RCA-402 Computer Network Notes — Unit — Data communications Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For data communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs). The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics: 1) Delivery 2) Accuracy 3) Timeliness 4) Jitter Components: A data communications system has five components 1) Message 2) Sender 3) Receiver 4) Transmission Medium 5) Protocol Data Representation: Information today comes in different forms such as: Text Numbers Images Audio Video Communication between two devices ean be 1) Simplex 2) Half-duplex 3) Full-duplex A [>| B Simplex A to B only pg A j}~————— B Half-Duplex A to Bor Bio A la #3 Full-Duplex A to Band Bto A. Computer Network Definition of a computer network: an interconnected collection of autonomous computers. Interconnected, capable of exchanging messages. There are two aspects to computer networks: * Hardware + Protocols Mr. Vivek Pandey Page 1Computer Network Notes — Unit — RCA-402 Goals and Application of Networks They make a more cost-effect Resource Sharing * Information Sharing # Improve Reliability « Reduced Cost fe use of hardware and software, as well as creating new benefits. Type of Connection © Point-to-Point © Multipoint Network Structure © Point-To-Point * Broadcast Network topology Linear Bus Star Ring Mesh’ Tree Hybrid Local Area Network (LAN) A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building, or campus. Depending on the needs of an organization and the type of technology used, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs and apprinter in someone's home office; orit can extend throughout a company and include audio and video peripherals..LAN size is limited to a few kilometers. LANs are designed/to allow resources to be shared between personal computers or workstations. The resources to be sharedcan itielude hardware (e.g. a printer), sofiware (e.g., an application program), or data. A common example ofa LAN, found in many business em ks a workgroup of task- related computers, for example,engineering workstations or accoun Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Asmetropolitan area\network (MAN) is a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. It normally govers the area inside a town or a city. It is designed for customers who need a high-speed connectivity, normally/to the Internet, and have endpoints spread over a city or part of city. A good example of \MAN is the part of the telephone company. Another example is the cable TV network that originally Was designed for cable TV, but today can also be used for high-speed data connection to the Internet. Wide Area Networks (WAN) A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANS). Mr. Vivek Pandey Page 2Unit RCA-402 ‘Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Intemet. Computer Network Note: ‘THE OSI (Open Systems Interconneetion) MODEL rae Caerarets ae ae tas aE Pare Poe ical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the layer is also concerned with the following: © Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium © Representation of bits o Data rate © Synchronization of bits © Line configuration ©. Physical topology o Transmission mode Data Link Layer The data link layer 48 responsible:formioving frames from one hop (node) to the next. Other responsibilities of the data link layer inélude the following: o Framing Physical addressing Flow Control Error Gontrol Access Control e000 Network Layer ‘The networkilayer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host. Other responsibilities of the network layer include the following: © Logical addressing o Routing ‘Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another. Other responsibilities of the transport layer include the following: Mr. Vivek Pandey Page 3