facebook.

com/hanhthientrongtoi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
CHAPTER 1

Number

3
CHAPTER 2

Algebra & Graphs

6
CHAPTER 3

Geometry

8 Mensuration
CHAPTER 4

9
CHAPTER 5

Coordinate Geometry

9
CHAPTER 6

Trigonometry

10
CHAPTER 7

Vectors & Transformations

11
CHAPTER 8

Probability

11
CHAPTER 9

Statistics

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 1 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

1. NUMBER
 Natural numbers:
o used for counting purposes
o all possible rational &irrational
irrational numbers 𝑏∈𝑋 = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
 Integer: a whole number
Notation:
 Prime numbers:
o divisible only by itself and one  𝑛(𝐴) = no. of elements in A
o 1 is not a prime number  ∈ = …is an element of…
 Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction  ∉ = …is not an element of…
 Irrational numbers: cannot
annot be written as a fraction  𝐴′ = compliment of set A
e.g.𝜋  Ø or { } = empty set
 Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational  = Universal set
number to itself twice.  𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = union of A and B
 Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational  𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = intersection of A and B
number to -1, or 1 over that number  𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 = A is a subset of B
 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 = A is a proper subset of B
1.1 HCF and LCM  𝐴 ⊈ 𝐵 = A is not a subset of B
 Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common  𝐴 ⊄ 𝐵 = A is not a proper subset of B
Multiple:
1.3 Indices
Standard form:
o 10 = 10000 10 = 0.1
o 10 = 1000 10 = 0.01
o 10 = 100 10 = 0.001
o 10 = 10 10 = 0.0001
o 10 = 1 10 = 0.00001

o HCF = product of common factors of x and y Limits of accuracy:

o LCM = product of all items
 The degree of rounding of a number
in Venn diagram o E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.15
 Prime Factorization: finding o Finding limits when adding/multiplying:
adding add/multiply
which prime numbers respective limits of values
o multiply together to make o Finding maximum value possible when
the original number dividing/subtracting: max value divided by/minus
min value
1.2 Sets
o Finding minimum value possible when
 Definition of sets e.g.
dividing/subtracting: min value divided by/minus
o 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 is a natural number}
max value
o 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐}
o 𝐶 = {𝑥: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}
o 𝐷 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … }

Set representations:

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is shaded 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is shaded ⊂ ‘is a subset of’

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 2 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

1.4 Ratio & Proportion 2. ALGEBRA & GRAPHS

 Ratio: used to describe a fraction
o e.g. 3 : 1 2.1 Factorisation
 Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency  Common factors:
to another using proportion 3𝑥 + 6𝑥
o E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars 3𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
$1 : 0.30KD  Difference of two squares:
$22.50 : 6.75KD 25 − 𝑥
 Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales (5 + 𝑥)(5 − 𝑥)
o 1km = 1000m  Group factorization:
o 1m = 100cm 4𝑑 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 4𝑐
o 1cm = 10mm 4(𝑑 + 𝑐) + 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑)
 Direct variation:𝑦is proportional to 𝑥 (4 + 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑑)
𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥  Trinomial:
 Inverse variation:𝑦 is inversely proportional to 𝑥 𝑥 + 14𝑥 + 24
𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 24
𝑦∝ 𝑦=
𝑥(𝑥 + 12) + 2(𝑥 + 12)
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 12)
1.5 Percentages
 Percentage: 2.2 Quadratic Factorization
o Convenient way of expressing fractions  General equation:
o Percent means per 100 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
 Percentage increase or decrease:  Solve quadratics by:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 o Trinomial factorization
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 o Quadratic formula
 Simple interest: −𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑅𝑇 𝑥=
𝐼= 2𝑎
100
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
 When question says, “give your answer to two decimal
𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Compound interest: places”, use formula!
𝑅  Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as
𝐴 =𝑃 1+ saying “Make 𝑥 the subject in 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0”
100
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Factorize 𝑎 out
𝑏
1.6 Speed, Distance & Time a 𝑥 + 𝑥 +c=0
𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 Complete the Square
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑏 𝑏
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑥+ − +𝑐 =0
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Units of speed: km/hror m/s 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑥+ − +𝑐 =0
 Units of distance: km or m 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
 Units of time: hr or sec 𝑎 𝑥+ =
5 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
18 𝑥+ =
18 2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 × = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
5 𝑏 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥+ =±
2𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏 ±√b − 4ac
x+ =
2𝑎 √4a
@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 3 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

Note: 4𝑎 is a square number 𝑥 + 5 = ±√20

𝑏 ±√𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑥 = −55 ± √20
x+ =
2𝑎 2a Answer is: 𝑥 = −5 + √20 and 𝑥 = −5 − √20
2.3 Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐  Standardized Form:
𝑥=
2𝑎 o𝒚=𝒙
𝒂

 Standardized form:
o 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 If 𝒂 is Positive: If 𝑎 is Negative:
 Complete Square form:
The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
o 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝒃 (Where axis of symmetry is
1st&3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
𝑥 = −𝑎)
o To find turning point of quadratic equation,
complete the square, then the turning point is:
(−𝑎, 𝑏)
 Ways to solve Quadratic equation:
o Graphing Method
o Factorizing
o Quadratic Formula
o Complete the Square
- Graphing Method – Graph the equation
quation, 2.4 Cubic Equation
see where the it touches the x-axis  Standardized Form:
- Factorizing o 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
e.g. 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0  Properties:
𝑥 −𝑥−6=0 o Highest Exponent of 𝑥 is 3
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 o Has a maximum of 2 turning points
p
𝑥 =3 Turning points are points after which a graph
𝑥 = −2 changes its gradient’s sign, therefore changing
- Quadratic Formula direction between up or down
e.g. 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 2.5 Exponential Graphs
Where 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −6  Standardized form:
o 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙
Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:  Properties:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 o 𝑎 is the 𝑦-intercept
𝑥=
2𝑎 o Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches, but
Therefore: never touches because the curve continues to
−(−1) ± (−1) − 4(1
(1)(−6) infinity, in this case the y--axis
𝑥= o 𝑏 is the rate of growth
2(1)
o When 0 < 𝑏 < 1, the graph raph will go downwards
𝑥 =3 from left to right
𝑥 = −2
-
- Complete the Square
e.g. 𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 5 = 0
(WARNING! Coefficient of 𝑥 Must be 1 for this to work)
𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) − 5 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) − 20 = 0
(𝑥 + 5) = 20

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 4 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

2.6 Gradient of a Curve 2.8 Inequalities

 By drawing tangents  Solve like equations
o In a straight line, gradient is constant  Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
o Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph 𝑦
≥ −7
To find the gradient at a point: −3
1. Draw the graph 𝑦 ≤ −77 × −3
2. Draw a tangent at the point oint in the graph, 𝑦 ≤ 21
ensuring it only touches the graph at that point  When two inequalities present, split into two
(Use a ruler) 𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
𝑥 < 3𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 − 1 < 2𝑥 + 7
3. Find the gradient of the tangent
𝑥>− 𝑥<8

2.9 Linear Programming

 For strict inequalities (<, >)
> use broken line
 For non-strict inequalities
(≤, ≥) use solid line
 Steps to solve:
o Interpret 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
o Draw straight line graphs
o Shade
 Using differentiation o Solve
o gives you the gradient of the curve at any point in
2.10 Sequences
terms of 𝑥
 Linear sequences: Find common difference e.g. 3,
3 then
o When 𝑦 = 𝑥 , = 𝑛𝑥 multiply by 𝑛 and work out what needs to be added
o Stationary/ turning point: =0  Quadratic sequences:
o Format: 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐
o 1st Derivative = = 𝑓 (𝑥)
o 2nd Derivative = = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =
o To determine
ne if stationary point is maximum or 3𝑎
minimum: +𝑏
 Use 2nd derivative =
2𝑎 =
 Maximum point: <0
 Minimum point: >0 o Work out the values and then place into formula to
 Use gradients around the point work out nth term formula
 Input 𝑥 values slightly above and below stationary
point and calculate gradient  Geometric progression: sequence
equence where term has
been multiplied by a constant to form next term
2.7 Simultaneous Equations 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.𝐺 𝑃. = 𝑎𝑟 ( )
 Can
an be solved either by substitution or elimination st
o a = 1 term r = common
mon difference
 Generally
enerally solved by substitution as follows:
o Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and
solve this equation
o Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into linear
equation to find the other unknown
 The points of intersection of two graphs are given by
the solution of their simultaneous equations

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 5 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

2.11 Distance-Time Graphs  𝑓(2)

o Substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
o Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
 𝑓 (𝑥)
o Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject

3. GEOMETRY
 From O to A: Uniform speed
 From B to C:: Uniform speed (return journey) 3.1 Similarity
 From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0)  Similarity can be worked out by the AAA (Angle – Angle
– Angle) rule.
 AAA (Angle – Angle – Angle) rule:
rule All the
corresponding angles of the triangles must be equal.

 Gradient = speed

2.12 Speed-Time Graphs 3.2 Congruence

 SSS (Side – Side – Side) rule: All the three sides of the
triangles must be equal

 RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side) rule :

 From O to A: Uniform speed
o There must two right-angled
angled triangles
 From A to B: Constant speed
peed (acceleration = 0) o The length of the hypotenuses must be the same
 From B to C:Uniform
Uniform deceleration / retardation o One of the corresponding sides of each triangle must
be the same
 SAS (Side – Angle – Side) rule:
o There must be an angle and a side present
o The angle of the adjacent sides must be equal
o The two sides of the triangle must be equal

 Area under a graph = distance travelled.

 Gradient = acceleration.
 If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration
or retardation. (moving body is slowing down.)  ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to
the equal angles must be of the same length.
2.13 Functions
 Function notation:
o 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 1
o Function 𝑓 such that 𝑥 maps onto 2𝑥𝑥−1
 Composite function: Given two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑔(𝑥), the composite function of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is the
function which maps 𝑥 onto 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥))
@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 6 of 13
 CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

3.3 Triangles 3.6 Symmetry

 Line of symmetry: Divides
ivides a two-dimensional
two shape
into two congruent (identical) shapes
 Plane of symmetry: Divides
ivides a three-dimensional
three shape
into two congruent solid
lid shapes
 The number of times shape fits its outline during a
complete revolution is called the order of rotational
symmetry

3.4 Quadrilaterals
 Rectangle:
o Opposite sides parallel/equal Number of Lines Rotational
Shape of Symmetry Symmetry Order
o all angles 90°
Square 4 4
o diagonals bisect each other
Rectangle 2 2
 Parallelogram: Parallelogram 0 2
o Opposite sides parallel/equal Rhombus 2 2
o opposite angles equal Trapezium 0 1
o diagonals bisect each other Kite 1 1
 Rhombus: Equilateral 3 3
triangle
o A parallelogram with all sides
Regular hexagon 6 6
equal
o opposite angles equal
 Properties of circles:
o diagonals bisect each other
o Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
 Trapezium: o The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes
o One pair of sides parallel through the centre
 Kite: o Tangents from an external point are equal in length
o Two pairs of adjacent sides
equal
3.7 Polygons
 Sum of angles at a point =360°
=360
o diagonals are perpendicular
to each other  Angles on a straight line = 180°
180
 Sum of angles in a triangle =180°
=180
 For regular polygon
3.5 Construction o External angles =
°

 Constructing triangles: °
o Internal angles = 180° −
 For irregular polygon:
o Sum of exterior angles =360°
=360
o Sum of interior angles=180(n-2)
angles=180(n

 Vertically opposite angles are equal

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 7 of 13
 CIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

 Corresponding angles are equal 4. MENSURATION

4.1 Area
 Parallelogram = 𝑏 × ℎ OR 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
 Triangle= 𝑏 × ℎ

 Alternate angles  Trapezium= (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ

 Circle= 𝜋𝑟
 Sector= 𝜋𝑟 ×

4.2 Volume
ume and Surface Area
 Co-interior angles add up t0 180°  Cuboid
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝑙𝑤 + 2ℎ𝑙 + 2ℎ𝑤
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ℎ𝑙𝑤
 Cylinder
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
 Exterior
terior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠  Cone
o 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝜋𝑟 ℎ)
 Sphere
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟
3.8 Circle Theorem  Hemisphere
o 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟
o 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟

4.3 Units
 Volume:
Angle subtended by same
Angle at center = twice
arc at circumference are
angle on circumference
equal

 Mass:

Angles in semicircleare 90° Opposite angles in a cyclic

quadrilateral = 180°

 Capacity:

Tangents from one point

are equal. ∠ between Alternate segment theorem
tangent and radius is 90°

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 8 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

 Connecting volume and capacity:

o 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚

o 1𝑘𝑙 = 1𝑚

 Density =
1 1
( )=
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) =
5. COORDINATE GEOMETRY 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

5.1 Graphs 6. TRIGONOMETRY

 Gradient of a Straight Line:
𝑦 −𝑦 6.1 Bearings
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =  The bearing of a point B from
fr another point A is:
𝑥 −𝑥
o An angle measured from the north at A.
 Equation of Line: o In a clockwise direction.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 o Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000 ° to
o Find the gradient, 𝑚 360°)
o Find the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑐  e.g. The bearing of B from A is 050°

6.2 Pythagoras Theorem

 Midpoint of Graph:
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
,  To find
2 2
 Length between two points:
(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 )
 To find hypotenuse
o𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑐
d one of the shorter sides
o𝑎 =𝑐 −𝑏
o𝑏 =𝑐 −𝑎
 Angle of elevation:
o Angle above the horizontal line

5.2 Sketching Graphs

 Angle of depression:
o Angle below the
horizontal line.

𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

 Area of a triangle: 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝑐

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 9 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

6.3 Ratios 6.5 Sine & Cosine Rules

 Right angled triangles:  Sine rule:
o sin 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
SOH = =
sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐
o cos 𝑥 = CAH  Cosine rule
o To find the angle given 3 sides
o tan 𝑥 = TOA 𝑏 +𝑐 −𝑎
cos 𝑎 =
2𝑏𝑐
o To find side given angle and two sides
𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝑎
6.4 Graphs of simple trigonometric
functions 7. VECTORS & TRANSFORMATIONS
RANSFORMATION
 sin(𝑥) = sin(180 − 𝑥)
7.1 Vectors
 Vector quantity hass both magnitude and direction
o E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the
line segments, can be added using
‘parallelogram rule’ or ‘nose
nose-to-tail
method’
 Multiplication by a scalar:
o Scalar quantity: has a magnitude but no direction
o The negative sign reverses the direction of the
 cos(𝑥) = cos(360 − 𝑥) vector
 Column vector:
o Top number = horizontal component
o Bottom number = vertical component
 Parallel vectors:
o Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
o In general, the vector 𝑘 is parallel to
 Modulus of a vector:
o In general, if 𝑥 = , |𝑥
𝑥| = (𝑚 + 𝑛

7.2 Transformation
 Reflection (M):
 Sine and cosine shifted by 90°
o When describing a reflection, the position of the
 Sine has x-intercepts at multiples 180°, and cosine at
mirror line is essential
(90° + multiples of 180°)
 Rotation (R):
o To describe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the
 tan(𝑥) = tan(180° + 𝑥)
angle of rotation and direction of rotation are
required
o A clockwise rotation is negative, and an
anticlockwise rotation is positive
 Translation (T):
o When describing a translation, it is necessary
to give the translation vector

 Goes to infinity at 90°, 270°, 450°, …

 Has x-intercepts at multiples of 180°

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 10 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

 Enlargement (E): o Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of

o To describe an enlargement,
ent, state the scale factor, K both events
and the centre of enlargement o P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =  Calculate using tree diagrams:
diagra

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐾 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

o If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of

the centre of enlargement
o If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the
centre of enlargement
o Construct tree diagram.
8. PROBABILITY o Write the outcomes of the first event, connecting
 Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of them to each outcome of the second event. Write
an event happening probability on top of each event’s line
o Multiply probabilities on the lines to the required
Probability of an event =
outcome
 If probability = 0, event is impossible o Note: The probabilities reduce with each step if
 Iff probability =1, event is certain to happen objects are replaced
 All probabilities lie between 0 and 1  Calculate using two-way
way tables:
o Column and row headers are the sample space of the
8.1 Events two events
Exclusive events:
o Fill in each cell with the correct number of outcomes
 Two events are exclusive if theyy cannot occur at the o Take the required number from the table and divide
same time by the sum of all values in the row/column of the
 The OR Rule: condition provided.
o For exclusive events A and B  Remember: P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the same
o P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
9. STATISTICS
Independent events:
 Two events are independent if occurrence of one is 9.1 Histograms
unaffected by occurrence of other
 The AND Rule:
o P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)

8.2 Conditional Probability

 Probability
robability of an event (A), given that another (B) has
already occurred [Symbol: P(A|B)]
 Histogram: Displays
isplays frequency of either continuous or
grouped discrete data in the form of bars
 Bars are joined together and may be of varying width
 Frequency
requency of the data is represented by the area of the
bar and not the height
 When class intervals are different,
different area of the bar
represents the frequency, not the height
 Frequency density plotted on y-axis,
y not frequency
 Class width = Interval
 Frequency density = Height
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
 Calculate using Venn diagram:
@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 11 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

9.2 Averages  Interpretation:

 Mean: o Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 by reading on the scale on the y-axis
y
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 o Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
 Median: o Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
o The middle value - when the data has been written versa (1)
in ascending or descending order o Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
one set is overall higher or lower than another data
o Odd no. of values = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
set. (3) and (4)
o Even no. of values = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 o Variation in lengths of different sections and position
(add two values divide by 2) of median show how evenly the data is spread,
 Mode: compared to other data sets (1)
o Most frequently occurring value
 Range:
o Difference between highest and lowest values

 Estimated mean of grouped data:

o Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by
frequency
o Divide by number of values

9.3 Cumulative Frequency

 Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a 9.5 Pie Charts
given point  Sectors represent data, and these sectors form
f a circle.
 Inter-quartile range
 Angle of a sector:
= upper quartile − lower quartile 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝜃= × 360°
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

 Sum of angles in a pie chart is 360°

9.4 Box-and-whisker plots

 Construction
o Find median and two quartiles
o Draw three lines of equal width along these values
o Complete the boxes
o Draw ‘whiskers’
extending from the box
to the maximum and
minimum values, draw
two more lines at the
ends

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 12 of 13
 IGCSE MATHEMATICS//0580 facebook.com/hanhthientrongtoi

9.6 Stem and Leaf diagrams

 Stem-and-Leaf diagram
iagram is a quick way of summarizing a
range of data.
 There is a column known as the stem, contains which
contains unique elements of data formed by removing
last digits of the data.
 Keys are used in this diagram

9.7 Pictograms
 Data is represented in pictures
 A key is given to representt the value of a picture.
E.g. = 5 people

Pizza Burger Fries Taco Hotdog

Favorite Fast Food of 100

00 Children
9.8 Scatter Diagrams
 Displays the correlation between two sets of data
 May have positive, negative or no correlation

 Line of best fit drawn through points that has an equal

number of points on each side to show the trend

@ www.langhanhthien.vn
Page 13 of 13