1, NUMBER + Natural numbers: © used for counting purposes (© made up off all possible rational & irrational numbers + Integer: a whole number + Prime numbers: © divisible only by itself and one © Lis not a prime number + Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction + Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g.7r + Square numbers: A number which is equivalent to a rational number multiplied by itself + Common factors: Common divisers of a number + Common multiples: Multiples of two or more numbers that are the same. + Real numbers: A number that lies on the number line. + Converting recurring numbers te fractions. 145.342342.. x= 45342302 000% = 45342_342 1000 —x = 45342342 ...~ 45.342 . 45342.342 45.243... "4529 7.000 99m = 45297 45297 oO) _ 48297 45,342... = $929 1.1 Order of Operations: + Expressions have to be evaluated in the following order: © The contents of brackets © Any exponents © Division © Multiplication © Addition © Subtraction + Noto: If items of the same precedence are present, ‘evaluate from left to right. 41.2 HCE and LCM + Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple: © HCF = product of common factors of x and y ‘owost common multiplo teatlay) = pete 1 x. Aw i 4% {Beant ot sts 09 onan 0.4 = (cx isa natural numbor} oB= {Wy ):y=mte } oC={casrsb ) 0D= fe,b,c,..} Notation: + m{4) = no. of elements in A + © = suis an element of. +4 CB= Ais a subset of B +4 CB= Ais a proper + € = .uis not an element of.... subset of B +4’= compliment of sot A + 4 ZB = Als not a subset + Bor { } = empty set ofB + € = Universal sot +4 GB = Ris not a propor +AUB=union of AandB subset of B + ANB = intersection of A ‘and B Set representations: CO ABs shaded AUB Is shaded B vexAis equal to B Ais not equal to B ‘Ais greater than B Ais greater than or equal to B/ Bis lesser than or equal to A © Note: ‘Ais lesser than or equal to B/ Bis greater than or equal to A Standard form: © 10* = 10000 10-4 109 107? 10? 10-3 10 10-# 10° 10° ‘Any number can be expressed in standard form if written in this format: ° ° 4x10" such thet 1 Sn < 10 Limits of accuracy: + The degree of rounding of a number 0 Eg. 2.1 to 1 dp. 205 << 2.15 + Upper and lower bounds © Given the accuracy to which a figure is given to, the original value which the arrived value is reached can be found. © If 5.4 to correct to 2 d.p, the original number could be anywhere between 5.35 to 5.45 © Therefore: Upper Bound of Lower Bound of 5. 5.45 Upper Bondofa+b=UB (a) + UBD) Lowe Bound fe +b=1B (a) + LBD) UpeBondofab-UB (a) LB (b) Lowe Bowd of a ~b = LB (a) — UB) Upper Bound of eX b = UB (a) x UBB) Lower Bowd ofa Xb = LB (a) x 150) Upper Bound of ae Lowe Bound of LG Ratio & Proportion <'Ratio: used to describe a tection oeg.3:1 + Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to another using proportion © E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars $1 :0.30KD $22.50 : 6.75KD + Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales © km = 1000m © Im=100cm © lem= 10mm + Direct variation: y is directly proportional tox yer yok inverse variation: y Is inversely proportional tox LZ Percentages. + Percentage: ‘© Convenient way of expressing fractions as a part of a whole- considered 100 © Percent means per 100 + Percentage increase or decrease: ‘Actual Increase isan Original Amount + Simple interest: pr = Tor P= Pinca R= Race Ince (arammnier T= Povad of Time + Compound interest: at A=PQ+ so) P = Pingel, R~ Resco Imac as a amber, n= Posad of TineL Speed, Distance & Time Distance c= Tova Distance orateet = Total Time + Units of speed: kevher mis + Units of distance: km =m + Units of time: hr sec thn The Lm 1000 _ 1000 m _ 5. Te * 50min * “0s * em ~~ 3600 =~ Te 2. ALGEBRA & GRAPHS 3? +6r Bre +2) + Difference of two squares: 25 — (8495-2) + Group factorization: 4d +ac tad + 4 Mate) tac+d) (4 + aye +a) + Trinomial: 24 lar + 24 x24 12+ 2+ 28 x(x412) +2412) (+ Me 4 12) + Full square: x?+2y+y ? x(xty ) ty (ety ) (ety Maty ) Cty ? 2.2 Quadratic Factorization + General equation: ax? +br+e=0 + Solve quadratics by: © Tiinomial factorization: Get equation from: a? torte To bite e+ 5) +h-oy Then, solve for x. © Quadratic formula b+ vb Tame ———- + When question says “give your answer to two decimal places”, use formulat 2.3 Simultaneous Fquations — + Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by substitution or elimination + Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are generally solved by substitution as follows: © Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and solve this equation © Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the linear equation to find the other unknown imination: 2a +b=10 Bta=n 20 +b=10 a+) =11(2) B+b- (m+ a ) baa 10-22 4=10 o=3 + The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the solution of their simultaneous equations