MEANING-BASED TRANSLATION A Guide to Cross- Language Equivalence Second Edition Mildred L. Larson University Press of America,” Inc. Lanham + New York * OxfordCopyright © 1998 by University Press of America,® Inc. 4720 Boston Way Lanham, Maryland 20706 12 Hid's Copse Rd. Cummor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America British Library Cataloging in Publication Information Available Co-published by arrangement with the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Inc. Previous edition © 1984 Volume editor: Bonnie Brown Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larson, Mildred L. Meaning-based translation : a guide to cross-language equivalence / Mildred L. Larson. —2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. |. Translating and interpreting. I. Title. P306.L34 1997 418°.02—DC2} 97-4626 CIP ISBN 0-7618-0970-8 (cloth: alk. ppr.) ISBN 0-7618-0971-6 (pbk: atk. ppr.) Ome paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48—1984ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express appreciation to the following authors and publishers for granting permission to quote from their materials in this book: Samson Negbo Abangma from The Use of Modes in Denya Discourse (1987), Katharine Barnwell from her two textbooks Bible Translation (1975) and Introduction to Semantics and Transla- tion (1980); Chicago Linghistic Society from Papers from the Eighth Regional Meeting; Ellis W. Deibler and A. J. Taylor from Translation Problems (1977), Carl D. Dubois from his article Connectives in Sarangani Manobo; Nah Fleming from her Field Guide for Commu- nication Situation, Semantic and Morphemic Analysis (1977), Ellen M. Jackson from Real and Rhetorical Questions in Tikar (1982); Kenneth and Evelyn Pike for permission to use the example on pages 49-50 of their book Grammatical Analysis (1977), the Summer Institute of Linguistics for permission to quote from Notes on Trans- lation, Notes on Linguistics, John Beekman and John Callow, Trans- lating the Word of God (1974), Kathleen Callow, Discourse Consid- erations in Translating the Word of God (1974), Mildred Larson, A. Manual for Problem Solving in Bible Translation (1975) and John Beekman, John Callow, and Michael Kopesec, The Semantic Structure of Written Communication (1981). The United Bible Societies from The Bible Translator, particularly the articles by Barclay Newman (1977) and David Fox (1959); Western Publishing Company from Universal History of the World Vol. 2 by James L. Steffensen (1966), and James Wheatley from his articles Knowledge, Authority, and Individualism among the Cura (Bacairi) (1970) and Pronouns and Nominal Elements in Bacairi Discourse (1973). iii