Russian Autocracy Defined tne dominant stesn in Russian potical thought throughout is {ory hasbeen conservatism tat insisted on song, cenalzed authors, unrestrained either by lwo patient. The rationale fer such regime varied from generation to generation, but It contr ‘cine stated in 1810-11 by Nioai Karama: “A tocracy as founded and resuscitated Rusia. Ary change her plicl ‘constittion has led in the past and must lead in the future to er perdiion." "The question arises what accounts forthe persistence ofthis conser vative Ideology. For once Russa, under Peter the Great and hs suc ‘esters had ended her kolation from the West and beganto western, She adopted a great deal of European culture. Rusia pos-1700 are literature, and science were all puterned on Western models Heri dhusres emulated Wester prototypes, and so dd her miltary Why not her poles? The answer to this problem must be sought prin the ‘manne in which the Ruslan state came into Being and partly in Rue ‘iss culture inherited from Byzantium, che source of er rein, a trellas the Mongol-Tatar thanste which ud Russa fortwo and half uropean monarchies were shaped by a fusion of thre elements: the heritage ofthe Roman Enpic, the culture ofthe barbarian tribes which had conquered, andthe Catlie Chueh, To begin with tribal cultre. The vital Feature of tial society is that relations among ts members are bared on kinship is rather thanterritorial contiguity~thatis chat they aresocal rather than piel once iermen egedthemeles a dexcended from a common in tae pi ens, they lee flows ena lod—they ae the aoe peand Res dges 9:2) Belng elated, they are all equal. In aan soma society there fe no hierarchy, and proximiy tothe ao sp under des not confer stats? Nomads elect tel ches and aoe ra, daring scaxoalrgrtins to rang grounds and pa aa ne af war_endow them wth considerable powers. But Rue se re temprary and granted fr spel end they donot Late he affce The bal chieflan is a morta he fist among sabes eres suc authority as his group vests him not by aa eh fee but by personal eample® Nomadic scktie ae aan raith the nation af public authority and hence donot produce veal razon when they dys wal the ea of power enue or of conguest and tansiionoeted ife* rine spt the Kinship bonds hat unite tba families the cs tone at tang denon collectively: in Latin the pineiple held Quod aaa abanmibus wactar et approbardebe—"What concerns all a er ed and npproved by a” The gathering ofl fee adult aa cierto nation ofthe tba community that later sane the tee setles down and acquires politcal atttbuts,o oe resentative forts, The Reman historian Tacitus 3 his Ger i ered that Germonie tribes regularly hed such anemblc ra coher matters the chiefs deliberate, about the more oportant (rect de bole r,t even when the isl desion ress wth the coo eases thoroughly Scone bythe chiefs and he Peer hs appove ht deco. The Kings, beaded, have ot Unlimited or atbieray power* Hr feature of tals of moe importance forthe develop sme ete Wet stat livestock, ite princpal economic asst i held roe ctely but privately: “From the legal pont of view amongst se private ownership of vestck i an indisputable right.” Once aa Pte down and tar to arialure, they transfer the right of mere oper toled, Anlst lth proces of aston fom Fa oe pf livestock to setled ownership of lands provided rary history of he Toaeies, who, having miavated into Canaan pone the tcritoy song the sel ies by casting loa Ts Paro emergence of landed property in the hands of tribal and ed ea Te Gree fllwed the some patter after migrating aaa oe Tana welas in thelr verses colonies? These tbl practices conrad wi thos of nonrb, seted ommaniies sich Srl n nc pond phn Em he Exe vas posed ysl le nl the nd longed chee Ihe land belonged o ngs “irughu European histo, the exitenc of rate propery con sented the single mon efletre baer fo slic rp ator inauch es itcompeld the ing totum othe objeto Sani Sean oostatonhecer aay die py wet cua cf Earepomn ied thou and proie,An example ofc ng th ttre by nat Pers 125- 1500), aninentalthsopan an pnp ‘ho declared that vite ig nor pope could take abet ode ‘ithout hi cansnt" In Spin,» sar sentient we expressed by {he Btenthenuy jr Plc blo sentiment ad to ine Deon shared by Ferdinand and el tht he King i cof sand edasiation of kingdom and ot donno hing, forthe proper and igh of he Stat re publ, and cenot be the Pree foto of anne "Te commiment oat propery wa 0 erly igrsine ns rape that crenoon Bon the eit pel ablative ge ‘Se ughsnvinge on iether yb tation yore. He Sista nin ny om pn a eee sfimterhy or joyrgy ander epee propery wa a rome = he dees ‘Tse wee not lated prnmincements, Care Methvan con ce is at tuo met poe ery wih he lowing Selig‘ hu he etn en See Be Bog“ Once tbe see own, procses ae setin month edo the eee fc uy mie ne te wel ncn beeen printed publi law Sit Henry Maine described the transformation: Serer Mane sesein, inact th the amp sa i pia te pe pond comm pa spud wcomplete ae change whichis Ha ped when come athe princalesoch 2 a hese forthe i ne athe bas of com Sts aes numberof pons sos iy because hey happened oe eet igs in omnes #0 ce cepa iat war ty 08 : ited onthe basis of Kinship, Informa custom, appropriate for groups unit hin nr ace by law that applies tallthe inhalants teas admired by pu autor a oe ply. iy Ean Ke ea ee eres they lth Toetck and land tha jouncton been what the Romans called property: they drew no Tovathos domini omer om nie fre: Tos thee of SE ae yo France (476-750 cx) appartione thelr fhe Merovingian dynasty of France etal te ME raphe, to, flowed this pace, wis ead are we sem ut only ered Graal he tae that he id not " ea ar ed tha unl a estate oman, the Kingdom pce the kngarl the pole” 1 eed at King bl ot only tights ut slo re rc, wi roma evn a well a Bete echt, dome, and erhans and co = th cr cu, Lois he Pou (614-840), sone of ins Saving ch rans a ch mates fate Fer reo oro Kinds hein of asa who Sc rs and consti ase, Bld evey 89 9 heh bles ng ath tn ces eras 2 me ee eopet ofthe king but the wie priipted ening cA gre the bnew i So ein around anneal ceo that oa cin ht sgh pc ego vse un fase gad the teachings fhe church eras ‘bic order, respublica, had been wel estab Ta Rome the notion af pl teen the in theoy ar wel as practice. The distinction be , sn public sphere emerged there a ears the third century Bc: ete tre the tate and there was society and the two interacted but dd not tmesh2* The justin both Republican and Imperial Rome proceeded fon the principle tha all pubic etorty emanated from the people and {ts end was justice Such Mens seped into post-Roman Europe snd inguished ks plicalinstiations from all others in the world. A partnership wat forged between rulers and ruled, 9 rense of common destiny, that never disappeared frm Europe, As we shall noe Inte, x Russia itnever even appeared. “The contbation of the Catholic Charch lyin insisting tet kings must rule jut acord withthe precepts of the Holy Seipures. AS arly asthe sth century, St. Iso of Seve quoted the ancient pe rb “Thou shalt be king, i thou does ight f not, thou shale not be King Similarly, the earlynind-century French divine Jonas ‘Orleans preached that princes must gover just alfling thelr blign tions to God the church, and the people Even the ealet European ings cluding the Merovingian, who treated hei realms as property and in theo held absolute powers, were considered by ther subjects to be bound by la” Such notions, oo, even if not alas followed in practice became s permanent feature of European pola thought ‘One manifestation f this notion of partnership between sate snd society was the convocation of asemblesUoughout Europe forthe purpose of consultation om grave matters of state, especialy tation. They constituted hertage of the popular assembles convened in tbl times, which now, because the sie of the population precluded unt ers participation, transformed nv representative bodies. European Kings didnot rule an amorphous population, atomized and powerless, uta society composed of estates" with defined dates and ight. These trully consisted of the clergy the nobility and the burghers. The es tates were considered hy custo oe nti constants ofthe body Politica custom wnique to European ciation, Ordinal thei ap oval was required to enact new legisation and impose nev levies Patllaments rose inthe Middle Ages because ofthe desrea kings to secure public approval or major legislation and tac. Kings summoned Tepresentatves these were at ist appointed (at any rte, in France Tater elected, In England by the thiteenth century the principle was ‘stalihed that each shire sent to knights, andeach town and borough itsown representative, There Ino evidence thatthe people themselves Slamored for such attendance because it was costly and bothersome they helped the king rather than the subject.