*

MATH
LANGUAGE & SYMBOLS
GOLDEN RATIO

Irrational number
Now ... what is a "Closed Sentence" or an
"Open Sentence" ?
A closed sentence is always true (or always false).

A sentence is open when it is not known if it is true or

false.
Which are true? False?
Are there possibilities other than
true and false?

Open sentence-
18w>16.5
not known whether or not
the math sentence is true
The obtuse angle is n degrees
or false

2(x+y)=2x+2y Closed sentence-

known to be either true
9 is an even number or false
 EXERCISES:
Classify the entries in Determine whether
the list below as a each sentence is an
mathematical open or close
expression or a sentence?
mathematical sentence
a) 8c-c=7c
a) 12 + 4
b) 5x-y=12
c) 2x-5<8
b) 7 = t + 5
d) The cube root
c) 17 > 13 + 4
of 9 is 3
 Objects
That
1. Numbers (Operations and Properties)
We
a. Closure ∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑥+ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
Use
b. Commutative ∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑥+ 𝑦= 𝑦 + 𝑥
∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 =𝑦 ∙ 𝑥
In c. Associative ∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ∈ℝ , ( 𝑥+ 𝑦 )+ 𝑧 =𝑥 +( 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ∈ℝ , ( 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ) ∙ 𝑧 =𝑥 ∙ ( 𝑦 ∙ 𝑧 )
M d. Distributive ∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ∈ℝ , 𝑧 ( 𝑥+ 𝑦 )=𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦
A ∀ 𝑥 ∈ℝ , 𝑥+0=0+ 𝑥=𝑥
e. Identity
T 𝑥 ∙1=1 ∙ 𝑥=𝑥
h f. Inverse ∀ 𝑥 ∈ℝ , 𝑥+ ( − 𝑥 )=− 𝑥+ 𝑥=0
𝑥 ( ) ( )
1
𝑥
=
1
𝑥
1
𝑥=1 , , 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
 Objects
That
3. Operations (Unary and Binary)
We
Unary:
Use -square root Binary:
-factorial -addition
In -trigonometric -subtraction
functions -multiplication
-negation -division
M
-inverse of a matrix
A
T
h
 EXERCISES:

Identify whether each expression is State the property of binary

binary or unary operations.
Unary
1. 186 8. 8
Unary
2. BT= Unary
3. Sin 60o
10. 34=0+34
4. 10! Unary
11. a+(b +2)=(a+b)+2
6. 10-18 Unary
12. 9(1/9)=1
Binary
Math is a symbolic language

• = Natural Number

What other math symbols do you know?

 Quantifiers
1. Universal Quantifier - “for all” or “for every”;

denoted
2. Existential Quantifier - “there by or “for some”;
exists”
denoted by

Examples: Element of Real number

For
every ∀ 𝑥 ∈ℝ , 𝑥 2 ≤ 0 False
For every real number x, its square is less than or equal to zero.

There exist
∃𝑚 , 𝑛 ∈ℤ , 𝑚+𝑛 ≥𝑚 − 𝑛
Element of Integer True

There exist integers m and n such that m plus n is less than or equal to
m minus n.
Try this…
2 2 2
∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ℝ , ( 𝑥+ 𝑦 ) =𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦
For any real numbers x and y, the square of their
sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus twice
their product.

∀ 𝑥 ∈ℝ , ∃ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 +𝑦 =10
For any real number x, there exists a real
number y such that x plus y is equal to ten.
TRY THIS
∀ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
For any real number x, its square is greater than or equal to
zero.

∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 Ԛ , 𝑎𝑏=0  𝑎=0 𝑏=0

For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is
zero then either a or b equals 0.

∃𝑚 , 𝑛∈ , 𝑚− 𝑛≤ 𝑚+𝑛
There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is less
than or equal m plus n.
More examples. . .
1. Translate each of the following sentences using mathematical
symbols
a. 5 is an integer 5𝜖ℤ
b. Y is a multiple of 10 𝑦=10 𝑛, 𝑛𝜖 ℕ

c. The values of x range from -4 to 7 −4≤ 𝑥≤7

2. Translate a. 5x+2; b. into mathematical sentence.

3. Express each statement in the if—then form.

a. The product of two even integers is an even integer.
b. The square of a number is nonnegative.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC
 Proposition - a statement which is either true or false ---
( Assertion/Statement) but not both. Propositional Variables p, q, r, s, t, etc

Which are propositions and which Can you tell which are true and which are false?
are not? If it is false, state why?
San Fernando City is the capital of
1. 9 is a prime number.
La Union.
PROPOSITION 2. 5+3=8
Carlo is beautiful and sexy.
NOT PROPOSITION
3.
Where are you going? 4.
NOT PROPOSITION
4. Please give me some water.
NOT PROPOSITION
5. Mt Apo is the tallest mountain in the
Philippines.
NOT PROPOSITION
6. 1 + 1 = 2

PROPOSITION
7. x > 5 If x = 3

PROPOSITION
Remark: If a proposition is true, then we say its true value is true, and if a proposition is false, we
say its truth value is false.