Engine Room Ventilation

Prof. Dr. Ali Hammoud

BAU-2015

1
Generator Room

2
 ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻧﺭﺣﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺿﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﻝ ﻓﻳﻪ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺻﺣﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﻫﺅﻻء ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ ﺍﻟـﻧـﻔـﻌـﻳـﺔ ﻓـﻘـﻁ ‪ ,‬ﻳـﺩ ﻓﻌﻧــﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺕ ﻋــﺎ ﻟـﻳـﺎ‬
‫" ﺑﻭﺟــﻬﻬـﻡ ﺑﺈﺳـــﻠــﻭﺑــﻧـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻌـﻠـﻣـﻲ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻭﺣـﺩﻩ ﻧﻣـﺗـﻬـﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺗﻛﺭﻡ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺗﺟﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﻗـﺩﻡ ﻟﻠـﻣـﻧـﺷـﺄ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳـﺑـﻧـﻳـﻪ ﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍ" ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳـﺎ"‬
‫ﻓـﺈﻧـﻪ ﻳـﺧـﺗﺎﺭ ﺇﺣـﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟـﻣـﻳـّـﺗــﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻟـﻳـﺩﻓــﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﻓﻳﻪ ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍﺕ ﻫــﻣــﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺣـﻳـﺩ ‪ :‬ﻛــﻡ ﻣـﻭﻟــﺩ ﺍ" ﺑﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟــﺳـﻧـﺔ ؟ ﻋﻠﻣــﺎ" ﺃﻥ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﺗﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺷﺭﻭﻁــﺎ"‬
‫ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺧــﺎﺻــﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻥ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺳـــﺎﺣــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﺗﻬـﻭﺋﺔ ‪ -‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ ﻋﻣﺭﻩ ﺍﻻﻓﺗﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺳﻧﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻛﻡ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻭﺟﺯ ﻭﻣﺑﺳﻁ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﻣﺎ ﺳﻧﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻛﻡ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻭﺟﺯ ﺑﻌﺿﺎ" ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻭﻝ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺷﺄﻥ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻐﺮف اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ واﻟﻤﺎزوت‬
‫واﻟﺸﻮدﯾﺮات‪(2005)    ‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﻭﺍﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻖ ﺗﻔﺗﺢ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺝ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺫﺍﺭ ﻭﻛﺷﻑ ﻟﻠﺣﺭﻳﻖ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻁﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻲ ﻭﻳﺩﻭﻱ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﻟﻳﺔ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺗﻬﻭﺋﺔ )ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪,‬ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﻬﻭﺋﺔ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ‪(.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻣﺗﺭﻳﻥ ﻣﺟﻬﺯ ﺑﻔﻠﺗﺭ ﻓﻲ )ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﺧﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺳﻣﺎﻛﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻠﻡ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ‪ 10000‬ﻟﻳﺗﺭ ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫– ﺟﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺽ ﻣﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺑﻣﺿﺧﺔ ﺍﻟﻳﺔ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻐﺮف اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ واﻟﻤﺎزوت‬
‫واﻟﺸﻮدﯾﺮات‬
‫ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻣﺅﺷﺭ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺯﻧﺔ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺻﻣﺎﻡ ﻗﻁﻊ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ ﻭﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﺫ ﺗﺄﺭﻳﺽ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻟﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﺯﻳﻥ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﺭﻙ ﻣﻣﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﻳﺎﻧﺔ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺳﻣﺎﻛﺔ ﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻑ ‪ 20‬ﺳﻡ ﺍﻭ ‪ 15‬ﺳﻡ‪+‬ﻋﺯﻝ )ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻋﺗﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻭ ‪ 20‬ﺳﻡ)ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﻔﺻﻝ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺻﻼ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻓﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺟﺎﺝ)ﻣﻭﻟﺩ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻋﺗﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﻠﻭ ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺟﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺑﺭﻣﻳﻝ ﻟﻠﺯﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ)ﻣﻭﻟﺩ(‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻳﻥ ‪ %60‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻟﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ 220‬ﺳﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫–‬

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 Why design ??

The upcoming data and images’ source is the Beirut Fire Department
 Fire
Four things must be present at the same 
time in order to produce Fire:

 Fuel
 Oxygen
 Heat
 Sustaining Chemical Reaction
 In Beirut

100 91
83
76
80
64 2006
60 2007
2008
40
2009
20

0
Num. of Fire
Yearly average: 78.5 per year FIRES CAUSED BY “bad ” of generator rooms & Electrical Panels 

Note that Beirut region has the smallest electricity cut‐off period in Lebanon.

Still the number of fire accidents caused by generators is dramatically high.
 Causes of Fire in Generator Rooms

1‐ Not following the safety regulation , codes & standards
2‐ Bad ventilation (Overheating)  & Oil leakage of the engine can 
cause burning
3‐ No automatic or Manual fire fighting system
4‐ Presence of Electrical panels in the generator room 
5‐ Bad Maintenance etc..

Our main concern is the Bad ventilation (Overheating) in closed  
area 

9
‫ﺗﺧﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺳﻔﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺟﻬﻳﺯﺍﺕ ﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺭﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻣﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺩﻟﻳﺔ)ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺕ‪,‬ﻣﻭﻟﺩ‪,‬ﺷﻭﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫‪Gemmayzeh 26/10/2008‬‬
 Video showing
“Natural Ventilation” of electrical generators in addition to unsafe cabling
Diesel Tank right on top of the generator !
Control panel right next to generator !
Damaged area nearly 4m radius
‫‪ 05‐03‐2011‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬
Smoke extraction fans
Diesel tanks close to water tanks and electric cables
Msaytbeh 31‐7‐2009
That’s why it is obviously important to set up rules, standards 
and regulations for generator rooms in the country.
Electrical Panel

Ali Hammoud, PhD
Ali Hammoud, PhD
Ali Hammoud, PhD
Ali Hammoud, PhD
Control panel right next to generator !
Ali Hammoud, PhD
 Engine room ventilation
(Heat removal by air).
Objectives:
To provide a suitable environment that permits
1. The Generator to operate properly during its
service life. 
2. The operators to work comfortably and
effectively.
3. Prevent Engine Overheat and Shut Down of
System.
33
 Outlines
Factors that should be considered in designing the room
ventilation.
1. The heat dissipated from the engine & alternator in the
room.
2. The amount of air required to remove the dissipated
heat from engine to maintain a suitable room
temperature not to exceeding 120F.
3- The amount of air needed for engine combustion.
4- Fan size to supply the total amount of air required.
5- The total area of louvers & grilles.
6- Engine back pressure calculation.
 Hot air out
from the
room

Fresh air for

cooling the
radiator

Cold air
entering the
room
This arrangement is not a typical one. Usually, the Radiator Fan mounted on the Engine 
discharges the whole air quantity required to ventilate the room. But due to bad location of the 
engine and the sudden change in the direction of the duct at the outlet of the axial fan, it may 
result in reduction in flow rate due to increases  in duct resistance .The reduction in flow rate 
may  lead to overheating the engine and also to shut down the engine. An additional fan in 
series might be installed to assist the Radiator Fan in overcoming the pressure losses in the air 
path. Care should be taken when installation the second fan  in the path or at the end of the 
duct. This method is satisfactory as long as the designer understands its strengths
and weaknesses . It is recommended to use identical axial fan having the same
performance .Another small fan installed in the room  to remove the heat from the generator 
room. 

40
21,168 Cfm
H.EX

41
 Remote Mounted Radiator Cooling
• The radiator can be mounted remotely (not mounted directly at
the engine). The remote/close system uses the same radiator type
except it is mounted outside the building, but within close
proximity to the Generator set.
• The remote radiator may be mounted either vertically or
horizontally. In general, the radiator will have an electric fan to
provide cooling air and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to
radiator . It is also possible to utilize the engine mounted coolant
pump to provide coolant water flow if the head of the pump deliver
enough pressure to overcome losses.
• If a new pump is installed the water flow rate should not exceed
the capacity of the engine pump.
• The piping system friction loss between engine and radiator 
must be calculated .

42
43
 Routing Considerations & types
(Generator Set with Remote Radiator) 
Maintaining recommended air temperatures in 
the engine room is impossible without proper 
routing of the ventilation air. The following 
principles should be considered when designing 
an engine room ventilation system :
• Ventilation air should be exhausted from the 
engine room at the highest point possible, 
preferably directly over the engine. 
• Avoid short‐circuiting  between air inlets and 
outlets  .
44
 Routing Considerations & types 

• Avoid ventilation air supply ducts that blow cool air directly 
toward hot engine components. This mixes the hottest air 
in the engine room with incoming cool air, raising the 
average engine room temperature. This also leaves areas of 
the engine room with no appreciable ventilation. 
• For engines  that draw combustion air directly from the 
engine room, the routing should provide the coolest 
possible air to engine/turbocharger inlet.
• Provide Sound Attenuators at Air Intake & Discharge path to 
maintain acceptable noise level outside the Generator 
Room.
• Supply Air to the Room shall be from the Alternator Side.

45
Ventilation Type 1 

46
Ventilation Type 2 

47
Ventilation Type 3 

48
Ventilation Type 4 

49
Short cut

50
Multiple Engines

51
Incorrect air flow distribution 

52
 Engine Room Ventilation
Notes

1. Room pressure  should be slightly higher than 
atmospheric   pressure to ensure complete 
combustion.
2. Consider  the heat generated by other equipments 
installed in the engine room.
3. Consider the highest safe temperature that other 
temperature sensitive equipments can be subjected 
to ,such as electric equipments. 
4. Engine room temperature should not exceed 48°C 
(120°F). 53
 Required Ventilation Airflow in
“engine room” Engine is On

P
QV  (  Combustion air )  F
  Cp  T
Qv = Volume Flow Rate in m3/hr
P = Heat To Be Extracted in KW
ρ = Air Density in Kg/m3 at air temperature
38°C (100°F). The density is equal to 1.099
kg/m3 (0.071 lb/ft3)
ΔT = Temperature Difference Between Desired
Indoor & The Design Outdoor Dry Bulb in oK.
Cp = Air Specific Heat Capacity (0.017 kW x
min/kg x °C), (0.24 Btu/LBS/°F) 54
 Engine is off

P(Kw)
QV  ( F
  Cp  T
32  1 3
Qv   155.7 m /min
1.099  0.017  11
1820
Qv   5340 CFM
0.071  0.24  20

The required heat to remove heat dissipation from engine (shut)

55
56
 Combustion air quantity &
Factor

• Approximate consumption of combustion air for a diesel 
engine is 0.1 m3 /brake kW.min (2.5 ft3/bhp. min) . ( 
Manufacturer catalogue )
• F = Routing factor based on the ventilation type 
discussed previously. 

57
 Engine Room Ventilation Example   
• For a 400 KVA type FG Wilson generator. Perkins 
(Radiator‐Mounted Type).
• To calculate the required air flow rate for 
cooling the generator room , assume a Type 1  
routing configuration.
• From the catalogue ,The  heat rejection is 1820
Btu/min (32kW ), and the permissible rise in 
engine room temperature is 20°F (11°C). 
• Note: Max engine room temperature is 120°F (48 °C) 

58
 Generator Data
FG Wilson catalogue :400 KVA (320 kW),
a) Air flow required for cooling the generator radiator  is:
21168 CFM (599.4 m3/min).
b)   Air flow required for combustion, is :
833 CFM (23.6 m3/min)
c) The heat rejected by radiation  from each generator (engine plus 
alternator) is  1820 Btu/min ( 32 kW)
d) The generator dimension L x w x h ( in meters) is :
3.5 m X 2.7 m X 2.15 m
• Now, based on these data(a & b ) we can size the intake grille & ( c) is 
used to calculate the required air flow for cooling the generator room 
and fan sizing. 
Perkins 2206A‐E13TAG2/5 60
61
 Notes
• It is to be clarified that the 21,168 cfm
indicated in the Catalogue has several 
components:
Ventilation to remove heat rejected into the 
Room (6,173 cfm) + Ventilation required to 
remove heat rejected fro the Radiator 
mounted on the Engine + miscellaneous 
requirements. 

62
 Remote Radiator
Solution:
• The estimated ventilation flow rate
required to remove the Heat Rejected
from Engine into the Room, including
combustion air.
P ( Kw)
QV  (  Combustion air )  1
  Cp  T
32
Qv   23.6  180 m /min
3

1.099  0.017  11
1820
Qv   833  6173 CFM
0.071 0.24  20 63
 Engine is off

P ( Kw)
QV  ( 1
  Cp  T
32
Qv   155.7 m /min
3

1.099  0.017 11

1820
Qv   5340 CFM
0.071 0.24  20

64
65
 Heat radiated by the generator
If  no data is available from catalogue:

HRG ( kW )  P (1   )
In US Units :
HRG ( Btu/min )  P (1   )  56 . 9

HRG = Heat Radiated by the Generator (kW), (Btu/min)

P = Generator Output at Maximum Engine Rating (kW)
η = Generator Efficiency .

66
 Example
• 320 kW standby generator set has a generator
efficiency of 92%. The generator radiant heat
for this generator can be estimated as follows.

HRG (kW )  P  (1   )  320  (1  0.92)  25 .6 kW

HRG (Btu/min )  25  56.9  1456 But / min

67
Remote Mounted Radiator Cooling
& Energy
gy saving
g

The heat rejected from water radiator is used to heat the water heater as 
can be seen in the following figures 

68
2
Generator Room Louver size

Q
A
V
1‐Suction Face velocity Vs=275 ft/min
2‐The Delivery  Flow Velocity  Vd=500 ft/min 

• Openings with louvers should be twice the area of an 
unobstructed opening to provide proper air flow.

72
 Fan selection & size
• The selection of fan size is usually determined by 
ventilation air volume, pressure requirements and space 
limitations within the engine room.
• In reality Fan sizing involves much more than just selecting 
a fan that will deliver the airflow volume needed to meet 
the cooling air and combustion air requirements. 
• It requires a basic understanding of fan performance 
characteristics and ventilation system design parameters 
.i.e pressure drop in duct and fittings to select a fan operate 
at BEF or nearly so.
• Refer to lecture  chapter 7 ( Fan selection) Dr. Hammoud 

73
 Program 

Ventilation Requirements to
prevent temperature rise above
recommended limit

74
Back pressure of an exhaust pipe system

75
I. Formula:

The following formula is used to calculate the back pressure of an exhaust system

P=CLRQ2 / D5
P=back pressure (in Hg)
C=0.00059 for engine combustion air flow of 100 to 400 cfm
=0.00056 for engine combustion air flow of 400 to 700 cfm
=0.00049 for engine combustion air flow of 700 to 2000 cfm
=0.00044 for engine combustion air flow of 2000 to 5400 cfm

L=length of exhaust piping in ft

for elbows the equivalent length of straight pipe is calculated as follows:

Length (ft) 45 elbow = 0.75 x diameter (inches)
Length (ft) 90 elbow = 1.33 x diameter (inches)
R= Exhaust density in pounds per cubic foot

R= 41.1/(exhaust temp F + 460 F)

Q=exhaust gas flow in ” cfm”

D=inside diameter of exhaust pipe in “ inches”

 Perkins 2206A‐E13TAG2/5

The data shown in the accompanied 
table is for the same generator.
Now suppose we need to check if the 
4 inches pipe diameter is used for  
exhaust gas will be satisfactory ?
The length of the pipe is 100 ft with 2 , 
(45 deg  elbows) & 4 (90 deg elbows) .

77
II- Example Back pressure calculation for MF 100 KVA

1) Engine technical data: From the corresponding catalogue

Max . Allowable back pressure =3 in Hg
Exhaust gas flow =2281cfm
Combustion air flow =833 Cfm
Exhaust gas temperature = 1166 F (630 °C)

2) Total length for 4” exhaust pipe:

No of 90° elbows =4
N of 45° elbows
o =2
Equivalent length in ft(4”) =2x0.625x4”+ 4x1.33x4” =22ft
Length of straight pipe (4’’) =60 m inside shaft
=5m horizontal (as quantified on drawings)
=216ft
Total EFFECTIVE length (4’’) =238.6 ft

3) Back pressure calculation:

R =41.1/(1166+460) =0.025
Q =2281 cfm
C =0.00049
Total Effective length =238.6 ft
(Pressure drop 4’’) =0.00049x238.6x0.025x[2281)]2 /(4)5
= 14.5 in Hg
P total = 14.5 ›3 in Hg (rejected,a larger diameter shall be
selected)
 Le/D

Example : for 6” diameter pipe,  The Pressure drop in ft  for 90 
Elbow  = 16 in /12 =1.33 ft x 4=5.32 ft

79
Transformer 
room 
ventilation

80
Example calculation of Transformer room ventilation in basement
Design Parameters:
Room area = 147.0 m² Transformer room ventilation
Room height = 4.2 m
Room volume = 617.4 m³
Temperature difference ∆T = 7°C (55°C – 48°C)
Number of transformer (1500 kVA) = 6 Nos.
Heat dissipation for each transformer = 19.0 kW
Total heat dissipation = 114.0 kW

Forced mechanical ventilation shall be proposed as follows:

Fan air flow (IN LPS) =

=3 Nos. makeup air fans (2 duty + 1 standby) are provided each having capacity of 14000 
cfm.
All the above extract and makeup air fans shall be controlled through BMS.
81
Number of 
air change 
for some 
practical 
Application
82
 Fire Pump Room Ventilation
 Ventilation rate for Fire Pump Room shall be minimum 10
ACH during fire mode and individual air conditioning
during standby mode.
 Generator Room Ventilation
 Ventilation rate for Generator Room shall be minimum 6
ACH during fire mode.
 Fire Command Center Ventilation
 Ventilation rate for Fire Command Center Room shall be
minimum 10 ACH during fire mode and individual air
conditioning during standby mode.
Test rig

2011
87
Collector
Circulator pumps location
Circulator pumps set +accessories
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger
Heat exchangers
Supply & returns pipes
THANKS

98