Chapter 11 Analysis of Tsunami Inundation

SITE INVESTIGATION STUDY OF PLTG/MG/GU SORONG-2 (50 MW)
CHAPTER 11
ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI INUNDATION
INTRODUCTION
The earthquake and tsunami was the most devastating natural phenomenon in
human civilization. Both of these natural disasters strike without warning, affecting
all levels of society, causes losses in the form of loss of life, injury, property damage,
and changes in socioeconomic structure. Several major earthquake caused a tsunami
which in turn affects the condition of coastal and island communities (Gajendra et
al., 2000).
Tsunamis can be generated by geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes,
volcanoes, submarine landslides, and meteorite impacts. Historically, the tsunami in
the world (1790-1990) is mostly generated by earthquakes (90.3 percent), volcanoes
(6.4 percent), as well as landslides (3.3 percent) (F. Imamura et al., 2000).
SORONG FAULT
Sorong Fault is a quite unique fault, this fault has a long enough history.
Sorong Fault appeared about 20 million years ago and is still actively growing, and
parts of the block body were still moving until now. The appearance in the map, this
fault is not a single fault. Even more complex in which the direction of this fault
from east to west in the form of two faults which joined then separated.
With the shock up to scale of VI-VII Mercali (MMI), rupture zone which
disturbed in the area of ± 220 cm x 130 km. Off Course the stability that achieved
still require quite long time. So that still will be felt the tremors and aftershocks
vibration for over two weeks.
FINAL REPORT XI - 1
An Overview of Sorong Fault
This fault is a shear fault, in which that the red lines limit the rocks in the
north with the rocks in the south. The northern side is relatively shifted to west,
while the southern part is relatively moves to the left. This fault is called left lateral
fault or left shifted fault. In the figure below can be seen how the depth of the sea
on the north side has a rapid change of a depth towards the north. Which means the
slope angle is very steep compared to the south. This steep slopes which prone to
landslide and cause a tsunami when there is an earthquake vibrations.
Sorong Fault and the Sea depth Sourrounding
The shifting of Pacific Ocean crust at a rate of 112 mm/year, this fault
became very active faults in eastern Indonesia. Also consider the existence of
subduction in the west of Halmahera which is also the result of the Pacific plate
collision with the Asian plate. Sorong Fault can be seen also in its topography.
FINAL REPORT XI - 2
Topography or high and low of this surface indicate the existence of cliff rectification
along this fault.
ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI INUNDATION

History of the earthquake and tsunami in Banyuwangi southern Java which has
experienced an earthquake with the strength of 7,6 SR in 1994. Large enough
tsunami struck the coast of Lampon 50 minutes after the main earthquake. Tsunami
heights at the point in the village of Lampon measured as high as 5.4 m. While the
height of the wave at Pancer village which is located about 1 km from the village of
Lampon is as high as 9.1 m (Tsuji et al, 1995). Both the wave height becomes
consideration in this study at the siteplan of PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50 MW).
The intensity of the earthquake in Indonesia with strength > 5 SR
Analysis of tsunami inundation at the siteplan of PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50

MW) conducted by simulation based on historical earthquake in the deep sea. An
earthquake with a magnitude 6,8 SR struck the Sorong city, West Papua. According to
information from the local BMKG through bmkg.go.id, Thursday (24/9/2015),
earthquake was happened at 22.53 WIB. BMKG explained that the coordinate of the
earthquake was on 0,59 South Latitude -131,27 East Longitude. The source of the
earthquake is about 31 km at the east of Sorong city at the depth of 10 Km.
FINAL REPORT XI - 3
Epicenter of the earthquake that occurred on September 2015
ASSESSMENT METHOD
To estimate the tsunami wave propagation, used CADMAS-Surf/3D to perform
numerical simulation. The equation used is consist of the continuity equation,
Navier-Stokes equation in the direction of x, y and z as advection equation to
explore water level elevation. The latter equation includes a function, F (x, y, z, t),
which means the ratio of the volume of water in each numerical cell.
In the above equation, t means time, x, y and z means horizontal and vertical
coordinate. Also, p mean pressure, u, v and w means horizontal speed component (x,
y) and vertical, in each rate.
FINAL REPORT XI - 4
Then ρ is fluid density, v is the sum of the molecular kinematic viscosity and
eddy kinematic viscosity, g is gravitation acceleration. while vγ is porosity, γx , γy and
γz are air porosity component, SF, Su, Sv, and Sw are the wave generation source, Dx ,
Dy and Dz are coefficient for sponge layer, and Rx , Ry and Rz are resistant component
because the porosity of the axis of x, y and z.
To perform simulations using CADMAS-Surf 3D required time sequence based
on water level elevation and the speed of fluid at initial limit of certain channel so it
can generate wave with profile like tsunami. This study assumes profile of bore wave
in offshore areas at first, and velocity/speed profile used by the bore wave profile in
this study was obtained by using the equation below (Fukui et al, 1964).
𝐶𝜁 𝑔(𝐻 + ℎ)
𝑈= =𝜁√ (6)
𝐻 2𝐻(𝐻 − 𝜂𝜁)
In this equation, U means average water depth velocity and g mean gravitation
accelaration. H = h + ζ means total depth from datum and ζ also mean temporal bore
height. η is coefficient which obtained from ratio between initial water depth at the
propagation area of total depth and determined as 1,03 in this study.
750 m
Channel (flume) used for simulation at PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50

MW)
The figure above is the wave channel scheme for numerical simulation in this
study. This channel (flume) has a length of 750 mm and a height of 35 m. Offshore
wave depth maintained as 10m. The slope of the beach is 1/25. While the grid size
for numerical simulations in the direction of x, y and z determined respectively x =
0.25 m, y = 0.25 m and z = 0.25 m.
Figure 11.6 below is a plan building blocks at PLTMG Sorong 50 MW and PLTU
Timika (4 x 7 MW), whereas the figure 11.7 is an elongated/long section which is
then translated into numerical simulation grid. As seen in the figure 11.8 below that
is a flume which is designed in such a way in the grid simulation as the section in the
figure 11.7. The placement of natural vegetation is also placed in numerical
FINAL REPORT XI - 5
simulations, in which the stand are arranged to be in conservation zones (see figure
10.8).
A
Concept of Building Placement at PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50 MW)
Elongated/long Section
X1 = 165m X2 = 400m X3 = 550m
750 m
Channel (flume) used for numerical simulation
FINAL REPORT XI - 6
After conducted numerical simulations using CADMAS Surf then it can be seen
how the phenomena that occur after passing through some barriers such as sand dune
of the beaches, vegetation, elevation differences, and the waves continued until
heading to shore.
ANALYSIS RESULT WHEN THE WAVES ENTER THE LAND

Scenario #1
At the figure below can be seen how the wave propagation from the foreshore
the entered the land. At first, barriers of the tsunami wave occurred on the
foreshore, the wave propagation just come the landward easily because this scenario
land configuration arranged without any obstacles that can reduce the horizontal
force of the wave.
Section AA (see fig 11.6) without any obstacles at the site plan of
PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50 MW)
Snapshoot tsunami propagation at the site plan of PLTG/MG/GU

Sorong-2 (50 MW) (scenario #1)
FINAL REPORT XI - 7
Graph profile in the figure below with the orange line shows the height of the
wave on the measurement x3 = 450. Meanwhile the height of wave propagation at
this measurement point still high, as show at about 2.5 – 3.0. meters. At first, the
wave height from simulation result is about 5.75 until 6.25 meters and the number of
reductions is about 2.38 meter. Effect of the surface resistant then allowing the
wave into the land. This show that the waves that coming to the land are the run off
residual from the beach to the landward.
Graph of Wave Height
Although in this simulation wave height is set by using the Fukui equation at a
height of 6.0 till 10.0 meters, sea wave with bore wave formation will break on the
foreshore. the reduction of wave heights in stages from 6 until 10 m at the beginning
of simulation until it reaches less than 5 m only at the measurement point 450 m and
the wave propagation will be continuously to the land about 2.78-3.79 m.
Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation
Wave Water level (m) Wave speed (m/dt)

Height X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3
6m 5.45 3.17 2.38 6.05 5.05 3.21
8m 7.14 4.58 2.78 6.35 5.11 3.36
10 m 8.84 6.38 3.79 6.38 5.25 3.67
Scenario #2
At the figure below can be seen how the wave propagation from the foreshore
the entered the land. At first, barriers of the tsunami wave occurred on the
foreshore, the next obstacle in the conservation zone, and volume of the waves was
blocked because of the height difference of the elevation and the site plan of
FINAL REPORT XI - 8
generator unit. Vegetation on conservation zone can be the horizontal force reducer
before the water is entering the land, but in scenario #2 the vegetation not arranged
in numerical simulation.
The graph below shows the wave speed on several measurement points before
reaching the power plant site plan. The wave speed reaches 10.0 s.d. 12.0 m/second
(36 – 43.2 km/hour) at the beginning while on measurement point at 225 m, the
average of wave speed decreases until 7.5 m/second (27 km/hour). It is because the
artificial obstacle that been crossed by the waves as the conservation area, and
because of the height difference of elevation between the foreshore zone,
conservation zone and the sand dunes that have the direct impact on the descent of
the wave speed because of the trapped tsunami waves.
Graph of The Wave Speed
The phenomenon of tsunami waves that turbulenced in the conservation zone

and at the height difference of elevation turn out to give the direct impact on the
decreasing of the wave speed. The nature physical condition could damper the waves
that can affect to the decreasing of the wave speed which enter the land, from the
average of 8 m/sec decrease to 3.5 m/sec on conservation zone. At the
measurement points X3 = 450 m, there were only few of measurement about the
wave speed, this show that after the wave trapped on conservation zone, only the
secondary waves could enter the land.
The height setting on this simulation are 6, 8, and 10 m (see on table below),
but after reaching the coastal area, the wave will break and huge turbulence occurs
on the beach zone and in the conservation zone after embankment. This will bring
impact to the reduction of height weight that come, number of decreasing is about 6
until 9 m on 225 m measurement from the flume or about 50 m from the foreshore.
FINAL REPORT XI - 9
The wave propagation that enter to the land on the first measurement point is about
5.0 to 9.0 m (see the blue line on figure 10.13 below).
wave on the measurement x3 = 450 m or after the conservation zone. Meanwhile the
height of wave propagation at the conservation zone still high, as show at about 4.5 –
5.5. meters. At first, the wave height from simulation result is about 5.75 until 6.25
meters and the number of reductions is only about 1.25 meter only. After the waves
break, the surface resistant then allowing the wave into the land (see figure 11.13;
light orange line). This tsunami phenomenon start to change drastically. At the
measurement X3 = 450 m, only few coming waves that could enter the land. This can
be seen at figure below in which the red line profile is on the plain level until its
reaching 100 m and show the change of the wave heights that show the up and down
lines. This show that the waves that coming to the land are the run off residual from
the conservation zone.
Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #2)
Wave Water level (m) Wave speed (m/dt)

6m 6.05 2.25 1.55 6.05 2.13 1.25
8m 7.14 4.41 2.88 6.25 3.25 2.25
10 m 8.84 6.15 3.73 6.32 3.45 2.51
Although in this simulation wave height is set by using the Fukui equation at a
height of 6.0 till 10.0 meters, sea wave with bore wave formation will break on the
FINAL REPORT XI - 10
foreshore. After that, the bore wave formation from the simulation result will create
turbulence around the foreshore, inside and after the conservation zone. Vegetation
belt and the barrier will reduce the wave speed. Turbulence at conservation zone
brings impact to the reduction of wave heights in stages from 6 until 10 m at the
beginning of simulation until it reaches less than 3.00 m only at the measurement
X2=300 m and will be endured at conservation zone until the end of wave
propagation.
Scenario #3
The figure below shows the wave propagation in scenario 3#. At first, barriers
of the tsunami wave occurred on the foreshore, the next obstacle in the conservation
zone, and volume of the waves was blocked because of the height difference of the
elevation and the site plan of generator unit. Vegetation on conservation zone can be
the horizontal force reducer before the water is entering the landward.

Sorong-2 (50 MW) (scenario #3)
wave on the measurement x3 = 450. Meanwhile the height of wave propagation at
this measurement point still high, as show at about 2.5 – 3.0. meters. At first, the
wave height from simulation result is about 5.75 until 6.25 meters and the number of
reductions is about 2.25 meter. Effect of the surface resistant then allowing the
wave into the land. This show that the waves that coming to the land are the run off
residual from the beach to the landward.
Shown in figure 11.15, it can be seen how to snap shoot from the results of
the numerical simulation in the third scenario. Wave propagation from the shore line
enters to land after hit several obstacles. In the beginning, the tsunami waves
blocked occur on the shore and sand dune (beach area), the next obstacle from the
shore and waves over top the embankment between the shores of the coastal area
and fill full the conservation area with the trapped water. The phenomenon that
occurs in conservation area shows that the tsunami wave which was initially
dampered due to precast construction and beach bank fencing. And of course
because of the difference in height, turbulence occurs in the area around the
embankment and then the propagation of the wave is passed through the green belt
until it enters the ground, the wave reaches the lip of the generator side. The
volume of the wave was briefly held in the formation pool of precast and beachside
construction, and up to the conservation area with vegetation belts inside.
At 60 seconds, there is a phenomenon where the wave propagation is
continued up to the obstacle or through embankment construction, so that the wave
that is still turbulent behind the embankment seems caused the volume being pushed
ashore with existing construction constraints. The phenomenon of tsunami waves
turbulent in conservation area provides direct assistance to the wave speed and
storage of some volumes of incoming waves.
Figure 11.16 below is the result of wave simulation in scenario # 3. At the
shore 225 measurement point we can see how wave behavior comes with a wave
profile that rises and falls very rapidly. However, at the measurement point 300, the
accumulated wave height begins to stabilize compared to the wave height of the
measurement point 225. Whereas at the measurement point 450 or a height of
around 400 m, the wave height rises dramatically to less than 1 m. At the
measurement points X3 = 450 m, there were only few of measurement about the
wave speed, this show that after the wave trapped on conservation zone, only the
secondary waves could enter the land. This shows that the green belt could give the
reduction effect through the wave speed, and the embankment which build between
the conservation zone could be the obstacle of the tsunami propagation.
wave on the measurement x3 = 450 m or around the conservation zone. Meanwhile
the height of wave propagation at the conservation zone and vegetation belts still
high, this can be seen at figure below in which the blue line profile is on the plain
level until its reaching 100 m and show the change of the wave heights that show the
up and down lines. This show that the waves that coming to the land are the run off
residual from the conservation zone and dampered by vegetation belts.
The picture 11.16 above is the result of wave speed measurements based on
the simulation results in scenario # 3. At the measurement point X1=225 m we can
see that the wave comes at a normal speed which is around 6.0 dd. 7.0 m/s.
However, at the measurement point 300, turbulence on the shoreline with obstacles
in the form of embankment construction and green belts has a direct effect on the
average wave velocity which decreases wave speed of about 4.0 dd. 5.50 m/sec.
Whereas at the measurement point 450, the speed of the wave drops is quite
significant and continues up to land with a speed of around 1.25 dd. 2.5 m/sec.
Table 11.3 below is the result of measurements of wave height and wave
speed at each wave height (6, 8 and 10 m). The decrease in the coming wave is
initially reduced at the measurement point X1, but accumulates in the pond at the
measurement point X2, and finally the wave that enters the power plan zone is about
1 meter at a speed of 1.25 m/s. Significant enough to withstand the overall tsunami
energy rate.
Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #3)
Wave Water level (m) Velocity (m/dt)

6m 6.20 2.80 - 4.12 0.95 6.85 4.53 1.50
8m 6.81 5.35 - 6.05 1.35 6.98 5.06 1.83
10 m 8.95 6.15 - 9.27 1.89 7.11 5.13 2.15
Based on analysis result above, then it can be given some notes as recommendations
in the siteplan of power plant, among others;
1. Conservation zone is able to provide a dampening effect on the rate of tsunami

waves, this is caused due to the presence of the green belt located in a
conservation zone and height differences between conservation zones and
siteplan of power plant.
2. The existence of a mound between conservation zones could inhibit the rate of
the waves so that it trapped in the pond of conservation zones.
3. Although at the measurement point 450 m or in the area of placement site of the
plant only receive limited run off from the conservation zone, preventive action
remains to be conducted namely by making a mound or ditch arround of plant
zone with the sufficient height and depth.
4. If want to put the electronic equipment, silos burning, and laboratory equipment
for the power plant can be located on the 2nd floor or the equivalent of 2nd floor
so it is safe from the achievements of the wave. This refers to the speed of the
wave at the measurement point X3 = 450 m or more, although not in the
achievements of the waves because the sea water is trapped in a conservation
zone, but still necessary preventive efforts on the existing assets.
5. Construction of the building on the bottom can be arranged so that the wall is
designed to be easily separated when hit by waves, for example in the form of
partition and functioned as a parking lot, and other tertiary functions.
6. The partition walls on floors 1 aims to reduce the load of building on it when
added with the load from the volume of the tsunami that hit the building.
7. Need to be added 'trap' of wave run off which is the propagation of the primary
wave. These traps can be either ditch or a drainage channel that is placed around
the site of the power plant with staircase design.
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1
SORONG FAULT .........................................................................1
ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI INUNDATION .................................................3
ASSESSMENT METHOD..................................................................4
ANALYSIS RESULT WHEN THE WAVES ENTER THE LAND...........................7
Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation ...........................8

Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #2) ......... 10
Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #3) ......... 14
An Overview of Sorong Fault ..............................................2

Sorong Fault and the Sea depth Sourrounding .........................2
The intensity of the earthquake in Indonesia with strength > 5 SR .3
Epicenter of the earthquake that occurred on September 2015 ....4
Channel (flume) used for simulation at PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50
MW) 5
Concept of Building Placement at PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50 MW) 6
Elongated/long Section ....................................................6
Channel (flume) used for numerical simulation .......................6
Section AA (see fig 11.6) without any obstacles at the site plan of
PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50 MW) ..........................................................7
Sorong-2 (50 MW) (scenario #1) ...........................................................7
Graph of Wave Height ....................................................8
Graph of The Wave Speed ...............................................9
Graph of Wave Height .................................................. 10
Sorong-2 (50 MW) (scenario #3) ......................................................... 11

Chapter 11 Analysis of Tsunami Inundation

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Chapter 11 Analysis of Tsunami Inundation

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SITE INVESTIGATION STUDY OF PLTG/MG/GU SORONG-2 (50 MW)

An Overview of Sorong Fault

Sorong Fault and the Sea depth Sourrounding

ANALYSIS OF TSUNAMI INUNDATION

The intensity of the earthquake in Indonesia with strength > 5 SR

Analysis of tsunami inundation at the siteplan of PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50

Epicenter of the earthquake that occurred on September 2015

Channel (flume) used for simulation at PLTG/MG/GU Sorong-2 (50

X1 = 165m X2 = 400m X3 = 550m

Channel (flume) used for numerical simulation

ANALYSIS RESULT WHEN THE WAVES ENTER THE LAND

Snapshoot tsunami propagation at the site plan of PLTG/MG/GU

Graph of Wave Height

Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation

Wave Water level (m) Wave speed (m/dt)

Graph of The Wave Speed

The phenomenon of tsunami waves that turbulenced in the conservation zone

Graph of Wave Height

Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #2)

Wave Water level (m) Wave speed (m/dt)

Snapshoot tsunami propagation at the site plan of PLTG/MG/GU

Graph of Wave Height

Graph of Wave Height

Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation (scenario #3)

Wave Water level (m) Velocity (m/dt)

1. Conservation zone is able to provide a dampening effect on the rate of tsunami

Wave Speed and Wave Height in The Simulation ...........................8

An Overview of Sorong Fault ..............................................2

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