316 CHAPTERS / INTEGRATION Now (2) yields 0 10 10 (1+ 04° de = | (1 + 0.42)(—-20e- 8 -f (0.4)(—20)e-% a > b toe 842048 feo = =100e" +20 ~ 160(e-®5 — 1) = 22.3 PROBLEMS FOR SECTION 9.5 iQue integration by part to find the following @ feria frutan © furrerde w fumes 2 fraluaw te folowing) f stats +.dx eo [artae @ [Pear J terarassa— fared Apply this formula to 7(x) = In.x. Compate with Example 9.13, (Brow taf Inca Fai pte wan. ©, svalate the lowing integrals (r+ 0} ® [wera cy [atone va) [nm tatena 9.6 Integration by Substitution In this section we shall see how the chain rule for differentiation leads to an important ‘method for evaluating many complicated integrals. We start with some simple examples. EXAMPLE 1 Bvatuate (@) [G7 +10 %2xcde & [xe ar #0) Solution (@) Attempts to use integration by pats fil. Expanding (x2-+ 10)* to geta polynomial of 51 teres, and then integrating tem by term, would be extremely cumbersome. Instead, let us introduce x? + 10 as a new variable. We let dx denote the differential of x, and argue as follows: If we substitute w = x? + 10, then du = 2x dx, and inserting this into the imegral in () yields318 CHAPTER 9 / INTEGRATION EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate f 8:°Gx? —1)"ar Solution: Substitute w = 3x*— 1, Then du = 9x* dx, sothat 8x? dx = $ du. Henge : [oar -vMére8 futand be ec= Hoe pthc The definite integral in Example 1(b) can be evaluated more simply by “carrying over” ig limits of integration, We substituted w = —cx?, As x varies from 0 to a, so u varies froma to —ca?. This allows us to write: 2 Io ‘This method of carrying over the limits of integration can be used in general. Infact, . 0) f feoe'orar f fwde wager stad ‘The argument is simple: Provided that F”(w) = f(u), we obtain x) (g(x) = F(e(b)) - Peco) =f , Fd eto [seorroar=[ Linx EXAMPLE 3 Evalue inca ae Solution: We suggest the substitution w = 1+ Inx. Then du = (1/x)dx. Also, if += I then w = 1, and if x = e then w = 2. So we have 14 Inx fis 4 PROBLEMS FOR SECTION 9.6 @ focsvtact — @ firratr — @ [Ba oof) ns the following imegrals by means of an appropriate substitution: © fratsstec 6 f wo [meta @ f vee ofcime © [evrBaSECTION 9.7. INFINITE INTERVALS OF INTEGRATION 319. Find the following integrals: ofa 0 fe Show wat [ " (xcn)et at = S(x(a)) — S(xCea). HARDER PROBLEMS D6. Calculate the following integrals: @7. Cateulate: fe 18 dx © faim OL (tints Por (b), substitute ¢ = e*; for (c, substitute 9.7. Infinite Intervals of Integration In Example 9.6,1(b) we proved that for ava hie ‘Suppose ¢ is a positive number and let a tend to infinity. Then the right-hand expression tends to 1/(2c). This makes it seem natural to write [tans I, 2 Instatisties and economics its eommon o encounter such integrals eran innit interval Tn general, suppose fis a function thats continuovs forall x > a. Then f fs) dx is defined for each b > a. If the limit of this integral as b = oo exists (and is finite), then we say that is integrable ver (c, 0), and define [P seras= im [roves