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2 3 PDF
Venkateshan
Resistance Thermometry
Resistance thermometry depends on the unique relation that exists between
usually in the form of a wire and its resistance is a function of its temperature.
Material of the wire is usually high purity Platinum. Other materials also may
10.
Usually the resistance of the detector at the ice point is clubbed with it and the
100 Ω at the ice point. The resistance of standard high purity Platinum varies
( )
R t = R 0 1 + K 1 t + K 2 t 2 + K 3 {t − 100}t 3 , − 200°C < t < 0°C
(9)
Rt = R0 (1 + K t + K t ),
1 2
2
0°C < t < 250°C
Where
R 100 − R 0
The ratio is denoted by and is given as 0.00385/°C. It is seen
100 R 0
as shown in Figure 24. The sensor in the Figure 25 is shown with a three wire
is shown with three wire arrangement. The resistance sensor is also available
with four wire arrangement. These two aspects will be discussed later.
3.5
3
Resistance ratio, R(t)/R0
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
o
Temperature, C
Ceramic Powder
1
2
Platinum Element
Protective Sheath
Rt − R0
t Pt = × 100 (10)
R 100 − R 0
Resistance of the sensor at the ice point. Obviously the non-linearity will have
to be taken into account to get the correct temperature from the linear value
( )
R 100 = R 0 1 + 100 K 1 + 100 2 K 2 .
Hence
Rt − R0 K1t + K 2 t 2
× 100 = 100 ×
R 100 − R 0 100K 1 + 100 2 K 2
K1t + K 2 t 2 K t + 100K 2 t − 100K 2 t + K 2 t 2
= = 1
K 1 + 100K 2 K 1 + 100K 2
100K 2 t − K 2 t 2 100K 2 t − K 2 t 2 ⎛K ⎞ t ⎡ t ⎤
=t− ≈t− = t + ⎜⎜ 2 × 100 2 ⎟⎟ ⎢100 − 1⎥
K 1 + 100K 2 K1 ⎝ 1
K ⎠ 100 ⎣ ⎦
With the K’s given earlier, we
K2 − 5.802 × 10 −7
have × 100 2 = −3
× 10 4 = −1.485 = −δ . Thus we have
K1 3.90802 × 10
Rt − R0 ⎛ t ⎞⎛ t ⎞
× 100 = t − δ⎜ ⎟⎜ − 1⎟
R 100 − R 0 ⎝ 100 ⎠⎝ 100 ⎠
This may be rephrased as (using the definition given in Equation 10)
Rt − R0 ⎛ t ⎞⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ t ⎞⎛ t ⎞
t≈ × 100 + δ⎜ ⎟⎜ − 1⎟ = t Pt + δ⎜ Pt ⎟⎜ Pt − 1⎟ (11)
R 100 − R 0 ⎝ 100 ⎠⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100
⎠ ⎝ 100
⎠
Correction c
This is referred to as the Callendar equation and the second term is the
zero at both the ice and steam points. The correction is non-zero at all other
7
6
Correction, c
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Example 7
¾ The resistance of a Platinum resistance sensor of R 0 = 100Ω was
R t − R0 119.4 − 100
t Pt = × 100 = × 100 = 50.39O C
R100 − R 0 138.5 − 100
⎛t ⎞t ⎛ 50.39 ⎞ 50.39
c = δ ⎜ Pt − 1⎟ Pt = 1.485 × ⎜ − 1⎟ × = −0.37O C
⎝ 100 ⎠ 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠ 100
bridge circuit. As mentioned earlier there are two variants, viz. the three wire
and the four wire systems. These are essentially used to eliminate the effect
of the lead wire resistances that may adversely affect the measurement.
There are two effects due to the lead wires: 1) they add to the resistance of
the Platinum element 2) the resistance of the lead wires may also change with
temperature. These two effects are mitigated or eliminated by either the three
The lead wires are usually of higher diameter than the diameter of the sensor
wire to reduce the lead wire resistance. In both the three and four wire
arrangements, the wires run close to each other and pass through regions
experiencing similar temperature fields (refer Figure 25). Hence the change
in the resistance due to temperature affects all the lead wires by similar
R1
Milli-
Ammeter
R2
R3
Battery
Compensating
Leads
2 3
RTD
1
Figure 27 shows the bridge circuit that is used with three lead wires. The
RTD. Two lead wires (labeled 2 and 3) are connected as indicated adding
equal resistances to the two arms of the bridge. The third lead wire (labeled
1) is used to connect to the battery. Thus the bridge will indicate null (milli-
ammeter will indicate zero) when R2 = R0 when the RTD is maintained at the
ice point. During use, when the RTD is at temperature t, the resistance R2 is
adjusted to restore balance. If the lead wires have resistances equal to Rs2
R t + R s 3 = R 2 + R s 2 or R t = R 2 + (R s 2 − R s 3 ) (12)
If the two lead wires are of the same size the bracketed terms should
essentially be zero and hence the lead wire resistances have been
compensated for.
R1 R1
R2 R3 R2 R3
Battery Battery
Milli- Milli-
Ammeter Ammeter
Compensating Compensating
Leads Leads
1 2 3 4 3 4 1 2
The choice of the resistances is made as given for the three wire
arrangement. If the lead wires have resistances equal to Rs1 - Rs4, we have
the following.
R t + R s 4 = R 2(a ) + R s2 (12)
N
For balanc
arrangement a
R t + R s 2 = R 2( b ) + R s4 (13)
N
For balanc
arrangement b
R 2(a ) + R 2( b )
Rt = (14)
2
The lead wire resistances thus drop off and the correct resistance is nothing
but the mean of the two measurements. Since the lead wire resistances
actually drop off, the four wire scheme is superior to the three wire scheme.
Example 8
¾ An RTD has α 20 = 0.004 / °C . If R 20 = 106 Ω (resistance at 20°C),
1 dR s
o Note the definition of α viz. α t = = t at any temperature.
R dt t R t
curve for the sensor. (The earlier definition assumes that α is constant
and is evaluated using the resistance values at the ice and steam
points.)
VA
R1
Voltmeter
R2 R3
Battery
10 V VB
RTD Rt
determined as
o Infer all voltages with reference to the negative terminal of the battery
10 10
VA = 10 − R 2 = 10 − × 100 = 5 V
R1 + R 2 100 + 100
10 10
VB = 10 − R 21 = 10 − × 106.424 = 4.844 V
R 21 + R 3 106.424 + 100
10 10
VA = 10 − R 2 = 10 − × 100 = 5 V
R1 + R 2 100 + 100
10 10
VB = 10 − R 21 = 10 − × 105.576 = 4.864 V
R19 + R 3 105.576 + 100
The bridge arrangement for measuring the sensor resistance involves the
passing through the RTD. The heat has to be dissipated by an increase in the
the self heating leads to a systematic error. Assume that the conductance
(dissipation constant) for heat transfer from the RTD to the surrounding
⎡ I2R t ⎤
by Δt = ⎢ ⎥ °C . Example 9 demonstrates this.
⎣ PD ⎦
Example 9
¾ An RTD has α 20 = 0.005 / °C , R 20 = 500 Ω and a dissipation constant of
the supply voltage is 10 V and the RTD is placed in a bath at 0°C , find
the value of R3 to null the bridge. Take the effect of self heating into
account.
Vs
RTD is and hence the dissipation in the RTD is
( R 2 + 500 )
2
⎡ Vs ⎤
⎢ ⎥ R2 . The self heating leads to a temperature change
⎣ ( R 2 + 500 ) ⎦
2
⎡ Vs ⎤ R2
of ⎢ ⎥ °C . The temperature of the RTD is thus
⎣ ( R 2 + 500 ) ⎦ PD
2
⎡ Vs ⎤ R2 o
⎢ ⎥ °C instead of 0 C as it should have been.
⎣ ( R 2 + 500 ) ⎦ PD
o This has to be solved for R 2 to get the variable resistance which will
o The solution may be obtained by iteration. The iteration starts with the
trial value
o Substitute this in the right hand side of the previous expression to get
2
⎡ ⎤ 0
⎢ Vs ⎥ R2 ]
R 2 = R 20 [1 − α 20 (20 −
1
( ⎣ 2
0
)
⎢ R + 500 ⎥ PD
⎦
⎡ ⎧⎪ ⎡ 10 ⎤
2
450 ⎫⎪⎤
= 500 × ⎢1 − 0.005 × ⎨20 − ⎢ ⎥⎦ 30 × 10−3 ⎬⎥ = 454.16 Ω
×
⎢⎣ ⎩⎪ ⎣ 450 + 500 ⎭⎪⎥⎦
o It so happens that we may stop after just one iteration! Thus the
Example 10
o For the linear fit we calculate the α value by using the mean slope near
the middle of the table. We use the values shown in blue to get
594.84 − 584.13
α0 = = 0.00182
120 − 110