of the rectangle and again click the left mouse
button.

Remember this! If you press after Press to terminate the command, and then press again to
 134

you finish a command, the re-start the command!

command is re-issued.

Draw a line from the top-left to the bottom-right of the

rectangle, and then press to end the command.

This will save the drawing and exit Now type:

AutoCAD - don't PANIC! QUIT

You will be prompted to save the changes you've made -

click OK.

Starting AutoCAD with an Existing Drawing

To load a drawing, start Windows Explorer and select the

\. appropriate Drive and Directory. Once Explorer is showing
the correct directory then double-click on your drawing.

If you can't find your drawing (in Windows Explorer) then

press F5 (function key 5), this tells Explorer to update the
directory display; if you still can't find your drawing then
perhaps you saved the drawing in some other directory - load
AutoCAD and then select the File menu, at the bottom of the
File menu is a list of recently opened drawings, select your
drawing from the list.

Coordinate Systems

When specifying positions you can use Cartesian or Polar

AutoCAD is a three dimensional

Coordinates. Cartesian coordinates are simply a X value, a
CAD system, so you can enter XYZ comma, and a Y value, for example: 100,100. Polar
values instead of the XY values coordinates are a Distance followed by a < symbol and an
shown here.
angle, for example: 10<25. Angles are measured in degrees,
with 0 = East and 90 = North. Any of these numbers can
 135

have decimal values.

The positions specified above are "absolute coordinates",

because they specify a particular position. AutoCAD can also
Consider relative coordinates
use "relative coordinates" to specify a position relative to
simply as distances!
the current position, for example: @5.6,-3.4 and
@16.32<62.

Draw a "Diamond"

The "polyline" used below is used to create a sequence of

joined line segments, which become one object. Using the
This should draw a "diamond" (a
rotated rectangle) shape.
"line" command each line segment is a separate object.

Select Polyline (or type: pline ) and then type:

215,15 absolute cartesian coordinate
If you make a mistake, you can undo
@212<45 relative polar coordinate
the last line segment by typing: u
. @212<135

@212<225
"c" means "close" the shape. c

Snap Modes

It is often useful to be able to draw something from (for

A simple way to turn Object Snap
ON or OFF, is to click on "OSNAP"
example) the end of another shape. AutoCAD has a large
in the status Area. To see the selection of "snap modes" for this purpose. The most
various snap options "right-click" commonly used snap modes are "Endpoint" (which snaps to
on "OSNAP" (in the status area)
the end of the selected graphics entity) and "Intersection"
and select "Settings...".
(which snaps to the intersection of two graphics entities).
 136

To get AutoCAD to display the The object snap modes can either be typed or they can be
Object Snap Modes toolbar, select
selected from the standard toolbar or from the snap
"Toolbars" from the "View" menu
and then select "Object Snap". toolbar:

To display the "Drafting

Settings" dialog, click
on the "horse-shoe"
shaped icon on the end
of the Object Snap
Toolbar.

Draw an Arc

Select Arc (or type ARC ), then select the midpoint snap
mode (or type: MID ) and select the left side of the bottom
of the "diamond" polyline you drew before. Then use the
midpoint snap to enter points on the right side at the bottom
and then the top of the polyline (see figure 2).

Figure 2 Arc construction.

Finally...
 137

Draw the rectangle by selecting Lastly, I want you to draw a rectangle in the diamond shape,
from the draw toolbar (or type another diamond inside that rectangle, a circle inside that
rectang ) diamond and a horizontal and vertical line also inside the last

diamond (see figure 3)! Each shape should touch the

Midpoints of the previous shape...

Alternatively select the circle icon HINT: To draw the circle, select Draw - Circle - 2 Points and

and then type 2p then pick the then (using midpoint snap) pick opposite sides of the inner
points. diamond.

If you use the MIDpoint Snap Mode

for each point(!), you should be
able to draw the shapes without
much trouble.

If you make a mistake, press "Esc"

(the "escape" key, located at the
top-left of the keyboard). Then type
U (the undo comand).

Figure 3 Finished Tutorial 1 drawing.

Finishing up

That's all for tutorial one! Save your drawing (press Ctrl-S)
and then exit AutoCAD (select File - Exit).

Remember to log off before leaving.

 138

Introduction

The drawing used for this tutorial In this tutorial you will learn how to edit graphics(!) and
comes from Clark R. and M.Pause, about setting model space limits. You will draw a simple
"Precedents in Architecture", VNR plan based on Frank Lloyd Wright's 1956 (New York)
1985, page 135.
Guggenheim Museum.

Please note that the dimensions used in this tutorial are

neither accurate nor correct! I don't have access to an
accurately dimensioned drawing of the building so I've
guessed the dimensions...

Starting AutoCAD

Start AutoCAD, and then move the cursor to the bottom left
On my computer, the bottom-left of the screen, you will note the coordinates (on the status
coordinate was 0,0,0 and the top- line) go down to near 0,0. In the version I am using the
right coordinate was 514,296,0. drawing limits are set to the size (in millimetres) of an A3

sheet of paper (420,297).

Setting the Limits and Units

It is normal when using AutoCAD to draw objects full size,

so it's usually necessary to reset the drawing limits to (about)
the size of the object being drawn (or in the case of a
building the building's site). Type:

Alternatively, select Format - limits

Drawing Limits and then type the 0,0 This sets the drawing "size" to 50x50
numbers shown. 50000,50000 metres.
 139

Next we need to get rid of the 4 decimal points! Select

"Format - Units...", AutoCAD will display the "Drawing
Units" dialog. Make sure Decimal is selected in the Units
section and Decimal Degrees in the Angles section, then in
If the coordinates in the status area
didn't change to no decimal places, Unit's Precision, click on the down arrow beside "0.0000"
move the mouse! and select "0", and finally select "OK".

Zoom All This sets the "model space" dimensions. To reset the drawing
Zoom Window view to the whole of the (empty) drawing, select the zoom-all
Z is the alias (shortcut) for ZOOM. icon, which is hiding under the zoom-window icon (on the
Remember that [space] is the
standard toolbar) - hold the button down and then rest of the
same as .
zoom toolbar is displayed (or type: Z [space] A [space] ).

Move the cursor around now and note that the coordinates
are now bigger numbers!

Let the Drawing Begin!!

Firstly draw a rectangle from 0,0 to 50000,50000, you should

This shows us the "drawing area".
remember how to do that from the first tutorial!

Circle Then draw a circle, centred at 30000,24000 with a 6000

"C" is the alias for CIRCLE. radius. Select circle (or type: C ), then type:
30000,24000 the circle centre

6000 the circle radius

Centre snap
To get AutoCAD to display the
Object Snap Modes toolbar, select
"Toolbars" from the "View" menu
and then select "Object Snap".
Next you will draw another circle, with the same centre, but
with a 9500 radius. Press: to "recall" the last command.
Select the centre snap mode (or type: CEN ), then pick the
first circle (NOT the centre of the circle), then type:
9500 the circle radius

Draw the Building "Wing"

 140

Next draw a rectangle from the centre of the circles to

Hopefully you remember how!!
39500,33500.

Once you have done that draw another rectangle to the right
Hint: use a relative coordinate
of the last, start at 39500,24000 and make the rectangle
@1500,9500.
1500x9500.

You might find the following section Now you will draw an arc on the end of the last rectangle
easier if you turn object snapping
(see figure 1). Select Draw - Arc - Start-Center-End, then
ON (make sure "OSNAP" is IN in
select the Endpoint snap mode (or type: END ) and select
the status area).
the bottom-right of the last rectangle. For the centre point of
Endpoint Snap
the Arc, select the Midpoint Snap Mode (or type: MID )
Midpoint Snap
and select the middle of the right edge of the last rectangle.
For the end of the Arc, select the Endpoint Snap Mode and
select the top-right of the rectangle.

Figure 1 Showing the location of the ARC.

Save the drawing

Save Save the drawing: select the save icon (or type: QSAVE ), if
you are prompted for a drawing name, select the appropriate
Drive and Directory and type a drawing name (for example:
TUT2) and select "OK".
 141

Copy & Rotate the Building Wing

Now we want to copy & rotate the two rectangles and the arc
(3 times), AutoCAD provides the array command to achieve
this.
The array command is used to copy
one or more objects in either a Select Modify - Array, AutoCAD will prompt for the
rectangular or circular pattern and objects to be selected: click below and to the left of the
when a circular pattern is used the
bottom-left corner of the left rectangle and then move the
objects can be rotated; it can be an
mouse until the selection rectangle encloses the two
incredibly powerful command.
rectangles and the arc - then click the mouse button (3
objects should be selected). Then press to end the selection
process.

Centre snap AutoCAD will then prompt for the type of Arrary -
After selecting the Centre snap rectangular or polar, type: P for polar. Then use the Centre
mode, pick the circle NOT the
snap mode to select the centre of the circles. Then type:
centre!
4 the number of items (including the exisiting item)

accept 360 degrees

accept "rotate as copied"

 142

Figure 2 Drawing with all four building "wings" in

place.

Exploding Objects!

For convenience, in the following

section, I'll talk of the "top-right Now we need to erase some of the lines we've drawn. When
wing" and the "bottom- right wing".
the rectangle command is used the rectangle that is drawn is
By the "top-right wing" I mean the
a "polyline" which means that all the lines that make up the
first rectangles and arc that you
drew, and the "bottom-right wing"
object are joined together, the lines must be "exploded"
is the rectangles and arc in the before any parts of the rectangle can be erased.
bottom-right corner!!

Explode Select explode from the modify toolbar (or type X which is
Be aware that explode does not the alias for "explode") select both the rectangles in the "top-
appear to do anything! It doesn't
right corner" and then press . If AutoCAD doesn't display
say - "yes, I've done that" and the
any error messages then the explode command worked!
display doesn't change, but
AutoCAD will dispaly an error
message if it failed to explode the
 143

objects.

Erasing Objects

We need to delete some extraneous lines from the drawing...

Erase Select erase from the modify toolbar (or type: E ). Click on
the right edge of the inner rectangle (from the "top-right"
corner), and press . AutoCAD should automatically redraw
the area around the erased line.

An alternate way to delete is to click on the object to be

Now we erase the other line there! deleted and then press the keyboard's "Delete" key. Click on

the line in the same place and press "Delete".

To test your understanding: explode the two rectangles in the

"bottom-right wing" and the erase all the "inner" lines (see
figure 3).

Figure 3 Lines to be erased.

 144

Stretching Your Wings

Now you need to stretch the "bottom-left wing" and then

remove the inner lines.

Stretch Select stretch (or type: S which is the alias for stretch).
The "C" tells AutoCAD that you Type C and then draw a selection window around the arc
want a "crossing" window. The
and through the small rectangle (see figure 4), press to
normal selection window selects
terminate the selection process, click with left mouse button
only those objects wholly within the
section window. A crossing near the selected objects, and type: @-10000,0 (this is the
selection window selects objects "stretch distance"). If that worked the building wing should
that are wholly or partly within the stretch 10 metres (to the left).
selection window.

A useful short-cut to know is that if

you draw a selection rectangle left-
to-right (in the positive X direction)
AutoCAD interprets it as a
"window" selection; but if you draw
the selection rectangle right-to-left
AutoCAD interprets it as a
"crossing" selection.

Figure 4 Stretch selection rectangle.

Explode both the rectangles in the "bottom-left wing" and

erase the vertical lines, except the line from the centre of the
circles.
 145

One Last Circle...

The last object to add is a circle inside the arc of the "bottom-
Circle left wing". Select circle (or type: C ). Select the Center
Centre snap snap mode (or type: CEN ) and click on the arc; then type
3600 (the circle's radius).

It's always worth saving your work

Select save (or press Ctrl-S).
regularly!

More Explosions and Deletions....

The drawing is basically complete, all that needs to be done

is to change some of the line-types!

Explode Select: explode from the modify toolbar (or type X ), select
AutoCAD should display a message all the rectangles at the centre of the original circles (use a
saying that some objects could not
crossing selection window), and then press .
be exploded - ignore the message -
it's simply saying that some of the There are 8 lines going to the centre (4 are "covered" by the
rectangles have already been others). You need to erase 4 of them, select erase from the
exploded.
modify toolbar (or type: E ), then click on each of the four
Erase
lines and finally press .

You should now be able to see the lines that were under the
lines you erased!

Changing Line Types

Before changing some of the lines to dashed lines, we need

to load the linetype(!). Select Format - Linetype..., then
select "Load...". AutoCAD will display a list of linetypes,
select "Hidden" (you will need to scroll through the list!),
then select "OK", then select "OK" again to dismiss the
 146

"Select Linetype" dialog box.

Select the 4 lines going to the circle centre and the arcs in the
"top- left" and "top-right" wings (see figure 5), then select
Modify - Properties..., A dialog with the properties of the
selected objects is displayed. Change the Linetype to
HIDDEN and the Linetype Scale to 75 and dismiss the
dialog.

The objects should be redrawn using dashed lines (see figure

5).

Figure 5 Finished form study of Wright's Guggenheim Museum

Introduction Continued

This church has been selected In this tutorial you will draw a plan of Brunelleschi's Church
because it is very symmetrical. of San Maria Degli Angeli (Florence, Italy, 1434-1436), from
 147

Whenever you are drawing Clark and Pause's "Precedents in Architecture", page 28;
anything, look carefully for
have a look at figure 20 at the end of the tutorial. You will
symmetry and repetition, because
note that the church has eight "bays" and that each bay is
CAD systems excel at those things.
itself symmetrical. You will draw half of one bay and then
mirror that half to create a whole bay and then copy that to
complete the plan...

This tutorial introduces a number of AutoCAD construction

commands:
• offset, and
• mirror,

and a number of AutoCAD editing commands:

• fillet,
• trim,
• break, and
• extend.

In case all that isn't enough for you, you will also learn about
layers, hatching, and grip editing.

Setting Limits and Units

You will draw the building in a 50x50m space, but this time,
the limits will centre on 0,0! If these seem like particularly
perverse drawing limits, it's because they ARE! I'm making
sure that you are aware that the limits do not need to start at
0,0. Type:

The coordinates used make the

limits
centre of the drawing 0,0 which
-25000,-25000
makes it easy to copy the church
"bay" around. 25000,25000
 148

Like in the previous tutorial, we need to get rid of the 4

decimal points: select Format - Units, AutoCAD will
display the "Drawing Units" dialog. Make sure Decimal is
selected in the Units section and Decimal Degrees in the
Angles section, then in Unit's Precision, click on the down
arrow beside "0.0000" and select "0", and finally select
"OK". Alternatively, type UNITS and then follow the
prompts.

To reset the drawing view to the whole of the drawing, select

Zoom All zoom-all from the standard toolbar (or type: Z [space] A
[space])

Now that you've "zoomed out", draw a rectangle using the

Don't forget to do this . . . coordinates from the drawing limits (this will provide a

border for the drawing)!

If the Axis label (which is called the "UCS icon") is

distracting - I certainly find it so - you can hide it by
selecting View - Display - UCS Icon - On.

Layers

Most CAD systems have some kind of overlay concept.

AutoCAD uses layers. Layers are used to separate and
structure drawings; layers can be turned on and off (for
example to vary the amount of detail in a drawing), and can
have linetypes associated with them....
 149

Figure 1 The Layer status area (Object Properties toolbar).

When using AutoCAD, the graphics appears on the current

layer, so be careful that the current layer is correct. Look near
the top-left of the screen: the current layer and it's color is
displayed there (see figure 1).

Layers icon Select the Layers icon or select Format - Layers...,

The current layer is the layer to AutoCAD will display the "Layer Properties Manager"
which new graphics is added. The
dialog. Click on the "New" button and then type CONST (to
properties command (which was
change the default "layer1" name to something more
introduced in the previous tutorial)
cann be used to change a graphics meaningful), then click on the "Current" button to make this
object's layer (or linetype or color). the current layer.

Change the color and then "OK" the dialog box.

Draw "Construction" Lines

Draw a line from the centre of the building: select then line
Line icon
icon (or type L ), and then type:

0,0

0,-17500
 150

@3000,0

terminate the command

Zoom Window Before continuing, you should "zoom in" to the lines, select
zoom-window (or type Z W ), enclose the lines in the
selection rectangle.

Offset Select offset from the Modify toolbar (or type [the letter 'o']
O ), and then type:

The offset command makes it easy 250 the offset distance

to set up a series of grid line or
select the short horizontal line
(drawing) construction lines.
pick a spot anywhere above the line
select the new line
pick a spot anywhere above it
terminate the command

This should produce one vertical and three horizontal lines.

Revisiting Polar Array

Now you will use polar array to copy and rotate some lines.

Select array from the modify toolbar (or type

Array AR ), then select the lines just drawn by
(under the offset icon) picking a spot below and to the right of the

"corner" and then another spot above and to

the left or the "corner" - make sure the
selection rectangle crosses the three horizontal
lines (and the vertical line). Press to end the
selection process, type P (to specify a polar Figure 2
The lines after
array), type 0,0 (for the centre of the
using Array.
rotation), 2 (number of items), 22.5
(angle), Y (rotate the objects).
 151

Editing

The lines at the bottom represent the outside of the building.

Fillet icon To connect these lines select the fillet icon (or type F ),
(be careful because it looks like look at the command line area - if the current fillet radius is
chamfer).
NOT 0 (zero) - then type R 0 (that's a zero).

The Fillet command is exceptionally If you had to change the

useful. It basically extends two lines radius, press type to
until they meet, and optionally,
restart the command.
inserts a curve where the lines join.

Select the outer of the three

sloping lines, and then select
the bottom horizontal line.
AutoCAD will extend the
Figure 3 Fillet.
two lines until they connect
to each other.

Next, you will trim the sloping line back to the line from the
centre.

The trim command is another command that you use very

often. The first point you specify selects the "cutting edge",
that is, the line to which you are trimming back to. While
succeeding selections identify lines to be trimmed.

Trim icon Select the trim icon from the

When picking lines to be trimmed, Modify toolbar (or type TR ), for
the part of the line that you select is
the "cutting edge" select a spot near
important. In the example in figure
"first point" on Figure 4, press
3, if you pick to the left of the first
line selected (rather than to the (to end the selection process),
right of it), then the line will be select the line to be trimmed Figure 4 Points to be
trimmed from the fillet point to the ("second point"); and press (to selected for the
 152

boundary line. In other words, end the command). Trim

you'll undo the fillet you just did!

Repeat the fillet and trim process for the other two inner
lines!

Draw the Floor Pattern

Before you draw the floor pattern, you'll create a new layer,
Layers select the layers icon (or type LA ), create a new layer
called FLOOR, and make it the current layer.

To draw the horizontal lines of the floor pattern, select line

This line uses absolute & relative
(or type L ), and type 0,-6500 @5000,0 and press
coords. (Figure 6 shows the
again (to end the command). This line will be trimmed
finished floor pattern.)
later....

Offset icon Select offset (or type OFFSET or just o ), type 625 (the
offset distance), select the line just drawn, click below the
line to indicate the direction of offset, and press again.
Press (to start another offset), type 1375 (offset
distance), select the last line created by the offset, click
below the line to offset down, and press again to end the
command.

Remember that you can restart the Offset this line 625 down! If that worked, you should have
last command by pressing two pairs of lines. These lines will form the octagonal pattern
in the centre of the building. Continue offsetting the "last"
This is basically trying to teach you
line, using the following offsets:
to watch (and interract with) the
prompts that AutoCAD displays in 500, 750, 500, 4625, 500

the command area.

That's most of the horizontal lines in the plan! Next, you will
now draw the rest of the floor pattern. Have a look at figure

Trim icon
the "fence" option introduced
because it makes it very easy to trim
a whole series of lines by simply
drawing a line that crosses them. process), type F
The fence line works like the that you will draw a fence line - see
"crossing window" selection in that figure 5), draw a fence line like that
the objects that the line crosses are
selected.
Alternatively, display the Object
Snap Toolbar. Select View -
Toolbars... check Object Snap (the
toolbar will be displayed) and then
click on close.
Erase icon
Save icon
Line icon
153
16 which shows the completed bay.
Firstly, offset the vertical (centre) line
2000 to the right, and then select : trim
(or type TR ), pick the vertical line just
created press (end the selection
(this tells AutoCAD
shown in the figure (it must cross the
four lines shown), after you pick the
second point of the fence line, press Figure 5 Trim fence
line.
twice (firstly to end the fence line and
secondly to end the command)!
The following section uses a number of snap modes. The
easiest way to work with snaps is to pre-set them and then let
AutoCAD dynamically show which snap it can use...
Right-click on "OSNAP" (in the status area at the bottom of
AutoCAD's window) and select "Settings...", then turn
"Endpoint" and "Midpoint" ON (by clicking on them). It
would probably be a good idea to turn OFF any of the other
snaps that are ON. Finally, make sure the "OSNAP" button is
IN.
Select erase from the Modify toolbar (or type E ), select
the vertical line used as the "trim guide", press (end the
command). Now is a good time to save the drawing, select
save (or press Ctrl-S), enter a drawing name if prompted (and
don't forget to change the drive & directory if necessary).
Now you will draw the line and arc for the floor pattern,
select line (or type L ) then, using the Endpoint snap mode
 154

Endpoint snap mode icon
(which should automatically be set by moving the cross-hair
near the endpoint), select the right edge of the "bottom"
trimmed line and (again using the Endpoint snap mode)
select the right edge of the line above it, then press (end
the command).

Midpoint snap mode icon Select Draw - Arc - Center-Start-End (do NOT pick the
The arc should start and end just arc icon) then, using the Midpoint snap mode select the
"inside" the ends of the vertical line.
middle of the line just drawn, then type @0,-1800
@0,3600 . That should have drawn an arc to the right of the
vertical line.

Break icon
Break is an extremely useful
Now you will use "break" to remove the part
command that is used often in of the line between the arc's endpoints. Select
editing operations. break (or type BR ), select the vertical line,
type F (to specify that the next point will be
An alternative way to choose a snap
the "first" point of the break), then using the
mode is to hold the Ctrl key and
click the right mouse button(!) - Endpoint snap mode, select the bottom end of
AutoCAD will display a pop-up the arc, and finally using the Endpoint snap
menu with the snap modes. mode again, select the top end of the arc.

Now draw a line (using the Endpoint snap)

While we're talking about the mouse
joining the two other trimmed lines (see figure
;-), right-clicking in AutoCAD Figure 6
generally causes a context sensitive 6). Then trim the remaining four horizontal Lines trimmed
popup menu to be displayed lines towards the top of the bay, back to the and broken!
(showing a selection of the options right-hand edge.
available "at the moment").

The last floor pattern is at the top of the "bay". You will need
to enlarge the view of the centre to be able to see it clearly.
Zoom Window icon
Select zoom-window (or type Z W ), enter the selection
window (so you can see at least the area shown in Firgure 7).

Polyine icon
 155

type 0,-600 @1000,0 ), then using

the Endpoint snap mode, pick the right-
hand end of the top horizontal line
below, finally press to end the
command.

Now you will use a technique in

Intersect snap mode icon

AutoCAD called "grip-editing". Click
on the lines just drawn (they'll become
Figure 7 Grip editing
"dashed"), then click on the "joint"
positions.
point of the lines ("First Pick" in Figure
7), select then Intersect snap mode,
click on the position where the
horizontal line crosses the bay's right-
hand edge line ("Second Pick" in
Figure 7). AutoCAD should move the
selected vertex to the intersection
point!
Press the Escape key (ESC) twice to de-select the lines.

Zoom Dynamic

One of the most powerful of the zoom

If you don't like the dynamic zoom options is zoom-dynamic, it allows for
command, there's always the scroll
zooming and panning at the same time.
bars...
Type Z D or select the command
from the zoom flyout (flydown?)
shown in figure 8.

AutoCAD should draw the whole

drawing, a green (or purple) rectangle
showing the current view and the
 156

cursor will turn into a rectangle with a Figure 8 Zoom Dynamic

X cross at the centre. If you click with
the left mouse button you can resize the
zoom window's size (click again to fix
the new size).

Move the zoom window (the cursor!) over the lower half of

"REGEN" can be abbreviated to

the "bay" and press . If the arc has turned into a series of
"RE"... straight lines then type REGEN to re-generate the view.

Draw the Walls

Before drawing the walls, create a new layer called

"WALLS", and set the layer's colour to be something other
than white, and make it the current layer.

Don't forget to offset the line at the The wall is 700 outside the arc
"top" of the arc (see figure 9)
floor pattern, so we will offset
that pattern. Offset the arc and
the vertical lines on either end
(to the right) by 700. Notice that
the new lines are in the floor
layer, you will need to change
the lines into the walls layer.

Select the lines and arc just

created as well as the lines at the
bottom (see figure 9) - do this by
Figure 9 Change properties
click first at about the bottom- selections.
right of the selection rectangle in
figure 9 and then the top-left
point.
 157

This should select everything except the line at the top, pick
it now. Having selected the objects, now they'll be changed
to the new layer. Go to the layers drop-down list and select
"WALLS" (the layer you just created). All the selected
objects will change to that layer! Press "Esc" (escape) twice
to de-select the objects.

Fillet icon Now you will join up the sections of

In selecting both these points, it's the wall line. Select fillet (or type F ),
important where you click on the
select the bottom of the short vertical
line! The first point should be in the
line and then select the horizontal line
bottom-half of the line, while the
second point should be to the left of to the left of the vertical line (see
the (projected) first line. figure 10). Figure 10 Fillet points.

Now, use fillet on the lines shown in

figure 11. Note that the extact position
that you pick is not important, but, it is
important that you pick to the right (1st
point) and below (2nd point) the
intersection, the part you pick (at this
stage of the fillet command) is the part Figure 11 Second Fillet.

that AutoCAD will not remove!

That completes the bottom end of the bay. Have you saved
Save icon
your drawing recently?

Now use the scroll bars to move the view so that you can see
more of the lines at the "top" - you need to be able to see the
top of the arc you drew earlier (see figure 12).

Offset icon Select offset (or type o [the letter 'o']), and then type 250
, pick the bottom (of the four lines that extend to the right
edge-line), pick a position below the line to indicate the
offset direction, press to end then command.
 158

Now you will use fillet to clean up the

Fillet icon rest of the wall lines. Select fillet (or
type F ), pick the short vertical line
(see figure 12), and then pick the right-
hand end of the line just created.
Restart the fillet command, pick the
outer arc to the right of the vertical,
Figure 12 Third Fillet.
and pick the vertical (at a point above
the arc).

Change the horizontal line ("2nd pick" in figure 12) into the
WALLS layer.

Extend icon Lastly, you will extend the horizontal line to the right edge-
line. Select extend (or type EX ), pick the right edge-line
It's necessary to pick to the right of
(this is the line you will extend to), press (end the selection
the middle of the line because
process), pick to the right of the middle on the horizontal
AutoCAD extends the nearest
endpoint to the "boundary edge". line, and finally press .

Draw the Passage Between the Bays

Use the scroll bars to bring the bottom into view.

To draw the passage-way we will firstly draw its centre line,

and then use offset to get the location of the walls.

Select line (or type L ), select the Center snap mode, pick
Line icon
one of the arcs, type @3000,0 (to show the direction of the
Center snap mode icon
line), press (to end the command).

Offset icon Offset this line 500 above and below the line - so that you end
up with 3 lines, with the original in the middle.

Intersection snap mode icon
Perpendicular snap mode icon
Trim the bottom line to remove the Erase the top two horizontal lines, and trim the bottom line
section to the left of the arc. back to the outer arc.
Break icon
Finishing the Walls!
These lines are needed because you AutoCAD will display a list of the
must close off areas before hatching
them.
159
Extend the bottom line the the right
edge-line!
Select line (or type L ), select the
Intersection snap mode, pick the
intersection of the outer arc and the top-
most of the 3 lines; select the
Perpendicular snap mode, pick the right
Figure 13 Bay Bottom!
edge-line (see Figure 13).
Finally, use Break, to remove the arc between the remaing
two lines.
Before hatching the wall
areas(!) you will need to
close off the walls. Firstly,
you'll turn off the CONST
layer. Figure 14 Layers Drop-down list
Click on the layer status area,
layers and their status. The first
icon controls whether the layer is
"on" or "off". Click on this icon
beside CONST, the 'light' will go
out! Then click on WALLS to close
the drop-list.
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Now draw the lines identified in Figure 15 Lines to close of

hatch areas.
Figure 15, you may need to use
zoom or the scroll bars to get all the
lines in the view.

Hatching

Before hatching it's often a good idea to save your drawing

Save icon
(select save or press Ctrl-S).

Create a new layer, called hatch, and make it current, and then
Hatch icon select hatch from the Draw toolbar, make sure the pattern
type is "Predefined", and set the patern to AR-SAND, set the
scale to 2, select "Pick Points", pick inside the two areas,
press to end the selection process, pick "OK". AutoCAD
should draw lots of dots, almost filling-in the wall area.

Finally, you need to erase the three lines you added to close
Note that the hatch style we are the wall areas so you could hatch them (see figure 15). Use
using may appear solid, but it is not! the Layer Controls to turn the "HATCH" layer OFF first. If
Zooming in will show that hatch is a
you accidentally pick the wrong thing, type: R (remove) to
"sand" pattern. To have the hatch
"solid" simply select the SOLID remove selections, and then type: A to restart adding
style instead of "AR-SAND"... selections. Once you've erased the three lines, turn the
"HATCH" layer back ON.

If your mouse has a scroll wheel roll That completes the basic half bay! Use zoom dynamic to view
it and see what happens... the whole of the bay and then save your drawing!
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Mirror the Half Bay.

To mirror the section completed,

Mirror icon select mirror from the modify
toolbar (or type MI ), enclose all the
graphics inside the selection
rectangle, press (to end the
selection process), type 0,0 (the
centre of the building will be the start
of the mirror line), type @0,-1 (this
creates a vertical line as the mirror
line, this causes the graphics to be Figure 16 Completed Bay.
mirrored to the left), type N (don't
delete the old objects).

Duplicate the Bay

Zoom All icon Before continuing, select zoom-all (or type Z A ), so you
Array icon can see the whole drawing. Then select array (or type AR ),
AutoCAD will copy the single bay use a selection rectangle to select the whole bay, press (end
through 360 degrees, giving 8 bays!
selection process), type P (polar array), type 0,0 (rotation
centre), 8 (we want 8 bays!), (go all the way), Y (rotate
as you go).

Last Gasps....

Save the drawing That's basically it, except for the doors! There are a few other
details (such as a spiral stair) that we won't draw, but we will
draw the entry - this will give you some experience erasing
hatching...
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Zoom in on the "eastern" bay (see

figure 17). If AutoCAD didn't
draw the hatching type REGEN
(regenerate is similar to redraw,
except that it forces AutoCAD to
carefully recalculate the screen
view, this means that curves which
might to drawn "roughly" after a
zoom are redrawn as smooth
Figure 17 Zoom Window.
Remember that there is one hatch curves). Erase the 4 hatching
object for each half bay... objects!

Line icon You will now draw the centreline of the doorway, select line
(or type L ), select the Endpoint snap mode and pick the
middle of the inner vertical wall line, then select the
Perpendicular snap mode and pick the outer vertical line of
the wall (the line to the right of the one just picked).

Next, offset the line 1250 "up" and "down" to make a 2500
wide doorway; and erase the centre-line.

You will now use trim to take the vertical

two lines back to the doorway line. This is
done because we want to hatch the wall
area again, so can't have any lines
"sticking out".
Select trim (or type TR ), pick the
Trim icon
doorway lines, press (end selections),
Figure 18 Lines to be
pick the vertical lines (see figure 18); and
trimmed.
press (end the command).

It may be necessary to zoom out (or

pan) before the hatching becomes
Draw the lines back(!), but as two lines,
visible.
instead of the four. We could draw the
 163

door, but let's not bother!

Now you need to draw two lines to
close off the two hatch regions. If the
hatching is not visible type REGEN .
Draw lines (using the Endpoint snap Figure 19 Lines to join.

mode) to close off the two hatch

sections (figure 19 shows one pair of
line ends).

Remember to change the current

Now hatch the four areas!
layer to "HATCH"...

Figure 20 the completed drawing.

The entry has number of stairs and there is another entry on

the "western" side but we'll leave that off!

Select Zoom-all (or type Z A ), so you can see the whole

Zoom All icon
drawing (see figure 20). Save your drawing (select Save or
Save icon
press Ctrl-S). Exit AutoCAD and logoff!
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After this tutorial the user will have the basic principles of using AutoCAD By using
what we learn above we can start our simplification process the simplification process is
needed in order to remover all the architecture engineering details in such to make the
building suited for propagation prediction the mainly important things is the building
walls doors and windows .

Figure 21, the AUTOCAD fully architecture building data base for KOLEJ
PERDANA
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Figure 22 the kolej perdana building map after the simplification process

We only considering walls, doors and windows because it’s the main things that effects
the indoor propagation prediction

Figure 23 the dimension tool set inside AutoCAD 2005

By using the dimension tool set inside AutoCAD all the building dimension can be
easily determined
The accuracy of AutoCAD drawing can be drawn with an accuracy of 0.000000001mm
 166

in our case we but the accuracy up to 0.01 mm because it more than enough for the
propagation prediction ,, after getting all the dimensions these dimensions need to be
entered to MS EXCEL in order to generate the VPL file format.

Figure 24 show the values of the building dimension inside MS EXCEL software

After that generating the building database file format that suits the VPL software, from
the file menu in MS EXCEL choose save as and then choose MS DOS TXT FILE
 167

Figure 24 the text ms dos file database that suits the VPL
software

Conclusion

By using AutoCAD the 7 floors building data base can be created in matter of 2 days
maximum which is makes the propagation prediction can be done faster instead of using
the conventional way of measuring using the print out building maps and the ruler which
will take very long time to be done and very less in accuracy.