EW 2

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FINAL PROJECT
REPORT
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Submitted by
1) V.S.Rao Veeravasarapu - 200731010
2) K.Gowtham Raghunath- 200730015
AIM: To build a circuit for Emergency Lamp.

ABSTRACT: Our circuit will have an emergency lamp

which uses white LEDs as lamp and rechargeable battery.In our
circuit, the connection is in such a way that when the mains is ON the
power is used for charging the rechargeable batteries and when the
mains is OFF the lamp turns on immediately by using the current
from the rechargeable battery..Also during charging of the battery,
when the battery gets completely charged since any further flow of
current through it may damage the battery we have kept a zener diode
in such a way that all the current passes through the zener diode when
the rechargeable battery is completely charged.

INTRODUCTION: Our white – LED based

Emergency light has its own battery charger and rechargeable battery
in it.It uses the mains supply for charging battery and it automatically
stops charging when the battery is fully charged.This helps in
protecting the battery from being damaged.When the mains is on
battery gets charged and when the mains is off the battery discharges
for glowing the lights.We use a Relay for switching ON or OFF the
lamp.Relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the
control of another electrical circuit.

COMPONENTS USED:
Serial No. Name No.of components
1. 12v Transformer 1

2. 1N4007 diode 3

3. 3904 NPN transistor 4

4. Zener diode 2

5. Capacitor(1000micro F) 1

6. Resistances(of required values) -------

7. Relay switch 1

8. Rechargeable batteries(1.2v,1000mAhr) 4

9. Battery case 1

10. Potentiometer(5K) 1
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:
Our circuit mainly consists of two parts.They are charger
power supply and Led driver.LED driver actually consists of a Relay
and some white LEDS where Relay is used as a swith for lamp.Inturn
Charger power supply consists of two sections.They are Voltage
stabilizer and Constant current source.Thus different sections of our
circuit are

1)Voltage stabilizer
2)Constant current source
3)LED Driver

VOLTAGE STABILIZER:

First of all we have to convert AC to DC.This is done by the

voltage stabilizer.The different stages involved in converting
AC to DC are shown in a block diagram.
The block diagram is as follows

AC Transf- Recti- Filter

mains ormer fier

Constant Voltage
voltage Regulator

This gives us constant output voltage which is

required for constant current source which inturn is required for
charging the battery.The input of voltage stabilizer is AC mains.Since
its voltage is around 220v which is not safe for us.First we will reduce
that to 12v using a step-down transformer.The input and output
waveforms for transformer are shown below.
Now the transformer output is fully-rectified by using a full-wave
rectifier.A rectifier is an electrical device that converts Alternating
current(AC) to pulsating DC.Here the two diodes back-to-back(i.e.,
anode to anode) form a full wave rectifier.It converts the negative
cycle also into positive cycle so that the rms value is increased.The
input and output waveforms for rectifier are shown below.
Now the rectified output is given to a filter whose output is almost a
dc but with some ripples.The output of the filter is shown below.

The voltage regulator uses a zener-diode of break-down voltage 5.3

v.In the voltage regulator circuit transistor(npn) Q2 is called pass
transistor because all the load current passes through it.The circuit
consists a voltage divider Rx and Ry(Actualy a potentiometer R3).The
voltage divider consists of two resistors and samples the output
voltage and delivers a negative feedback voltage to the base of
Q1.This negative feedback voltage VF controls the collector current of
transistor(npn) Q1.Let VB be base voltage of Q1.From the figure it can
be easily seen that

VB=VZ+VBE
where
VZ=Break-down voltage of zener diode
VBE=Base-Emitter voltage of Q1 ~0.7v

The circuit diagram of voltage regulator is as follows.

 BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL
Q2
V1 C1 1k
T1 D2
R2
220 V
50 Hz DIODE_VIRTUAL 1000uF
0Deg D1 R1
10 1500
R9 R3
DIODE_VIRTUAL 1k Q1 + U1
6.092m A DC 1e-009
Key = A -
50%
1k
BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL
XMM1
1000
R8
XSC1
Ext Trig
+
D3 _
5.3 V A B
+ _ + _
 The voltage across Ry=VB=VZ+VBE.The output voltage
Vo across load resistance is equal to the voltage across (Rx+Ry).
 Vo/(Rx+Ry)=(VZ+VBE)/Ry
 V0=(VZ+VBE)(1+Rx/Ry)
Since Rx and Ry is actually a potentiometer , the resistances are
adjusted in such a way that the output Vo equals approximately 15v.
i.e., Rx=300 ohm,Ry=200 ohm
The operation of the circuit is as follows.
1)suppose ,if the output voltage increases due to any reason the base
voltage of Q1 i.e., voltage across Ry increases and collector current
increases most of which is coming from the R2.So the base voltage of
Q2 decreases keeping the output voltage constant as the previous.
2)In the same way if the output voltage decreases due to any reason
the feedback voltage VF decreases.This reduces the current through R2
and Q1.This implies that base voltage of Q2 increases and thereby
increasing the output voltage to our constant value.

Constant Current Source:

Charging of a battery requires constant current.The constant current
source requires a zener-diode and a constant voltage Vcc which we got
from voltage stabilizer .
 VCC

15V
R2 Constant Current
1.3k

Q2
BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL

D1
R1
100
5V

A switch is prepared using BJT which is used to switch on and off

depending on the potential difference across the battery. This switch
is used to change the current to zero through the constant current
source when the battery is fully charged and the entire current flows
through the zener-diode.When the battery is charging, the transistor
will be in active-mode since the driving force is coming from
Vcc.When the battery is completely charged, since the maximum
voltage that the battery can be charged is kept almost equal to
breakdown voltage of zener diode the voltage across R1 equals
to ‘0’ which inturn makes the transistor to turn from active
mode to satuaration mode.This switching of transistor from active
mode to satuaration mode acts as a switch and makes the current ‘0’
through the battery when its charging is completed.

LED DRIVER:-
The third part of our circuit is LED driver. In this circuit LEDs
are connected to rechargeable battery through relay switch. if more
current is flow through a LED , then it will damage so We used more
than one LED in parallel connection because current divides to all
LEDs that is reducing current through one LED. LEDs glows when
main power supply is not available then current is flows through
LEDs because of battery voltage.
In LED driver section, we use a total of three 10 mm white
LEDs. All the LEDs are connected in parallel with 100 ohms
resistances in series with each. We used a relay switch to connect the
common anode junction of all LEDs to battery. Relay switch is an
electrically operated switch. This relay switch has a total of terminals.
In those, two are input terminals and one is common terminal. current
flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which
attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can
be on or off so relays have two positions and they are double throw or
change over switches. So we used a 12 volt relay switch, for this if we
apply a voltage greater than or equal to 12 volts between two input
terminals, then two of remaining three terminals will short and other
terminal doesn’t connect to any terminal. If the voltage between two
input terminals is zero then the common terminal and second (other
terminal) terminal will shorted and the first terminal doesn’t connect
to any terminal.
So we choose the two terminals of the relay switch such that
these terminals can short when voltage between input terminals is
zero and open when voltage between two input terminals is greater
than 12 volts. So we connected common terminal to anode of battery
and the other terminal to common anode junction of all LEDs. And
the cathodes of all LEDs are connected to the cathode terminal of
battery. we applied the filtered output voltage in first part our circuit
between the input two terminals of the relay switch.
If the main power supply is not available then the two terminals
of relay switch, which we used, are closed i.e. LED driver circuit is
closed, therefore LEDs will glow using the battery voltage. And if the
mains is available then the two terminals of relay switch are open i.e.
LED driver circuit is open , therefore LEDS doesn’t glow until mains
is off.
Then we connected a LDR (light dependent resistor) in parallel
to all LED. A LDR has zero resistance when light is falling on it
otherwise infinite resistance. Therefore, in the nights LDR has infinite
resistance and during day times it has zero resistance. So LEDs glows
when the mains is not present in the nights only, not in day time.

Application:
 Our circuit can be used as an emergency lamp during
nights.
 In household appliances when there is sudden power cut
this lamp automatically turns on itself.
Alternative Approach tried:
Here in the LED driver circuit, since our aim is LEDs should glow
when there is no power and not to glow when there is mains we can
use a PNP transistor inplace of Relay switch.Once the base of a PNP
transistor is low the transistor turns ON and if base goes high the
transistor will be in OFF position.we connected the constant coltage
to base of the PNP and LEDs to its emitter and output of rechargeable
battery to collector.So when power is OFF, base is low =>current
flows from collector to emitter and LEDs glow.And when power is
ON no current flows through collector , LEDs will not glow.

Advantages:
 No need of any battery charger since our circuit itself has a
inbuilt battery charger.
 During nights if the power is cut suddenly, there is no need of
searching the lamp for switching it ON since the lamp will turn
on automatically when mains is OFF.
 There will be no wastage of power in over charging the battery
once the charging is completed since in our circuit once the
battery is completely charged the current through battery goes to
‘0’ and all the current passes through zener diode.
What We Have Learnt:

1.Conversion of AC to DC.
2.Working of a Relay(switch)
3.Design of a constant voltage source.
4.Design of a constant current source.
5.Information about some batteries(Ni-Cd,....)
6.Charging of a battery requires a constant current
7.Working of LDR
8.Using NPN transistor as a switch
9.Usage of a zener diode to stop the charging of the battery
immediately after its complete charging.
10. Slow charging of batteries is more preferable than fast
charging because due to fast charging the durability(life span)
i.e., number of times the battery can be recharged decreases.