FORTRAN 90

Lecturer : Rafel Hekmat Hameed University of Babylon

Subject : Fortran 90 College of Engineering

Year : Second B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering Dep.

Solution a set of linear equations by

Gauss-Seidel
Gauss method
In certain cases, such as when a system of equations is large, iterative
methods of solving equations are more advantageous. Iterative methods, such
as the Gauss-Seidel
Seidel method, give the user control of the round
round-off error.
Also, if the physics of the problem are well known, initial guesses needed in
iterative methods can be made more judiciously leading to faster
convergence. Given a general set of n equations and n unknowns, we have

If the diagonal elements are non-zero,

non zero, each equation is rewritten for
the corresponding unknown, that is, the first equation is rewritten with x1 on
the left hand side, and the second equation is rewritten with x2 on the left
hand side and so on as follows,
follows rewriting each equation

Now to find xi ’s, one assumes an initial guess for the xi ’s and then uses the
rewritten equations to calculate the new estimates. Remember, one always

ϭ
uses the most recent estimates to calculate the next estimates, xi . At the end
of each iteration, one calculates the
absolute relative approximate error for each
xi as

Where new i x is the recently obtained value of xi , and old xi is the previous
value of xi . When the absolute relative approximate error for each xi is less
than the pre-specified tolerance, the iterations are stopped.

GAUSS-SEIDEL
SEIDEL CONVERGENCE THEOREM:
If A is diagonally dominant, then the Gauss-Seidel
Gauss method converges for any
starting vector x. A sufficient, but not necessary condition.

Diagonally dominant: [A] in [A] [X] = [C] is diagonally dominant if:

For all i

For at least one i

Example
Find the solution to the following system of equations using the Gauss-Seidel
Gauss
method.

Use x1=1 , x2=0 , and x3=1 as the initial guess and conduct two iterations.

Solution
The coefficient matrix

Ϯ
is diagonally dominant as

and the inequality is strictly greater than for

for at least one row. Hence, the
solution should converge using the Gauss-Seidel method.
Rewriting the equations, we get

Iteration 1

The absolute relative approximate error at the end of the first iteration is

Repeating more iteration, the following values are obtained

ϯ
The solution of equations obtained x1=0.99919 , x2=3.0001, and x3=4.0001

A Fortran 90 program to solve a set of linear equations by

Gauss-Seidel method
Program gauss_seidle_method

implicit none

integer,parameter::n=3

real,dimension(n,n)::a

real,dimension(n)::c

real,dimension(n)::x
sion(n)::x

integer::i,j ,iter ,k

real::old,sum,ea,es=0.00001,s
real::old,sum,ea,es=0.00001,sdummy

read(*,*)((a(i,j),j=1,n),i=1,n
read(*,*)((a(i,j),j=1,n),i=1,n)

read(*,*)(c(i),i=1,n)

read(*,*)(x(i),i=1,n)

checking diagonal dominant

checking

do i=1,n ; s=0

do j=1,n

if(i.ne.j)s=s+abs(a(i,j
if(i.ne.j)s=s+abs(a(i,j))

enddo

if(abs(a(i,i)).lt.s)then

write(*,*) "these equtions are not diagonal-dominance

diagonal

stop ; endif ; enddo

do i=1,n

ϰ
dummy=a(i,i)

do j=1,n

a(i,j)=a(i,j)/dummy

enddo ; c(i)=c(i)/dummy

enddo

iter=0 ; k=0

do while (iter<10.and. k==0)

iter=iter+1

k=1

do i=1,n

old=x(i)

sum=c(i)

do j=1,n

if(i.ne.j)then

sum=sum-a(i,j)*x(j)

endif

enddo

x(i)=sum

print*,x(i)

if(x(i).ne.0 .and. k==1) ea=(abs(x(i)-old)/x(i))*100

if(ea.gt.es) k=0

enddo

print*, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

enddo

end