WRITING Guide There ate certain things that all good writing contains Features such a8 parageaphing, cohesion and using complex sentences make a tent fasier or more interesting to read and will be given a higher grade by examiners. All writing should contain an introduction, main body and conclusion. The information you need to Include in each of these Sections wil depend oa the type of text. Suceesstul paragraphing is essential 0 good seriting. Da not ase 10 mony paragraphs, Irparagraphs are very shor, gis may sian hat the writer hos either inteoduted ideas Snithour developing them, or separated ne ea over several paragrapis if paragcaphs ure very long, there Is likely «© bbe more than ane ea inthe same paragraph Poor paragraphing is considered poor svle and will esut in lower arate As. general rule, a paragraph should use a minim of three sentences to develop an idea, [5 no common to see paragraphs of more than six sentences, although there are some exceptions. There are i0 easy ways to develop an Idea Into a paragraph. You can select fom the folowing, 1.1 Begin with an idea Introduce the ic of your paragraph cary in the first sentence. :s userut punases RIESE: PInroduce the ain iden: tend tink ‘tat ae dae woul e nore sutabe ‘Many people argue that here fe song cose rept pnchnert | Toul ike toask you quesions aout johns sir pory » See ay Actvator mGiVING omnions This sentencs soften called the topic because the main idea ofthe paragraph Is leary stated, Although a tople sentence can appear anywhere in ihe paragraph, itis often the fest sentence in the paragraph Structuring writing 1.2 Give more information ifsomething is unclear, you can give more Information ia the following sentence. UseFUL PHRascs CRIMES” | » Add an explanation or further informa- tion: was wondering what xt! should bring. | By young people I mean children under the age of 12 who wre not et completely responsible for tet ations. » See Essay Activator EXPLAINING 1.3 Show concession ‘often an argument has two ses. Show that ou understand the weaker sida (othe argu ment, but that you are nr persue oF nat able fo accep this ie, vuscrut pHRascs RUBBERS: » Aud concession: Although J would be «hoppy come to your offi, Im afraid that this wil ae be posite nt the ond of th month, { While understand that this may. be ail, J fol at iis the onb option. | Despite te high levels of unemployment in ‘that year, crime did not rise. » See Essay Activator LINKING Faas OF 1.4 Reject an idea A sieong way of making a point isto express sour doubts about an argument, say what you do no believe, or state what i not possible Userut pHRases QED: » Say what you do not eink: Fa noc con- vince of the benefits of hs proposal. | do ‘not believe tha ths tve of service sas factory. » State what isnot possibie or paint out false conclusions 113 not necessarily he | case that a baron smoking would have ae postive elect | Tam afraid that T cannot ‘cept the dates that you have suggested. >See Essay Activator m WRITING ABOUT. 1.5 Give evidence or examples Giving details about what, where, or when Something happens makes your ideas stronger | add examples: There are several reasons Joris such os am increase fe eictany, ovarian ring Sanda. | EA good example of this is my home ow, phere the cy centr has been made nto Pere erence: Tis argument has berm supported by many exper in the fel. | ‘Research suggests that a good let may be jrore important educational achievement than we previously thought |p See Essay Activator GIVING EXAMPLES, ‘quoTinc Prone 1.6 Give the reason for something Say why something hos happened user masts Ce Give reasons or result: TAs would mean Ta many younger people would 0 ong Tae oc sports chk | As result gris, we have seen ase npr. Etat abou couse or elec A ey factor Fetivel of eucaton ie sete, | There {iy be serious repercussions in he tire By See Essay Activator GIVING REASONS, Riis arene You should pay careful atenton 0 the con faructon ofthese words and phrases. You will feed to be aware ofthe orders of ideas (if the = rors followed by a reason or a result, and {othe word form. Some of these words are ‘yesbs and you will need fo larn the construe tlon (result in sth, cause sth to happen, et, Be some are nouns (factor, a repercussion) and E some are conjunctions and come between uses (because, therefore). The dictionary vl give you guidance on ow to use these. . 4.7 Give additional information Giving more than one reason, example or Penis cr way af naga Seong point iru inks TS i iano: Na only were safle speak te lal lang, creme uel | ‘i rain fs thc is plan 1.8 Give the consequences of an action Say what might happen next userut prases CERREES > Give consequences: If tists not possible, te will have to find an lirnaive date. | We Imus take ation nom, otherwise itmay be Too late, See Essay Activator m EFFECTS ‘ou should pay careful atetion fo syrimsms the word ff. Not al of the words that are Similar co ifcan be used all she time. You ave to use a frst conditional. not che seen 1 third condtonals eg: Provided that ve aet now, chee isa chance thatthe enone wil {marove. You may ool be able (0 use at teapressin sith a positive idea ley: Proved thax we continue invest in new recog Solutions will be found oF with a negative ea fe Me mt act nw, otherwise isl be too fate), The dictionary wil give you gldance on sing these words, so check before you writ them in your essays. 1.9 Make important issues clear Sone events of resons are more important than others. Occdsorally, signaling impor. tant points can make your ideas much claret userut HRases SEES: » introduce strong arguments and ida ‘Besides, the ott wil be clsed during that period. | Moreover, mary pope fe that {ns polleyis unt othe mos aerate imebers of ur soci | To make mater, trorse the Roel room dd nt have {nsueBodkroort and We had share a Shower with ye other faies » Sem Fay Activator rising 1.10 Remind the reader of the main point of the paragraph Say why the information in your paragraph is Jimportant, of wbat the reader must do nex. iruL pines > Repeal the mun pit Fr thls eon, ‘ay people argue that hunting sold be Tel Lam very srry foray con ° vente usedue Rey Piet nae » Say what might or will happen next: ‘lease could I have your response by the fend of the week. | This will have a signifi ane effect onthe future generations » Use such a) + noun: A lage minor of the number of unemployed people in my ‘tors ft ht the muse dl net prove ounery has ead may probs. | There tale formoney Suck concerns wer iso ave ona umber of alts with tris he ear 0 cho pares thenew system. » Use auxiliary + so: He cannot continue >see class: He ad fon crs ‘snore the protien If we dasa, the eects viene wo thers wth you nm. 4 paragraphs yroup of sentences that are__2Y become impasse reese. Thereare man people nowadays Who would connete'inerms of tho ideas in therm They > Change ato theater the fest mention thew whe a moth of og elles are also connected in terms of grammorand There wns an increase in the amount of pot 1 Use connectors: Despite the many difficl Socabuar Ths seule cohesion lution n Baga The inrese wes rae tes be the weckend wasan overall There ate thre eifective ways of develop Rese fag B pertain vant sucess. itn Poe INE» Shorten names after the first mention: » Add description with adjectives and De night refers os rs book fers ie hod om absolutely amdsing Living argues that clin need more line isting te spectacular mounts and tie to pla. The Instat for Cancer admiring te beaunful scenery. |e nuke! Forsphrasieg means writing te same tea, AEST (ICR) has ome up with foe ‘turiediy post he ancien wf the ery but in tern wont solutions caring scent te ICR, {elds outside he cy we mayo ook moe cosa soe Userut punases: RRME!* Pee ‘ues than ve hoe oor ers See ea Ree pan conscatal | 2.3 Connectors Its never a good idea to copy phrases or ttensingeonigae MEE! ther cade ange coectig wats fxproslon rom the questlon 9 rom any » Use synonyms: ore people bough video Sbout how ane senense ne ag we ae frames tht ear compare othe previous one, Theae connectors ell sf wey about a Copying nother porson’s words and using PF When ony 500 purchased a recorder. rea he vessen (becuase). somsense eer them in your owe work is eonsdered to be | Ueesummaries Junlr managers tend to ing dine), something grt (rama) plagiarism and will always be marked down ‘el uner moe pressure to work long.” etc lay ae areal dscssed 1h pentose urs than their superior. This tendency Paragraphing above. However, you can also See Br of term pape for mare information ‘Seen in mary diforont sectors build cohesion by using relative causes om avoiding plagorism. 22 Substitution sera roses CE Trying vp of ering natn Substitution means writing a pronoun instead 7,USE ¢elaive clause: feecream, which a Ui es 5 acon of fall name or phrase. es originally available from specialist Swords sue eae seu SESS. UsUL Paes TE! fates » Use a present or past participle: The > Use synony = ee ee anes AMM, net he ee et eee a ‘tid that you would elt hime cheaper to run. | The number of people buy ee ciclter Boar es tiem 2 Use s/s + noun: Tere were svat 6 Er ood el (fittereowncenperience "pairs which neded © be carried out. This Se Essay Activator W LINKING PARTS OF (Change the word class and onder of the meant tha production was significant A sexrence cane i rd sesame delayed. Te figures were much Toner in paenics Level of oben apie European countries. Tis difference was ee, hee is ces teler ieees Legere Rghrspeing on 2.1 Paraphrasing Gon writing shold Rave a mixture of sen tence lengths Langer sentences demenst » Use that/those after a comparative form: rata Control of anguage and are more atresia Tu lckince of eer among women in. read. Shot sonances on be an ‘Are ws tentconty tower han that of ean eae eee ean cntepars | n genera he ‘lf Shanghal ee orga” USEFUL LANGUAGE. ERS: tha these ester disney Uereaaies oe ee es \We always write for someone in particular an witha parialar purpose. Your writing Should reflect tis userut presses SES » Be consistent with the registarof your writing: st wanted find out how all, tren (informal | Lam wring to enquire ‘bout the results af your recent tess. (Formal) » Use the formulae pases appropriate co Your purpose: Hope to hear from you soon. lintormal lean" Please do no hesitate 0 fontact me if ou need any further infor- ‘nation. (Formal leer) Stor you have finshed writing retead four work, Would the reader be iormed, pee suaded or entertained? Have you covere all the points sha are essential to make your Letter oF writing effec tive? Ifthe answer Is no, you will not get toed grade, even ifthe writing is ofa hish standard. ‘The quality ofthe language and vocabulary that you use silt influence the final effect of your writing on the ange eader userut LANGUAGE GEES: > Use an appropiate rage of enses: We have been experiencing some poles th he now Stam. 3 20, he urs had faton > milion | Phone meon Friday, have finished ye > Try aus vary of ays besn our lence: Iso he package you Ks ‘week. { The package was sent fast week. | Unfortunate, the package wes sent ast week i ss at ancl » Learn phase; abort slain” ‘orisha hed an noon ick ‘our besines | Wohaw carved uta Survey of driving has| | WRITING Guide FEST smoking is the cause of millions of deaths euch year. Therefore, there should be a worldiide ban on smoking, To what extent do vou agree? ene » Sample answer ‘The links between smoking and major illnesses such as tung concer and respiratory disease have been well-known for several decades. The laws. governing the sale of cigarettes and the places where people are allowed to smoke have become stronger In response to people's growing fears. 1 belfeve chat these more gradual changes In the law are preferable to a complete ban. | large number of people depend directly or indirectly an the tobacco business. Small shops receive a large part of their income from the sale of cigarettes, and may be forced to close If cigarettes are made legal There are also many others who depend on this market. Tobacco ts largely grown in warm countries, with undeveloped economies. A complete ban on cigarettes would force farmers to change the crops that they grow, and this Is nat something that can be carried out quickly. Poor farmers may not be able to feed their families without the income from tobacco. In addition, 1 jrmly believe that there may be more social problems in our own society as a result ofa complete ban. It is noi easy to give up an addiction like smoking. When the airline companies in my country introduced a ban on smoking, the number of violent incidents during flighes rose dramatically. There may well be a similar increase in violence if people are forced to give up smoking everywhere. Cigarettes ‘would, undoubtedly, stl be traded in society in much the same way that other illegal drugs such as heroin are still traded, with an inevitable rise in organized crime. Finally, many experts are rightly conce-ned about the effects on personal freedom. Eating junk food, not taking exercise, air pollution and long working hours all have @ bad effect on people, but I would not want the government to tell me what to eat or how often | can drive my’car. By the dame token, f do not think they should teli me that I cannot smoke in my own home or car " In conchiston, while I firmly believe that anyone smoking should try to stop for their own health and the health of their immediate forily ‘members and friends, I do not believe that prohibiting smoking would have enough benefits to outweigh the many problems that it would cause Meee i azcursve paper gives you he a actu vo demonstrate your ability optante a argument on» paricult wap alto te sucess of scarsve poner Birra papers may be wit seer Pate are several ferences Prstyle depending on thi peers rh neal and an arden paper need eh Sra etry parau=pe tose princes the pe PETS ft Fr cred itoetion on WM EUR tenn ern tomate Cetned about his tpic or the reason why we Should be interested in his issue puserur purases SES Sepoint out a situation that has got worse: By oF ears our et es Become tneainaly por ‘ara soon at eat 8 ‘ye nenspopers Amst oy dy of et ook ota newspaper and Me ries about youth rine ncaa charg inputs: May rts now revise the ned "0 ere ieemronnane "= = [rant ot nosis ered vpn 1s perhaps the set sryeSbum nat ur generation Wil fe, okt out the beni savant Penne most al of us would Beef [Bom ng more are owes ‘The intreductory paragraph to an academic iseursive essay may inckude final state- tment onthe summary thatthe essay will ‘nally reach. Se is Re arta alias, peerem mamta, mi responsibility for their own en SES ‘general disc pugraphs (octal. The econ paragraphs ru arenes ne topie You shoul put te parngraph with he weaker Iiens before the paragraph with ‘sronaer ess ive paper userut pHnases SEAS entity an pinion: mo ew, re sesry Dna win | On the ing namber fa prion Moe ec havea ptive fat on he es al Sousa neta CNG + sg aan explanations or rnon At ntact ave prison with or Info reteset mone inh fee oy tua ey ha re ey et Say aetna rans 4 Summit mayo este a sugges a psn may 20 sae rn denier of punter orn arguments fe Spahingseem persuasie + in yur send pra ith ac {ee anf ean tr rem ermal | While ae ot bene dot alee tat bes om of xr Se sy a. coumunne xo CONTASTIC 7 Shaina bald argument se coors pres prmcsiBele Trin fort end mae ont a ef tn wang 8 8 Na or pe epoarn, cN EMR, Aes car ns, arse, TINS Soe Scone Your fina! paragraph should summarize your painco view onthe topic, and perhaps recom frend ftute action. userur PHnases Ca: + Suininarize what You think: As we have tor there are many argument 0 Both ‘ihe of the debate: | In the final analysts, believe tat prison isa vl way Of deat ing wih erine. 5° 1 See Essay Activator i CONCLUDING: