/

SantMariaandthePrintin ofInstrumentMusi
a in Sixteenth-
g alSpai c
Century n
]oHN Giurrirns
TheUniversiof Melbour (Austréli
ty ne a)
WARRENE. HULTBER
G (Nl., EUA)
CranScho of MusicPotsda
e ol , m

SEPARATA
Livra debammagc a Macaria
Santiago Kartner.
m
Ed. Maria FcrnandaCidrais
Rodrigues,Manuel Morais, Rui
VeieraNery. Lisbon: Pundaga
Caloustc Gulbenkian,
o 1992
 if

Scarciof informatioconcerni theprocessandpractic of musi printin in

sixteenth-
ty nSpai hasvirtuall
ng exclud esits considerati
es in musicologi
c g studie
The valu of sucninsighin ythecas of
century edinstrument onmusi isparticularl
cal significa s. not
onlyefromthe h viewpoi
t of printin
e practice
al butalso
c for the
y implicatio nt, concerni
thedisseminati nt anduseofgprinte musi
s, for soloinstrumentns Theprincipa nginforma
tionon
availablconcerni thedprintinc of instrument s. musi in sixteenth-
l - Spai
concer
e theObm ng demusicpam g tecl arp al y uibuel(Madri
c Francis
centurySénch n1578
of
nsAntoni de s Cabezé aandtheLibrau de a music u pamd: Vi/ imitulad
co Orp/
ez, ) bm
(Sevill
o Martinn-deMontcsdo 1554byaMiguedeFuenllana(l auelu o 'I`hi scuicu
stud presen
informatio
e: concerni
ca, theprintin
) of Tomé l deSant). Maria’libros llamud
y tsartede
tuiier
n fuutusi ngproduc in Valladoli
g in
s 156 byatheprinte s Francis o Fernzlnddc
Cordob u, It is base
ed on a stud d of thecontra 5 mad betwee r thecoauthoandezprinte for
theprintingofdthebookdiscover
a. y byctjohnGriffiths
e nandstudierher byboth r author
andon a comparati studt ed of thesurvivinexempla of d theArte
e cletimerfuutusi
s,
mad byWarre
ve Hultber y Theissue gthatconcer rs usher aretherelationshbetwee a
autho
e and
n printerg. qualit contro
s typographi ns alteratioe madip durin printingn the
time
r take in , boo productio
y l costcalandprofitsthe ns sizeof impressio
e g and , thesocia
implicatio
n ofkthedisseminati
n, sof instrument
, musi ns, l
ns Thecontra for onprintin theArte
al detuiierfuutusi
c. wasdraw upbytheescribu
juandeRozact andisgdate 5july, 156 (Z)It isasimilarin form n andcontento notypica
s, d 5 . t l
(1) TheCabezocontracis reprintedin CristobaPérePastor"Escritur deconciertparaimprimir lH>ro(Revimde
ArchiveBibliotec n y Mureo t 3“ Epoc 1 (1987 l 365–5z the, Fuenlla
as contraois reprint in Klau Wagn s“ [limb:de
Monterd
r, a:y supremr, Comribuc a, ul ettudi), dela71;impre yna bibhbgrctteizdla deled rigloXVI,
s (Sevill
er, Universiddc
oca 1982pp.u:
Sevill 110-lll. ién
Charljacoboals discuss ma
typographiafsh
varianinnatheextancopieof thise:worinadthePrefato
his
a, editio
), Migu de Fuenlla es sOrpbém Lyr
o es (Oxfor Clarend
cal Pres
ts 1978 pp.i t s k ce
n, ·lnw
il 'ma
el Amimam na, DieLUIDCI
1.lIC UKLUIHCIILD mnepm
baVCU luinrho Ardiivo
a nnuuvu
un. 1- on nProvinci
d: 1n.:•vun.v auuis, de
), Valladoli PmtocolIezuj278folio 57637
¤rv-1¤rvi
t d Iisréricoal d. ii]. or, o , s 7.
548 • JOHN GRIFFITHS/ E. HULTBERG _
WARREN

sixteenth- printingcontractandis compos with thecustomaprolixit of

contempor
century Spanislegal s,documenThemain ed thrusof thecontrary mayybesumm
rise asfollows
ary h 1)thatSant ts.Mari wasrequiretot beprese at cttheprintin ina-ordeto
supervi
d : correctioof the
a proofs
a 2) thatd150 copiewer nt to beproduce
g withprintin
r
beginnin
se ninjanuar 1564 ;3) thattheprice0 of the
s printing
e wa to
djbedetermin g bythe
quantit
g of pape
y used ; attherateof 25readperprintedrea s 4) that a toke payme
ed
of
y 20ducad r was, mad atthesignin aerfurthe100 m;ducad wer dueonncompletio nt of
printing
or andthebalanc
e of payme
g, wasr to bemad orfromethesaleof the n firstexem
plars
, Theremaind e of thedocume
nt dealwithpenalt
e clausefinanci protectio - and
the
. legalsecurit
er availablto nteac party
s in thecasy of defaul
s, The aldocume n is transcr
bedandtranslat
y e belowomittin
h thos passage of t.a gener legant natur andi- whic
hav nodirec
ed relevanc
, Abbreviatio
g e ines theoriginaareal speltout
l inefull, andamen
h
ementsortaddition
e. areshown
ns in bracket l d-
s s.

En la nobl villa deValladoli a cinc In thenobl townof Valladolionthe

dia del
eme dejullioddemill y quinien o fifthday
e ofjuly of thedyea 1563befor
tos
s y sessen
s y tresano ant—mi el methenotarandbelow- r , witnes e
escriba
ta y testigodeyuss escrit
e pare se appear
y prese asoneparty
signed - Fra
ciero
no present s de la
o unaospart- fray Toma
s ed deSant nt Mari of theorde y of
toma
n de
es sant mari de . laeorde de Sant
s Doming
a residea atthermona
sant
s domyng a rresiden
a eneln mona oteryofo,Sant Domingnt in thes-cityof
terio
o de o sant domyng
te dela gibda
s- de Guadalaj o and oastheothepart Fran
guadalaj o y de
o la otrapart dfrancis cisc
ara, FernanddeCordob r yprinte
- of
fernand
ara de cordobynpres
e code su His
o Majest
ez [and]a, citize ofrthis sai
magestvezin
ez a destdichor villa y dize town, y andstate that n inasmu asdthe
ron
ed quepor o quant
a eladich fraytoma - saidFra Tomad de Sant
ch Mari has
desant mari o da a enpremi
o alsdich givey to thes saidFrancis a Fernand
a
francisc
a fernand
a de
r cordobunolibro de
n Cordo a boocoto printez calle the
que
o seyntitul
ez artepar a tane fantasi Artbaof PlayinFantas
k onthedKeyboar
en texla
a y enbiyuel a y harp
r porend
a Vihuel g andia Harp, regardi d, whic
quelloestaba aconcerta a y seeconce they
a arein accorandng areagreein h the
taro
s ennlaformdos e manersiguientr- followin formd andmanne d
n a a e g r.
ptimeramenel dich fraytoma de Firstly thesaidFra Toma deSant
sant
te mari se oblig o de entreg s al Mari
, obligatehimsel
y s tohan over a to
dich
a francisc
a fernand
o dear
cordobel the
a sais Francis f Fernand ddeCordo
rregistr
o o deldich ez libropar ael tiemp thedregiste
co [manuscrip
ez of the
ba sai
clu
o seubierodevnoremi a buenoe cor- lmnlcrfor the time
t?] rnmiirprl m nrinr itd in
L11l1.C L\HJL|.l.LC\.I. LU L}l1l1L 1L lll

e e r o
 SANT MARI AND THE PRINTIN OF INSTRUMENT MUSIC • 349
A A G AL ...

regid sinfaltarcos alguny adeasis goo ordeandcorrect withoulackin

tir
o a la ynprisioay loaa decorregi
- sin anythin
d r andhas ed,to betprese gat the
queel dich
n francis fernandr decor- printing
g, andhasto corre nt it, sothat
dob se o obligad
co a corregirl
ez y quesi the
, sai FrancisFernand ct deCordo
por
a culpa odeno esta o biencorrigidse notdbeobligate
co to
ezdoit, andifba for rea
perdier
a algu plieg
r o formose quent sonofnot d bein wellcorrect anyshee -
de
e lopagan deel
o dich padr
a fray
a atoma of pape0r_for g beed, lost,thesaidtFra
desant
r mari mostran
o e la orobssena Toma r de mSantMari shallberespo y
lada desu
a mando a - Qaiiéiiiap
s a _if,"sho
a Ithevpio
n-
a o sheesignebyhim. of
ayiiioi
t d wing·
YtenEl dich francis fernand de AndalsoThesaidFrancis Fernand
cordobse o oblig codeynpremi ez myll y deCordob: obligate co himsel ezto print
quinient
a libro
o delpunt r y letraque 150 a bookof d musi and f textwhic the
par
os ello senalar s elodich padr fray sai
0 Fra s Toma c deSantMarih will ini-
toma
a deSant
e mari oy a deecomenz tial,
d yandit s is to begi a in athemont of
a
s hazelaadich aynprisiodesd ar el me januaryfirst mont n of nextyea h 1564
derhenerprimer a n quebien e delano s de
,andFrayToma h deSant Maria r has, to
myll o y quinient
o y sesent
e e quatry a comandsbeprese whe a printin start
debeny osel dich padr a fraytomao ade and
e theisaiFrancis nt nFernandg de
s,Cor
esta r present o quande secomenzas dobdis require
la- co notez to ceasprintin -
enpresi
r e y el dicho francis re fernand until
a
U»I.1\. the
LI. dsaid
DGILI nrintino
t!L1.L1.I.1L15 nf
UI the
e g cairl 150
\.1l.\.a Dllu LJUU

de
oncordobade o serobligad
co noalca 1lcopie1.\.·iscomplete
aez J. 1
0
la man a deladich ynprisioo hastr que s .
seoacabelosdicho a nmyll y quinienta
libro n s os
s
Yten El dich padr fray toma de AndalsoThesai fathe Fra Toma
.sant mario seoblig e depaga s al dich deSant : Mari obligat
d r himsel y sto pay
francisc
a a fernand o decordob r porocad theasai Francis
a esFernand f deCordo
rresm
o deezpapelqueale dier ynpres a twenty-
d co raule ezfor ever rea
ba of
del
a dich libro a veint e tresarreale pape threethatisrgive to him, y printed
m of
porocadunarresm e y el papeasdeser the r sai booknandthepape,is to beof
bueapapeque a nose negr l ni sumvd good dquality
, neithedark r nordamage
yviiiiriréi
n l pap a QQE
o iséiiiio andif, it shoul
r bepoorpaper heisnot
d,
gad a lo toma obligeto d tak it. ,
éiriii
o r
éi IQQiii d e
YtenEl dich padr fraytomadesant AndalsoThesai fathe Fra Toma
.lllkillki UIUo 3.1 UICIIU
e IIHIICISCU s a LILrin Ham
: Marin dcraver tn rlwn
Ljdllld. 1V1d.ll¢1.y mirls I-iran-
KLGVC LU \.llC

m
350• jOHN GRIFFITHS/ E.-HULTBER _
WARREN G
de cordoben senae part depag cisc FernanddeCordo asa toke
veint a ducad en l mypresenc e e delo
o and
o as ezpartof thepayme
ba twentnduca
etestigo destescrituria
os deloqualyo s doy dorin thepresen ntof meyandthe - wit-
fee
s y que aacaba a laynprisioseoblig ness to this cedocumeof"whic I give
de le paga da a cunplimient n deocient faithful
es testiomo
nt andonhcompletio
ducadry lodema o qu montarenlosdi- of theprinting
ny obligat , himsel n topay
cho
os libro sse obligad e e a selo paga ,
in fulfillment es ducado
100 f andthe re-
sdelpreci s que a se o hizier de losprime r maind ofthetotals, oosofthesai book
rosolibros queseebendiere y que - los he
er obligat himselttopayfrom d the
s sal
dicho libro todosn ellos €I'lf of the
es firstbookf andthebook are eto
an
s dequed s enpodedel€IZ{·1II1€[1[€ dich fran- remainin the s p06essi of the s saidFran-
,.2...... £—- — J- .. J- -.....1..L-
cisc ternancrar oercorooohast L-....-
o ..— se ..—
aca cisc Fernand ondeCordobuntil pay
bad
o de ezpagadetodo a ellos a a - omentez forall of them aisfinalise -
o r s d.
Ytenquesi el dich francis fernand AndalsoThatif thesai FrancisFer
de
. cordobnohizier o co ladich ynpresio ez nande : deCordobdoe d notco mak-the
segu a dich es e queldich a padr n fray sai
z printin a accordi s to theeaforesa
toma
n de
o sant mari le o pued e conpel [condition
d g the
ng sai FrayToma id de
por
s todorremedi a a y rrigor a dederech ar Sant Mariamaydcompehim
s], s by all
a quevnprim o losdicho libro ossegu ameanandrigou lof the lawto print
dich aI quenosse obligad s na le the
s sai book r accorditothesai agre
paga
o por cad rresm a oma de tan mentd and s woul ng not be obligated e- to
soramen
r veynt
a arrealesporqu con
..... ..— ..,.—1-r ..-_-rr- —-
pay
, for eac d rea mor than d twent
est
te pact eecondicio s sehaz e est con realebecau h m withthis
e pactandycondi
cordi
e o y se le n ayade yrepagan a -est tion
r, the seagreemeis mad and - he
pregi
a com dich es do - e . woul hav ntto paythispric e, asisstate
o o o d e e d.
Ytenel dich padr fraytomadesant AndalsoThesai Fra TomadeSant
mari se o obligad e y seoblig s deno
a le Mari: is oblige d and
y obligat
s himsel
a
quita
a aal dich
o francisc o fernand de anot to withdra
d thees saidboof from
rcordo elodich libro o sopen ezdelepaga Francis wFernanddeCordo k unde
ba ducad
cient o de ynterese[ a conr mas penalt
co ofez
payin onehundreba ducad r
todoos losdanoynteres s] e meno caso yin interes in
g additio to
d all the dama
or
s selesiguiere
que s es y rrecrecicr s yspar ges t intere and n discre thatma -follo
lo ansitene n y guard encumplie paga a ,andstariseandindit ordeto hav y andwpro-
obligaro r su personar erbienemuebl r tect[such
, compl r andpay etheyobligat
yn rrayzesderech as y acion s avido
es e their] persons
y goodsand , property,e dues
mrs avervos
|J\IL HVML [
el clichnfrancisc
hl. \lI\.Ll\.l l.es fernande
t|·I.1\.IJ\¤\.Is lb]. ll I\¤l\»l’• andlawsuit
, pas and future, and the
o z s t
 SANT MARI AND THEPRINTIN OF INSTRUMENTMUSIC • 35
A A G AL ,. 1
decordobpar ma segurid derech said FranciscFernande de Cordoba
juntamena aconsig[ui]
s adporsufiado a al for greate
o securit
z jointly unde
, the
licencia alema
te o rrelato dest r rreal law,robtaineyashisguarantrtheLicen
do
3l1(lI n
q11CSI3l. r Qaiéiaéa Ljtii ciaddAlema relato orof thisroyal
-cour
€1'1Cl2l
I‘f0g0 ql1€')Hfuese SU fiado e principa who
o was n, presen
r whomheasketo t be
1T,1, uii i
.,,,l,,,
pagacio ,,1
en la dicha rrrazon y lel dicho hisguarant
t, andprincipapayed in the
rlicencia alemadixoqueleplazi de said
orcaus andthel saidLicencia
r Ale-
salir
do e salio n por tal fiado del a dich mane,saidthathewa agreea
do to be,
francis fernanddecordob r o andassuc becam sguarant
ble ofthesai
co ez a., Francish Fernand
e ordeCordo.... d
co ez ba

[Thenormaformulaof legalguarantandprotectiofollow. '

l e ee n ]
.....entestimon delo qualotorgaro .....in testimonof whichtheyauthori
ant
. my n pre- se
yoel dich escribaestand .. befor
y methesai notarin the- pre-
sente
e portestig
o no pedr deos
arz y alons senc
d e of thewitnessd y Pedr de Arze
de
s salaz escriban
os o y alons e hernand
o and
e Alonso Salaza
es notaries
o andAlonso
alocret
ar [?]osestant en ez villa Hernand r,
o est dich ????bein
, in thissai town
yerlosdichootorgant
es que
a yoa el dich and
ez, thesai?,authoris
g whomdI the , sai
s doy
escriba es o
feequeconozclo firma- notargive
d faithfu
ers testimo thatI know
d
ron
no desusnombreque o antestad..... signe
y their
l nameny
astheyhadattest
, ....
s os . d s ed .
[Certificatioof errorcorrectiofollows.]
n n
[signed _
:]
FrancisFernanddeCordou Fra TomadeSantMari
E1
colicencia
ez Alema a y s a a
do n
ant myjuandeRoca - befor me,juandeRoza
e s e s
In evaluati theinformatiofoun in thecontracreferen is mad to theCab
zonand Fuenllancontrac
ng n mention
d abovast,wellasto
cethecontrae for theprintin
e-
of El Pamarro
a byEsteba
ts Daza
(5).
ed e ct g
n
(3)Thisdocumeals fromtheAHPinValladoliisbeinpreparforpublicatibvGriffith
nt. o d g ed on s.
55 • jOHN GRIFFITHS/ E. HULTBER
2 WARREN G
TheLicencto printtheArtedeterriefantarawa issuebytheKingon11April
1563lesethanthre monthpriortothe r signinz of the s printing
d contraclt is likelythat
the
, delas betwee e signin
s andthecommencem g of printin the t.followinjanuarwas
dueyeithento existin
g committmen entof Fernandde g Cordoborgtb clerica y committ
mentr in Guadalaj
g ts
preventin ez presen
Sant Maria’ a in Valladoli l until that
- time.
The
s other contracspecif
ara g printing a to starts virtually
ce immediate d aftersignin Assu
mingthatts printingcommenc
y accordi to schedul lya totalof sixteeg.to sevente -
monthelapsebefor edthebookwas ng complete e,on20May1565accordi n to the
encolop
hon
s The d timetake
e to print Cabezo d Ohm waseve , longer
, nga totalof 26 month -
elapse
. betwee Hernand
n de Cabez
n’s signin
r the contra
n : with Francis Sanch s on29
May
d 157 n andcompletio
o of the
on workgat thebeginnin ct of Augus co 157 ez Thelengt of
this
, job 6 mayhav n bee extend becauthecontra g specifical
t, state 8.thatnewhtypehad
to becasforethejob n in orde
ed tobe selargeand ctmor legibl
ly thanin s Veneg deHenestr
t decaf maee
sa’ Libre r (Alcal der Henarejuan e de e Broca 1577 asThisconditio o- was
obviousl
s met,
mbutaPéreaPastoconfirm s: thatthetextua r, materi ). wasnot nprinte with
new
y type(4)Bothvihuel z rbooksabouwhichinformatio l survive
al tookconsidera
d les
time.Six.month elapse
a betwee
s t signin the n printin contra
s for Fuenllan
bly Orphe
s
rzic Lyraon
s 29Marchd 155n andthe g completio g of printin
ct on2 Octob a’s of the - sam
year
e MartindeMontesdo
, 4 statein the n contra withgFuenllan sponso er thephysicia e
juan
. deSalaza thathehope
ca s to hav the ct printin completa`s byjuly,
r, if notearliern an
anticipat
r, timeof approximat
d ethre month g (5)ed El Parnarrproduc for , Esteba
Daz
ed byDieg Fernand ely deCordob e who s maywell . hav o,sharethe edsam worksho n as
his
a relativo Francisc
ez wasthe a, mostquickl produc e of dall work mentione
e p It was
complete
e on
o,12April,1576thre month y after
ed thesignin ofsthecontrac d. onemont
behin
d thestipulateschedul, e - s g t, h
d- In commo d withe.theothercontracstudie Sant Marla’wasproduc withclos
collaborati
n betweeprinterand ts authod,It sugges a that s thismay hav bee norma
ed e
practic
on for musi
n publicatio of the
r. time. This
ts observati clarifie any
e n l doub conce
ning
e the statu
c of thes
ns book as authoritati Urtext
on source sIt canno betclaime r- that
themusic s text were
e manipulat
s veattheeditori stag s. Onthecontrar
t thes
d contrac
aimal
to ensur s thattheed author’ownworkalwasfaithfull e. reproduc y, A clea e distinctio
ts
canthuse be draw betwee
s the artisti licenc permissa
y of
ed. an autho r n profes
and the
sionaaccura n andnintegrit expect c ofeaprinter bleThenotio of artisti r licencas-practi
sed
l bycy anarrang or y editored andtake toextrem . byVeneg
n dec Henestro
e canno- be
extend to ertheprinter`, worksho n (6) es as _
sa, t
ed s p .
(4) PérePasto"Escriturap. 366
(5) Wagn
z r, Martin
s",deMonterdo
. y rupreru p. 11
I,!r , ,. ,, lv 11 r\·,,3aI:,, lnnrnr 1n: 111
er, lohnWatdf'The
(6)Se caEditori Metho
e, ofVeneg
0. de Henestro MuratUrwirlma6 (1952105–1
e al ds as sa". a . (. 13.
 SANT MARIAAND THE PRINTIN OF INSTRUMENT MUS1C• 55
A G AL ... 5

Accordinto theSantMari contractheproofsheeof eac pliegobi- of the

boogwa to beclecke abythea autho t, andsignebyhim t to indicat
h , hissatisfacti folio, with
kits accura
s Thisd conditiois similarly
r state
d in theDaz contrac e In Fuenllan
on cas
thecy.
taskwa to benperformebya proxdin viewof the a author’
t. blindnes a’s ln Cabezo e,
cas thesconditiodis notasstringen y Whilether is nosformals. stipulatioofn’s checkin
_ proofinnthecontracit wa t.agreethattheprinter
e, e "hadeterzemay n particul gquenty
cuidad
s ile que t, com dichs er,d la imprerioreheg cortforr r al dicharoriginala[hadto
tak
o particul , car o that,
o asstate rz theimpressi a bein neaccorwith othesaid " originaland
that
e "todo
ar loreilichorlihrord,himile iron imprerroa plum d y rerzgloconel clich ] origina
rin remitir
r ni pararcomalgumdeumrplan ala otra" : [all nthebookhaveto belprinte
pag andlineaccordi to i theorigina a withou
e shiftin anythin sfromeonepag to d anot
her]
e (7). ng l t g g e -
Of the150 copiecalle forin thecontraconlyaboua dozeareknow to hav
surviveinto 0thestwentiet
d centur Thre t, copiearefoun t innSpanislibrarie n inethe
. d
Bibliotec h
delaUniversid y. Barcelo
in e (E:Bu) s theBibliotec
d h SanLorenz
de s: delEsco
arial (E:E) and the
ad Bibliotec denaMenénd , y Pelay ain Santand (E:SMo Theprese -
locatio
, of the cop held
a atthe forme
ez Bibliote o de la Cas Duca
er de Medinac
). in Madri
nt
(E:Mmc
n has not
y bee establish
r Anothe
ca cop is held
a l at the Bibliotheq
eli National
d in
Pari
) (F:Pnandhas n beeed reprinte r byMinkoff y Twocopieare uein GreaBritain e oneat
the
s Britis) Librar innLondo d (GB:Lb. andat theEuin s MusictLibrar , in Glasgo
(GB:Ge
h This y cop has nbee reprinte
1) byGreg Sixgcopiealarein the y USAtwo w in the
Houghto
). Library of thenHarvard Universit g.Librar the s so- "Stetso , cop (US:C
Stetso
n and
y theso- d "ELKAN" y cop (US:C y, ELKAN).
calledFurthe n” copie y are Ain the
Newberr
n) Library Chicag
called (US:Cn the
y A New York Publi Librar
r (US:NYp)
s the Sible
r Musi
y Library
, Eastma o Scho ), of MusicUniversitof c Rochesty (US:R)
, andtheLdirar
y
of
c Congre , inn Washingt
ol (US:Wc , The
y US:NYercop formerl , belong yto the
Bibliotheq
ss Albert
on Corto in).Lausan Switzerla
p Anothe
y y copy whos
ed provenan
l has
ue notbee establish t wasreprinte
ne, innd facsimilbyrArteTriphari , eMadrid cec. It
differ in variou
n ed, way from dother extan e copie examine a,A cop formerl
, held
1975. by
s
Deutsc s s
Staatsbiblioth Berlin,was t lostdurins Worldd. WarII. The y followin
y observ
tions
he are mad
ek, on the basiof comparis of
g the followin twelv exemplar
g E:E
a-E:S
E:V,F:Pn, e GB:GeGB:Lbl, s US:C on Stetso US:C g ELKAN, e US:Cn s: US:RUS:Wc , M,and
ArteTriphari , A n, A , , ,
Althoug
a. ther areslight differenc betwee the variou copie the basi meas
rement h of theebookare28. cm es> 21cm.nEdgearefairly s smoot s, on most c copieu- and
non
s arecareles cut.Non 5 of<thecopiesexaminehavhwatermar buts,thepape
emeet Europe sly standar e of thetime. s Handwritte
d note
e are ks,foun in sever copie r
s an ds n s d al s,
I-r n1 si url • l *1 lr
554• jOHN GRIFFITHS/ E. HULTBER
WARREN G

som bein correctio fromtheErrat Theprintin proce is typicaforbookof this

type
e from g thensperiodwood- a. for text us g sever ss size ofl fontswhile s themusi
exampl usemovabl: blocks
woodetypewith s eac e note
al clefsor signwith]
, its ownsectio c of
staff
es Sever addition
e nblodt arealsoemploye
h , Thosuse fordiagra and nthecoat
-of-
. al on the al title pag s appe to hav d. bee especial d cut,while
ms thos bearin- the
printer'
arms devic arealso e founarin otheFernand
e n de y Cordo prints e g
s Thees copieexamine d aresimilar
r in man respect
ez ba problem
. suc asomitte or
incorre folio
s numberd materi in theErrat y not s:include s in themain
h text,daretypica
of
ct all. Theprefator
s, materi
al is in theasam orde d in all of theexempla with l the
excepti ofyUS: whic al hasbee bounincorrectl
e r Theconsiderarsdifferencbetwe
thechaptetitles
on R, ashshow inntheTahl d and y. themannein blewhic thechapte
es are heade
en
in the
r textarethesam n in all theextana copie r h rs d
Ther arefive e principavariant t amon s. thesurvivinexemplathatdemonstr
thatrevisio
e of theplate
l wasmad durin g thecours g of printing
rs Thesareate summariz
asfollows
n s s e g e . e ed
: 1. TheDedicatioof theboo to theReverendissiS.DonF.Bernar deFres
nedainclude n in theunnumber k prefator foliosappeain twoforms
mo doIn som copie-
Sant
, dMaria is referre ed to as "deh y orde de
, lor predicdor
rs (sic
. [E:SM E:V,
e s F:Pn
GB:G
a GB.Lbl US:C
d ELKAN, Arte
n Triphari and
er"in other as
) "rlel
, orde derimct
,
Domingo?
e, , TheA twoversion usea different a] decorativinitials "D" to acommenc
n the
o text,
andther arenumero s otherdifferencin the e typograp e
e us es hy.
2. In thewoodc thatillustratethekeyboaof themomicor foun in LibroI,
onfol. theletter
ut "G"is printe s onthethird
rd whitekeyfrom diotheleftof d thediagra in
most56,exemplarcorrespondi d to thetheoreticGamauIn twocopie howeve m this
letters,
is missin ng [E:SMUS:C Stetson al Thisappeat. to bea correcti
s, r,to thesam
woodbloc g andisthe, only Achang ].mad totheentirrs page _ on e
k, 3. Twodifferenversio e of the e diagra of e avihuel
. occuin thesurvivincopiein
LibroI onfolt 56vThis
nsdiagra show mpartof theabodyofravihuel withg ahexagra
s of
tablaturrepresenti
. the
m fingerboa
s showinthepositioaof variounote m uponit in
G-
e Theversio foun
ng rd,in exemplag E:V,F:Pn n andUS:C s givessingl tablatur
figure
tuning.showin nsom of
d theprincipa
rs noteswith , thetablatur
n, set s in inverte
e eformas
foun
s ingthetablatur
e of LuisMilan’
l El,Maestrof 153e All otherexemplad examine
sho
d eac respecti
e notein sits thre octave
o show6. asverticallrs
aligne chord
d with
the
w tablatur
h verevers to thestanda e Italian-
s, n forma y use indall other
s, sourc of
vihuel
e musiedIt woul thus rdappe Spanish
thatthis mor tcompletd andmor conventio
es
versio
a is
c.acorrecti
d of thefirst
ardescrib e e ` e nal
n 4. Theon twochaptefoun in
v snnuysynu
ed.
LibroII. fol.82vDelmnd delmir br dmummharm
nuunnu nn 1.41uLv LA, LVL UAV, 1/vv IIVUWV WVU WJH IHJ WVJ I/VA•UJ (/WALOJ

rs d . n
 SANTA MARIA AND THE PRINTING OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC... • 355

conlardoi almsy lardoraltarconlarclothexaandDelmod deerirunduoconotro

rin cleurul,areheadeasCapXXXV and r CapXXXVIII e respectiv in mosexem
plars
e In the F:P
d andArte
. Triphari
H copie
. the numera elyaregive incorrect
t - as
.
XXXVI n
andXXXVII. a
In all copie s, 35 and
chapter ls36`ar bothnumbere
n ly XXXV in
thetext. s, v s e d
5. Themusiexamplonfol. of LibroII, in CapLIII,Delrrzoddetempleel
momcordiycla vihuel
e alsooccur
122vin twoversionThe . examplis o seton two
r stave
and
o exempladiffer
a, onlyin their
s concludis.measur The e twoversionareidentifie
s
herrsby the note that begi theng
seconstaff Thefirst versios beginnind
es. with the
ascendi
e octav
s a- onthen secondstaffis foun
. in exemplan, E:E,E:V,
g US:C Stetso
US:CnUS:R
ng e and a'US:WcThed seconversion d identifiabl
rs by the descendin
A octav n, c-C
- , the],
at of
. the secon , founein the exemplagE:SM FiPn,
d staffis e GB:G
. GB.LblUS:C ELKAN,and d Arte Tripharia. d rs , e,
, theAonlyconsistencthatcanperoun petwe tnes versiontaumtotwogroup
TL- -,-L- —..-1——;— aL— —.. L- [-.....1 L—.—. -.. .1...— ..—-2..— £,.II 2....... a....,. -..m.....

Exempla E:E, US:R andUS:W hav

res o theen
sam version
e sof thefivepagedescrib s.
"orde
rs de sanct , Domingo c G on the
e keyboae s diagra chord on thevihuel
s chapte
ed:
nnumberin oXXXV ", andXXXVIII,and rdthea- m,musiexampls Anothe a,grouprGB:G
g
GB:Lbl andHUS:C ELKAN,hav a differen a' set
c of consistenci
e. r "delos'Predictor
, e,
,(sic),G on theA keyboar chordeon the t vihuelachapte numberin XXXVII,
es: es” XXXVHI,
andthec-Cmusi d, exampl s Fromall thes, observatio
r git is impossibltoconclu that
twoseparacedition e. of theArteiletuiier
e Fuutari
ns wer produce e butrathe thatvariou
de
correctio
te were
s mad durin thecourseof printing e Thisd, is in agreeme r with
s Sant
Maria’commeeat the
ns g endof the e book’ Errat
. wher hecommen nt Adoiertu a que
ulguuo
s hierro derto no ertu entodo
nt s lor a lihror,
e porqu re ts corrigierreu ru tiemp
. r[Notethatr sever r of thesuerror are s notin all thebook
e becau ontheywerecorrect o in
time](8) The al informatio
e collecte
s her is tooinconsiste
s seandinsufficieed to permita
chronolo
. of thes
n correctio d tobeestablish
e nt I
nt
gy Thesizeof e thens printrunof the ArtedeturierFuuteri liketheotherthre book
ed.
undeconsiderati waslarg in contempor terms u,In specialisareasuc e asmedi
s
cine
r and on,law,printrunsein Spaiary wer often- . smallased thre or four s hundre
h copie
-
whilebookwithgreateexpect n circulatio
e wer
as oommonl e printe in d batch ofs,eight
hundre s to a thousan
r volume
ed For
n thefour ebook y undeconsiderati
d heretheprint
es
runs
d wer significant
d s.largerThesmallesOrpherii
s r Lyra on is 100 copie , withthe
bookeof Santly Mari and . Daz beint,halfasgrea cu again150 , copie 0 each
s, TheCabez
contra
s specifi
a a arunof a120 regula g copiet with,anextr 0 twenty-
s . to beprinte
on on
speci
ct pape
es Thesizeof0thes r printsrunsis too larga tofive argu that thebook d were
al r. e e e s
(8)Libr H.fol.123
o .
556• jOHN GRIFFITHS/ E. HULTBER
WARREN G

intendefor usein restrictenobl or aristocratcircle Indee thelarg numbeof

intabulatio
d in thedanthologi
e of instrument
ic musi
s. suggesd, boththeir
e didacti
r and
recreatio
ns useThey eswer obviousl
alanimportac mean ts of disseminatihigh
c qualit
art
nalmusi to.a sectoofesociet
y thatwoulnthav hadsvirtuall no ngacce to it prioryto the
inventio
c of musi
r printing
y d e y ss
n Tabl 1cbreak . dow the957work containein theprinte Spanisinstrument
repertor
e intossixcomposition
n genre
s Itd_ includeall theworlc
d inhthekeyboa al tablatu
res
y of Veneg deal Henestro and s.Cabezsandthevihuelstablatur ofrd Milan,Narvae
-
Mudarr
as Valderraba
sa PisadoonFuenllanandDaza
a The
escatego of intabulatio
z,
accountino,
a, foralmoshalf
r,therepertor
a includearrangeme
. ryof vocawork
ns,aswellas
origina
ng accompani
t songwhich
y, in thes vihuel tablatur especiall
nts l sarenotalway
possibl
l to
eddistinguissfromarrangeme
, Suc
a ahighes proportio
y, of arrangeme s con
firms
e theirhimportan in the repertorparticularl
nts. h in light
n of thebroadeni
nts sociabas -
of art musiceoccasionbythe y,advenofy musi printingIt is a phenomen
ng lanalago
e
withthec roleed
of keyboa arrangemet ofcoper. andsymphon musi thatproliferat
on us
in thenineteent rdcentur The
nts abstrawork a areprimaril
ic thekeyboa
c tieuto
ed andthe
synonymo
h vihuely. furzturiubut
ct alsoinclud
s worky ofsimilarstyle
rd designat
r astreror
quatr
us in theakeyboa r, tablatur Liturgic
e workss settingof plainson ed hymnspsalm
fuhordouer
o etc,
rd areexclusiv
es. to theal keyboar
, literature
s Include
gs, among , the miscella
s,
,neouwork areroueto
e iluor,fugarfreely-
d . glorur
d eutrud fimler,and
- dimm-
ter.
s Thes smallnumbe
r, of danc
, andcomposed
variatioset is obviou
, fromthestatistic
er,
r es n s s s.
TABL 1: ThegenreofSpurziimtrumerztmuri
E s rh ul c
Intabul Abstra lLitt1r, l MiscelIVariationl Dancel TOTAL l

[ s
| wo` wo
-lation ct ¢1ical

rks rks
Htim
-
_work
us
s
2097
s s

2 267

li?
Keyboa 70 10
rd
Vihuel 233 26 20 11 690
I
a
TOTAL 468 30 l97 46 30 1 95
Percenta 49
of
gerepertor %
y
Oi oriainal
LII ULIBIIMIL composition the
%
3
321-

\.\.lLA.llJ\}UILA\}Aa•.|,
10% 5%

abstrac wv—.rvu••-v—v
Luau •••.ru•n.••`.¤.
3%

composition -—— are the

1%
5 7
l
highestin number
—— ..-.¤——.
· l' · I • 1 F .1 . *1"I,,
'I'I·¤¤ .,E....—1-
•-unnnrln -.[
nl- Z—-..-...-...-1
1nch·111Y•n|‘\t¤I ....a.
aff
Mmmine-inn
3CCOllI1I1[1hu-
IUI Ann s.
UUE 1-hir-A
I.llll.L1 nI·
U1 1-hn
UIC rnnnrrnnr
ICIJCLLULY. t s ,
g
 SANT MARIAAND THE PRINTIN OF INSTRUMENT MUSIC.· 55
A G AL .. 7

teent centurwastheabilityto improviscounterpoior to perfor one’ownwork

originall
h y conceiv throug theeimprovisato nt, procesIt is perhapm this
s thataooou s
for
y theproductio
ed ofhsuc a largrynumbeof copie s. of the Arte s detunerFantasi nts As
well asnbein a valuabl h treatis
e on r keyboastechniquits principaobjectiir a. andthe
substan g of its libro
e segun e is to instruc
rd thee, readein how l to maste e,theartof poly-
- phoni
ce improvisatio doSo,alongsitthewiderdisseminati
r of artr musithatarosfrom
technologi
c n. innovatioprintin de alsopermitte on non— camate musicia
e to
` perform
cal improvis
n, andcompos g in ad mannethat hadformerl
professional urbee thens exclusiv
domai
, ofe a professioeelite.Wer itrotherwisit woul y be difficult
n to justify
e the
producti
n of so
nalman copieof aetheoretic e, treatissucdasSantMaria'
on - In additioto y details of thesize
al andtheeimpressi h of eaca boo s. forwhichwehav
contractun informatio s Tabl 2 alsogive comparati on figure
h kof thecost priceeand
profits
al Book n, of musi wer e cheato produc
s veaffordabsto buyandthe s,profit
s margin
wer
. apparent
s genero
c e Printin
p cost
e, werleestablish accordi
, to thevolums of
pape
e ly usedalthoug us. themanneg inswhicecosted wer express ng varie fromcontra e to
contrac
r , In the
h casof therArtedetuner h Funtusi
s eSant Mariawa
ed s charge23 ctrealefor
eac
t. printe rea e of paperAs the manuscri u, for
a Cabezos Obru d wa prepar s in
halreadd paginat m format . theamounof ptpapewa quantifiab
n's inradvanc s soed
thecontra
only
y stipulate
ed a flat , chargof t 50() reuler plus s anleaddition 110 e,reuleoncompletio
ct
forpurcha
s of thetype e andforms0 The s contra foral Fuenllan Orpheni s Lyra
n stipula
tesasecostof twomuruueelper . pliegowhile ct theDaz a’scontra statecu acostof 21 - reele
perreamForeas iesof comparis , thes figureare a express
ct insTabl 2 in murueetlis
per.folio(9) One e reaonof papeyield e 100 s foliosed of quart size e therefor for Sant
es
Maria’ book. them 23 reeler (78 mrs)
s per 0 reammaybe o express , easa costof 0.78 a
mrs/
s , Similarly the
s Cabez
2 contra estimat 12 pliego
ed (25 folios at a2total
. cost of 500, reulefortheon
folio. entir impressio
ct esAll thecopie
5 sofeac0folio)woul thushave
cost200reule s (68 mrs)For e then.122 copie thismay s beconverth to 0.5
d mr foreac
printe sfolio.0Thefact . thattheeditio5 s,onlycontain215ed folioswoul6hav givehthe
printer
d a slightlygreateprofitfrom n thejob.sIn thecas of Dazdprinting e elnPurnus
was printe in octav r formatso the netcostof 0.3 e rnraper octav , folio has
so bee
doubled It appea o that, musibookwer soldunboun 0 asPéreoPastomentionthat
juan
d. Boyers the famoucbookmercha s e fromMedin d delCamp
z r obtaine
ns a cop of
Cabezor, Ohrusin 159 andhat ntit boun thefollowin
a yea o,byjuan ddeSarri aylihrer
n's Alcala
from s deHenare 1 (10) I dI g r a o
s .

(9)Spanipric wer calculabvtheabstr unitof themarav Thegol currenunittheduotdwa valu at

375mrsandsh
thesilver
esrealat
e 34mrs].
ted act edi. d tv . o s ed
1 1ru l'\ I Y\ . NF ' . I!
p.365
6 I {

.
358• jOHN GRIFFITHS/ E. HULTBER
WARREN G
TABL 2: Printin cost impressioandprofits
E g s, ns
SantMari Cabez Fuenlla Daz
a a on na a
F\T f I

No of copie printed 150 122 100 150

Nooffolios
s in boo 2019 21
5 18
0 1
019
Retailpric * k 640 563 8568 13 }

Printin
e costperfolio* 0.7 0.5 1.0 06.6
Cos of impressi *
g 2
857,27 6173,7 1
085,0 053,55
Reven
t fromimpressio
on 960,00
8 689,0
40 00
868,00 204,0
0*
Profit
ue margi n* 0372 397
63 4
0 69 . 381
00
n % % % %
* All pricear in memvetl .
+ Thispric is
e basies.
ontheestimain thecontrathat75teamofpap woulberequir lt isestim
tedhersthat90
e teamedwoulhavtebeeuse In this
ct cas Dazwoul
s hav erha to
d pa 64,2
ed.mrsthecos
a- per
octav
e foli woul
s hav bee
d 0.3 mrs
e n d an theprofi margi
consider
e, a d les
e d 317 y 60 , t
o o d e n 6 , d t n ably s, %.
Thecost of printin arequitesimilarperfolio.Thehighesratewa charg to
Fuenllans andcoul g bedueto a numbeof factorabouwhic t wecansonlyed specula
Thes
a, mightincludd papecostor r thesmalle s sizetof thehimpressioThecost te. of the
Cabez
e andDaz
e book r are s almosidentica r where then. ArtecletuiierFantas
s was
mor expensiv
on a presuma
s becau
t the
l, labouas involve in typograp is muc ia great
for
e abooe, setwith smalltexttype
bly se thanone r whicdusethelarge hy pieceoftablatur
h ertype
The
k retailpric of book wasestablish h government
s r by s assess e atcourt . in
conjuncti with e theissuin
s of theed printin licenc
ally to theautho Theors titlepag , of the
Arte
on iletunerFuntusi gstate "Tassa g porlos e SeiioredelConsej
r. Realu veynt
e reele
cuduruer ileupupel's: [Taxedo bythelordsofstheRoyaCounc o at twent e reule s,eac
volum ofpaper]Thedifferen
po d betweeproductil costilandsellinypric was s, substa
h
cial,
e permittin
. theautho ce to mak n a handsoon profit. sSantMaria'
g potenti
e profit
n- wa
372%g anaveragofr 5 reuleper e boome soldTheprofitmargi
a s forOrphenial Lyr wouls
hav
, yielde e Fuenllan ssignificantk mote . the469 profit n margi
cuis equivale
u dto 20
reule
e dpetvolumea Thely profitmargin ; for theCabez
% andDazn bookntpublisheonly
two
s year.apartareremarkab s similaranddemonstr
on aaconsisten
s, din theofficia
pricin
s mechani
, ly ate cy l _L
g Profit
sm.marginof suc proportiomaysee unsuallhighin thefirstinstancejb
it doe notsappeathaththeir n authorenjoye mgreate
y prosperitthancompos ui at any
othe
s pointrin historyFirstly s it must d betaker intoyaccou thatrevenu ers fromisal
include
r theequivale
. of
, a royaltyandthus n compensati
nt fortheauthors
e intellecnr
es
domoert wa built
nt into the price
, Second ther
on is eviden thatthe autho
’s also
al tookon
v s . lv. e ce r-
 SANTA MARIA AND THE PRINTING OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC... • 359

a certai degreof financi riskwithpublicatioTher is little informatioavailabl

concerni
n e marketin al ordealingwithn. bookselleThe e involveme n ofa bookselle asa
third
ng pattyg, wouldnecessar s hav- diminishe
rs. revenunt Ther is alsolittle,eviden
er to
indicat- perioily of timerequire
e dto disposof e. thefull
e stoc of anedition
ce Theonly
informatio
e thedpresentlavailabl d concer e thesal of Cabezo k Ohm A . documecite
by
n PérePasto y sugges e thatsalens mus hav e bee n’s
slowIn May s. 158 nt thebooksell
d
BlazdeRobler incidental
ts onesof thet witness
e ntothe . Cabez contrac 1, took800 er copie
of
s the Ohm s, atlyan agreepriceof 8,0() es reule promisinon payme t, in eightannu
s
installmen
s of 1,00 dreule Thusno 0 mors,than400g copiecan nt hav bee soldal durin
the
ts firstthre year 0 of s. publicatio
, (ll). By e 158 Roblehad s onlypaid e 2,00n reulesuggeg
ting thatehehad s probabl n notsoldmor 6thans200copiein theinterveni 0 s, five s-year
Assuminsal atytheofficialpricethe e booksellobtaines abouone ngquarteoftheprofits.
gmargi foreeac volum sold , Thiseviden
er indicat d thelevel
t of financi t riskborn by
the
n authoHernand
h e de.Cabez woul ce hav estecoup theprintin al cost fromethesal
of the
r. first310
o copieand onlyafter
on d thatpoint
e ed coul theventurg havsbee consider e in
anywayprofitabl s, d e - e n ed
The e.grantinof printin licenc in Spai wa a legalrequiremeandthemanne
in whichcopyrig
g andg legalprotectio
es was
n securs bythent, autho Thelicencissue r bv
iiiaiiiigihtiii- Qéfiiin iiiiia piétiisiyvp
ed Qiiiiiisaiisimfivrii
r. e d
petitioneda licenc in 1557andthis wasgrante in Novemb of thatyea with
Easily-
copyrig privilege
m toraiéi
ten é agésiiai eratiiiisi
, year Owin to da state shorta or paperamon r othe
reason
ht printing
s wasdelaye s.andgsohis licenc dwasrenewe
ge in April
, 156
g with r the
perio
s, ofcopyrig commencid, fromthedat e ofthelicenc
d renewaA conflatio 3, ofthe
. L
two
d licenc ht is printe
ng in theArtedetuner e FuntusThee nee l. forprotectio
n wasappa
tentlyesnotmerel d legaformalit Theonlyknow m. instan of d musipirac n in Spaidurin -
thisperioyconcer l Orpheni
y. him.On 14njanuarce155 Fuenllan c ygav authorit
n gto his
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