Sub-Stations, Equipment and Busbar Systems (Conventional, SF¢ GIS, HVDC) | Q. 315. State the various types of sub-stations for rated voltages of 12 kV, 36 kV, 66 kV \d above. Explain classification based on voltage levels and configurations. ‘The substations comprise the following essential equipment Incoming lines — Outgoing lines —Control room, control and protection panels — Transformers; Main Power Transformers, Auxiliary Transformers —HLV. and L-V. switchgear, Circuit Breakers, Isolators, etc. — Relay and metering panels, CT's, PTs, control panels — Shunt reactors, shunt capacitors, SVS. — Drop-out fuses — Power cables, control cables Station service equipment such as lighting, auxiliary battery supply, transformer, oil purification set, compressed air system, battery system for d., source, ete, — Surge arresters, overhead earth wires. — Station earthing system — Galvanised steel structures —Communication equipment such as carrier current equipmentitelophone system, radio, internet, FAX 12 KV or 36 kV Indoor Installation ‘The substation upto 12 kV is generally with indoor, Metalclad drawout type switchgear are oyed. In such switchgear, the required number of factory assembled units are placed in a row. circuit-breaker is mounted on a carriage. After opening ofthe eb, the same can be lowered and carriage can be pulled out Switching device is either SF,CB or Vacuum CB or SF load-break itch. For low voltage (<1000 V) Switch-fuse combination or contactor, fuse combination, may be 1 33 KV and Above For voltage of 33 kV and above, out-door sub-station is generally preferred. Such substation is led below the sky. The equipment is outdoor type installed on galvanised steel structures. The ators need regular washing particularly in industrial areas and areas near sea-shore. Trailer ited substations are used for remote sites. Busbars are either tubular aluminium or flexible SR. sof substations for voltage above 66 kV ‘There are three types substations — Conventional outdoor substations (open terminal air-insulated type) in which busbars and live parts can be seen by naked eye. Trailer mounted substations are for remote sites, — SF Gas insulated metal enclosed substation (GIS) in which various equipment are with aluminium enclosures filled with SF gas for internal insulation. Such sub-stations can be generally indoor. — Hybrid substation which a combination of above two, at‘Table @. 15. Types of Substations ‘Dye ‘Rating Range UHVAC. EHV AC. Substation |— 785 KV, 1600 MW | — One apd a bal burbaracheme = 400 kV, £00 MW | — At both ends of line and intermediate ins Design based on switching overvaltage withrtand — Incorporates shunt reactors fr voltage contol Ciret-breakers provided with closing resistors = Conventional open terminal type or GIS. High Voltage AC. Substation |— 220 KV, 400 MW |— Substan design based lighting surges = 132 kV; 200 mw | Conventional open terminal or Gat Insulated = 66xV, 1003W | Dupliente bosber layout — Cireuit breakers without precloning resistor. — Incorporate SF, CB. Distribution Substations —aaev, Lev, | — In distribution ystem, GORV.S3RV. | — Ia large factories of HT connumers — Single busbar arrangement — Outdoor open terminal type or indoor metallad Tow Voltage Substations — 660 V,400V | — Inside consumer perrizes = Simple single bus arrangement ‘Outdoor pole mounted type or Indoor metalelad — Either Switchgear or/and eontrl gear — Incorporntor HRC Foses, Contactors oe CB THVDO Substation fr 400 KV, 1000 MW_|— At both ends of VDC traniation line or back — Bipolar or Monopolar 00 KV, 1500 MW | to-backaxyachronous i tation, 2 Terminal or MulticTerminal |— £600 kV, 2000 MW |— Comprise an A.C. aubstation at 220 oF 400 kV pls ~ Back totback HVDC Systema ‘coaverson subetation. — Bach autation has the following major portions: — AC. yard sconverter transformers: valve hall Dc. jard., AC Filters ication of Substations ‘The cloctrical substations can be cla 1, Classification Based on Voltage Level. A substation is named in accordance with its sigher voltage level, ¢g., A 33 kV A.C. substation has higher voltage level of 36 kV. Standard rated A.C. voltages India are 3.3, 6.6, 11, 33, 66, 192, 220, 400, 765, kV. These voltages refer to normall power frequency phase to phase A.C, voltages, Corresponding highest system voltages are 3.6 KV, 7.2, 12, 96, 72.5, 145, 245, 420, 800 kV rms line to line; at 50 Hz AC. All A. substation of rated voltage above 1000 V rms are called high voltage a.c, substations, the lettors ac. are generally omitted. ‘The standard nominal A.C. voltages for substations are is given below For long distance bulk power A.C. Transmission. 400 kV ; 220 kV ; 192 kV ; 66 kV rms, phase to phase. For Distribution. 93 KV ; 11 kV ; 6.6 kV ; 3.8 kV rms, phase to phase, Low Tension (LT) : 400 V A.C. phase to phase. For Utilization. Substations in the premises of the consumers are either HT (High Tension above 1 kV) or Low Tension (Below 1 kV, say 400 V). ‘The standard frequency of A.C. supply in India, Europe, USSR, UK and many other countries is 50 Hz. Standard frequency in USA is 60 Hz. Substation are conveniently classified as LV or LT ; MV ; HV ; EHV ; UHV and HVDC substations though there is no standard coverage of this classification. Voltages between 3.3 kV and. 33 kV are Medium Veltages (MV).‘Substation, Equipment and Busbar Systems ‘There are generally two or more voltage levels in a substation. The substatiin is designated ‘after higher voltage level. eg., a 220 kV substation has 220 kV buse besides say 110 kV, 39 kV, 33 EV and 400 V buses. Five HVDC substations have been commissioned in India during 1989-1990 and by the year 2000 A.D., there would be more than eight HVDC substations. The HVDC substation comprises « conventional EHV A.C. sub-station plus a HVDC conversion substation. Alternating current is ‘converted into Direct Current. Typical voltage ratings of HVDC conversion substation are AC. side: 220kV or 400 kV HVDC side ; £400 kV; +500 kV ‘Types of HVDC substations are : Back-to back ; Two-terminal, Multi-terminal, Bipolar, ete ‘Classification of Substations Based on Voltages Description Range _| Low Voltage or Low Tension __| Below 1000 V AC., 400 V ; 650 V igh Voltage or High Tesion ‘AULA. voltages above 1000 V AC. Medium High Valage ‘Between 1V and 33 V High Valtage Between $9 AV and 110 kV Extra High Valage 220 WV, 400 KV. ‘Ultra High Voltage 7a0 KV, 1100 igh Voltage Direct Curent = 100V 00 kV 400 kV 500 kV Classification Based on Configuration ‘The substations are classified conveniently based on the configuration into following three categories : 1. Conventional Air-Insulated Substation, In such substations busbars and connectors can bbe seen by naked eye, In such a substation, circuit breakers isolators, transformers, CTs, VTS, ee., are installed outdoor. The busbars are supported on post insulators or strain insulators. The substation has galvanised steel structures for supporting the equipment, insulators and the ‘incoming or out-going lines. ‘The busbars are generally in two horizontal planes so as to permit proper connections and clearances. Three substations are more compact but complex. Conventional open terminal substations are very common at all voltages above 11 kV. 2. Gas Insulated Substation (GIS). These have heen developed during 1970's and are extremely popular in USA, Europe, Japan, ‘Middle-East countries, ete. Three es GIS installations have been —— cuted in India (1989). They suscans ict and require very 9 —o—o ‘modest maintenance. In GIS the ‘so.arons various substation equipment like CT's, VP's, Busbars, circuit breakers, ‘Surge Arresters, Iselators, Barthing Switches, ete. are in the form of metal enclosed SF gas filled modules, ‘A Airtnaulated substation