Estabilidad estructural topológica sobre espacios

proyectados

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

DM-IBILCE/UNESP- São José do Rio Preto, Brasil

EDAN-US, Sevilla, España
ICMC-USP, São Carlos, Brasil

IX FAST WORKSHOP ON APPLIED AND

COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS
6 y 7 de Enero del 2016

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Introduction

In this work we study topological structural stability for a family of

nonlinear semigroups Th (·) on Banach space Xh depending on the
parameter h. We also study the robustness of the internal
dynamics in global attractors of projected Banach spaces,
generalizing previous results for small perturbations of infinite
dimensional dynamical systems [3] and [4]. We apply the results an
abstract semilinear equation with Dumbbell type domains.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Figura : Structural stability implies that the two phase portraits are
homeomorphic. Source: Scholarpedia.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Let Z be a metric space together with a metric d : Z × Z → R+ ,
where R+ = [0, ∞), and denote by C (Z ) the set of continuous
maps from Z into Z . Given a subset A of Z and  > 0, the
−neighborhood of A is the set
O (A) := {x ∈ Z : d(x, a) <  for some a ∈ A}.
Now, we introduce the notion of semigroup in the metric space Z .
Definition
A family {T (t) : t > 0} ⊂ C (Z ) is a semigroup in Z if
(i) T (0) = IZ , IZ is the identity map in Z .
(ii) T (t + s) = T (t)T (s), for all t, s > 0 and
(iii) (t, x) 7→ T (t)x ∈ Z is continuous from R+ × Z into Z .
A solution of T (·) corresponding to the initial condition x(0) = x0
is the mapping t 7→ T (t)x0 from R+ into Z .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 We begin with the necessary definitions to define the global
attractor for the semigroup.
Definition
A set A ⊂ Z is said invariant under the action semigroup
{T (t) : t > 0} if T (t)A = A for all t > 0.

Definition
A global solution for a semigroup {T (t) : t > 0} is a continuous
function ξ : R → Z with the property that T (t)ξ(s) = ξ(t + s) for
all s ∈ R and for all t ∈ R+ . We say that ξ : R → Z is a global
solution through x ∈ Z if it is a global solution with ξ(0) = x. The
orbit of a global solution is
[
γ(ξ) = {ξ(t)}.
t∈R

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Definition
Given A and B nonempty subset of Z , we define the Hausdorff
semidistance from A to B as

distZ (A, B) := sup dZ (a, B) = sup inf d(a, b).

a∈A a∈A b∈B

Definition
Given two subsets A, B of Z we say that A attracts B under the
t→∞
action of the semigroup {T (t) : t > 0} if distZ (T (t)B, A) −→ 0.

Definition
A subset A of Z is a global attractor for a semigroup
{T (t) : t > 0} if it is compact, invariant under the action of
{T (t) : t > 0} and for every bounded subset B of Z we have that
A attracts B under the action of {T (t) : t > 0}.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Definition
We say that an invariant set Ξ ⊂ Z for the semigroup T (·) is an
isolated invariant set if there is an δ > 0 such that Ξ is the
maximal invariant subset of Oδ (Ξ). A disjoint family of isolated
invariant sets is a family S = {Ξ1 , Ξ2 , · · · , Ξn } of isolated
invariant sets with the property that, for some δ > 0,

Oδ (Ξi ) ∩ Oδ (Ξj ) = ∅, 1 6 i < j 6 n.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Definition
Let {T (t) : t > 0} be a semigroup. The unstable set of an
invariant set Ξ is defined by

W u (Ξ) := {x ∈Z : there is a global solution ξ : R → Z

such that ξ(0) = x and lim distZ (ξ(t), Ξ) = 0}.
t→−∞

The local unstable manifold of Ξ is the set

W u,δ (Ξ) := {x ∈ W u (Ξ) : distZ (ξ(t), Ξ) < δ, ∀t 6 0}.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Gradient semigroups

Definition
We say that a semigroup {T (t) : t > 0} with a global attractor A
and a family of isolated invariant sets S = {Ξ1 , Ξ2 , · · · , Ξn } is a
gradient semigroup with respect to S , or an S −gradient
semigroup, if there is a continuous function V : Z → R such that
(i) The real function [0, ∞) 3 t 7→ V (T (t)x) ∈ R is
non-increasing for each x ∈ Z ;
(ii) V is constant in each Ξi , for each i = 1, . . . , n; and
[n
(iii) V (T (t)x) = V (x) for all t > 0 if and only if x ∈ Ξi .
i=1
A function V with these properties is called a generalized Lyapunov
function for the semigroup {T (t) : t > 0} with respect to S , or
an S −Lyapunov function for the semigroup {T (t) : t > 0}.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 For a gradient system, every trajectory on the attractor is both
forwards and backwards asymptotic to some equilibrium.
Furthermore, since V is non-increasing along trajectories but only
constant on elements of S , there cannot be any collection of
orbits producing a cycle between elements of S . We define such a
cycle formally as
Definition
Let T (·) be a semigroup which has a disjoint family of isolated
invariant sets S = {Ξ1 , · · · , Ξn }. A homoclinic structure
associated with S is a subset {Ξ`1 , Ξ`2 , · · · , Ξ`k } of S , k 6 n,
together with a set of global solutions {ξj : R → Z : 1 6 j 6 k}
such that

lim distZ (ξj (t), Ξ`j ) = 0 and lim distZ (ξj (t), Ξ`(j+1) ) = 0,
t→−∞ t→∞

where Ξ`k+1 := Ξ`1 and, if k = 1, the orbit γ(ξ1 ) is not contained

in Ξ`1 .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Dynamically gradient semigroups

We are now ready to define gradient-like or dynamically gradient

semigroups (See [4, Section 5.1]).
Definition
A semigroup T (·) with a global attractor A is dynamically gradient
with respect to the family S = {Ξ1 , Ξ2 , · · · , Ξn } of isolated
invariant sets, or dynamically S −gradient, if it satisfies the
following two properties:
(G1) Given a global solution ξ : R → Z in A, there exist
i, j ∈ {1, 2, · · · , n} such that

lim distZ (ξ(t), Ξi ) = 0 and lim distZ (ξ(t), Ξj ) = 0.

t→−∞ t→∞

(G2) The collection S contains no homoclinic structures.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Theorem ([3, 4])

Let {T (t) : t > 0} be a semigroup with a global attractor A, and

let S be a finite collection of isolated invariant sets. Then
{T (t) : t > 0} is S −gradient if and only if it is dynamically
S −gradient.

As an immediate consequence of this theorem we obtain the

following characterization of the attractor.
Corollary

Let {T (t) : t > 0} be a dynamically gradient semigroup with

respect to S = {Ξ1 , · · · , Ξn } a family of bounded isolated
invariant sets. If {T (t) : t > 0} has a global attractor A, then
n
[
A= W u (Ξj ). (1)
j=1

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Topological structural stability on a fixed Banach space

In Carvalho, A. N.; Langa, J. A., An extension of the concept of

gradient semigroup wich is stable under perturbations. JDE, 2009.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Theorem
Let X be a Banach space and {Sη (t) : t ≥ 0}, η ∈ [0, 1], be a
family of nonlinear semigroups in X which satisfy:
(a) For each η ∈ [0, 1], {Sη (t) : t ≥ 0} has a global attractor Aη
and ∪η∈[0,1] Aη is compact.
(b) {S0 (t) : t ≥ 0} is a gradient-like nonlinear semigroup with
∗ , . . . , y ∗ }.
stationary solutions E0 = {y1,0 n,0
(c) {Sη (t) : t ≥ 0} has a finite number of stationary solutions
∗ , . . . , y ∗ } and sup ∗ ∗ η→0
Eη = {y1,η n,η 1≤i≤n kyi,η − yi,0 kX −→ 0.
η→0
(d) kSη (t)u − S0 (t)ukX −→ 0 uniformly for t in compact subsets
of [0, ∞) and for u in compact subsets of X .
(e) There is a η̄ > 0 and neighborhoods Vi of yi,0∗ such that y ∗ is
i,η
the maximal invariant set for Sη (t) in Vi , for each
i ∈ {1, . . . , n} and for each 0 < η ≤ η̄.
Then, there exists η0 > 0 such that, for all η ∈ [0, η0 ], the
nonlinear semigroup {Sη (t) : t ≥ 0} is gradient-like.
Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão
 Some definitions of P−convergence

Let {Xh }h∈[0,1] a family of Banach spaces and P = {Ph }h∈(0,1] a

sequence of Ph : X0 → Xh , Ph ∈ L (X0 , Xh ), for h ∈ (0, 1], with
the following property:
h→0
kPh u0 kXh −→ ku0 kX0 , ∀u0 ∈ X0 . (2)

Definition
A sequence {uh }h∈(0,1] with uh ∈ Xh P−converges to u0 ∈ X0 if

kuh − Ph u0 kXh → 0 as h → 0.
P
We write this as uh −→ u0 . Similarly, the P−convergence of
sequences is defined as: A sequence {uhn }n∈N with uhn ∈ Xhn such
n→∞
that hn −→ 0 P−converges to u0 ∈ X0 if kuhn − Phn u0 kXhn → 0
as n → ∞.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Lemma
Let Ph ∈ L (X0 , Xh ) be satisfying (2) for h ∈ (0, 1], then there
exists a constant h0 ∈ (0, 1] such that sup kPh kL (X0 ,Xh ) < ∞.
h∈[0,h0 ]

The P−convergence has following property:

P P
i) If uh −→ u0 and uh −→ v0 , then u0 = v0 .
P P P
ii) If uh −→ u0 and vh −→ v0 , then αuh + βvh −→ αu0 + βv0 ,
where α and β are constants in R or C.
P h→0
iii) If uh −→ u0 , then kuh kXh −→ ku0 kX0 .
P h→0
iv ) uh −→ 0X0 if and only if kuh kXh −→ 0.
P
v ) Given u0 ∈ X0 , then Ph u0 −→ u0 .
h→0 P
vi) If ku (h) − u0 kX0 −→ 0, then Ph u (h) −→ u0 .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Assume that {Yh }h∈[0,1] is a family of Banach spaces and
Q = {Qh }h∈(0,1] a sequence of bounded linear operators
Qh : Y0 → Yh with the following property:
h→0
kQh v0 kYh −→ kv0 kY0 , ∀v0 ∈ Y0 . (3)

Definition
A operator Ah : Xh → Yh PQ−converges to an operator
Q P
A0 : X0 → Y0 as h → 0 if Ah uh −→ A0 u0 whenever uh −→ u0 . We
PQ
write Ah −→ A0 as h → 0.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Definition
Let Ah ⊂ Xh , where Xh is a Banach space, for all h ∈ [0, 1].
(i) We say that the family of sets {Ah }h∈(0,1] is P−upper
semicontinuous at h = 0 if
h→0
distXh (Ah , Ph A0 ) := sup inf kuh − Ph ukXh −→ 0.
uh ∈Ah u∈A

(ii) We say that the family of sets {Ah }h∈(0,1] is P−lower

semicontinuous at h = 0 if
h→0
distXh (Ph A0 , Ah ) := sup inf kuh − Ph ukXh −→ 0.
u∈A uh ∈Ah

(ii) We say that the family of sets {Ah }h∈(0,1] is P−continuous

at h = 0 if it is P−upper semicontinuous and P−lower
semicontinuous at h = 0.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Topological structural stability on variable Banach spaces
We begin with a definition that is a generalization of the concept
of collectively asymptotically compact (see [1, Definition 4.2] or [4,
Definition 3.16]) for variable Banach spaces.
Definition
Let {Th (t) : t > 0}h∈[0,1] be a family of semigroups in the Banach
space Xh , for all h ∈ [0, 1]. We say that {Th (t) : t > 0}h∈(0,1] is
P−collectively asymptotically compact at h = 0 if, for any
k→∞
sequence {hk }k∈N in (0, 1] with hk −→ 0, uniformly bounded
sequence {xk }k∈N with xk ∈ Xhk , sequence {tk }k∈N in (0, ∞) with
k→∞
tk −→ ∞ the sequence {Thk (tk )xk }k∈N has a P−convergent
subsequence to some element in X0 .

Remark
In case Xh = X0 and Ph = IX0 , for all h ∈ (0, 1], Th (·) is
collectively asymptotically compact at h = 0.
Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão
 Definition
Let {Th (t) : t > 0}h∈[0,1] be a family of nonlinear semigroups in
PP
Xh , for h ∈ [0, 1]. We say that Th (·) −→ T0 (·) uniformly in
compact subsets of R+ × X0 if for each τ > 0, we have

lim sup kTh (t)uh − Ph T0 (t)u0 kXh = 0

h→0 t∈[0,τ ]

whenever
lim kuh − Ph u0 kXh = 0.
h→0

Remark
In case that Xh = X0 and Ph = IX0 , for h ∈ [0, 1]. The Definition
h→0
18 means that Th (t)x −→ T0 (t)x uniformly for (t, x) in compact
subsets of R+ × X0 in the sense of [3].

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Now, we are ready to state the following theorem on the behavior
of global attractors under perturbation.
Theorem (Topological structural stability)

Let {Th (t) : t > 0}h∈[0,1] be a family of nonlinear semigroups

P−collectively asymptotically compact at h = 0 on a Banach
PP
space Xh , for h ∈ [0, 1] and that Th (t) −→ T0 (t) uniformly on
+
compact subsets of R × X0 . Suppose that
(a) for each h ∈ [0, 1], the semigroup {Th (t) : t > 0} has a global
attractor Ah , with suph∈[0,1] supxh ∈Ah kxh kXh < ∞;
(b) there is a p ∈ N such that for any h ∈ [0, 1], the semigroup
{Th (t) : t > 0} has a disjoint family of isolated invariant
bounded sets Sh := {Ξ1,h , Ξ2,h , . . . , Ξp,h } that behave
P−continuously at h = 0, i.e, for each i = 1, . . . , p, we have

distXh (Ξi,h , Ph Ξi,0 ) + distXh (Ph Ξi,0 , Ξi,h ) → 0 as h → 0;

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Theorem (Topological structural stability)
(c) {T0 (t) : t > 0} is a gradient semigroup with respect to
S0 = {Ξ1,0 , Ξ2,0 , . . . , Ξp,0 };
(d) the family of local unstable manifold of Ξi,h behaves
P−continuously at h = 0, that is, there exists a ρ > 0 such
that

distXh (Whu,ρ (Ξi,h ), Ph W0u,ρ (Ξi,0 ))

h→0
+ distXh (Ph W0u,ρ (Ξi,0 ), Whu,ρ (Ξi,h )) −→ 0; and

(e) There exists a δ0 > 0 such that, for all h ∈ [0, 1] and
j = 1, · · · , p; Ξj,h is the maximal invariant for the semigroup
Th (·) inside Oδ0 (Ph Ξj,0 ). Besides, δ0 is such that the
δ0 -neighborhoods of the Ph Ξj,0 ’s are disjoints.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Theorem (Topological structural stability)
Then,
1 the family {Ah }h∈(0,1] is P−upper semicontinuity at h = 0
whenever (a) holds;
2 the family {Ah }h∈(0,1] is P−lower semicontinuity at h = 0
whenever (a), (b), (c) and (d) hold; and
3 there exist an h0 ∈ (0, 1] such that, for al h ∈ [0, h0 ],
{Th (t) : t > 0}h∈(0,1] is a gradient semigroup with respect to
Sh = {Ξ1,h , Ξ2,h , . . . , Ξp,h } whenever (a), (b), (c) and (e)
hold. Consequently,
p
[
Ah = W u (Ξi , h), ∀h ∈ [0, h0 ].
i=1

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Applications

We consider the evolution equation of parabolic type of the form

    
 ut (x, t) − ∆u (x, t) + u (x, t) = f (u (x, t)), x ∈ Ω , t > 0,
∂u  (x, t)
 = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω ,
∂n
(4)
where Ω ⊂ RN , N > 2, is a bounded smooth domain,  ∈ (0, 1] is
∂
a parameter, ∂n is the outside normal derivative and f ∈ C 2 (R)
which is bounded and has bounded derivatives up to the second
order.
The domain Ω is a dumbbell type domain consisting of two
disconnected domains, that we denote by Ω, joined by a thin
channel, R , which degenerates to a line segment as the
parameters  approaches zero, see Figure 2.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Under standard dissipative assumption on the nonlinearity f of the
type,
f (s)
lim sup < 0,
|s|→+∞ s

equation (4) has an attractor A ⊂ H 1 (Ω ), for  ∈ (0, 1].

Figura : Dumbbell domain

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 On the other hand, passing to the limit as  → 0, the limit
“domain” will consist of the domain Ω and a line in between. We
denote by P0 and P1 the points where the line segment touches Ω,
see Figure 3.

Figura : Limit “domain”

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 The limiting equation is


 wt (x, t) − ∆w (x, t) + w (x, t) = f (w (x, t)), x ∈ Ω, t > 0,


 ∂w (x, t)
= 0, x ∈ ∂Ω,

∂n
vt (s, t) − Lv (s, t) + v (s, t) = f (v (s, t)), s ∈ R0 ,





v (0) = w (P0 ), v (1) = w (P1 ),

(5)
where w is a function that lives in Ω and v lives in the line
segment R0 . Moreover, L is a differential operator which depends
on the geometry of the channel R , more exactly, on the way the
channel R collapses to the segment line R0 . More specifically
Lv = g1 (gvx )x where g has suitable geometric properties. Again,
this system has an attractor A0 in H 1 (Ω) × H 1 (R0 ) =: H 1 (Ω0 ).

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Now, we define appropriate spaces Up , for 1 < p < ∞ and
 ∈ [0, 1] as follows, Up := Lp (Ω ), for (0, 1] with norm
1−N
k · kUp := k · kLp (Ω) +  p k · kLp (R )

and U0p = Lp (Ω) ⊕ Lp (R0 ) with norm

k(w , v )kU0p := kw kLp (Ω) + kv kLpg (0,1) ,

where Lpg (0, 1) is the space Lp (0, 1) with the norm

Z 1 1
p
p
kv kLpg (0,1) := g (s)|v (s)| ds .
0

We will also consider the spaces H1 = H 1 (Ω) ⊕ H 1 (R ) with the
norm
1−N
k · kH1 = k · kH 1 (Ω) +  2 k · kH 1 (R )
and H01 = H 1 (Ω) ⊕ H 1 (R0 ).
Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão
 Since both equations (4) and (5) are posed in different space
domains, the first one in Ω and the second one in Ω ∪ R0 , we need
to devise a tool to compare functions defined in this two different
sets. A tool given in [3, 2] is to define the extension operator
E : U0p → Up as follows

w (x), x ∈ Ω,
E (w , v )(x) :=
v (s), x = (s, y ) ∈ R .

Proposition ([3])

For  ∈ (0, 1], E : U0p → Up is a bounded linear operator and

kE (w , v )kUp = k(w , v )kU0p for all (w , v ) ∈ U0p .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 With this, we will see that problem (4) can be written as a
semilinear abstract equation of form
 
ut + A u  = F (u  ), t > 0
(6)
u  (0) = u0 ∈ Up

for family of spaces Up , where A : D(A ) ⊂ Up → Up , for

 ∈ (0, 1]. Also, problem (5) can also be written as

ut + A0 u = F0 (u), t > 0
(7)
u(0) = u0 ∈ U0p

in space U0p , where A0 : D(A0 ) ⊂ U0p → U0p . The nonlinearity

F : U → U is the Nemitskı̆i operator generated by f , that is
F (u  )(x) = f (u  (x)).

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 We also define the projection operator M : Up → U0p given by
M (ψ ) = (w , v ) where w (x) = ψ (x), x ∈ Ω and v (s) = Ts ψ ,
s ∈ (0, 1), where
Z
s 1
T ψ (x) = s ψ (s, y )dy , Γs = {y : (s, y ) ∈ R }.
|Γ | Γs

Proposition ([3])

For  ∈ (0, 1], M ∈ L (Up , U0p ) and kM (w , v )kL (Up ,U0p ) 6 1.
Moreover, M ◦ E = IU0p .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 We can see that family of linear operators E : U0p → Up satisfy
the property
→0
kE ukUp −→ kukU0p , for all u ∈ U0p , (8)

by using of Proposition 0.5.

Definition
We say that a sequence {u }∈(0,1] , u ∈ Up , E −converges to
→0 E
u0 ∈ U0p if ku − E ukUp −→ 0. We write this as u −→ u0 .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Theorem ([2])

Let {T (t) : t > 0} the solution operator associated to (4) and (5)
and A be its global attractor,  ∈ [0, 1]. Then, there are 0 > 0,
L > 0, β > 0, γ ∈ (0, 1) and C > 0 such that
(a)
θN
kT (t)u − E T0 (t)M v kLp (Ω ) 6 Ce βt t −γ (ku − v kUp +  p ),
θ
kT (t)u − E T0 (t)M v kUp 6 Ce βt t −γ (ku − v kUp +  ), p

for each p > N, θ ∈ (1/2, 2p/(N + 2p)), for all t > 0.

(b) If all equilibrium points E0 = {u∗1,0 , . . . , u∗n,0 } of (5) are
hyperbolic (hence there are only a finitely many of them), the
semigroup {T (t) : t > 0} has a set of exactly n equilibria,
E = {u∗1, , . . . , u∗n, }, all of them hyperbolic, for p > N,
N 1
ku∗i, − E u∗i,0 kLp (Ω ) 6 C  p and ku∗i, − E u∗i,0 kUp 6 C  p ,
1 6 i 6 n.
Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão
 Theorem
(c) There is a ρ > 0 such that, if
Lp (Ω )
Wρu (u∗i, ) = W u (u∗i, ) ∩ Bρ  (u∗i, ) (or
p
Wρu (u∗i, ) = W u (u∗i, ) ∩ BρU (u∗i, )), there is a Cθ > 0 such that
p (Ω )
dist L 
(Wρu (u∗i, ), E Wρu (u∗i,0 ))
p (Ω θN
+ dist L )
(E Wρu (u∗i,0 ), Wρu (u∗i, )) 6 Cθ  p ,
Up
( or dist (Wρu (u∗i, ), E Wρu (u∗i,0 ))
p θ
+ dist U (E Wρu (u∗i,0 ), Wρu (u∗i, )) 6 Cθ  p ),

where dist X (A, B) := supa∈A inf b∈B ka − bkX is the Hausdorff

semi-distance between the subsets A and B of the Banach
space X .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Next we present the main result of this section.
Theorem
Under the same conditions of Theorem 23. Suppose that
{T0 (t) : t > 0} is a gradient nonlinear semigroup in U0p with
respect to E0 = {u∗1,0 , . . . , u∗n,0 }, then there is an 0 > 0 such that
the family {T (t) : t > 0}∈(0,1] of nonlinear semigroups in Up is
gradient with respect to E = {u∗1, , . . . , u∗n, }, for all  ∈ [0, 0 ].
Consequently,
n
[
A = W u (u∗i, ), ∀ ∈ [0, 0 ].
i=1

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Proof. We note first to show this result we need to prove the
hypotheses of Theorem 19.
We can see that, EE −convergence of T (·) on compact subsets of
R+ × U0p , follows directly from the item (a) of Theorem 23 put
v = E u0 , where u E −converges to u0 .

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Now, let us prove the E −collectively asymptotically compactness
at  = 0. We know that the nonlinear semigroup T0 (t) : U0p → U0p
is compact for t > 0 (see [4, p. 198]), so that for every bounded
sequence in U0p , say {u k }k∈N in B0 with B0 ⊂ U0p bounded, it
follows that there are a subsequence of {T0 (t)u k }k∈N (denoted by
the same) and some u 0 ∈ U0p such that kT0 (t)u k − u 0 kU0p → 0 as
k → ∞. From item (a) of Theorem 23 and [5, Remark 4.5], that
is, β < 0, we obtain
θ
kT (t)v − E u 0 kUp 6 Ce βt t −γ  p + kE T0 (t)M v − E u 0 kUp
θ
6 Ce βt t −γ  p + kT0 (t)M v − u 0 kU0p .

Thus, given the sequences k → 0, tk → ∞ as k → ∞ and

{vk }k∈N in Bk a bounded subset of Upk , the compact asymptotic
E −collectivity at  = 0 follows from the fact of taking u k = Mk vk
along with the Proposition 0.6.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 The existence of global attractor A ⊂ Up for T (·),  ∈ [0, 1], was
shown in [4, 5]. In general, the attractors A lie in more regular
spaces. In particular, they lie in U∞ ,  ∈ [0, 1]. With this, the
condition (a) of Theorem 19 holds.
Clearly, item (b) of Theorem 19 is valid due to item (b) of
Theorem 23 (for more details see [3]).
From item (c) of Theorem 23 follows the condition (d) of
Theorem 19.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 To see the hypothesis (e) of Theorem 19 , we just have to observe
that, by Theorem 23, all of the equilibrium points
E = {u∗1, , . . . , u∗n, }, for the semigroup T (·) in Up , are
1
hyperbolic, and by estimate ku∗i, − E u∗i,0 kUp 6 C  p , 1 6 i 6 n,
we can see that u∗i, is the maximal invariant in Oδ0 (E u∗i,0 ) for
δ0 > 0 small enough. Because in this neighborhood u∗i, is the only
global solution for T (·), so if A is an invariant set for T (·) inside
Oδ0 (E u∗i,0 ), it is an union of global solutions ξ : R −→ Up for
T (·) (see [4, Lemma 1.4]), therefore each one of these solutions ξ
must be equal to u∗i, , consequently A = {u∗i, } and (e) is satisfied.
Furthermore, the conditions of the Theorem 19 are satisfied, then
the result follows.

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

 Gracias !!!!!!!!!!!!!

Rodiak Figueroa, German Lozada; José Langa; Eder Aragão

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