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Modul Lab Fisika Dasar 1 PDF
Modul Lab Fisika Dasar 1 PDF
I. PRELIMINARY
A. The purpose experiment of Basic Physics in Laboratory
Developing the theory and the fact that the material given in lectures more
internalized and to understand.
Checking the truth of the laws of physics and visually see some of the
events in the actual events.
Acquire the necessary skills and skills in using and understood the
usefulness of laboratory equipment.
Ability to analyze, create hypotheses or conclusions from the data obtained
from the experiments.
B. Experiment Steps
1. Preparation, with special attention to the purpose of the experiment,
comprehensively understand the theory and physical quantities
related to the experiment, the function of the tools and
experimental nets.
2. Experiment, with due regard to environmental conditions, perform repeated
measurements, record all of the data is done, including the
smallest scale.
3. Analysis, check the data consistent, make the relationship in the graph and
perform calculations correctly.
4 The authors report.
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your assistant before working in the lab module.
4. At the time of leaving the lab will be sure to bring the control valve,
student identification, and lab coats.
5. In Laboratory, practitioner should be calm, orderly, polite, well-dressed in
a shirt or collared shirt, do not wear sandals and must wear identification.
Prohibited food, drink, or smoke in the laboratory.
6. Practitioners not allowed to participate if they do not meet the practical
requirements:
a. Wearing identification
b. Carry identification cards practicum
7. Submit the preliminary tasks to assistants and answer the initial test before
the lab begins.
B. DURING LABORATORY
1. Practitioners can begin the experiment after preliminary tests and get
permission from the assistant Instruction to use tool.
2. Practitioners should get the data by experimenting. If you fail to obtain the
data (due to equipment failure or other things), you must report to the
assistant or lecturer responsible for the daily.
3. Practitioners must keep her safety, cleanliness and order laboratory
4. Special for experiments using electricity, before turning on the power
supply ask the assistant if the circuit is correct.
5. If the practitioners make a faults, assistants can make a rule and sanction.
C. FINISHED EXPERIMENT
After the lab is complete, before leaving the laboratory, the practitioner must:
1. Ask a preliminary report which has been re-checked.
2. Ask the signature on the control card.
3. Cleaning the table and throw garbage.
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D. OTHER PROVISIONS
1. Practicum must replace equipment damaged or lost during practicum takes
place with the same tool prior to attending the next practicum.
2. The amount of practical value is 25% of the total value of college Physics
3. Practicum is not a requirement to pass the course Physics I.
E. TIME LAB
Shift I 7:30 a.m to 10:00 a.m
Shift II: 10:00 a.m to 12:30 p.m
Shift III: 12:30 p.m to 15:00 p.m
Shift IV: 15.00 p.m to 17.30 p.m
F. COPYRIGHT
This module was written by team of PASCO that Ann Hanks, Sean
McKeever and Geoffrey Clarion. Edited by a team of editors that Chaidir
Anwar, Yusriadi, Farchreza, Ilham Suganda, Ruli Adi Lestari, Miswar Tumpu,
and Andi Rafika. Direction of Sabaruddin Rahman, ST.,MT.,Ph.D As
Responsible for the laboratory.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I : NEWTON'S 2ND LAW 5
CHAPTER II : NEWTON'S 3RD LAW 13
CHAPTER III : HOOKE'S LAW 16
CHAPTER IV : ROTATIONAL INERTIA 19
CHAPTER V : VARIABLE-G PENDULUM 25
CHAPTER VI : PROJECTILE MOTION 29
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CHAPTER I
NEWTON'S 2ND LAW
I. PURPOSE
1. Determine and verify Newton’s 2nd Law.
2. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an object’s
acceleration when the net force applied to the object stays constant but the
mass of the system is changed.
3. The purpose of this activity is to determine what happens to an object’s
acceleration when the net force applied to the object increases but the mass
of the system is constant.
According to Newton’s Second Law, this net force should be equal to ma,
where m is the total mass that is being accelerated, which in this case is m1+ m2.
You will check to see if m2g = (m1+ m2)a as predicted by theory. To determine
the acceleration, you will release the cart from rest and measure the time (t) for
it to travel a certain distance (d). Since d = (1/2)at2, the acceleration can be
calculated.
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III. EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED: PASPORT
1 Xplorer GLX PS-2002
1 PASCart Dynamics System ME-6955
1 Motion Sensor PS-2103
1 Force Sensor PS-2104
1 Smart Pulley with Clamp ME-9448A
1 Mass and Hanger Set ME-9348
1 Physics String SE-8050
1 Adjustable Feet (Optional) ME-9470
1 Computer Interface PS-2001
1 DataStudio Software CI-6870
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f. Optional: Use adjustable feet on both ends to level the track. Attach the
Motion Sensor to the end of the track as shown at right.
g. Clamp the pulley to the other end of the track. Place this end over the
edge of the table.
h. Wrap one end of a one meter length of string around the notch of the
mass hanger (m1).
i. Place the Cart/Force Sensor assembly on the track. Tie the other end of
the string to the hook of the Force Sensor. Hang the mass hanger (m1)
over the pulley
j. Level the string by adjusting the pulley.
k. Open the file “2nd Law (PP).ds.
V. PROCEDURE
1. Procedure Newton’s Second Law–Constant Force
a. With no tension on the string, press the "TARE" or "ZERO" button on the
Force Sensor.
b. Pull the cart (m2) back as far as possible without allowing the mass hanger
to contact the pulley.
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time increase the mass cart (m2)
j. Observe the Force v Acceleration graph. Press the Fit button and select
“Linear Fit.” Record the values of the slope and vertical intercept.
k. Find the mass in kilograms of the Cart and Force Sensor.
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VI. CALCULATIONS
Calculate the theoretical acceleration when the mass is constant and the net
force is changed and record the calculations in the Data Table 3.
The theoretical acceleration is the ratio of the net force divided by the total
mass.
m1g = (m1 + m2)a
For runs #2, #3, and #4, the total mass of the system (mass of cart plus
hanging mass) increases and the net force (hanging mass x 9.8) remains
constant.
Assuming no friction, the net force is the weight of the hanging mass
(mass x 9.8 N/kg).
Find the percent difference between the theoretical and experimental acceleration
and record it in the data table.
VII. Data
VII.1. Data Newton’s Second Law–Constant Force
Data Table 1
Total mass of the hanging mass (m2):_________
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Data Table 2: Experimental Acceleration
Data Table 3
Acc., theory
Run Massa cart(kg) Acc., exp. (m/s2) Difference (%)
(m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units
for your y axes and x-axes.
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Data Table 2: Experimental Acceleration
Run Acceleration (m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Data Table 3
Fnet, (net force) = hanging mass x 9.8 N/kg
Run Hanging Fnet(N) Acc., Acc., exp. Difference (%)
Massa (kg) theory (m/s2)
(m/s2)
#Run1
#Run2
#Run3
#Run4
Sketch a graph of velocity versus time for one run of data. Include labels and units
for your y axes and x-axes.
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VIII. PRELIMINARY TASK
1. A truck can produce a force of 7000 N. If the truck can move with an
acceleration of 3.5 m / s, determine the mass of the truck!
2. A block of mass (m1) is located on a smooth horizontal surface, and is
pulled by a rope which connected to another block with mass (m2) through
a pulley (Figure 3.2). Pulleys are assumed to have not mass and friction,
and only function to deflect the direction of the pull rope. Count the
acceleration and tension rope system.
3. A block of mass m which pulled along a horizontal plane by a force F
slick forming an angle of 450 to the horizontal plane.
a. If the the mass of the block is 2.0 kg, how large a force F needed for
the the horizontal beams have velocity 4.0 m / s in 2.0 s starting from
a state of rest.
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER II
NEWTON'S 3RD LAW
I. EQUIPMENT
II. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between
interacting forces. Two Force Sensors are used to measure the paired forces in
a rubber band tug-o-war and the paired forces in a collision of two carts.
III. THEORY
Students may be familiar with the following definition of Newton's 3rd
Law:
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IV. SET-UP for PASPORT Sensors
V. PROCEDURE
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because the work yourself gravity trending downward. Newton's third law
states that the earth was withdrawn by you. Why the earth seemed to move
closer to you when you jump?
3. When a tennis ball fell to the floor, the ball bounced up. Is a force required
to make the ball bounce to the top? If he who is doing this style.
4. Why can a rocket work in space while a jet engine is not?
5. Try brother describes the application of Newton's third law on a beam that
was on the floor !
6. Are action and reaction can be mutually exclusive ? explain your opinion !
7. A block lies on a sloping field. The beam is tied by rope. If the rope is
decided what happens in this block ?
Note the image below:
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER III
HOOKE'S LAW
II. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to find the spring constant for several
springs. The force applied to the spring is measured using a force sensor. The
subsequent extension or compression is measured with a meter stick. A close
analysis of the data produces the spring constant.
III. THEORY
When force is applied to a spring, the resulting extension or compression
of the spring maintains a linear relationship with the applied force. This
relationship manifests itself in the following equation:
F kx
where F is the applied force, x is the extension or compression of the
spring and k is the spring constant.
Elasticity is: The tendency of an object to the change in the form of
either length, width or height, but its mass remains, it is caused by the forces
pressing or pulling, the force removed when the object back to normal shape.
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3. Press zero on the force sensor.
4. Measure the initial length of the spring.
5. Select digit on the explorer GLX
6. Press Play.
7. Add 10 g mass on booth.
8. Record the result (N).
9. Measure the length of the spring
10. Repeat Steps 1-6 for 20g and 50g.
11. Repeat steps 1-11 with use light spring
3. In general, what pattern do you notice between the force and the
displacement/extension of the spring?
4. A spring is given a force of 10 N and a length change of 0.05 m. If the
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force exerted on the spring by 15 N how much the extension.
5. Some springs are considered non-Hookian. Explain what this term means.
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER IV
ROTATIONAL INERTIA
I. EQUIPMENT
II. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to find the rotational inertia of a ring
and a disk experimentally and to verify that these values correspond to the
calculated theoretical values. A known torque is applied to the pulley on the
Rotary Motion Sensor, causing a disk and ring to rotate.
The resulting angular acceleration is measured using the slope of a
graph of angular velocity versus time. The rotational inertia of the disk and
ring combination is calculated from the torque and the angular acceleration.
The procedure is repeated for the disk alone to find the rotational inertias of
the ring and disk separately.
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III. THEORY
Theoretically, the rotational inertia, I, of a ring is given by
I
1
2
M R12 R22 (1)
where M is the mass of the ring, R1 is the inner radius of the ring, and R2 is
the outer radius of the ring. The rotational inertia of a disk is given by
1
I MR 2 (2)
2
where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk.
To find the rotational inertia of the ring and disk experimentally, a known torque
is applied to the ring and disk, and the resulting angular acceleration, , is
measured. Since = I,
I (3)
where is the torque caused by the weight hanging from the string which is
wrapped around the 3-step pulley of the apparatus.
=rT (4)
where r is the radius of the pulley about which the string is wound and F is the
tension in the string when the apparatus is rotating. Also, a=r, where "a" is the
linear acceleration of the string.
Applying Newton’s Second Law for the hanging mass, m, gives (see figure 2.
F mg F ma (5)
a
mg
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Solving for the tension in the string gives F m(g a) . (6)
Once the linear acceleration of the mass (m) is determined, the torque and the
angular acceleration can be obtained for the calculation of the rotational inertia.
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IV. PROCEDURE
IV.1. MEASUREMENTS FOR THE THEORETICAL ROTATIONAL
INERTIA
1. Find the masses of the ring and the disk using the mass balance.
2. Find the masses of the mass set using the mass balance.
3. Measure the inside and outside diameters and calculate the radial R1 and
R2 and R.
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V. CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the ring, load
masses 5 gr, disk, and Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3),
(4), and (5).
2. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the disk and
Rotary Motion Sensor together using Equations (3), (4), and (5).
3. Calculate the experimental value of the rotational inertia of the Rotary
Motion Sensor alone using Equations (3), (4), and (5).
4. Calculate the theoretical values of the rotational inertia of the ring and disk
using Equations (1), and (2).
Experimental Theoretical
%difference x100
Theoretical
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2. If the system at number 1, the system rotates counter-clockwise with an
angular acceleration of 5 rad/s2, gravity was considered 10 N/kg, 6 kg the
mass of first block, the second block the mass of 9 kg, outer radius of
pulley cylinder 30 cm, while the inner radius of inside 15 cm, determine
the mass of the pulley !
3. A rigid ball rolled perfectly (without slip) on an inclined plane with slope
θ. If a ball mass of 2 kg with a radius
of 10 cm, determine the linear
acceleration the ball down the
incline and Show the step by step!
(acceleration of gravity = 10 N/kg
and tan θ = 21/72).
θ
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER V
VARIABLE-G PENDULUM
I. THEORY
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass at a distance L away from a
pivot point. In this experiment, a mass is attached to a lightweight rod and the
mass is concentrated enough to assume it is a point mass and the rod's mass
can be neglected.
The period of a simple pendulum is given by
L
T 2 (1)
geffective
II. EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED:
1 Large Rod Stand ME-8735
1 45 cm Long Steel Rod ME-8736
1 Variable-g Pendulum Accessory ME-8745
1 Mini-Rotational Accessory (Need rod and masses only) CI-6691
1 Rotary Motion Sensor CI-6538
NOT INCLUDED, BUT REQUIRED:
1 ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface CI-6400
1 DataStudio Software CI-6870
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III. SET UP
1. Remove the thumb screw from the clamp on the Rotary Motion
Sensor. See Figure 2.
2. Remove one of the rod clamps from the Adjustable Angle Clamp.
3. Screw the Adjustable Angle Clamp onto the Rotary Motion Sensor.
Figure 3: Setup
Figure 4: Attaching Angle Indicator
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6. Slide the angle indicator onto the end of the Rotary Motion Sensor (see
Figure 4).
7. Plug the Rotary Motion Sensor into Channels 1 and 2 on the
ScienceWorkshop interface.
8. Open the DataStudio file called "Variable-g.ds".
IV. PROCEDURE
1. Clamp the pendulum clamp at zero degrees. Click on START and
displace the pendulum from equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees
amplitude) and let go. Read the period on the digits display and type
the value into the table on the line next to zero degrees. Do NOT click
on STOP.
2. Clamp the pendulum at 5 degrees. Displace the pendulum from
equilibrium (no more than 20 degrees amplitude) and let go. Record
the new period in the table.
3. Repeat Step 2 for 10 degrees to 85 degrees, in increments of 5 degrees.
Then click on STOP.
4. Examine the graph of the period vs. geffective. To determine how the
period depends on g, use the Curve Fit by clicking on the Fit button at
the top of the graph. Select various functions to try to find which
function fits the data.
V. PRELIMINARY TASK
1. Explain the definition of :
a. variable G
b. pendulum
c. period
d. frequency
e. length of wave
2. Explain about why T (period) in experiment Variable G is very
important.
3. Explain the working principle of a pendulum.
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4. Explain derivation formulas of the variable G
5. Explain:
a. The influence angle of the variable G
b. how much and why maximum angle which used in attaching angle
indicator ?
6. Explain the difference between Geff in angle 00 and angle 200
REFERENCES
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CHAPTER VI
PROJECTILE MOTION
A. EQUIPMENT
INCLUDED PASPORT
1 Mini Launcher ME-6825
2 Smart Timer ME-8930
1 Time of Flight Accessory ME-6810
3 Photogate Head ME-9498A
1 Photogate Bracket ME-6821
1 Universal Table Clamp ME-9376B
1 Carbon Paper SE-8693
1 Metric Measuring Tape SE-8712A
1 Steel Ball
B. INTRODUCTION
C. THEORY
The horizontal range, x, for a projectile can be found using the following
equation:
x v x t (1)
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1
y a y t 2 v y0 t (2)
2
where y is the height, ay is the acceleration due to gravity and vy0 is the vertical
component of the initial velocity.
When a projectile is fired horizontally (from a height), the time of flight can be
found from rearranging Equation 2. Since the initial velocity is zero, the last term
drops out of the equation yielding:
2y
t (2a)
ay
When a projectile is fired at an angle and it lands at the same elevation from
which it was launched, the first term in Equation 2 is dropped. Rearranging yields:
2vy 0
t (2b)
ay
When a projectile is fired from a height, none of the terms drop out and
Equation 2 must be rearranged as follows:
1
a y t 2 v y 0 t y 0 (2c)
2
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D. EXPERIMENT SETUP – Part A1: Muzzle Velocity
Safety
Wear Safety Goggles.
Do not place foreign objects into the
Launcher.
Do not look into the Launcher.
Do not aim the Launcher at others.
1. Choose one corner of a table to place the projectile launcher. Make sure a
distance of about 3 meters is clear on the floor around the table.
2. Clamp the launcher to the corner of the table using the Universal Table
Clamp (see photo below).
3. Using the attached plumb bob, adjust the angle of the launcher to 0o.
4. Slide the Photogate Bracket into the groove on the bottom of the launcher
and tighten the thumbscrew.
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6. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the other photogate into port 2.
7. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement.
8. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the Time of Flight Accessory into port 2.
9. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement.
10. Using the blue "Select Mode" button, choose the "Two Gates Mode." This
will measure the time it takes the projectile to travel between the two
photogates.
2. Place the steel ball into the launcher and use the push rod to load the ball
until the “3rd click” is heard.
3. Hold a piece of cardboard a few centimeters past the 2nd photogate to block
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the ball.
Data Table A1
3rd Click
2nd Click
1st Click
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D.2 PROCEDURE - Part A2: Muzzle Velocity v. Time of Flight
1. Remove the photogate from port 2 of the Smart Timer and replace it with
the Time of Flight Accessory.
3. Predict where the ball will land and explain your prediction.
4. Launch the ball and note where it lands. Place the Time of Flight
Accessory such that the ball will land on it.
5. Place the steel ball into the launcher and use the loader to push the ball in
until the “3rd click” is heard.
6. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer. Note: Use the same Smart
Timer setting as Part A1.
8. Record the time from the Smart Timer display into Data Analysis Table
A2.
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D.3 DATA ANALYSIS – Part A2: Muzzle Velocity v. Time of Flight
1. Use the time between the photogates and the spacing between the
photogates to find the muzzle velocity of the projectile for each firing.
3rd Click
2nd Click
1st Click
1. Using the initial height of the projectile and the muzzle velocity from the
"3rd click," calculate the theoretical horizontal range of the ball.
4. Launch the ball from the 3rd click. Repeat four more times.
5. Remove the carbon paper. Observe the locations where the ball struck the
Bull's Eye.
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E.2 PARTS A and B: CONCLUSIONS/QUESTIONS
1. Draw a force diagram for the ball as it flies through the air.
3. How would the horizontal range change if the muzzle velocity was
doubled? Explain how.
4. How would the horizontal range change if the height from the ground was
quadrupled? Explain how.
5. How would the horizontal range change if the mass of the ball was
doubled? Explain how.
7. How would the time of flight change if the muzzle velocity was doubled?
Explain how.
8. How would the time of flight change if the height from the ground was
quadrupled? Explain how.
9. How would the time of flight change if the mass of the ball was doubled?
Explain how.
1. Clamp the launcher to the edge of a table using the Universal Table Clamp
so that the ball launches from and lands at the same elevation (see photo
below).
2. Adjust the angle of the launcher to 10o. Note: With the photogate bracket
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and photogates attached to the launcher, the lowest angle is approximately
23o.
3. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the other photogate into port 2.
4. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement."
5. Plug the photogate closest to the launcher into port 1 on the Smart Timer.
Plug the time of flight into port 2.
6. Turn on the Smart Timer. Using the red "Select Measurement" button,
choose the "Time" Measurement."
7. Using the blue "Select Mode" button, choose the "Two Gates Mode." This
will measure the time it takes the projectile to travel between the two
photogates.
1. Using the push rod, push the ball as far as possible into the Launcher. Make
sure three clicks are heard. Using the string, pull back on the trigger. Note
the location on the table where the ball lands.
2. Tape a sheet of blank paper at this location. Place carbon paper over the
blank paper.
3. Load the Launcher.
4. Press the Start button on the Smart Timer.
5. Launch the ball.
6. Use the tape measure to find the horizontal range.
7. Record the experimental data. Enter the value of the angle in degrees, the
time between photogates, and the horizontal range in meters into the
“Measured Range” data table.
8. Repeat the steps 1-7 for 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 degrees.
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Data Table: C1 Measured Range
Distance Between Photogates: __________ m
Angle Time between Horizontal
(degrees) Photogates (s) Range (m)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1. Using the distance between the photogates and the time between the
photogates (Data Table C1), calculate the initial velocities of the ball.
Record these values into the Initial Velocity Analysis Table.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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2. Using the initial velocity and the angle; calculate the horizontal range in
meters. Enter this value for each angle into the “Calculated Range” Analysis
Table. Hint: Calculate the components of the initial velocities. See the
“THEORY” section.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
3. Use DataStudio to plot both the Measured Horizontal Range vs. Angle and the
Calculated Horizontal Range vs. Angle on the same graph.
1. Sketch the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at an angle of 25o.
Draw 5 qualitative horizontal velocity vectors at different locations on
your sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the velocities. In other words, low velocities should be
represented by short arrows and long arrows should represent large
velocities.
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sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent the relative
magnitudes of the velocities.
3. Draw another sketch of the trajectory of your projectile when it was shot at
25 degrees. Draw 5 qualitative horizontal acceleration vectors at different
locations on your sketch. Make sure the lengths of the vectors represent
the relative magnitudes of the accelerations.
5. Draw a force diagram of the ball as it rests in the Launcher. Draw a force
diagram of the ball as it flies through the air.
6. Refer to your Angle vs. Range graph. What angle corresponds to the
maximum range? Explain why this particular angle produces the
maximum range.
7. In general terms, at what angle is the Launcher the most precise? Explain.
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G. PRELIMINARY TASK
REFERENCES
If you train hard, you'll not only experiencing difficulties, but you will be hard
to beat. (Herschel Walker)
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