pain AWOIHL 13S US SET THEORY ETE SEYMOUR LIPSCHUTZ The best student aid available for excelling on tests and improving grades: + 530 Solved Problems with completely worked-out solutions CMe uuu es Usable with all major textbooks + Provides comprehensive drill in problem solving StaySCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS oF SET THEORY and Related Topies SEYMOUR LIPSCHUTZ, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics Temple University SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY New York St.Louis SanFrancisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal NewDelhi OklahomaCity Paris SanJuan SéoPaulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoCopyright © 1904 by MeGraw-Hil, Ine. AN Rights Reserved, Printed in the United Stater of America, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, ‘electronic, mechanteal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 07-097086-6 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 SH SH9876543210Preface ‘The theory of sets lies at the foundations of mathematies. Concepts in set theory, such as functions and relations, appear explicitly or implicitly in every branch of mathematics. This text is an informal, non-axiomatic treatment of the theory of sets. ‘The material is divided into three Parts, since the logical development is thereby not disturbed while the usefulness as a text and reference book on any of several levels, is increased. Part I contains an introduction to the elementary operations of sets and a detailed discussion of the concept of a function and of a relation. Part II develops the theory of cardinal and ordinal numbers in the classical approach of Cantor. It also considers partially ordered sets and the axiom of choice and its equivalents, including Zorn’s lemma. Part III treats of those topics which are usually associated with elementary set theory. Of course, the particular presentation of certain topics is influenced by the author's preferences, For example, functions are introduced before relations and are not initially defined as sets of ordered pairs. Each chapter begins with clear statements of pertinent definitions, principles and theorems together with illustrative and other descriptive material. ‘This is fol- lowed by graded sets of solved and supplementary problems. ‘The solved problems serve to illustrate and amplify the theory, bring into sharp focus those fine points without which the student continually feels himself on unsafe ground, and provide the repetition of basic principles so vital to effective learning. Numerous proofs of theorems and derivations of basic results are included among the solved problems. ‘The supplementary problems serve as a complete review of the material of each chapter. Considerably more material has been included here than can be covered in most first courses. This has been done to make the book more flexible, to provide a more useful book of reference, and to stimulate further interest in the topics. ‘The following texts are suggested references. Those by Halmos and Kamke are especially recommended as auxiliary reading for Part II. Bourbaki, N., Theorie des Ensembles, Hermann, Paris, 1958 Halmos, P. R., Naive Set Theory, Van Nostrand, 1960 Hausdorff, F., Set Theory, Chelsea, 1957 Kamke, E., Theory of Sets, Dover, 1950 Kuratowski, C., Introduction to Set Theory and Topology, Addison-Wesley, 1962 Natanson, I. P., Theory of Functions of a Real Variable, Chap. 1, 2, 14, Ungar, 1955 T wish to take this opportunity to thank many of my friends and colleagues for invaluable suggestions and critical review of the manuscript. Particular thanks are extended to the staff of the Schaum Publishing Company for their excellent cooperation. SeYMouR Liescuurz Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn January, 1964CONTENTS Part 1 Elementary Theory of Sets Pore Chapter SETS AND SUBSETS : 1 Sets. Notation. Finite and infinite sets. Equality of seta, Nall act. Subsets Proper subsets. Comparability. Sets of sets. Universal set. Power set Disjoint sets. Venn-Euler diagrams. Line diagrams, Axiomatic: development of set theory. Chapter BASIC SET OPERATIONS a wv Set operations. Union. Intersection. Difference. Complement. Operations on comparable sets. Chapter SETS OF NUMBERS 30 Sets of numbers. Real numbers. Integers. Rational numbers. Natural num- bors. Irrational numbers. Decimals and real numbers. Inequalities, Absolute value. Intervals. Properties of intervals. Infinite intervals. Bounded and ‘unbounded sets, Chapter FUNCTIONS 45 Definition. Mappings, operators, transformations, Range. One-one functions Onto functions. Identity function. Constant functions. Produet function, Associativity of products of functions, Inverse of a function. Inverse function. ‘Theorems on the inverse function. Chapter PRODUCT SETS AND GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS. 66 Ordered pairs. Product set. Coordinate diagrams. Graph of = function. Graphs and coordinate diagrams. Functions as sets of ordered pairs. Product sets in general Chapter RELATIONS Spee ose eer = 81 Open sentences. Relations. Solution sets and graphs of relations. Relations as sets of ordered pairs. Inverse relations. Reflexive relations. Symmetric relations. Anti-symmetric relations, Transitive relations, Equivalence rela: tions. Domain and range of a relation. ‘Relations and functions. Chapter FURTHER THEORY OF SETS . 104 Algebra of sets. Principle of duality. Indexed sets. Generalized operations. Partitions. Equivalence relations and partitions. Chapter FURTHER THEORY OF FUNCTIONS, OPERATIONS 16 Functions and diagrams. Set functions. Real-valued functions. Algebra of real-valued functions. Rule of the maximum domain. Characteristic functions. Choice functions. Operations. Commutative operations, Associative opera- tions. Distributive operations. Identity elements. Inverse elements. Oper: tions and subsets.CONTENTS Part It Cardinals, Ordinals, and Transfnite Induction Page Chapter. 9 = CARDINAL NUMBERS 134 Equivalent sets. Denumerable seta. ‘The continuum. Cardinal numbers Cardinal arithmetic. Inequalities and cardinal numbers, Cantor's theorem. Schréeder-Bernstein theorem. Continuum hypothesis. Chapter 19 = PARTIALLY AND TOTALLY ORDERED SETS 150 Partially ordered sets. Totally ordered seta, Subscte of ordered seta, Totally ‘ordered subsets. First and last elements. Maximal and minimal elements, Upper and lower bounds. Similar sets. Order types. Chapter 1] | WELL-ORDERED SETS. ORDINAL NUMBERS 166 Well-ordered sets, ‘Transfinite induction. Limit elements, Initial segments. Similarity between well-ordered set and its subset. Comparison of well- ordered sets. Ordinal numbers. Inequalities and ordinal numbers. Ordinal ‘addition. Ordinal multiplication, Structure of ordinal numbers. Auxiliary ‘construction of ordinal numbers Chapter 12. AXIOM OF CHOICE. ZORN'S LEMMA. WELL-ORDERING THEOREM feeeceeese 119 Cartesian products and’ choice functions,’ Axiom’ of ‘choice. Zorn’s iemmin. Woell-ordering theorem. Cardinal and ordinal numbers. Alephs. Chapter 13 PARADOXES IN SET THEORY aoe 185, Introduction. Set ofall sets (Cantor's paradox), Russell's paradox. Set of all ordinal numbers (Burali-Forti paradox). Set of all cardinal numbers. Family of al sets equivalent to set, Family of all sets similar to a well-ordered set. Part HI Related Topics Chapter 14 | ALGEBRA OF PROPOSITIONS 187 Statements, Conjunction. Disjunction. Negation. Polynomials and Boolean polynomials. Propositions and truth tables. Tatolo- ses and contradictions. Logical equivalence. Algebra of propositions. Logical Jmpliestion. Logically true and logically equivalent statements. Chapter 15 QUANTIFIERS ee 208, Propositional functions and truth sets, Universal quantifier. Existential qua tifer. Negation of propositions which contain quantifiers. Counter-examples. Notation. Propositional functions containing more than one variable. Chapter 16 | BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 216 Definition, Duality in a Boolean algebra. Basie theorems. Order in a Boolean algebra. ‘Switching cireuit design. ‘Chapter 17 | LOGICAL REASONING ere . 225 Arguments, Axgumenta and Venn diagrams. Arguments and propositions ‘Arguments and quantifiers, Conditional statements and variations. INDEX 232