Exercise Overview Respiratory System Mechanics ‘Thepysolgialunton of he epratr stem s essential toe problems develop mos othe phyla systems we can sun fr sometime without addressing then Buta persistent problem develops wth the respratory system othe creator system, eat can oct mines ‘Theprimaryoleoftherespaton stem ate dette oxygen to andrerove ctbon osteoma he cll ofthe boc: Te respon system works together wth the rete stem to achieve ths Respiration incuses ventilation rte mevement of ait Intoand out the ngs bething and the tanepor va lod of oxygen and ctbon ox between hein and body cols vew Ease 7) The heart pms deoxygenated ‘load to pumanay capitis where gas exchange ocursbetween load and aval i s2csn the ngs thus nygenating the ioe. The eat then pumps the agente blood tbody tues where oygen used for ell metabolism Ath sometime carbon dase (a waste product of metabolism) rom body thes difuses nto the blood This carbon ote rite on gerteduced ood hen Fetus to the het completing the eet ‘eration the est of see muscle contraction vege 2). the “aghragm-s dome-shaped mui that des the horace and sbdominaater—and inceseinthorac lume educesthe pressure nthe thoracanty allowing atmosphere geste entr the ing procs cle repaint. When the daphagm andthe exten forangaicut othe ngs proces cle pean. spation's considered an the proces because muscle conracion requires the use of AT whereas expiration usual considred a pasive proces because the mus el, athe tan contract When operon ceplaton re comidered active processes because mule contaction's needed for Both Thearunt ofa hat flwsint and outofthelungsin minute he pulmonary mine ‘ventilation, wih cael by mutipying the raqueny of breathing by she volume ofeach breath (the al volume! Vetion must be reultedatltimestomaain ‘rygenin ater blood andearbon dose in venus blood atthe normal lvl—thati, thei normal parti prestures.The rte pesureof 292s the proportion ef pressue thatthe gas exertsna mocure For example, inthe atmosphere at sea level theta pres 760mm Hg, Ongen makes up 2% ofthe total atmosphere and therefore, as paral reste, f160mmHg 960mm Hp x021)- (nen an carbon ose fur down the pati pressure radi romhigh pati presses to low part pressures Oxygen difses fom the aeo helungs int the ood whee ican azole plssand atachto hemoglobin, and then fies ome ood it the tissues Carbon doe preuced bythe metabo eacionsfthetises) ites ro the tises into the bloed and then tes om the bloodint the hcl fr export am theo Inchis exerci you wlivestte the bas mechanics rd reustion ofthe respon ‘stem. The concepts oulexploe witha smuatd lung wil help youundestandthe operation ofthe human respon sstemin bet deta Activities ‘You can complete the following activites inthis exerese -Actvy I: Measuring Respatary Volumes and Causing Copacties ‘ctv 2: Comparative Spomety Ae 3 lect of Surfactant and nape Pressure on RespirationIntroduction ‘The wo phases of ventilation or breathing, te (I) inspiration, during which aris taken into the lungs and (2) expiration during which aris expelled from the lungs Inspiration occurs as the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contrac. The diaphragm, normally 2 dome-shaped muscle, flattens as it moves inferiorly while the extemal intercostal muscles, suated between the ribs, ft the rib cage (view Figure 2), These cooperative actions increase the thoracic volume. Arrushes into the lungs because this increase in thoracic volume creates patil vacuum, During quiet expiration, the inspiratory muscles ela, causing the dlaphragm to rise superiorly ‘andthe chest walle move inward, Thus the thorax turns to its normal shape because of the elastic properties of the lung and thoracic wall As ina deflating balloon, the pressure inthe |ungs se, forcing ar out ofthe lungs and airways. Although expiration isnormally a passive process abdominal-wall muscles nd the internal intercostal muscles can also contract, daring expiration ta force addtional aie from the lungs. Such forced expiration occurs, for ‘example, when you exercise blow up balloon, cough or sneeze. "Normal, quiet breathing moves about $00 mi (05 lite) of athe tidal volume) into and out of ‘the lungs with each breath, but thisamount can vary due toa person's size, ex, age, physical condition, and immediate respiratory needs In this activity you will measure the following respiratory volumes (the values given forthe normal adult male and female are approximate). Tidal volume (TV: Amount of air nspied and then expired with each breath under esting coneltions (500 m)) Inspiratory reserve volume IRV): Amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration (male, 3100 mi ferale, 1900 mi) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV|: Amount of ar that can be forcefully expired after a normal tidal volume expiration (male, 1200 ml ferme, 700 mi) Residual volume (RY): Amount of airremaiing in the lungs after forceful and complete expiration (mae, 1200 mi female, 1100 ml) Respiratory capacities are calculated from the respiratory volumes. n this activity you wil calculate the following respiratory capacities Total lung capacity (TLO: Maximum amount of ar contained in lungs after a maximum Inspiratory effor:TLC=TV + IRV + ERV + RV (male, 6000 mi female, 4200 ml Vital capacity (VO: Maximum amount of air that can be inspired and then expired with ‘marimaleffor: VC =TV +IRV+ ERV (male, 4800 mlsfemale 3100 nD. Yu willalso perform two pulmonary function tests inthis activity Forced vital capacity (FVO: Amount of arthat can be expelled When the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and forcefully exptes as completely and rapidly as possible.Forced expiratory volume (FEV): Measures the amount ofthe vita capacity that is expired during the fist second ofthe FVC test (normally 759%-85% of the vital capacity). Equipment Used + Simulated human lungs suspended ina glass bel jar + Rubber dlaphragm—used to sel the jar and change the volume and, thus, pressure in the at (Asthe diaphragm moves inferiarly the volume in the bell ar increases and the pressure ops slightly, creating 2 partial vacuum inthe bell jr. This partial vacuum causes arto be sucked into the tube atthe top ofthe bel ar and then into the simlated lungs. As the diaphragm moves up, the decreasing volume and rising pressure within the bell jar forces ait outof the lungs) + Adjustable alow tube—connects the lungs tothe atmosphere + Oscilloscope + Three diferent breathing patterns: normal ial volumes, expiratory reserve volume (ERM), and forced vital capacity (EVO) Introduction In this activity you will explore the changes to normal espiratory volumes and capacities (view “Table 1) when pathophysiology develops and during erablc exercise by recuting volunteers tobreathe intoa waterfiled spirometer The spirometer isa device that measures the volume ‘of air inspired and expired by the lungs ove a specified period of time (view the Water-Filed ‘Spirometer wet-lab video). Several lung capacities and! flow rates can be calculated from this data to assess pulmonary function. With your knowledge of respiratory mechanics, yeu can predict, document, and explain changes tothe volumes and capacities in each state. Emphysema Breathing With emphysema, there isa significant loss of elastic ecolin the lung tissue. This loss of elastic recoil eccursas the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. Away resistance is also increased asthe lung tissue in general becomes more fimsy and exerts less anchoring on the surrounding airways. Thus the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easly. Conversely, a great effort is required to expire because the lungs can no longer passively recoil and deflate. Each expiration requires a noticeable and exhausting muscular effort, and a person with ‘emphysema expites slowly. ‘Acute Asthma Attack Breathing During an acute asthma attack, bronchiole smooth muscle spasms and, thus, the airways become constricted (that is, reduced in diameter). They also become clogged with thick mucus